https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-540X
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Jonas Callens, Lisa Goudman, Koen Putman, Emily Luo, Julie G Pilitsis, Philippe Rigoard, Manuel Roulaud, Maxime Billot, Jan-Willem Kallewaard, Caro Edelbroek, Maarten Moens, Return to work after neurostimulation for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Pain Medicine, 2026;, pnag075, https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnag075
This is an advance article and should be cited using the article publication date and the e-location ID. Once included in an issue the citation information shown here will update to display the volume, issue, page number, and issue publication date.
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Abstract
Chronic pain patients experience more work disability leading to unemployment and major individual, societal and economic burden. Implanted neurostimulation has proven good results in terms of pain relief for chronic pain patients. As new stimulation techniques, paradigms and targets are being researched, a comprehensive synthesis of the effects of implanted neurostimulation on occupational outcomes remains undetermined.
MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus & Web of Science were systematically searched. Risk-of-bias was assessed using the modified Downs & Black checklist. Random-effects meta-analyses, including a Bayesian approach, were conducted to provide estimates of work status and return to work rates. The study protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024501152).
67 studies were identified for inclusion in the review; 56 were included in the meta-analysis. The paired odds to work following neurostimulator implantation increased significantly (OR 5.17; 95%CI 2.89-9.23; I2 = 49.0%; n = 56; P < .0001) and were confirmed in the conservative random-effects (OR 3.39; 95%CI 2.00-5.75; n = 56; P < .0001) and Bayesian model with uniform prior (OR 5.68; 95%CI 3.08-11.79; n = 56). The pooled estimate for the proportion of patients returning to work across neurostimulation modalities was 26.05% (95%CI 20.73%-32.18%; I2 = 68.9%; n = 55).
Implanted electrical neurostimulation is associated with increased paired odds to work and enabled chronic pain patients to return to work. The best effects were achieved following peripheral nerve stimulation and in patients suffering head-related pain.
