politics etc

As of 2025, survey results show the strange white, fibrous structures being found in the bodies of deceased vaccinated are persisting. Iowa Funeral Director's Association Board Member Dana Goodell joins us to discuss what his colleagues are finding, demanding action is taken by the authorities. Subscribe to Major Tom's assistant's FREE Substack 'Clotastrophe' at LauraKasner.Substack.com. Get your FREE copy of ‘The Bible and Gold’ Book here: http://dailypulsebible.com today! Register for Privacy Academy's FREE upcoming webinar here: https://privacyacademy.com/pulse Discover miraculous natural products that have helped lives suffering from cancer at https://rncstore.com/ - use promo code 'pulse' for 10% off storewide! Visit https://escapezone.com/pulse to access exclusive savings on cutting-edge faraday technology to keep you and your loved ones safe from EMP's, 5G, EMF, car theft, tracking and more! Visit https://dailypulsecrypto.com to reclaim financial freedom through a company that is helping BlockTrust IRA freedom fighters see up to MASSIVE 650% returns! Follow Zeee Media on Rumble & X: https://rumble.com/user/ZeeeMedia https://x.com/zeee_media Follow Vigilant Fox on X & Substack: https://x.com/VigilantFox https://www.vigilantfox.com/

New angle released of the federal agent involved shooting in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Amazon ref link: https://amzn.to/4pWPEQx

Vision Video Nov 9, 2020 This is Dr. Francis Schaeffer's spectacular series on the rise and decline of Western Culture from a Christian perspective. This program presents profound truths in simple language and concludes that man's only hope is a return to God's Biblical absolute- the Truth revealed in Christ through the Scriptures. In episode 1: The Roman Age, Dr. Schaeffer studies ancient Rome and the problem of finite gods as the basis of society. In the continuation of the series, episode 2: The Middle Ages, we look at the social, political, and intellectual uncertainty of a Post-Roman world, the influence of Christianity, and the consequence of the Church's deviation from early teachings and ensuing theological distortions. In episode 3: The Renaissance, classical thought was reborn, but an increased drift toward total humanism and the emphasis on Man's autonomy progresses toward its logical conclusion, as seen in the artistic contributions of the period. Dr. Schaeffer compares and contrasts key ideas of the Reformation and the preceding age of the Renaissance in Episode 4: The Reformation. Join him as he studies the age's reaction against medieval religious distortions of the biblical and early Christian Church's teaching. What does revolution look like when based on Reformation ideals as opposed to Enlightenment philosophy? Join Dr. Schaeffer in Episode 5: The Revolutionary Age as he compares politics formed on a Christian foundation to those divorced from Christianity. Was the Bible truly an impediment to science? Was there more to the conflict between Copernicus and the Church? Dr. Schaeffer review the biblical influence on science and the shift in modernity in Episode 6: The Scientific Age. How did theologians and philosophers of the rationalist tradition differ from those of the existentialist tradition, and what impact did it have on shaping predominant worldviews? Dr. Schaeffer hosts and looks at shifts in modern philosophy, the influence of existentialism and the popularization of nonrational experiences in Episode 7: The Age of Non-Reason. What does a rejection of an objective reality to lead to? Join Dr. Schaeffer in Episode 8: The Age of Fragmentation as he reviews how art, music, and culture depict a philosophical acceptance of inconsistency, confusion, and absurdity. Humanistic thought leads to pessimism regarding the meaning for life and for fixed values, and general acceptance of selfish values accompany a rejection of Christian consensus. Dr. Schaeffer looks at the consequences of materialistic and hedonistic living in Episode 9: The Age of Personal Peace and Affluence. What are the options left if the current trajectory of Western Civilization prevails? Join Dr. Schaeffer as he speculates on what comes next as a result of our society's philosophies in Episode 10: Final Choices. Director: John Gonser Starring: Francis Schaeffer, Edith Schaeffer

Hip-Hop Hijacked by Freemasons (Alan Watt with Cul-Cre) NufffRespect https://youtu.be/dG-s-LF8YH8 Nov 5, 2008 I have re-edited and re-posted this video because the original version contained a couple of short clips from videos by Island Records and UMG. This meant that adverts were displayed on the video page. In addition, the video wasn't available in many countries including Australia, Costa Rica, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greece, Czech Republic, Poland and Portugal. If this re-edited version is still not available in these countries then we can conclude that YouTube is actively censoring the video in order to restrict the number of views. Anyway, please remember to rate, comment and share this video so that we can wake up as many people as possible. Thanks 🙂 www.CuttingThroughTheMatrix.com Back in the late 70's and early 80's when hip-hop was in its embryonic stages, most rap and hip-hop tracks had a happy-go-lucky vibe, with lyrics that talked about such things as who was the best MC or DJ. There were more serious rappers, like Grandmaster Flash, who rapped about life in the ghetto. But even then, the songs had an overall positive vibe and the lyrics, although sometimes a bit deep and serious, usually tried to positively educate the young listener by speaking to them on their level and using terms that they can relate to. It was when we reached the mid 80's that hip-hop really started to evolve and many sub-genres started to develop. There were artists like Rob Base, Ice-T, Public Enemy, Run DMC, The Beastie Boys, Tone-Loc, De La Soul, and countless others. Whatever <b>…</b> Oct. 27, 2008 Alan Watt "Cutting Through The Matrix" LIVE on RBN: Poem Copyright Alan Watt Oct. 27, 2008: Trick the Brain from Stomach Pain: "Data, Data, Genome Screen, Do You Have Poverty Gene? For Hunger, Science has New Tool, With Little Food, You Will Feel Full, Babel's Tower Not Straight nor True, All Bandaged, Patched with Super Glue, Corrupt from Pinnacle to the Base, Must Fall and Free the Human Race" © Alan Watt Oct. 27, 2008 (Article: "Scientists try to stop hunger with retooled foods" by Maria Cheng (myway.com) - Oct. 23, 2008.) Generational Reality Indoctrination - Slavery, Reincarnation, Karma Debt - Brahma's Dream - "Greening" Religion - Grove Worship, Temples. Ancient Egypt, Collapse of Civilizations - Warfare, War in the Mind, Behaviour Modification - Revolutions. Shelley's "Frankenstein" - Freemasonry - Authors - Darwin and Marx - "God is Dead" - Secular Humanism, Debasement. H.G. Wells, Red Tie School, Futurist Society - Science Fiction - World of Experts, Scientists. Deception, Control of Masses - Overpopulation, UN, World Wars - Fabian Society - Charities - Abortion - Elimination of Poverty (the Poor). Merger of Human and Robot - Music, OTO. History Books, Arnold Toynbee, Carroll Quigley. John Maynard Keynes, New System, Bretton Woods. * Poem & Dialogue Copyrighted Alan Watt - Oct. 27, 2008 (Exempting Music, Literary Quotes, and Callers' Comments) https://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/transcripts/Alan_Watt_CTTM_LIVEonRBN_185_Trick_the_Brain_from_Stomach_Pain_Oct272008.html https://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/radio/Alan_Watt_CTTM_Live_on_RBN_JunOct2008.html They Sold Their Souls Rock Roll (3 Hours) https://www.goodfight.org/sold-souls-free/ Reading List *Dionysos Rising by E Michael Jones *Grunge Psyop by Andy Nowicki *Illuminati Music Industry Mark Dice *Lost Chords by Richard M Sudhalter *Manufacturing the Deadhead Atwill Irvin *Musical Truth by Mark Devlin *The Payola Chronicles by Justin Stamm *Who Killed John Lennon Fenton Bresler 🎹🥁🎺🪈🎻 Odysee Playlist https://odysee.com/MUSIC:ecb 🎹🥁🎺🪈🎻 Rumble Playlist https://rumble.com/playlists/LL2_APyuqOc 🎹🥁🎺🪈🎻 YouTube Playlist https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx2BamAwbS6y10I52fDnXu_2gUNenz876

Eisenhower Farewell Address - 'Military Industrial Complex' Warning - 5923 ✅ Pete Santilli LIVE! https://rumble.com/PeteLive ✅ The Pete Santilli Show Main Channel https://rumble.com/c/ThePeteSantilliShow ✅SBN News Clips https://rumble.com/c/SBNNewsClips ✅Pete Santilli Show Guest Interviews https://rumble.com/c/PeteSantilliInterviews ✅ Bible Study With Pete https://rumble.com/c/BibleStudyWithPete

The October 7 Hamas Attack Was an Inside Job - Watch the Documentary

John Kiriakou committed Washington’s one unpardonable sin: he embarrassed the CIA. John Brennan tried to have him executed for it. Paid partnership with: MeriwetherFarms: Visit https://MeriwetherFarms.com/Tucker and use code TUCKER76 for 15% off your first order Bon Charge: Go to https://BonCharge.com/Tucker and use coupon code TUCKER to save 15% #TuckerCarlson #CIA #JohnKiriakou #MKUltra #topsecret #nineeleven #declassified #JFK #RFK #DonaldTrump #espionage #WacoTexas #news #politics Chapters: 0:00 Introduction 1:41 Speaking Out Against the CIA’s Torture Program 7:20 Why the CIA Loved Obama 19:05 Why John Brennan Hated Kiriakou 23:23 The CIA’s Torture Techniques 32:01 How the FBI Tried to Bait Kiriakou Into Committing Espionage 42:48 The FBI’s Absurd Years-Long Investigation Into Kiriakou’s Life 59:13 The CIA Set Up to Get Kiriakou Thrown in Jail 1:04:34 The Major Issue With the Espionage Act 1:15:20 Kiriakou’s Experience in Prison 1:27:55 Did Any Elected Officials Defend Kiriakou? 1:32:38 The Dangerous Legal Precedent Set in Kiriakou’s Case Used Against Trump 1:34:10 The Clinton Judge Responsible for the Sentencing of Kiriakou, Assange, and More 1:39:29 Kiriakou’s Attempt to Get a Pardon From Joe Biden 1:42:00 Obama’s Drone Strikes Against American Citizens 1:43:38 Do CIA Employees Think They’re Doing Good? 1:47:10 Kiriakou’s Thoughts on the JFK and RFK Assassinations 1:53:12 The CIA’s MKUltra Program 1:57:59 Can the CIA Infect People With Cancer? 1:58:33 How 9-11 Turned the CIA Into a Paramilitary Group 2:08:03 Ronald Reagan Was Right About Government 2:09:57 The Waco Massacre 2:12:37 How CIA Employees Get So Rich 2:14:20 FBI Agent Apologizes to Kiriakou 2:16:51 How to Forgive Your Enemies

When Lt. Col. Aguilar reported seeing horrifying war crimes in Gaza, neocons attacked his character and his family. He returns to respond. Watch "High Crimes: The Chinese Mafia’s Takeover of Rural America" only on TCN: https://watchtcn.co/HighCrimes Paid partnerships: SimpliSafe: Get 50% off and your first month free at https://simplisafe.com/tucker Policygenius: https://PolicyGenius.com/Tucker #TuckerCarlson #Israel #Gaza #war #whistleblower #warcrimes #IDF #humanitarian #USA #reporting #DonaldTrump #lawsuit #news #politics Chapters: 0:00 Aguilar Responds to the Accusations Against Him 3:46 The Shady Business Practices of Gaza Humanitarian Foundation and UG Solutions 11:32 Aguilar Refutes Claims That He Was Fired 14:06 Is Johnnie Moore a Fraud? 18:49 Aguilar Debunks the Accusations Against Him 27:45 The Attacks on Aguilar’s Family and Service Record 37:48 Where Does GHF’s Funding Come From? 39:05 Is This an IDF Operation? 44:20 Why Did the Former Head of GHF Step Down? 45:15 Are Others on the Ground Speaking Out Against These Atrocities? 49:37 The Deaths of Palestinians at Distribution Sites 1:02:02 Why Isn’t Water Being Distributed in Gaza? 1:06:59 What It’s Like Working With the Israel Defense Forces 1:09:39 What Is an Army of Occupation? 1:17:17 Aguilar’s Talks With American Lawmakers 1:21:26 Why Aguilar Was Taking Photos of Gaza 1:28:43 Is Aguilar Planning to Sue? 1:32:04 An Update on Amir, the Boy Killed in Gaza 1:37:01 What Should the US Government Do About This? 1:40:57 Has Aguilar Ever Had Contact With GHF?

Shahed Ghoreishi says Mark Levin’s stepson got him fired from the State Department last month because he didn’t repeat Israeli talking points. Watch “The 9/11 Files”, premiering September 11th at https://tuckercarlson.com/the911files Paid partnership with: GCU: Find your purpose at Grand Canyon University. Learn more at https://GCU.edu PureTalk: Go to https://PureTalk.com/Tucker and save 50% off your first month. SimpliSafe: Visit https://simplisafe.com/TUCKER to claim 50% off a new system. There's no safe like SimpliSafe #TuckerCarlson #MarkLevin #Gaza #Israel #DonaldTrump #war #MikeJohnson #whistleblower #MikeHuckabee #MiddleEast #SaudiArabia #refugees #exposed #news #politics Chapters: 0:00 What Was Ghoreishi’s Job at the State Department? 7:26 How Does a Press Officer Know What the Official US Position Is? 12:03 Why Was Ghoreishi Fired? 16:17 Trump’s Amazing Anti-War Speech in Saudi Arabia 21:49 Does the State Department Have Any Position That Differs From Israel’s? 30:09 Mike Johnson’s Visit to “Judea and Samaria” 33:42 Who Is David Milstein? 48:50 Why Does Milstein Have So Much Power Over the State Department? 53:46 Is Mark Levin Involved at All? 54:58 Is Anyone at the State Department Truly America First? 55:46 The Damage Mike Huckabee Has Done to American Foreign Policy 1:01:17 What Is the Real Plan for Gaza and the West Bank? 1:06:04 How Many Casualties Have There Been in Gaza? 1:07:01 Where Are All the Gaza Refugees Going to Go? 1:11:16 Did They Explain to Ghoreishi Why He Was Fired?

There are two sides to every story. Why do we only hear and see one side? Where are the American Journalists covering what is really happening in Gaza? Oh, Benji won't allow them in Gaza because it's too Dangerous? Yes, Bibi always looking out for humanities best interests and keeping journalists "safe." Could it be he doesn't want their EVIL Acts recorded. There are too many videos on the net just like this one and maybe we should begin to question why the mainstream media doesn’t say a word. Where are the politicians on this? Oh, most of them are dual Israeli citizens, that can’t have anything to do with it. Israel is the size of New Jersey and represents less than 3% of America, why were the majority of Biden and Trump’s cabinets Jewish? Is it any wonder why we hear only one side of the story? If these horrific beheading acts of babies is true, that means our Government is supporting this. Are we not a Christian Nation? Yes. But our Government is not Christian. That is what we need to know and understand. If our government supports these acts by the Israeli soldiers then they themselves are evil. Let’s hope this isn’t true. What about Gaza? 90% is DESTROYED. The media is talking like the war in Gaza is ending. It wasn’t a war. It was a Genocide. Gaza couldn’t defend themselves. Maybe we should begin to question whether war is necessary. Question Everything the Media is saying. By the way: Why is Trump Sanctioning the International Criminal Court of Justice that has Arrest Warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu for Crimes Against Humanity? Just Saying. Source: Double Down News - https://www.facebook.com/watch?v=1406101010837200 ================================================================= PROTECT YOURSELF: Protect yourself, your children and loved ones from the harmful EMF from the newly installed 5G Towers. We are constantly being Bombarded by Harmful Radiation, being hit from all directions, every single day. Up to 75% OFF! Hope & Tivon’s EMF Protection Products: https://www.ftwproject.com/our-special-offers/ref/528/ Check out the Special Offers on all the EMF PROTECTION Products – including: 1. Phone & Laptop Shields 2. Pyramids 3. Sleeping Pods 4. Charge Plates 5. GardenSets 6. Shungite Tiles 7. Pendants. ***PLEASE FOLLOW My BLOG → https://mrnavac.blogspot.com/ END. 7/8/2025 9:00 PM *******************************************************

**Interesting --> Afghanistan used to be a Net Food Exporter. That all changed when the USA took over in 2001. Since then, they are producing 93% of the Worlds Heroin. He goes to Lashkargah and he says that all he sees as far as the eye can see is Poppy fields. He wonders why the farmers don’t plant crops that have two growing seasons like tomatoes or onions and the farmer replied: “The Americans told me in 2001 that if I told them where the Arabs were, I could grow all the Poppy I wanted.” He goes to this DEA secret site and has lunch outside Washington, on a secret DEA facility. They told him he was in over his head and said there are powerful forces that want that Poppy. This Poppy is 93% of the world’s heroin and almost all it goes to Iran and to Russia. They want Iran and Russian to be addicted to Heroin as they believe it will weaken their societies. The Heroin in the USA comes from Columbia, Mexico and Ecuador. Source: Bart Icus -- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?mibextid=wwXIfr&v=707456752201255&rdid=KN5cdroEU8Q8BixY ==================================================================== PROTECT YOURSELF: Protect yourself, your children and loved ones from the harmful EMF from the newly installed 5G Towers. We are constantly being Bombarded by Harmful Radiation, being hit from all directions, every single day. Up to 75% OFF! Hope & Tivon’s EMF Protection Products: https://www.ftwproject.com/our-special-offers/ref/528/ Check out the Special Offers on all the EMF PROTECTION Products – including: 1. Phone & Laptop Shields 2. Pyramids 3. Sleeping Pods 4. Charge Plates 5. GardenSets 6. Shungite Tiles 7. Pendants. ***PLEASE FOLLOW My BLOG → https://mrnavac.blogspot.com/ END. 7/13/2025 9:00 AM *******************************************************

Holocaust survivor Dr Gabor Mate calls for land return to Palestine. Dr Gabor Mate, a Holocaust survivor, Hungarian-Canadian physician and author, has openly critiqued the foundation of Israel and its ongoing occupation of Palestinian lands. In aconversation with Piers Morgan, Dr Mate, who once identified as a Zionist, revised his stance, citing Israel's establishment involved the extermination, expulsion, and massacres of Palestinians. He emphasised the necessity of acknowledging historical context to understand the current conflict and to move forward. Dr Mate, reflecting on his emotional experiences visiting the occupied territories, called for a halt to the oppression of Palestinians and advocated for the return of land seized since 1967. Source: Middle East Monitor -- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=741460034536165&rdid=N8f8TT8l88b9bFOG ====================================================================== PROTECT YOURSELF: Protect yourself, your children and loved ones from the harmful EMF from the newly installed 5G Towers. We are constantly being Bombarded by Harmful Radiation, being hit from all directions, every single day. Up to 75% OFF! Hope & Tivon’s EMF Protection Products: https://www.ftwproject.com/our-special-offers/ref/528/ Check out the Special Offers on all the EMF PROTECTION Products – including: 1. Phone & Laptop Shields 2. Pyramids 3. Sleeping Pods 4. Charge Plates 5. GardenSets 6. Shungite Tiles 7. Pendants. ***PLEASE FOLLOW My BLOG → https://mrnavac.blogspot.com/ END. 7/14/2025 3:00 PM *******************************************************

Actor, Wallace Shawn says that Israel cannot be more Evil than what they are doing. Wallace Shawn: • “They are doing Evil that is just as great as what the Nazis did.” • “And in some ways its worse because they kind of boast about it.” • “Hitler had the decency to try to keep it secret. Hitler didn’t want people to know what he was doing.” • “The Israeli’s are almost Proud of it and it’s no secret and it’s Demonically Evil.” • “And anybody who doesn’t Recognize that it’s Evil, if you don’t see that it’s evil to do those things to other human beings, then you are in a different Universe from me.” • “The Whole World Knows that this is Evil.” • “The whole world knows that they are Starving people, preventing children from getting medicine on purpose and bombing hospitals. I mean you can’t do worse.” • “It’s crazy what they are doing. The Palestinians have been horribly, horribly treated. From 1948, they’ve been horribly mistreated through no fault of their own.” Source: Campaign of Exposing Israeli Crimes via Social Media -- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=753547890604095&rdid=GIRqGidJSxD9qbj4 ==================================================================== PROTECT YOURSELF: Protect yourself, your children and loved ones from the harmful EMF from the newly installed 5G Towers. We are constantly being Bombarded by Harmful Radiation, being hit from all directions, every single day. Up to 75% OFF! Hope & Tivon’s EMF Protection Products: https://www.ftwproject.com/our-special-offers/ref/528/ Check out the Special Offers on all the EMF PROTECTION Products – including: 1. Phone & Laptop Shields 2. Pyramids 3. Sleeping Pods 4. Charge Plates 5. GardenSets 6. Shungite Tiles 7. Pendants. ***PLEASE FOLLOW My BLOG → https://mrnavac.blogspot.com/ END. 7/14/2025 6:00 PM *******************************************************

Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Aguilar, a Special Forces Veteran of the US Army’s Green Beret, says: • “I witnessed the Israeli Defense Soldiers shooting at the crowds of defenseless Palestinians.” • “I witnessed the Israeli Defense Forces firing a main gun tank round from the Marcova tank into a crowd of people.” • “I witnessed Mortar Rounds being fired at crowds of people keep them controlled.” • “In my most frank assessment I would say they are criminal.” • “In my entire career I have never witnessed the level of brutality and use of indiscriminate and unnecessary force against an unarmed, starving civilian population.” • “I never witnessed that until I was in Gaza at the hands of the IDF and US Contractors.” • “Without question, I witnessed War Crimes.” • “I witnessed War Crimes by the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces) without a doubt using artillery rounds, mortar rounds, and firing tank rounds into unarmed civilians is a War Crime.” Not only is Israel starving the Palestinians, but they are targeting them when they beg for food. There is a Genocide happening right now and our TV just lies and blames “Hamas.” Congress just voted 422 to 6 to continue to Fund these Murdering F*cks. That tells you a lot of the our Politicians, doesn’t it! Source: Ehab Judeh -- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1267348258454623&rdid=P5fz13maaiJmVITn ================================================================= PROTECT YOURSELF: Protect yourself, your children and loved ones from the harmful EMF from the newly installed 5G Towers. We are constantly being Bombarded by Harmful Radiation, being hit from all directions, every single day. Up to 75% OFF! Hope & Tivon’s EMF Protection Products: https://www.ftwproject.com/our-special-offers/ref/528/ Check out the Special Offers on all the EMF PROTECTION Products – including: 1. Phone & Laptop Shields 2. Pyramids 3. Sleeping Pods 4. Charge Plates 5. GardenSets 6. Shungite Tiles 7. Pendants. ***PLEASE FOLLOW My BLOG → https://mrnavac.blogspot.com/ END. 7/26/2025 9:00 PM *******************************************************

Satire mixed with Facts. Note: Ben Shapiro says he is a Zionist. It all hints that Charlie Kirk was going off the Israel script and paid the ultimate price for it. Source: RichiefromBoston -- https://rumble.com/v6z18ko-charlie-kirk-and-mossad..html

As Israeli forces continue to pound Gaza, satellite photos taken within a year's time, show how the densely populated city of Rafah has been reduced to rubble. Before the IDF ordered an evacuation, over 1.3 million people were sheltering there. We had a chance to speak with Palestinian Red Crescent Society Spokesperson Nebal Farsakh on the latest developments.

On this episode of Going Underground, we speak to the former Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert. He discusses his opposition the continuation of Israel’s war on Gaza, the arrogance and complacency of the Israeli leadership which allowed October 7th to occur, Benjamin Netanyahu’s failed approach of flirting with Hamas and ignoring all warnings of an upcoming Hamas operation, Israel’s plan for Palestinians which could become ethnic cleansing, the extreme polarisation of Israeli society and the potential for civil war, the unforgivable and intolerable amount of innocent Palestinians killed in Gaza, his message to Arabs and Muslims that there are Israelis opposed to Netanyahu, Ben-Gvir and Smotrich, what he says really happened in the failed negotiations between him and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas for a two-state solution, and much more.

GLADIO SHIRTS HERE---> https://thecolonelscornershop.myshopify.com/products/pre-order Welcome to Final Front in the Battle for Truth! Learn how to protect your life savings from inflation and an irresponsible government, with Gold and Silver: https://alphalikesgold.com #Ad #Sponsor #Partner Dogs/Cats Wellness Products: https://alphawarriorshow.petclub247.com Cancer Secrets & Healing: https://alphawarriorshow.petclub247.com/product_details.html?productcode=50001 B17: https://rncstore.com/alpha General Flynn & Boone 5G Books: https://www.generalflynn.com/ref/ALPHA General Flynn Movie: https://www.generalflynn.com/ref/ALPHA Reverse Auto Immune Disease: https://autoimmuneseries.com/?a=643c3b6dcab57 Prepare With Alpha: https://www.mypatriotsupply.com/?rfsn=6539742.306c777 My Pillow & My Store: https://www.mypillow.com/alpha Promo Code: ALPHA Dr. Zelenko Protocol: https://zstacklife.com/ALPHA No Health Insurance: https://graithcare.com Referred By Code: AlphaWarrior Alpha Website: https://thealphawarriorshow.tv/ WANT A FREE RUMBLE ACCOUNT, REGISTER WITH OUR REFERRAL LINK: https://rumble.com/register/TheAlphaWarriorShow Platforms Alpha is on: Rumble: https://rumble.com/TheAlphaWarriorShow Odyssey: https://odysee.com/@AlphaWarriorShow YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT0tYOBL99U-rimq2Nj1I3g Twitter: https://x.com/xAlphaWarriorx Twitter Backup: https://x.com/alphawarriorinc Truth Social: https://truthsocial.com/@AlphaWarrior GETTR: https://gettr.com/user/alphawarrior How To Support Alpha: GiveSendGo: https://www.givesendgo.com/DefendPatriotLuna Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheAlphaWarriorShow LOCALS: alphawarriorshow.locals.com Cash App: https://cash.app/$xAlphaWarriorx Venmo: https://venmo.com/u/AlphaWarrior21 Welcome to the AlphaWarrior Show, where we delve into inspiring stories, thought-provoking discussions, and powerful insights from a diverse range of guests. Each episode is crafted to empower, educate, and engage our listeners, bringing you closer to the heart of our mission. Join us as we explore the journeys and battles that define the true spirit of the AlphaWarrior. MAIL ALPHA AT: Alfredo Luna “AlphaWarrior Show” 31855 Date Palm Dr. Suite 3-185 Cathedral City, CA 92234 TODAY’S PODCAST SUMMARY: LINKS FOR TODAY’S GUEST: X (TWITTER): https://twitter.com/ColonelTowner TRUTH SOCIAL: https://truthsocial.com/ColonelWatkins RUMBLE: https://rumble.com/c/c-4232602 Links from Today’s Episode: BONUS CONTENT: A Special Thanks from Alpha: The past 2.5 years have been an extraordinary journey and an unrelenting battle. Through every trial and tribulation, I have felt the unwavering guidance of God. When the weight of the journey seemed insurmountable, it was the fierce love of my family and the steadfast support of you, my patriot warriors, that reignited my resolve and reminded me of my sacred oath to fight on. Your words of encouragement and financial support have been the lifeblood of this mission, empowering me to stand strong and press forward. My gratitude for each of you is boundless. Thank you from the depths of my soul, and may God bless you abundantly. The battle is far from over, but united, we are unstoppable. With unyielding resolve, Alfredo “Alpha” Luna AlphaWarrior Show Disclaimer: Welcome to the AlphaWarrior Show. The views and opinions expressed by our guests are solely their own and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the AlphaWarrior Show host or any affiliated individuals or organizations. While we encourage open and honest discussions, listeners should be aware that our guests' perspectives may not align with our own beliefs or values. All content presented is for the purposes of news, education, theory, investigation, journalism, reporting, entertainment, or other purposes not specifically enumerated. Fair Use Act Disclaimer: The AlphaWarrior Show may contain copyrighted material, the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, such material has been referenced to advance understanding of political, human rights, ecological, economic, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues. This constitutes a "fair use" of any such material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.

Investigative journalist Debbie Lerman just published a bombshell of a book: “The Deep State Goes Viral: Pandemic Planning and the Covid Coup.” According to Lerman, “the deep state operates in an extra constitutional legal space. What they did was they kind of transitioned the whole society into an extra constitutional legal space [during Covid].” In my interview with Debbie she explains in detail how the state created such legal lawlessness. Three elements were essential: OTAs (“Other Transaction Agreements”), the EUA (“Emergency Use Authorization”) and the PREP Act. OTAs are a military acquisition pathway that allows the military to cut through red tape and free manufacturers from following Good Manufacturing Practices. The EUA provided freedom from the FDA’s regulatory oversight and the PREP Act removed all liability from anyone who manufactured, transported, administered or marketed the ‘vaccines.’ That’s how the deadly mRNA Covid shots were born. Debbie Lerman: “The Department of Health and Human Services partnered with the Department of Defense to leverage DOD's OTA authorities, which HHS lacked.” And the Emergency Use Authorization circumvented all the usual safety regulations for the OTA manufactured mRNA shots. Katherine Watts (Substack Bailiwick News) found a frightening table in an August 2020 presentation for a Joint Learning Session of the FDA and CDC; it shows that taking an EUA approved drug, manufactured under an OTA, is the same as playing Russian roulette: “This is the table they don't want you to see.” CHAPTERS 01:42 Debbie's Transformation & Research Journey 04:45 Understanding The Deep State & Its Role 08:57 Overview Of 'the Deep State Goes Viral' 10:49 Public Health Vs. Deep State Response 12:35 Covid Was Not A Public Health Event 14:06 Global Public-Private Partnerships 16:47 What A Normal Public Health Response Would Have Looked Like 21:06 Public Messaging Flipped On February 27, 2020 24:17 Redefining A Case As A Positive Test Result 26:21 Medical & Academic Institutions Captured By The Deep State 29:52 Christian Drosten & The PCR Test 33:33 The History Of 'pandemic Preparedness' 35:58 Countermeasures Against Bioweapons 39:41 Biodefense & The Military Industrial Complex 43:14 Historical Context Of Biodefense Research 48:26 Extra Constitutional Frameworks Post 9/11 54:27 Covid mRNA Vaccines Require No Safety Oversight. 58:37 Regulations For Manufacturing Drugs 01:01:42 Two Different Streams Of Regulation: FDA & Good Manufacturing Practices 01:02:56 What Is OTA? (Other Transaction Authority) Is A Military Acquisition Path 01:03:46 HHS Partnered With DOD To 'leverage' OTA 01:05:50 Other Transaction Authority & Military Contracts 01:09:06 Who Has OTA Authority? 01:11:36 Illegal Use Of OTA: Brook Jackson Tried To Challenge It 01:14:18 Exceptional Use Of OTA Introduced In 2015 For CBRN Agents 01:16:04 Understanding CBRN & Medical Countermeasures 01:17:31 Creating Public-Private Partnerships Between The DOD And Pharma 01:19:42 Illegal Use Of OTA 01:20:10 Large Scale Vaccine Manufacturing Prototype 01:25:12 Getting FDA Licensure For The Prototype Through Emergency Use Authorization 01:25:54 The Legal Framework Of OTA & EUA 01:27:02 Clinical Show Trials 01:27:10 What EUA Actually Means In Terms Of Safety & Effectiveness 01:29:00 The Table They Don't Want You To Ever See 01:33:48 Challenging The Legal Framework That Made The Shots Possible: PREP Act, OTA, EUA 01:34:37 Unknown If EUA Products Are Safe Or Effective 01:39:01 EUA Drugs Are Not Part Of The Drug Approval Process But Nonetheless Get Full FDA Approval 01:41:42 Clinical Show Trials To Deceive The Public 01:44:28 EUA Powers Granted As Response To Attacks Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction 01:47:12 Sars-Cov-2 Is A Bioweapon 01:49:54 Running Two Parallel Scams 01:51:37 The EUA Framework & Its Implications 01:53:07 Two Narratives: Bioweapon Narrative & Natural Pandemic Narrative 01:56:01 Understanding The Emergency Use Authorization Process 01:57:23 The Statutory Criteria For EUA Declaration 01:58:58 "Safe And Effective" Was A Marketing Lie 02:00:21 Impossible To Do Meaningful Risk-Benefit Analysis For The mRNA Shots 02:02:37 Why They Had To Suppress Ivermectin And Hydroxychloroquine 02:03:32 The mRNA Shots Were A Product With The Sole Purpose Of Preventing Covid-19 02:07:47 PREP Act Is The Reason That All False Claims Lawsuits So Far Have Failed 02:10:20 Can The FDA Be Sued For Its Unwarranted EUA Declaration? RESOURCES: Debbie Lerman: “The Deep State Goes Viral: Pandemic Planning And The Covid Coup” https://www.amazon.com/Deep-State-Goes-Viral-Pandemic/dp/1630692999/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&sr=1-1 FDA-CDC Joint Learning Session: Regulatory Updates on Use of Medical countermeasures, Preparedness Summit, August 25–27, “Comparison of Access Mechanisms,” Slide 18: https://bailiwicknewsarchives.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2020.08.25-fda-cdc-regulatory-updates-use-of-mcms-table-p.-18.pdf

FIND FULL Interview here: https://rumble.com/v6pml9l-cynthia-mckinney-victor-hugo-expose-aipac-jewish-mafia-diddy-club-e11even-m.html?e9s=src_v1_ucp Cynthia McKinney and The Maverick Artist Victor-Hugo Expose Israel AIPAC Pledge Jewish Control Over United States Lawmakers. If you value this truth teller and can contribute to keep his reports coming, please do so by clicking on the link below: https://victorhugocollection.com Victor-Hugo Vaca II claims "art is the last bastion of free speech" and as a dissident, Veteran, American refugee, living in the former USSR, Republic of Georgia, near the border with Russia, between War Zones and hot spots of global conflict, after escaping China, two hours before the last border closed, on the day that the Wuhan virus whistleblower, Dr. Li Wenliang died, he uses modern-art-gonzo-journalism to combat censorship on steroids during the information war. Known as, The Maverick Artist Victor-Hugo, the native New Yorker born in the same Elmhurst Hospital as President Donald Trump, is listed in the Library of Congress Reference Book, by DB Burkeman titled, "Stickers: From Punk Rock to Contemporary Art", as "one of the most influential artists of our time", alongside The Wu Tang Clan, Banksy and Shepard Fairey. The Maverick Artist Victor-Hugo founded and Trademarked, the Modern Art Music Movement, the fusion of art, music, film, fashion, literature and education, fostering peace, love and compassionate wealth, worldwide and attended the prestigious United States Naval Academy alongside Carter Page in the Class of 1993. He has dedicated his life to shedding Light on the darkness so that the darkness cannot overcome it and starts every Modern Art Music Movement podcast by stating, "My job is not to be politically correct. It is to witness, observe, analyze and document, the beautiful chaos that surrounds us all, so that future generations can understand how we got to this moment in time." Victor-Hugo Vaca II can be reached at vhviipress@msn.com and links for his podcast channels on Rumble and BitChute can be found at https://victorhugocollection.com/ To purchase The Victor-Hugo Collection contact The William DeBilzan Gallery William DeBilzan Art Gallery Delray Beach Florida 561-266 2090 wdebilzan@gmail.com

SNL in 2013 C-Span Chuck Hagel Hearings Political documentary short film (wink wink)

HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. testifies before the Senate HELP Committee on the Department of Health and Human Services' fiscal 2026 budget.

The Kim Iversen Show LIVE | April 30, 2025 Scott Horton is director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com and podcasts the Scott Horton Show from ScottHorton.org. He’s the author of the 2024 book Provoked: How Washington Started the New Cold War With Russia and the Catastrophe in Ukraine. He is also the author of the 2021 book Enough Already: Time to End the War on Terrorism, the 2017 book, Fool’s Errand:Time to End the War in Afghanistan and editor of the 2019 book The Great Ron Paul: The Scott Horton Show Interviews 2004–2019 and the 2022 book Hotter Than the Sun: Time to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. Visit https://scotthorton.org/ Follow Scott on X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow Go to https://ground.news/KIM to see through mainstream media narratives. Subscribe to Ground News through my link and get 40% off for unlimited access to the Vantage plan. Go to http://Rumble.com/premium/KIM use promo code KIM to save $10 on your annual subscription Become a member of my LOCALS community where you will gain access to exclusive content, behind-the-scenes videos, valuable information, and even connect with me personally and others as well. It's a great way to support my independent media channel while receiving more content. You can become a FREE member or a paid subscriber. Visit https://kimiversen.locals.com/support Sign up for my FREE email newsletter here to get notifications of livestreams and segments: www.KimIversenemailsignup.com (I will never spam you or sell your info)

This film delves into the harrowing reality of the British prison system, shining a spotlight on the plight of individuals incarcerated without trial or convicted of minor offenses. It uncovers a disturbing truth: a staggering number of individuals, including first-time offenders, minors, and innocent people, find themselves trapped within a system that bears a resemblance to oppressive regimes devoid of fundamental human rights. The documentary paints a grim picture of the conditions within these prisons, where individuals endure deplorable treatment and confinement. Through firsthand accounts, viewers witness the stark and often inhumane conditions faced by inmates—overcrowded cells, unsanitary facilities, restricted movement, and limited access to essential medications. Stories of individuals forced to share cells with hardened criminals underscore the severe repercussions of the system's failings. This investigation reveals a startling statistic: a significant portion of those remanded in custody are eventually proven innocent or receive minimal penalties. This revelation prompts a critical examination of the judicial process, with insights from legal professionals highlighting the shortcomings of magistrates who may overlook crucial case details or adopt punitive attitudes without due consideration. Moreover, the documentary sheds light on the devastating mental toll exacted on prisoners, evident in the alarming rate of attempted suicides within these institutions. The despair and hopelessness experienced by those on remand serve as a poignant reminder of their dire circumstances and the absence of proper guidance and support within a justice system that feels distant and indifferent to their plight. The documentary is a powerful exposé that challenges the very essence of justice and raises poignant questions about the treatment of individuals ensnared in a system that often fails to uphold their rights and dignity. A presumption of guilt is any presumption within the criminal justice system that a person is guilty of a crime, for example a presumption that a suspect is guilty unless or until proven to be innocent.[1] Such a presumption may legitimately arise from a rule of law or a procedural rule of the court or other adjudicating body which determines how the facts in the case are to be proved, and may be either rebuttable or irrebuttable. An irrebuttable presumption of fact may not be challenged by the defense, and the presumed fact is taken as having been proved. A rebuttable presumption shifts the burden of proof onto the defense, who must collect and present evidence to prove the suspect's innocence, in order to obtain acquittal.[2] Rebuttable presumptions of fact, arising during the course of a trial as a result of specific factual situations (for example that the accused has taken flight),[3] are common; an opening presumption of guilt based on the mere fact that the suspect has been charged is considered illegitimate in many countries,[4] and contrary to international human rights standards. In the United States, an irrebuttable presumption of guilt is considered to be unconstitutional. Informal and legally illegitimate presumptions of guilt may also arise from the attitudes or prejudices of those such as judges, lawyers or police officers who administer the system. Such presumptions may result in suspects who are innocent being brought before a court to face criminal charges, with a risk of improperly being found guilty. Definition According to Herbert L. Packer, "It would be a mistake to think of the presumption of guilt as the opposite of the presumption of innocence that we are so used to thinking of as the polestar of the criminal process and which... occupies an important position in the Due Process Model."[5] The presumption of guilt prioritizes speed and efficiency over reliability, and prevails when due process is absent.[5] In State v. Brady (1902) 91 NW 801, Weaver J said "'Presumptions of guilt' and 'prima facie' cases of guilt in the trial of a party charged with crime mean no more than that from the proof of certain facts the jury will be warranted in convicting the accused of the offense with which he is charged".[6] Human rights In Director of Public Prosecutions v. Labavarde and Anor, Neerunjun C.J. said that article 11(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 6(2) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms would be infringed if "the whole burden is ... cast on the defence by the creation of a presumption of guilt on the mere preferment of the criminal charge".[7][8] Inquisitorial systems It is sometimes said that in inquisitorial systems, a defendant is guilty until proven innocent.[9] It has also been said that this is a myth,[10] as well as a former "common conceit of English lawyers" who asserted this was the case in France.[11][12] A presumption of guilt is incompatible with the presumption of innocence and moves an accusational system of justice toward the inquisitional.[13] Common law presumptions There have existed at least two types of presumption of guilt under the law of England, which arose from a rule of law or a procedural rule of the court or other adjudicating body and determined how the facts in the case were to be proven, and could be either rebuttable or irrebuttable. Those were:[14] Presumption of guilt arising from the conduct of the party charged Presumption of guilt arising from the possession of provable stolen property Consequences Plea bargaining has been said to involve a presumption of guilt.[15] The American Bar Association states that people with limited resources accused of a crime "find themselves trapped by a system that presumes their guilt."[16] Presumption of guilt on the part of investigators may result in false confessions,[17] as was postulated in Making a Murderer, an American documentary television series.[18] Preventive detention, detaining an individual for a crime they may commit, has been said to involve a presumption of guilt, or something very close to one.[19][20] A fixed penalty notice or on-the-spot fine are penalties issued by police for minor offences which are difficult and expensive to appeal.[21] Unconstitutional, illegitimate and informal presumptions An irrebuttable presumption of guilt is unconstitutional in the United States.[22] An arrest, however, often becomes synonymous or "fused" with guilt, postulates Anna Roberts, a United States law professor.[23] In the minds of jurors, the person charged must have done something wrong.[18] In Japan the criminal justice system has been criticized for its wide use of detentions during which suspects are forced to make false confessions during interrogations.[24][25] In 2020, Japan's Justice Minister Masako Mori tweeted regarding the need for someone to prove their innocence in a court of law. She later deleted the tweet and called it "verbal gaffe".[26] High Court judge Sir Richard Henriques has criticized UK police training and methods which allegedly assert that "only 0.1% of rape allegations are false", and in which all complainants are treated as "victims" from the start.[27][28] It is difficult to assess the true prevalence of false rape allegations, but it is generally agreed that rape accusations are false at least 2% to 10% of the time, with a greater proportion of cases not being proven to be true or false.[29][30] The American actor and producer Jeremy Piven has spoken out against the Me Too movement, which he claims, "put lives in jeopardy without a hearing, due process or evidence". Writing about Piven's comment, journalist Brendan O'Neill, suggests that the presumption of innocence is being weakened.[31] An illegitimate presumption of guilt may be caused or motivated by factors such as racial prejudice,[32] "media frenzy",[18][33] cognitive bias,[18][32][34] and others. See also Blackstone's ratio False accusation Give me the man and I will give you the case against him Kangaroo court Prosecutor's fallacy Understanding References Raj Bhala. Modern GATT Law: A Treatise on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Sweet & Maxwell. 2005. Page 935. Roscoe, H.; Granger, T.C.; Sharswood, G. (1852). A Digest of the Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases. T. & J.W. Johnson. Retrieved 11 March 2020. This is how presumptions have traditionally been classified: Zuckerman, The Principles of Criminal Evidence, 1989, pp 112 to 115. An irrebuttable presumption of guilt is unconstitutional in the United States: Florida Businessmen for Free Enterprise v. State of Fla. See United States Code Annotated. An example of a rebuttable presumption of guilt is (1983) 301 SE 2d 984. "The presumption of guilt arising from the flight of the accused is a presumption of fact": Hickory v United States (1896) 160 United States Reports 408 (headnote published 1899). Ralph A Newman (ed). Equity in the World's Legal Systems. Établissements Émile Bruylant. 1973. p 559. Packer, Herbert L. (November 1964). "Two Models of the Criminal Process". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. 113 (1): 1–68. doi:10.2307/3310562. JSTOR 3310562. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019. Wigmore, John Henry (1905). A Treatise on the System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law. Vol. 4. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 3562, Note 1 to section 2513 – via Internet Archive. Director of Public Prosecutions v. Labavarde and Anor. (1965) 44 International Law Reports 104 at 106; Mauritius Reports, 1965 72 at 74, Mauritius, High Court Lauterpacht, E. (1972). International Law Reports. International Law Reports 160 Volume Hardback Set. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-46389-8. Retrieved 11 March 2020. For example, Scottish International, vols 6 to 7, p 146 Dammer and Albanese. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Wadsworth. 2014. p 128. Roberts and Redmayne. Innovations in Evidence and Proof: Integrating Theory, Research and Teaching. Hart Publishing. Oxford and Portland, Oregon. 2007. p 379. For the origins of this belief in South Africa, see (1970) 87 South African Law Journal 413 Ingraham, Barton L. (1996). "The Right of Silence, the Presumption of Innocence, the Burden of Proof, and a Modest Proposal". Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 86 (2): 559. doi:10.2307/1144036. JSTOR 1144036. Retrieved 31 August 2021. Roscoe, H.; Granger, T.C. (1840). A Digest of the Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2020. "5. The Presumption of Guilt" (1973) 82 Yale Law Journal 312; "The Skeleton of Plea Bargaing" (1992) 142 New Law Journal 1373; (1995) 14 UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal 129 & 130; (1986) 77 Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 950; Stumpf, American Judicial Politics, Prentice Hall, 1998, pp 305 & 328; Rhodes, Plea Bargaining: Who Gains? Who Loses?, Institute for Law and Social Research, 1978, p 9. Lewis, John; Stevenson, Bryan (1 January 2014). "On the Presumption of Guilt". American Bar. Green and Heilbrun, Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System, 8th Ed, Wadsworth, 2014, p 169; Roesch and Zapf and Hart, Forensic Psychology and Law, Wiley, 2010, p 158, Kocsis (ed), Applied Criminal Psychology, Charles C Thomas, 2009, p 200; Michael Marshall, "Police Presumption of Guilt Key in False Confessions". 12 November 2002. University of Virginia School of Law. Findley, Keith (19 January 2016). "Opinion | The presumption of innocence exists in theory, not reality". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020. "Preventive Detention: Prevention of Human Rights" (1991) 2 Yale Journal of Law and Liberation 29 at 31; Selected Decisions of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol, United Nations, 2007, vol 8, p 347 New York Review, 'How internment became legal' Archived 8 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, John Townsend Rich, 22/6/2017 Goodman, Emily Jane (7 October 2010). "With Parking Tickets, New Yorkers Are Guilty Until Proven Innocent". Gotham Gazette. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2020. Florida Businessmen for Free Enterprise v. State of Fla (1980) 499 F.Supp. 346. See United States Code Annotated. Roberts, Anna (23 April 2018). "Arrests As Guilt". SSRN 3167521. Hirano, Keiji (13 October 2005). "Justice system flawed by presumed guilt". Japan Times Online. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2020. Kingston, Jeff (8 January 2020). "The Carlos Ghosn case shines a light into the dark corners of Japanese justice". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020. Adelstein, Jake; Salmon, Andrew (13 January 2020). "'Guilty until proven guilty' in Japan and Korea". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020. ""If he's clean as he says he is, then he should fairly and squarely prove his innocence in the court of law."" Marco Giannangeli, "Police must stop training 'Presumption of Guilt', says High Court judge" Archived 7 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Express, 24 December 2017. Accessed 6 February 2018. "Former High Court judge warns calling complainants 'victims' creates presumption of guilt", Scottish Legal News, 6 August 2019 DiCanio, M. The encyclopedia of violence: origins, attitudes, consequences. New York: Facts on File, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8160-2332-5. Lisak, David; Gardinier, Lori; Nicksa, Sarah C.; Cote, Ashley M. (2010). "False Allegations of Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases". Violence Against Women. 16 (12): 1318–1334. doi:10.1177/1077801210387747. PMID 21164210. S2CID 15377916. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2018. Brendan O'Neill, "Whatever Happened to the Presumption of Innocence?" Archived 7 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, 16 November 2017. Accessed 6 February 2018. Stevenson, Bryan (24 June 2017). "A Presumption of Guilt". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020. "SHEPPARD v. MAXWELL (1966), No. 490, Argued: February 28, 1966 Decided: June 6, 1966". FindLaw's United States Supreme Court. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019. "Cognitive Bias and Its Impact on Expert Witnesses and the Court". Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019. Further reading "Prima Facie Presumptions of Guilt" (1972) 121 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 531 Fellman. "Statutory Presumptions of Guilt". The Defendant's Rights Today. University of Wisconsin Press. 1977. p 106. Martin, "The Burden of Proof as Affected by Statutory Presumptions of Guilt" (1939) 17 Canadian Bar Review 37 Roscoe, H.; Granger, T.C. (1840). A Digest of the Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases. Wharton. A Treatise on the Criminal Law of the United States. 1857. Sections 714, 727, 728 Presumption of Guilt: The Global Overuse of Pretrial Detention published by Open Society Foundations

Alternative theories have been proposed regarding the Oklahoma City bombing. These theories reject all, or part of, the official government report. Some of these theories focus on the possibility of additional co-conspirators that were never indicted or additional explosives planted inside the Murrah Federal building. Other theories allege that government employees and officials, including US President Bill Clinton, knew of the impending bombing and intentionally failed to act on that knowledge. Further theories allege that the bombing was perpetrated by government forces to frame and stigmatize the militia movement, which had grown following the controversial federal handlings of the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents, and regain public support. Government investigations have been opened at various times to look into the theories. Overview Main article: Oklahoma City bombing The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was one of the deadliest acts of terrorism in American history. At 9:02 a.m. CST April 19, 1995, a Ryder rental truck containing more than 6,200 pounds (2,800 kg)[1] of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, nitromethane, and diesel fuel mixture was detonated in front of the north side of the nine-story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.[2] The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 600 people injured.[3] Shortly after the explosion, Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger stopped 26-year-old Timothy McVeigh for driving a 1977 Mercury sedan without a license plate and arrested him for that offense and for unlawfully carrying a weapon.[4] Within days, McVeigh's old army friend Terry Nichols was arrested and both men were charged with committing the bombing. Investigators determined that they were sympathizers of a militia movement and that their motive was to retaliate against the government's handling of the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents (the bombing occurred on the second anniversary of the Waco incident). McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001 while Nichols was sentenced to life in prison. Although the indictment against McVeigh and Nichols alleged that they conspired with "others unknown to the grand jury", prosecutors, and later McVeigh himself, said the bombing was solely the work of McVeigh and Nichols. In this scenario, the two obtained fertilizer and other explosive materials over a period of months and then assembled the bomb in Kansas the day prior to its detonation. After assembly, McVeigh allegedly drove the truck alone to Oklahoma City, lit the fuse, and fled in a getaway car he had parked in the area days prior. Additional conspirators Several witnesses reported seeing a second person with McVeigh around the time of the bombing, whom investigators later called "John Doe 2".[5] In 1997, the FBI arrested Michael Brescia, a member of Aryan Republican Army, who resembled an artist's rendering of John Doe 2 based on the eyewitness accounts. However, they later released him, reporting that their investigation had indicated he was not involved with the bombing.[6] One reporter for The Washington Post reflected on the fact that a John Doe 2 has never been found: "Maybe he'll (John Doe 2) be captured and convicted someday. If not, he'll remain eternally at large, the one who got away, the mystery man at the center of countless conspiracy theories. It's possible that he never lived. It's likely that he'll never die."[6] Carol Howe, an informant for the Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms who had infiltrated the white supremacist enclave Elohim City, Oklahoma, filed a report in January 1995 stating that Andreas Strassmeir, Elohim City's security chief, had spoken about destroying a Federal building and had visited the Murrah building with another man.[7] Two days after the bombing, Howe reminded the ATF of the earlier report and urged investigation into a possible connection to Elohim City. McVeigh is known to have telephoned Elohim City two weeks before the bombing.[8] Jane Graham, a Housing and Urban Development employee at the Murrah building who survived the bombing, later stated that in the days before the bombing she had observed multiple suspicious persons who she suspected may have been involved (such as unfamiliar persons in maintenance or military uniforms), but that her observations were ignored by authorities.[9] Graham later identified one of these men as Andreas Strassmeir of Elohim City.[10] There are several theories that McVeigh and Nichols had a possible foreign connection or co-conspirators.[11][12] This was because Terry Nichols traveled through the Philippines while Ramzi Yousef, who committed the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was planning his Bojinka plot in Manila.[11][13] Ramzi Yousef placed the bomb used in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing inside a rented Ryder van, the same rental company used by McVeigh, indicating a possible foreign link to Al-Qaeda.[14] Other theories link McVeigh with Islamic terrorists, the Japanese government, and German neo-Nazis.[15][16] Nichols specifically alluded to other conspirators in 2006 declaration: "There are others who assisted McVeigh whose identifies are unknown to me," but Nichols also identified two "co-conspirators".[17] In addition to unknown persons, Nichols believed Andreas Strassmeir was an agent provocateur, and FBI agent Larry A. Potts was involved in the bombing plot. Nichols went on to deny any connection to terrorist groups in the Philippines. The FBI did not reply to media requests for comment on Nichols' allegation.[18] There has also been speculation that an unmatched leg found at the bombing site may have belonged to an unidentified, additional bomber.[19] It was claimed that this bomber was either in the building when the bombing occurred, or had previously been murdered, and McVeigh had left his body in the back of the Ryder truck to hide it in the explosion.[20][21] Additional explosives One theory contends there was a cover-up of the existence of additional explosives planted within the Murrah building.[22] The theory focuses on the local news channels reporting the existence of a second and third bomb within the first few hours of the explosion.[22][23][24] Theorists point to nearby seismographs that recorded two tremors from the bombing, believing it to indicate two bombs had been used.[25] Experts dispute this, stating that the first tremor was a result of the bomb, while the second tremor was due to the collapse of the building.[15][25][26][27] Conspiracy theorists say that there are several discrepancies, such as a proposed inconsistency between the observed destruction and the bomb used by McVeigh. Physicist Samuel T. Cohen, known as the primary inventor of the neutron bomb, stated in a letter to an Oklahoma politician that he did not believe a fertilizer bomb was capable of causing the destruction at the Murrah building.[28] Similarly, Air Force Brigadier General Benton K. Partin expressed an opinion that there must have been additional explosive charges inside the Murrah building.[29] US federal government involvement Murrah Building during the recovery effort Another theory alleged that President Bill Clinton had either known about the bombing in advance or had approved the bombing.[30][31] It is also believed that the bombing was done by the government to frame the militia movement or enact antiterrorism legislation while using McVeigh as a scapegoat.[15][30][31][32] Still other theories claim that McVeigh conspired with the CIA in plotting the bombing.[15][16] In a 1993 letter to his sister, published by The New York Times in 1998, McVeigh claimed that during his time at Fort Bragg he and nine others were recruited into a secret black ops team that smuggled drugs into the United States to fund covert activities and "were to work hand-in-hand with civilian police agencies to quiet anyone whom was deemed a security risk. (We would be gov't-paid assassins!)"[33] In a 2001 declaration[34] Terry Nichols, McVeigh's convicted co-conspirator, also alleged that McVeigh reported in December 1992 how he "had been recruited to carry out undercover missions"Paragraph 10 which initially involved visiting gun shows and making contact with a loose network of anti-government and far-right sympathizers. This undercover activity allegedly escalated to armed robberies and a planned bombing under the direction of FBI agent Larry A. Potts.Paragraph 33 David Paul Hammer, a convicted murderer in the same facility as McVeigh for about two years, reported that McVeigh stated similar allegations to him: that McVeigh was an "undercover operative" for the Department of Defense, and that Andreas Strassmeir was a similar operative but with "a different handler" and they had worked together in planning the bombing.[35][non-primary source needed] Middle Eastern involvement The Third Terrorist: The Middle East Connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing by journalist Jayna Davis about evidence of Oklahoma City bombing was published in April 2004 by Nelson Current Publishers, and became a New York Times best-seller. The Justice Department initially sought, but then abandoned its search for, a Middle East suspect. In contrast to conspiracy theories that the bombing was a false flag attack perpetrated by elements of the US government or white supremacists in Elohim City, the book presents a theory that links the Oklahoma City bombers to agents of Iraq and Al-Qaeda, operating under Iranian state sponsorship.[36][37] Investigations In 2006, US Congressman Dana Rohrabacher said that the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the U.S. House Committee on International Relations, which he chaired, would investigate whether the Oklahoma City bombers had assistance from foreign sources.[14] On December 28, 2006, when asked about fueling conspiracy theories with his questions and criticism, Rohrabacher told CNN: "There's nothing wrong with adding to a conspiracy theory when there might be a conspiracy, in fact."[38] Among other unresolved questions, Rohrabacher also criticized the FBI for not explaining how Nichols, who did not work steadily, paid for his several trips to the Philippines and had $20,000 cash; for not finding explosives concealed in Nichols's house until a decade after the bombing; for not explaining the "rush to rule out the existence of John Doe Number 2"; and for not thoroughly investigating possible connections between McVeigh and the Aryan Republican Army and Andreas Strassmeir.[39] In March 2007, Danny Coulson, who served as deputy assistant director of FBI at the time of attacks, voiced his concerns and called for reopening of investigation.[40] On September 28, 2009, Jesse Trentadue, a Salt Lake City attorney, released security tapes that he obtained from the FBI through the Freedom of Information Act that show the Murrah building before and after the blast from four security cameras. The tapes are blank at points before 9:02 am, the time of detonation. Trentadue said that the government's explanation for the missing footage is that the tape was being replaced at the time. Said Trentadue, "Four cameras in four different locations going blank at the same time on the morning of April 19, 1995. There ain't no such thing as a coincidence."[41][42] Trentadue became interested in the case when his brother, Kenneth Michael Trentadue, died in federal custody, during what Trentadue believes was an interrogation because Kenneth was mistaken for a possible conspirator in the Oklahoma City bombing.[43] In a civil suit, the court determined Trentadue's injuries could have been self-inflicted and rejected the Trentadue family claim that he was murdered. However, the family was awarded $1.1 million for emotional distress on the findings the Bureau of Prisons mismanaged the investigation and aftermath of Trentadue's death.[44] In November 2014, John R. Schindler, a former professor at the Naval War College and National Security Agency intelligence officer, wrote "It would be good if a serious re-look at OKBOMB’s many unanswered questions were established for the event", because of "the existence of important evidence indicating there’s something we should be talking about". He stated that when he participated in a reexamination by the United States Intelligence Community after the September 11 attacks of possible foreign involvement with recent terrorist attacks, he found "as Rohrabacher’s investigators did a few years later, that the FBI and DoJ had no interest in anyone peeking into the case, which they considered closed, indeed tightly shut. Even in Top Secret channels, avenues were blocked". While cautioning that the bombing "has attracted more than its share of charlatans and self-styled experts, some of whom are eager to pin the bombing on Arabs, Masons, Jews, and perhaps space aliens", Schindler urged a resumption of Rohrabacher's investigation and cited two issues as notable: McVeigh's and Nichols's visits to the Philippines, and the activities of a German national and friend of McVeigh.[45] See also Arlington Road List of terrorist incidents Lone wolf (terrorism) 1941 Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory 1962 Operation Northwoods; 1956-1990 Operation Gladio; Operation Gladio B; etc. 1963 John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident 1994 AMIA bombing 1995 Oklahoma City bombing 1995 Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories The Third Terrorist: The Middle East Connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing, a non-fiction book Richard Snell, CSA member executed on April 19, 1995. 1999 Columbine High School Massacre 1999+ Able Danger 2001 Shijiazhuang bombings 2001/9/11 September 11 attacks 9/11 Truth movement 9/11 conspiracy theories Opinion polls about 9/11 conspiracy theories Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories Operation Terror, a 2012 thriller film fictionalizing 9/11 2004 Madrid train bombings controversies 2005 London July bombings conspiracy theories 2011 Norway attacks 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories, people who thought the school shooting was a false flag government attack False flag References Rogers, J. David; Keith D. Koper. "Some Practical Applications of Forensic Seismology" (PDF). Missouri University of Science and Technology. pp. 25–35. Retrieved March 24, 2009. Thomas, Jo (April 30, 1996). "For First Time, Woman Says McVeigh Told of Bomb Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2009. Shariat, Sheryll; Sue Mallonee; Shelli Stephens-Stidham (December 1998). "Oklahoma City Bombing Injuries" (PDF). Injury Prevention Service, Oklahoma State Department of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-08-09. Ottley, Ted (April 14, 2005). "License Tag Snag". truTV. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2009. Posner, Gerald (2013-03-09). The Third Man: Was there another bomber in Oklahoma City?. Satya ePublishing Inc. ASIN B00BRV9ORG. is the draft of a 1997 article submitted to The New Yorker about John Doe 2, and it weighs the evidence for and against another conspirator. Carlson, Peter (March 23, 1997). "In all the speculation and spin surrounding the Oklahoma City bombing, John Doe 2 has become a legend — the central figure in countless conspiracy theories that attempt to explain an incomprehensible horror. Did he ever really exist?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2009. Mark S. Hamm Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups: Theory, Research, and Prevention. DIANE Publishing, p. 207. Hastings, Deborah (23 February 1997). "Elohim City on Extremists' Underground Railroad". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-05-13. Donald Jeffries (2016). Hidden History: An Exposé of Modern Crimes, Conspiracies, and Cover-Ups in American Politics. Skyhorse Publishing; Chapter 6: "The Clinton Years" David Hoffman (1998). The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics of Terror. Feral House. Krall, Jay (June 18, 2002). "Conspiracy buffs see Padilla, Oklahoma City link". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2009. Cosby, Rita; Clay Rawson; Peter Russo (April 17, 2005). "Did Oklahoma City Bombers Have Help?". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009. Berger, J.M. "Did Nichols and Yousef meet?". Intelwire.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2009. Rohrabacher, Dana; Phaedra Dugan. "The Oklahoma City Bombing: Was There A Foreign Connection?" (PDF). Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009. Knight, Peter. Conspiracy Theories in American Hisw/tory. pp. 554–555. Hamm, Mark S. Apocalypse in Oklahoma. p. 205. "Declaration of Terry Lynn Nichols" (PDF). dissentradio.com. Retrieved 2024-06-01. "Nichols says bombing was FBI op". 22 February 2007. Thomas, Jo (May 23, 1997). "McVeigh Defense Team Suggests Real Bomber Was Killed in Blast". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2009. Hamm, Mark S. In Bad Company. p. 228. Hamm, Mark S. Apocalypse in Oklahoma. p. 240. Taibbi, Matt (October 24, 2006). "The Low Post: Murrah Redux". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 9, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2009. "From KWTV: Breaking News: Oklahoma City Explosion". CNN Live. April 19, 1995. "Local Coverage: Oklahoma City Explosion". KYVTV Channel 9. April 19, 1995. Stickney, Brandon M. All-American Monster. p. 265. "Nichols' Lawyers Say Government Leaked Information to the Media". Rocky Mountain News. September 20, 1997. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2009. "Blast "Theories" Irritate Bomb Expert". The Oklahoman. September 24, 1995. Retrieved August 20, 2024. "It would have been absolutely impossible and against the laws of nature for a truck full of fertilizer and fuel oil ... no how much was used ... to bring the building down." As quoted by Gore Vidal (2002) Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated, PublicAffairs, p. 120; ellipses as in original text. "When I first saw the pictures of the truck-bomb's asymmetrical damage to the Federal building, my immediate reaction was the pattern of damage would have been technically impossible without supplementing demolition charges at some of the reinforcing concrete column bases....For a simplistic blast truck-bomb, of the size and composition reported, to be able to reach out in the order of 60 feet and collapse a reinforced column base the size of column A-7 is beyond credulity." Vidal (2002), pp. 119-120; ellipses as in original text Crothers, Lane. Rage on the Right. pp. 135–136. Hamm, Mark S. Apocalypse in Oklahoma. p. 219. Sturken, Marita. Tourists of History. p. 159. Jo Thomas (July 1, 1998) McVeigh Letters Before Blast Show the Depth of His Anger, The New York Times, accessed 21 April 2018 Declaration of Terry Lynn Nichols Archived 2018-04-21 at the Wayback Machine, Filed Feb 21, 2001 with the US District Court "Declaration of David Paul Hammer" (PDF). dissentradio.com. Staff. "Author links man arrested in Quincy to the subject of her book on Oklahoma City bombing". The Patriot Ledger, Quincy, MA. Retrieved 2021-07-27. Crogan, Jim (7 July 2005). "The Rohrabacher Test, Congressman questions Terry Nichols about Oklahoma City bombing". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2012-07-04. Edwards, David; Ron Brynaert (December 28, 2006). "CNN: Is GOP Rep. 'fueling' Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories?". TheRawStory.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2009. "In retrospect, it is not clear if federal law enforcement expended an adequate amount of time or effort exploring the links between the Aryan bank robbers, Andreas Strassmeir and Timothy McVeigh. For nearly a year after the bombing, the FBI did not interview Strassmeir. Only when he had fled the country was he queried briefly on the phone by the FBI. The agents apparently accepted his denial of any relationship with McVeigh, and there is no evidence of any further investigation into this possible link." "Call to reopen Oklahoma bomb case". BBC News. March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2009. Nolan, Clay (September 28, 2009). "Secret footage specifies chaos minutes after the Oklahoma City Bombings". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2009. "Material missing from Okla. bombing tapes, lawyer says". USA Today. Associated Press. September 27, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2009. Witt, Howard (2006-12-10). "To him, Murrah blast isn't solved: Lawyer investigating 1995 Oklahoma City attack says loose ends indicate likelihood of neo-Nazi connections". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-12-14.[dead link] Dannenberg, John E. "$1.1 Million FTCA Emotional Distress Award in BOP Suicide Death Upheld, Even Though Murder by Guards Suspected". Prison Legal News. Retrieved 3 March 2022. Schindler, John R. (2014-11-17). "Lingering OKBOMB Questions". The XX Committee. Retrieved 17 November 2014. Further reading flagOklahoma portaliconLaw portalflagUnited States portaliconPolitics portalicon1990s portal Hammer, David Paul, 2010. Deadly Secrets: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4520-0363-4. Crothers, Lane. Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to Homeland Security. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. ISBN 0-7425-2546-5. Hamm, Mark S. Apocalypse in Oklahoma: Waco and Ruby Ridge Revenged. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997. ISBN 1-55553-300-0. Hamm, Mark S. In Bad Company: America's Terrorist Underground. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55553-492-9. Israel, Peter, Jones, Stephen. Others Unknown: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. ISBN 978-1-58648-098-1. Knight, Peter. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-57607-812-4. Stickney, Brandon M. All-American Monster: The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57392-088-6. Sturken, Marita. Tourists of History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8223-4103-4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma City bombing. Voices of Oklahoma interview with Stephen Jones. Interview with Stephen Jones, public defender for Timothy McVeigh and author of Others Unknown: The Oklahoma City Bombing Case and Conspiracy. Conducted January 27, 2010. 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Robert Tosh Plumlee... has piloted and co-piloted clandestine CIA flights for over 31 years. He testified before the Church Committee in the 1970s and his CIA escapades have been well chronicled in magazine articles, books and congressional reports. Mr. Plumlee testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on August 2nd, 1990, and again in May of 1991. His testimony under oath has been classified as Top Secret. Senator John Kerry served as Chairman of the Senate Committee, John Wyner, I believe his name is, and Dick McCall, staff aides to Senator Kerry, questioned Mr. Plumlee in relation to the Contra resupply network behind closed doors. Mr. Plumlee testified to the U.S. Senate Committee and to Truth Truth Truth, Incorporated, that on the morning of November 22nd, 1963, he was a co-pilot on a top secret flight supported by the CIA. Mr. Plumlee's flight left Florida on November 21, 1963, and stopped in New Orleans and Houston before heading into Dallas, Texas, during the early morning hours of November 22nd, 1963. Mr. Plumlee testified that Philippe or Philippo Socko, alias John Roselli, a known Mafia/CIA double operative was onboard the plane to Dallas. Mr. Plumlee stated that Mr. Roselli departed the plane at Dallas Garland Airport shortly after 6:30 a.m. on the morning of November 22nd, 1963. Mr. Plumlee testified that he was informed that the flight was an abort mission, and that their assignment was to stop the assassination attempt on Kennedy's life. Mr. Plumlee testified that he was told this by his superior officers, and he has identified those officers. Mr. Plumlee testified that he was present in Dealey Plaza on the South Knoll at the time of the assassination.

More CIA stories from John Stockwell: https://thememoryhole.substack.com/ The video series delves into the secretive world of covert action, featuring insights from former CIA official John Stockwell and Louis Wolf, co-editor of the Covert Action Information Bulletin. In the initial segment, the focus lies on an overview of the CIA's operations, shedding light on its activities and nature. As the discussion progresses, attention turns to the ramifications of the "Intelligence Identities Protection Act" and the Reagan executive order on intelligence agencies. These legislative actions, as outlined by Stockwell and Wolf, seem to create an environment fostering media self-censorship. This, in turn, suppresses public scrutiny and criticism of intelligence operations, which encompass controversial actions like assassination plots, government destabilization, and other clandestine tactics. Stockwell articulates how these legal measures effectively impact the First Amendment, curbing freedoms of speech and press without undergoing the constitutional amendment process. Recorded in May 1982, during a pivotal period of political discourse, this hour-long installment prompts viewers to reconsider the balance between national security interests and the fundamental principles of transparency and free expression. The video captures a crucial juncture in history where the boundaries of government secrecy and public awareness were fiercely debated. CovertAction Quarterly (formerly CovertAction Information Bulletin) was an American journal in publication from 1978 to 2005, focused primarily on watching and reporting global covert operations. It is generally critical of US Foreign Policy, the Central Intelligence Agency, and capitalism. CovertAction relaunched in May 2018 as CovertAction Magazine. The first issue of the Covert Action Information Bulletin was launched at a press conference in Havana, Cuba, coinciding with the 11th World Festival of Youth and Students.[2][3] The magazine was founded by former CIA officer turned agency critic Philip Agee, William Schaap, James and Elsie Wilcott, Ellen Ray, William Kunstler, Michael Ratner, and Lou Wolf in 1978.[4][5][a][8] It was created in order to carry on the work of the preceding publication CounterSpy magazine, which the editors claimed had been shut down as a result of CIA harassment.[9] Contributors included critics of US foreign policy such as Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Michael Parenti[5] and Christopher Hitchens.[10] Agee said the Bulletin's goal was "a worldwide campaign to destabilize the CIA through exposure of its operations and personnel."[3][11] The Mitrokhin Archive, by ex-KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin and British intelligence historian Christopher Andrew, alleged that Covert Action Information Bulletin received assistance from the Soviet KGB and Cuban DGI. Mitrokhin claimed that the Soviet group RUPOR was responsible for the Bulletin, although cautioned that of the publication's members, only Agee would have been aware of the foreign government connection. KGB files recovered by Mitrokhin boasted of their ability to pass information and disinformation to Agee.[2][12][13] The magazine was based in Washington, D.C.[5][14] CovertAction Quarterly In 1992, with the issue #43, the magazine was renamed as CovertAction Quarterly.[5][3] In 1998, the magazine won an award from Project Censored for a story by Lawrence Soley in the Spring 1997 issue titled "Phi Beta Capitalism", about corporate influence on universities.[15][16] Publication of CovertAction Quarterly ceased in 2005 with issue #78, only to be resurrected as CovertAction Magazine in 2018.[17] Several articles from CovertAction Quarterly were collected in two anthologies, CovertAction: The Roots of Terrorism and Bioterror: Manufacturing Wars The American Way, both published by Ocean Press in 2003. Selected personnel Jim Wilcott, member of the Board of Advisors. He spent nine years with the CIA as a finance officer, and his wife Elsie also worked for the Agency during the same period.[18][5] Publications Anthologies CovertAction: The Roots of Terrorism, edited by Ellen Ray & William H. Schaap. Ocean Press (2003). ISBN 978-1876175849. 310 pages. Excerpts. Bioterror: Manufacturing Wars the American Way, edited by Ellen Ray & William H. Schaap. Ocean Press (2003). ISBN 978-1876175641. 80 pages. Magazines CovertAction Information Bulletin (1978-1992). Issues no. 1–42. CovertAction Quarterly (1992-2005). Issues no. 43–78. CovertAction Magazine (2018–present). Issues no. 79–present. See also CounterSpy Lobster References Notes According to Christopher Andrew (who joined the British intelligence service MI5 in order to create its official history),[6] documents in the Mitrokhin Archive indicate that the magazine was established "on the initiative of the KGB" and that the group responsible for producing it was "put together" by Soviet counterintelligence. Andrew writes that there is "no evidence" that anybody associated with the magazine, apart from Agee, was aware of the KGB's role.[7] Footnotes “History”. CovertActionMagazine.com Andrew, Christopher & Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and The Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books. pp. 230–234. ISBN 0-465-00310-9. OCLC 42368608. Hastedt, Glenn P. (2011). Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-807-1. "About Us". Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-1576078129. Retrieved February 3, 2016. David Walker (February 18, 2003). "Just How Intelligent?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 13, 2018. Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2001) [1999]. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9. "Lou Wolf of CovertActionMagazine.com & Covert Action Information Bulletin". Internet Archive (Interview). Our Hidden History. May 31, 2018. "Covert Action Information Bulletin Premier Issue". archive.org. 1978. Christopher Hitchens on Noam Chomsky (1995), archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-09-12 Baer, Robert (2010-11-10). "Foreign Policy: Spy Versus Rogue Spy". NPR. Retrieved 2022-08-29. Weiss, Michael (2016-07-26). "Russia's Long History of Messing With Americans Minds Before the DNC Hack". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-08-29. Selvage, Douglas (2019). "Operation "Denver": The East German Ministry of State Security and the KGB's AIDS Disinformation Campaign, 1985–1986 (Part 1)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 21 (4): 92. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_00907. ISSN 1520-3972. Allen, Terry, and Barbara Neuwirth, Sanho Tree. "CAQ Purges Workers" (letter). (May 14, 1998). Addressed to "Everyone who has supported CAQ." "Big Business Seeks to Control and Influence U.S. Universities". Project Censored. 1998. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010. Yee, Angie; Sims, Katie (April 30, 2010). Hurtado, Sally (ed.). "Big Business Seeks to Control and Influence U.S. Universities". Project Censored. "CovertAction Quarterly: Back Issues". Redacted News. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2015. Wilcott, Jim. "The CIA and the Media: Some Personal Experiences." CovertAction Information Bureau, no. 7 (Dec. 1979-Jan. 1980), pp. 23-24

The dark side of history: https://thememoryhole.substack.com/ The Rockefeller family is an American industrial, political, and banking family that owns one of the world's largest fortunes. The fortune was made in the American petroleum industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by brothers John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr., primarily through Standard Oil (the predecessor of ExxonMobil and Chevron Corporation).[1] The family had a long association with, and control of, Chase Manhattan Bank.[2] By 1987, the Rockefellers were considered one of the most powerful families in American history.[3] The Rockefeller family originated in Rhineland in Germany and family members moved to the Americas in the early 18th century, while through Eliza Davison, with family roots in Middlesex County, New Jersey, John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr. and their descendants are also of Scots-Irish ancestry.[4] Background The Rockefeller family originated in the Rhineland region in Germany and can be traced to the town Neuwied in the early 17th century. The American family branch is descended from Johann Peter Rockefeller (1681-1763), who migrated from the Rhineland to Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania around 1723. In the US, he became a plantation owner and landholder in Somerville, and Amwell, New Jersey.[5][6][7] One of the first members of the Rockefeller family in New York was businessman William A. Rockefeller Sr., who was born to a Protestant family in Granger, New York. He had six children with his first wife Eliza Davison, a daughter of a Scots-Irish farmer,[4] the most prominent of which were oil tycoons John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr., the co-founders of Standard Oil. John D. Rockefeller (known as "Senior", as opposed to his son John D. Rockefeller Jr., known as "Junior") was a devout Northern Baptist, and he supported many church-based institutions.[8][9][10] While the Rockefeller family are mostly Baptists,[11][12] some of the Rockefellers were Episcopalians.[13] Wealth The Rockefeller brothers John D. Rockefeller Sr. William A. Rockefeller Jr. The combined wealth of the family—their total assets and investments plus the individual wealth of its members—has never been known with any precision. The records of the family archives relating to both the family and individual members' net worth are closed to researchers.[14] From the outset, the family's wealth has been under the complete control of the male members of the dynasty, through the family office. Despite strong-willed wives who had influence over their husbands' decisions—such as the pivotal female figure Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.—in all cases they received allowances only and were never given even partial responsibility for the family fortune.[15] Much of the wealth has been locked up in the family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank. These trusts have consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil and other diversified investments, as well as the family's considerable real estate holdings. They are administered by a trust committee that oversees the fortune. Management of this fortune today also rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal holding company, Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all the family's investments. The Rockefeller Center is no longer owned by the family. Its present chairman and patriarch is David Rockefeller Jr. In 1992, it had five main arms: Rockefeller & Co. (Money management: Universities have invested some of their endowments in this company); Venrock Associates (Venture Capital: an early investment in Apple Computer was one of many it made in Silicon Valley entrepreneurial start-ups); Rockefeller Trust Company (Manages hundreds of family trusts); Rockefeller Insurance Company (Manages liability insurance for family members); Acadia Risk Management (Insurance Broker: Contracts out policies for the family's vast art collections, real estate and private planes.)[16] Real estate and institutions Rockefeller Center at night, December 1934 John D. Rockefeller Jr., the first president of the Rockefeller Foundation The family was heavily involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century.[17] Chief among them: Rockefeller Center, a multi-building complex built at the start of the Depression in Midtown Manhattan. The construction of Rockefeller Center was financed solely by the family International House of New York, New York City, 1924 (John Jr.) {Involvement: John III, Abby Aldrich, David & Peggy, David Jr., Abby O'Neill} Wren Building, College of William and Mary, Virginia, from 1927 (Renovation funded by Junior) Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1927 onwards (Junior), Abby Aldrich, John III and Winthrop, historical restoration Colonial Williamsburg Museum of Modern Art, New York City, from 1929 (Abby Aldrich, John Jr., Blanchette, Nelson, David, David Jr., Sharon Percy Rockefeller) Riverside Church, New York City, 1930 (John Jr.) The Cloisters, New York City, from 1934 (John Jr.) Rockefeller Apartments, New York City, 1936 (John Jr., Nelson)[18]: 333–334  The Interchurch Center, New York City, 1948 (John Jr.) Asia Society (Asia House), New York City, 1956 (John III) One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York City, 1961 (David) Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, 1962 (Nelson) Lincoln Center, New York City, 1962 (John III) World Trade Center Twin Towers, New York City, 1973–2001 (David and Nelson) Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, 1974 (David) Council of the Americas/Americas Society, New York City, 1985 (David) In addition to this is Senior and Junior's involvement in seven major housing developments: Forest Hill Estates, Cleveland, Ohio City Housing Corporation's efforts, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York City Thomas Garden Apartments, The Bronx, New York City Paul Laurence Dunbar Housing, Harlem, New York City Lavoisier Apartments, Manhattan, New York City Van Tassel Apartments, Sleepy Hollow, New York (formerly North Tarrytown) A development in Radburn, New Jersey[19][20] A further project involved David Rockefeller in a major middle-income housing development when he was elected in 1947 as chairman of Morningside Heights, Inc., in Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, including Columbia University. The result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment complex known as Morningside Gardens.[21] Senior's donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889; the Central Philippine University in the Philippines (The first Baptist university and second American university in Asia); and the Chicago School of Economics.[22] This was one instance of a long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and universities over the generations—seventy-five in total. These include: Harvard University Dartmouth College Princeton University University of California, Berkeley Stanford University Yale University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Brown University Tufts University Columbia University Cornell University University of Pennsylvania Spelman College Case Western Reserve University Institutions overseas such as London School of Economics and University College London, among many others.[23] Rockefeller University Senior (and Junior) also created Rockefeller University in 1901 General Education Board in 1902, which later (1923) evolved into the International Education Board Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1910 Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913 (Junior) International Health Division in 1913 China Medical Board in 1915. Rockefeller Museum, British Mandate of Palestine, 1925–30 In the 1920s, the International Education Board granted important fellowships to pathbreakers in modern mathematics, such as Stefan Banach, Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, and André Weil, which was a formative part of the gradual shift of world mathematics to the US over this period. To help promote cooperation between physics and mathematics Rockefeller funds also supported the erection of the new Mathematical Institute at the University of Göttingen between 1926 and 1929 The rise of probability and mathematical statistics owes much to the creation of the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, partly by the Rockefellers' finances, also around this time.[24] John D Jr. established International House at Berkeley. Junior was responsible for the creation and endowment of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates the restored historical town at Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the most extensive historic restorations ever undertaken. Residences Over the generations, the family members have resided in some historic homes. A total of 81 Rockefeller residences are on the National Register of Historic Places.[25] Not including all homes owned by the five brothers, some of the more prominent of these residences are: One Beekman Place - The residence of Laurance in New York City. 10 West 54th Street - A nine-story single-family home, the former residence of Junior before he shifted to 740 Park Avenue, and the largest residence in New York City at the time, it was the home for the five young brothers; it was later given by Junior to the Museum of Modern Art.[26] 13 West 54th Street - A four-story townhouse used by Junior and Abby between 1901[27] and 1913.[26] 740 Park Avenue - Junior and Abby's famed 40-room triplex apartment in the luxury New York City apartment building, which was later sold for a record price. Bassett Hall - The house at Colonial Williamsburg bought by Junior in 1927 and renovated by 1936, it was the favourite residence of both Junior and Abby and is now a house museum at the family-restored Colonial Revival town. The Casements - A three-story house at Ormond Beach in Florida, where Senior spent his last winters, from 1919 until his death. The Eyrie - A sprawling 100-room summer holiday home on Mount Desert Island in Maine, demolished by family members in 1962. Forest Hill - The family's country estate and a summer home in Cleveland, Ohio, for four decades; built and occupied by Senior, it burned down in 1917. Golf House at Lakewood, New Jersey - The former three-story clubhouse for the elite Ocean County Hunt and Country Club, which Senior bought in 1902 to play golf on its golf course. Kykuit, also known as the John D. Rockefeller Estate - The landmark six-story, 40-room home on the vast Westchester County family estate, home to four generations of the family. The JY Ranch - The landmark ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, the holiday resort home built by Junior and later owned by Laurance, which was used by all members of the family and had many prominent visitors, including presidents until Laurance donated it to the federal government in 2001. The Rocks - 1940 Shepard Street NW and 2121 Park Road NW, Washington, DC - The 12,000 square foot house sits on 15.9 acres bordering Rock Creek Park; and is the largest residential property in the District of Columbia. Built by Daisy Blodgett for her daughter Mona in 1927, the name refers to its location, not the current owner. The property was purchased by Jay Rockefeller in 1984 when he became US Senator for West Virginia. He and his wife, Sharon Percy Rockefeller continue to live there.[28] Rockwood Hall - The former home of William Rockefeller Jr. (demolished in the 1940s). Rockefeller Guest House - The guest house of Blanchette Ferry Rockefeller.[18] Kykuit, the landmark family home in Sleepy Hollow, New York Kykuit, the landmark family home in Sleepy Hollow, New York The Casements, the family's former winter residence in Florida The Casements, the family's former winter residence in Florida Rockwood Hall, Mount Pleasant, New York Rockwood Hall, Mount Pleasant, New York Rockefeller Guest House, New York City Rockefeller Guest House, New York City Politics Prominent banker David Rockefeller Sr. was the family patriarch until his death in 2017. In 1960, when his brother Nelson Rockefeller was governor of New York, David Sr. successfully pressed for a repeal of a New York state law that restricted Chase Manhattan Bank from operating outside the city. David Sr. was twice offered the post of Treasury secretary by President Richard M. Nixon, but declined on both occasions. In 1979, he used his high-level contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who had been overthrown in the Iranian Revolution and was in poor health, for medical treatment in the United States. In 1998, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his work on International Executive Service Corps.[29] Political offices held Vice President Nelson Rockefeller Governor Winthrop Rockefeller Senator John D. Rockefeller IV Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979) 1st Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, 1944–1945 1st Under Secretary Health, Education and Welfare, 1953–1954 Governor of New York, 1959–1973 U.S. Vice President, 1974–1977 Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973) Governor of Arkansas, 1967–1971 John Davison Rockefeller IV (b. 1937) Member of West Virginia House of Delegates, 1966–1968 Secretary of State of West Virginia, 1969–1973 Governor of West Virginia, 1977–1985 U.S. Senator from West Virginia, 1985–2015 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas, 1996–2006 Legacy A trademark of the dynasty over its 140-plus years has been the remarkable unity it has maintained, despite major divisions that developed in the late 1970s, and unlike other wealthy families such as the Du Ponts and the Mellons. A primary reason has been the lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse the name from the disgrace stemming from the ruthless practices of Standard Oil but his tireless efforts to forge family unity even as he allowed his five sons to operate independently. This was partly achieved by regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also because of the high value placed on family unity by first Nelson and John III, and later especially with David.[30] Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the 100th anniversary of the founding of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Carnegie Corporation, which has had a long association with the family and its institutions, released a public statement on the influence of the family on not just philanthropy but encompassing a much wider field. Summing up a predominant view among the international philanthropic world, albeit one poorly grasped by the public, one sentence of this statement read: "The contributions of the Rockefeller family are staggering in their extraordinary range and in the scope of their contribution to humankind."[31] John D. Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over his lifetime (in dollar terms of that time), and became the greatest lay benefactor of medicine in history.[32] His son, Junior, also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to 1960.[33] Added to this, The New York Times declared in a report in November 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable benefactions amount to about $900 million over his lifetime.[34] The combined personal and social connections of the various family members are vast, both in the United States and throughout the world, including the most powerful politicians, royalty, public figures, and chief businessmen. Figures through Standard Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers. Contemporary figures include Henry Kissinger, Richard Parsons (chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker. In 1991, the family was presented with the Honor Award from the National Building Museum for four generations worth of preserving and creating some of the U.S.'s most important buildings and places. David accepted the award on the family's behalf.[35] The ceremony coincided with an exhibition on the family's contributions to the built environment, including John Sr.'s preservation efforts for the Hudson River Palisades, the restoration of Williamsburg, Virginia, construction of Rockefeller Center, and Governor Nelson's efforts to construct low- and middle-income housing in New York state.[36] The Rockefeller name is imprinted in numerous places throughout the United States, including within New York City, but also in Cleveland, where the family originates: Rockefeller Center - A landmark 19-building 22-acre (89,000 m2) complex in Midtown Manhattan established by Junior: Older section constructed from 1930 to 1939; Newer section constructed during the 1960s-1970s; Rockefeller Apartments - An apartment building in Midtown Manhattan Rockefeller University - Renamed in 1965, this is the distinguished Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate medical school (formerly the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, established by Senior in 1901); Rockefeller Foundation - Founded in 1913, this is the famous philanthropic organization set up by Senior and Junior; Rockefeller Brothers Fund - Founded in 1940 by the third-generation's five sons and one daughter of Junior; Rockefeller Family Fund - Founded in 1967 by members of the family's fourth-generation; Rockefeller Group - A private family-run real estate development company based in New York that originally owned, constructed and managed Rockefeller Center, it is now wholly owned by Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd; Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors - is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that advises donors in their philanthropic endeavours throughout the world; Rockefeller Research Laboratories Building - A major research centre into cancer that was established in 1986 and named after Laurance, this is located at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Rockefeller Center - Home of the International Student Services office and department of philosophy, politics and law at the State University of New York at Binghamton; Rockefeller Chapel - Completed in 1928, this is the tallest building on the campus of the University of Chicago, established by Senior in 1889; Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1906, this building houses the Case Western Reserve University Physics Department; Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in 1906, this building houses the Cornell University Physics Department;[37] Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1887, who granted Vassar College a $100,000 ($2.34 million in 2006 dollars) allowance to build additional, much needed lecture space. The final cost of the facility was $99,998.75. It now houses multi-purpose classrooms and departmental offices for political science, philosophy and math; Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in 1886, this is the oldest building on the campus of Spelman College; Rockefeller College - Named after John D. Rockefeller III, this is a residential college at Princeton University; Michael C. Rockefeller Arts Center - Completed in 1969 in memory of Nelson Rockefeller's son, this is a cultural centre at the State University of New York at Fredonia; The Michael C. Rockefeller Collection and the Department of Primitive Art - Completed in 1982 after being initiated by Nelson, this is a wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art; David and Peggy Rockefeller Building - A tribute to David's wife, Peggy Rockefeller, this is a new (completed in 2004) six-story building housing the main collection and temporary exhibition galleries of the family's Museum of Modern Art; Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden - Completed in 1949 by David, this is a major outdoor feature of the Museum of Modern Art; Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum - Opened in 1957 by Junior, this is a leading folk art museum just outside the historic district of Junior's Colonial Williamsburg; Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall - The freshman residence hall on the campus of Spelman College; Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Building - Completed in 1918, it is among other things a student residence hall at Spelman College, after the wife of Senior and after whom the college was named; Rockefeller State Park Preserve - Part of the 3,400-acre (14 km2) family estate in Westchester County, this 1,233-acre (5 km2) preserve was officially handed over to New York State in 1983, although it had previously always been open to the public; Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park - Established as a historical museum of conservation by Laurance during the 1990s. John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway - Established in 1972 through Congressional authorization, connecting Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks; Rockefeller Forest - Funded by Junior, this is located within Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California's largest redwood state park; Either of two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D. III and 1975 - Nelson dubbed the Rockefeller Commission}. Rockefeller Park, a scenic park featuring gardens dedicated to several world nations along Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. between University Circle and Lake Erie in Cleveland. Winthrop Rockefeller Institute of the University of Arkansas System was established in 2005 with a grant from the Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust. The educational center with conference and lodging facilities is located on Petit Jean Mountain near Morrilton, Arkansas, on the original grounds of Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller's model cattle farm. David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University. Rockefeller Quad at the Loomis Chaffee School Rockefeller Complex library at Niels Bohr Institute, Nørrebro, Copenhagen Municipality in Denmark John Jr., through his son Nelson, purchased and then donated the land upon which sits the United Nations headquarters, in New York, in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, he had also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I, such as the Rheims Cathedral, the Fontainebleau Palace and the Palace of Versailles, for which he was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand Croix of the Legion d'Honneur (subsequently also awarded decades later to his son, David Rockefeller). He also funded the excavations at Luxor in Egypt, as well as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens. In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem - the Rockefeller Museum.[38] Conservation Beginning with John D. Rockefeller Sr., the family has been a major force in land conservation.[39] Over the generations, it has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, the Rockefeller Forest in California's Humboldt Redwoods State Park (the largest stand of old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton National Park, among many others. John Jr., and his son Laurance (and his son Laurance Jr. aka Larry) were particularly prominent in this area. The family was honoured for its conservation efforts in November 2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of the United States' largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family members attended. At the event, the society's president, John Flicker, stated: "Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made".[39] In 2016 fifth-generation descendants of John Sr. criticized ExxonMobil, one of the successors to his company Standard Oil, for their record on climate change. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Family Fund both backed reports suggesting that ExxonMobil knew more about the threat of global warming than it had disclosed. David Kaiser, grandson of David Rockefeller Sr. and president of the Rockefeller Family Fund, said that the "...company seems to be morally bankrupt." Valerie Rockefeller Wayne, daughter of former Senator Jay Rockefeller, said, "Because the source of the family wealth is fossil fuels, we feel an enormous moral responsibility for our children, for everyone -- to move forward."[40] The Rockefeller Brothers Fund announced it was divesting from fossil fuels in September 2014, the Rockefeller Family Fund announced plans to divest in March 2016, and the Rockefeller Foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings in December 2020.[41][42][43] With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."[43] In May 2021 Rockefeller descendants Rebecca Rockefeller Lambert and Peter Gill Case announced a ten-year funding initiative, the Equation Campaign, to fight new fossil fuel development.[44] The archives The Rockefeller family archives are held at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Pocantico Hills, North Tarrytown, New York.[45] At present, the archives of John D. Rockefeller Sr. William Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller Jr., Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Abby Rockefeller Mauzé, John D. Rockefeller III, Blanchette Rockefeller, and Nelson Rockefeller are processed and open by appointment to readers in the Archive Center's reading room. Processed portions of the papers of Laurance Rockefeller are also open. In addition, the Archive Center has a microfilm copy of the Winthrop Rockefeller papers, the originals of which are held at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock. The papers of the family office, known as the Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, are also open for research, although those portions that relate to living family members are closed.[46] Members Ancestors Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller (1783–1857) (m. 1806) Lucy Avery (1786–1867) (ten children) William Avery Rockefeller Sr.[47] (1810–1906) (m. 1837) Eliza Davison (1813–1889) (eight children) Lucy Rockefeller (1838–1878) (m. 1856) Pierson D. Briggs Clorinda Rockefeller (c. 1838–?, died young) (daughter from Nancy Brown) John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937) (m. 1864) Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915) Cornelia Rockefeller (c. 1840–?) (daughter from Nancy Brown) William Avery Rockefeller Jr. (1841–1922) (m. 1864) Almira Geraldine Goodsell Mary Ann Rockefeller (1843–1925) (m. 1872) William Cullen Rudd Franklin "Frank" Rockefeller (1845–1917) (m. 1870) Helen Elizabeth Scofield Frances Rockefeller (1845–1847) William W. Rockefeller (1788–1851) (m. early 19th century) Eleanor Kisselbrack (1784–1859) Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller Sr. The total number of blood relative descendants as of 2006 was about 150.[citation needed] Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (1866–1906) (m.1889) Charles Augustus Strong (1862–1940) Margaret Rockefeller Strong (1897–1985) (m. 1st 1927) George de Cuevas (1885–1961), (m. 2nd 1977) Raimundo de Larrain Alice Rockefeller (1869–1870) Alta Rockefeller (1871–1962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice (1863–1955) John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972) (m. 1941) Abra Cantrill (1912–1972) Abra Prentice Wilkin (born 1942) Mary Adeline Prentice Gilbert (1907–1981) (m. 1937) Benjamin Davis Gilbert (1907–1992) Spelman Prentice (1911–2000) (m. 3rd 1972) Mimi Walters (four children) Peter Spelman Prentice (born 1940) Alexandra Sartell Prentice (born 1962) Michael Andrew Prentice (born 1964) Edith Rockefeller (1872–1932) (m. 1895) Harold Fowler McCormick John Rockefeller McCormick (1896–1901) Editha McCormick (1897–1898) Harold Fowler McCormick Jr. (1898–1973) (m. 1931) Anne "Fifi" Potter (1879–1969) Muriel McCormick (1902–1959) (m. 1931) Elisha Dyer Hubbard (1906) Mathilde McCormick (1905–1947) (m. 1923) Max Oser (1877–1942) (one child) John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) (m. 1st 1901) Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich (1874–1948) Abigail Aldrich "Babs" Rockefeller (1903–1976) (m. 1st 1925, div. 1954) David M. Milton (1900–1976) (m. 2nd 1946, d. 1949) Irving H. Pardee (1892–1949) (m. 3rd 1953, d. 1974) Jean Mauzé (1903–1974) (two children) Abigail Rockefeller "Abby" "Mitzi" Milton O'Neill (1928-2017) m. George Dorr O'Neill Sr. (six children; eighteen grandchildren) Marilyn Ellen Milton (1931–1980) (two children) John Davison Rockefeller III (1906–1978) (m. 1932) Blanchette Ferry Hooker (four children) John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born 1937) (m. 1967) Sharon Percy (four children) John Davison Rockefeller V (born 1969) m. Emily Tagliabue John Davison Rockefeller VI (born 2007) Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1979) m. Indré Vengris Valerie Rockefeller Wayne Hope Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1938) (three children) Alida Ferry Rockefeller Messinger (born 1949) (m. 1st 1978–1986) Mark Dayton (m. 2nd) William Messinger (three children) Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979) (m. 1st 1930–1962) Mary Todhunter Clark (m. 2nd 1963) Margaretta Large "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) (seven children) Rodman Clark Rockefeller (1932–2000) (m. 1st 1953–1979) Barbara Ann Olsen (m. 2nd 1980) Alexandra von Metzler (four children) Meile Rockefeller (born 1955) Peter C. Rockefeller (m. 1987) Allison Whipple Rockefeller[48] Steven Clark Rockefeller (born 1936) Mary Clark Rockefeller (born 1938) m. 1st (1961–1974) William J. Strawbridge (three children) Michael Clark Rockefeller (1938–1961) Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Jr. (born 1964) Mark Fitler Rockefeller (born 1967) Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004) (m. 1934) Mary French Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin (1936–2015) Marion French Rockefeller (born 1938) Dr. Lucy Rockefeller Waletzky (born 1941) Laurance Rockefeller Jr. (born 1944) (m. 1982) Wendy Gordon (two children)[49] Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973) (m. 1st 1948, div. 1954) Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) (m. 2nd 1956, div. 1971) Jeannette Edris (1918–1997) Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006) (m. 1st 1971, div. 1979) Deborah Cluett Sage (m. 2nd 1983) Lisenne Dudderar (seven children) Andrea Davidson Rockefeller (b. 1972) Katherine Cluett Rockefeller (b. 1974) Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Jr. (b. 1976) William Gordon Rockefeller Colin Kendrick Rockefeller (b. 1990) John Alexander Camp Rockefeller Louis Henry Rockefeller David Rockefeller (1915–2017) (m. 1940) Margaret McGrath (1915–1996) David Rockefeller Jr. (born 1941) (m. 1st divorced) Diana Newell-Rowan (m. 2nd 2008) Susan Cohn (two children) Ariana Rockefeller (born 1982) (m. 1st 2010, div. 2019) Matthew Bucklin[50] Camilla Rockefeller (born 1984)[51][52] Abigail Rockefeller (born 1943) Neva Goodwin Rockefeller (born 1944) (m. 1st divorced) Walter J. Kaiser[53] (m. 2nd) Bruce Mazlish (1923–2016)[54] David Kaiser (1969–2020)[55] Margaret Dulany "Peggy" Rockefeller[56] (born 1947) Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949–2014);[57][58] married to Nancy King[56] (two children, two step-children)[56][57] Clayton Rockefeller Rebecca Rockefeller Eileen Rockefeller[56] (born 1952) m. Paul Growald (two children) Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller Jr. An article in The New York Times in 1937 stated that William Rockefeller had, at that time, 28 great-grandchildren.[59] Lewis Edward Rockefeller (1865–1866) Emma Rockefeller McAlpin (1868–1934) William Goodsell Rockefeller (1870–1922) (five children) William Avery Rockefeller III (1896–1973) (three children) Elsie Rockefeller m. William Proxmire Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller (1899–1983) (seven children) Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller (1924–2010) James Stillman Rockefeller (1902–2004) (four children) Georgia Rockefeller Rose Andrew Carnegie Rose Louisa d'Andelot du Pont Rose John Davison Rockefeller II (1872–1877) Percy Avery Rockefeller (1878–1934) m. Isabel Goodrich Stillman (five children) Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (1902–1980) m. Frederic Walker Lincoln IV Isabel Lincoln (1927-2016) m. Basil Beebe (Stephen Basil) Elmer Jr. (1924-2007) David Basil Elmer Lucy Lincoln Elmer Monica Elmer Veronica Hoyt Elmer m. Clinton Richard Kanaga Anthony Kanaga Joshua Kanaga Lindsey Kanaga Calista Lincoln (1930-2012) m. Henry Upham Harder (1925-2004) Frederic Walker Lincoln Harder (b. 1953) m. Karin J. E. Bolang (b. 1954) Frederic Harder Calista Harder Gertrude Upham Lincoln Harder (b. 1955) m. James Briggs Alexander Briggs George Briggs Holly Briggs Katherine Briggs Calista Harder (b. 1957) m. Jan Hollyer Elsa Hollyer Ian Hollyer Holly Harris Harder (b. 1961) m. Bruce Kenneth Catlin (b. 1956) Augustus Attilio Catlin (b. 1997) Nickolas Charles Catlin (b. 2000) Caroline Catlin Henry Upham Harder Jr. (b. 1965) m. Natalie Rae Borrok (b. 1965) Haley Rae Harder (b. 1997) Henry Rolston Harder (b. 1999) Charles Lincoln Harder (b. 2003) Percilla Avery Lincoln (1937-2019) m. William Blackstone Chappell Jr. (1935-2017) Richard Blackstone Chappell (1964-2014) Avery Lincoln Chappell (1966-2005) m. J. Kevin Smith Ellery Smith Emeline Smith Stillman Smith Florence Philena Lincoln (b. 1940) m. Thomas Lloyd Short Avery Rockefeller (1903–1986) m. 1923 Anna Griffith Mark (three children) Faith Rockefeller Model (1909–1960) Robert Model (born 1942) Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge (1882–1973) m. Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr. Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr. (1908–1930) Spouses Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915) – John D. Rockefeller Sr. Abby Greene Aldrich (1874–1948) – John D. Rockefeller Jr. Martha Baird Allen (1895–1971) – John D. Rockefeller Jr. Mary Todhunter Clark "Tod" (1907–1999) – Nelson Rockefeller Margaretta "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) – Nelson Rockefeller Anne Marie Rasmussen – Steven Clark Rockefeller Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992) – John D. Rockefeller III Sharon Lee Percy – John D. Rockefeller IV Mary French (1910–1997) – Laurance Rockefeller Wendy Gordon – Laurance "Larry" Rockefeller Jr. Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) – Winthrop Rockefeller Jeannette Edris (1918–1997) – Winthrop Rockefeller Deborah Cluett Sage – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Lisenne Dudderar – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Margaret "Peggy" McGrath (1915–1996) – David Rockefeller Diana Newell Rowan – David Rockefeller Jr. Nancy King – Richard Gilder Rockefeller. Sarah Elizabeth "Elsie" Stillman (1872–1935) – William Goodsell Rockefeller Isabel Goodrich Stillman (1876–1935) – Percy Avery Rockefeller Family tree Network Associates The following is a list of figures closely aligned with or subordinate to the Rockefeller family. Gianni Agnelli[60][additional citation(s) needed] Nelson W. Aldrich John Dustin Archbold Jabez A. Bostwick Benjamin Brewster Samuel P. Bush Duncan Candler Daniel O'Day C. Douglas Dillon J. Richardson Dilworth Samuel Calvin Tate Dodd William Lukens Elkins[61] Henry Morrison Flagler Simon Flexner Henry Clay Folger Joseph B. Foraker Raymond B. Fosdick Herman Frasch Frederick Taylor Gates Jerome Davis Greene Harkness family Mark Hanna[62][63][64][65] William Rainey Harper E.H. Harriman[66][additional citation(s) needed] Wallace Harrison Oliver Burr Jennings William Lyon Mackenzie King Henry Kissinger Ivy Lee John J. McCloy McCormick family Charles Edward Merriam William S. Paley Richard Parsons Oliver H. Payne Charles H. Percy Peter G. Peterson Pratt family Matthew Quay Eddie Rickenbacker[67][68] Henry H. Rogers Beardsley Ruml[69] John D. Ryan Jacob Schiff[citation needed] Louis Severance James Stillman Feargus B. Squire Walter Teagle Henry Morgan Tilford Paul Volcker John C. Whitehead Businesses The following is a list of companies in which the Rockefeller family have held a controlling or otherwise significant interest. Allegheny Transportation Company Anaconda Copper Arabian-American Oil Company American Smelting & Refining Company Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway[70][71] Atlantic Petroleum[72] Baltimore & Ohio Railroad[73] Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company Buckeye Steel Castings Chase Manhattan Bank[74] Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad[75] Chrysler Corporation[76] Clivus Multrum, Inc.[77] Colorado Fuel and Iron[78] Consolidation Coal Company[79] Consolidated Edison[80][81][82] Continental Oil[72] Cranston Print Works [83] Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway[84] Eastern Air Lines[85] Intercontinental Rubber Company of New York[86] International Basic Economy Corporation [87] Itek Kyso[72] Marquardt Corporation McDonnell Aircraft Corporation[88][89] Mutual Alliance Trust Company Ohio Oil Company[90][72] National City Bank of New York Piasecki Helicopter Public Service Corporation of New Jersey[91] RKO Pictures[92] Rockefeller Apartments Rockefeller Capital Management Rockefeller Group RockResorts Santa Fe Reporter[93] Schroder, Rockefeller & Company [94] Socal[90] Socony-Vacuum Oil[90] Sohio[95] Standard Oil Company, Inc. Standard Oil of Indiana[90] Standard Oil of New Jersey[90][95] Union Sulphur Company Union Tank Car Company United Gas Improvement Corporation[61] U.S. Steel (1901–1911)[96][97] Venrock Associates Western Maryland Railway[98][61][99] Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway[100][99] Charities, colleges, and nonprofit organizations Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum Asia Society Central Philippine University China Medical Board Council of the Americas Council on Foreign Relations David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies General Education Board Great Smoky Mountains National Park Group of 30 Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Historic Hudson Valley Institute for Pacific Relations International House of New York Jackson Hole Preserve, Inc. John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity & Eugenics Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Michael Rockefeller Wing of the Met Museum of Automobiles Museum of Modern Art National Institute of Social Sciences[101] Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy New York Cancer Hospital Population Council Rockefeller Archeological Museum Rockefeller Archive Center Rockefeller Brothers Fund Rockefeller College Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Institute of Government Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors Rockefeller University Social Science Research Council Spelman College Trilateral Commission United Nations Association[citation needed] University of Chicago Winrock International Winthrop Rockefeller Institute Buildings, estates and historic sites Bassett Hall Colonial Williamsburg The Casements The Cloisters Eliza Davison House Elm Tree House[102] Embarcadero Center The Eyrie Summer Home First Baptist Church of Tarrytown Forest Hill Park (Ohio) Giralda Farms Grand Teton National Park Greenacre Park Headquarters of the United Nations The Interchurch Center JY Ranch Kykuit Lincoln Center Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park Mount Hope Farm [103] Ocean County Park One Chase Manhattan Plaza Overhills [104] Riverside Church Rockefeller Center Rockefeller Golf House Rockefeller Guest House Rockefeller State Park Preserve The Rocks [28] Rockwood Hall Strong House (Vassar College) Standard Oil Building Villa Le Balze Virgin Islands National Park William Murray Residences World Trade Center (1973–2001) See also Gilded Age References Citations World's largest private fortune - see Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998. (p.370) The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis, David N. Gibbs, University of Chicago Press 1991, page 113 The Rockefeller inheritance, Alvin Moscow, Doubleday 1977, page 418 Chernow, Ron (1998). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller. New York: Vintage Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4000-7730-4. "[William Rockefeller Sr.] met his future wife, Eliza Davison, at her father's farmhouse.... A prudent, straitlaced Baptist of Scottish-Irish descent, deeply attached to his daughter, John Davison must have sensed the world of trouble that awaited Eliza..." Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (p. 3). 2007 John Thomas Flynn, God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times (p. 9). 1933 Henry Oscar Rockefeller, Benjamin Franklin Rockefeller. The Transactions of the Rockefeller Family Association for 1905. Knickerbocker Press, 1915 Martin, Albro (1999), "John D. Rockefeller", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 23 Chernow 1998, p. 52 "The 9 most amazing facts about John D. Rockefeller". Oil Patch Asia. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Alsop, Stewart (2016). Nixon & Rockefeller: A Double Portrait. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781480446007. "Although the Nixon family was Quaker and the Rockefeller family Baptist" Schmiesing, Kevin (2016). Merchants and Ministers: A History of Businesspeople and Clergy in the United States. Lexington Books. p. 115. ISBN 9781498539258. W. Williams, Peter (2016). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176. ISBN 9781469626987. "The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees." "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, JDR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013. Women in the family with no control over the family fortune—see Bernice Kert, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993. (p.100) Managing the family wealth, 1992 New York Times article Rockefeller Family Tries to Keep A Vast Fortune From Dissipating (see External Links). (Note: The names and nature of these departments may have changed since 1992.) The Edifice Complex: The Architecture of Power, By Deyan Sudjic, Penguin, April 7, 2011, page 245–255 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7. "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, OMR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013. "John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Van Tassel Apartments, Rockefeller Archive Newsletter, Fall 1997" (PDF). Retrieved February 19, 2013. The Morningside Heights housing project - see David Rockefeller, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002. (pp.385-87). "UChicago.edu, "News, Nobel"". News.uchicago.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2013. Funded colleges and Ivy League universities - see Robert Shaplen, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964. (passim) Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard (April 1, 2003). Google Books: Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783764364687. Retrieved February 19, 2013. Gregor, Sharon (2006). Amazon Books: Forest Hill. Arcadia. ISBN 0738540943. Gray, Christopher (May 22, 1994). "Streetscapes/The Rockefeller City House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for a Parsimonious Billionaire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2021. "New Home for John D. Rockefeller Jr". The New York Times. September 26, 1901. p. 16. Retrieved May 24, 2021. Elliot Carter (October 16, 2016). "Check Out The Rockefeller Mansion in Rock Creek Park". Architect of the Capital.org. Smith, Timothy R. "David Rockefeller Sr., steward of family fortune and Chase Manhattan Bank, dies at 101". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2017. Family unity maintained over the decades - see John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (pp.370-71, passim); David's unifying influence - see Memoirs (pp.346-7) Carnegie.Org "Rockefellers" Archived August 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Greatest benefactor of medicine in history - see Ron Chernow, Titan: op.cit. (p.570) "Rockefeller Archive Center "JDR Jr"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013. New York Times, November 21, 2006 Barbara Gamarekian (March 15, 1991). "Museum Honors All Rockefellers and Gifts". The New York Times. Jene Stonesifer (March 14, 1991). "Rockefellers and Design". The Washington Post. Cornell.Edu "Infobase" Retrieved January 30, 2007. Restorations and constructions in France, Egypt, Greece and Jerusalem - see Memoirs, (pp.44-48). Depalma, Anthony (November 15, 2005). "They Saved Land Like Rockefellers". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2008. "Rockefeller descendants speak out against company to which they owe their prosperity". CBS News. December 2, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Schwartz, John (September 21, 2014). "Rockefellers, Heirs to an Oil Fortune, Will Divest Charity of Fossil Fuels". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Wade, Terry; Driver, Anna (March 24, 2016). "Rockefeller Family Fund hits Exxon, divests from fossil fuels". Reuters. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Egan, Matt (December 18, 2020). "Exclusive: A $5 billion foundation literally founded on oil money is saying goodbye to fossil fuels". CNN.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020. "Heirs to Rockefeller fortune launch effort to slow oil and gas growthg". The Hill. May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021. Haskell, Mary B. (Winter 1996). "Brother, Can You Share a Dime?: The Rockefeller Family and Libraries". Libraries & Culture. 31 (1): 130–143. JSTOR 25548427. "DIMES: Online Collections and Catalog of Rockefeller Archive Center". dimes.rockarch.org. Retrieved January 4, 2019. Chernow, R. (1998). Titan: The life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. "Allison H. Whipple, Broker, Marries Peter C. Rockefeller". The New York Times. December 20, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2022. Deutsch, Claudia H. (January 15, 2006). "AT LUNCH WITH: WENDY GORDON; Living Green, but Allowing for Shades of Gray". The New York Times. Sipher, Devan (September 18, 2010). "Ariana Rockefeller and Matthew Bucklin". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2020. "World's Richest Heirs | Mom.com". mom.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020. Conley, Kevin (May 11, 2016). "How the Name Rockefeller Came to Mean More Than Just Wealth". Town & Country. Retrieved July 22, 2020. "Neva Rockefeller Engaged to Wed Walter J. Kaiser; Niece of Governor Will Be Bride of Professor at Harvard, Author". The New York Times. October 18, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2020. Vitello, Paul (November 29, 2016). "Bruce Mazlish, Who Fused Psychoanalysis and History in His Books, Dies at 93". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2020. Schwartz, John (July 16, 2020). "David Kaiser, Rockefeller Heir Who Fought Exxon Mobil, Dies at 50". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2020. Berger, Joseph, "A Rockefeller Known Not for Wealth but for His Efforts to Help", New York Times, June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Santora, Marc, "Richard Rockefeller Killed in New York Plane Crash", New York Times, June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014. Fallows, James, "Richard Rockefeller, MD What would you do, if you could do anything? An inspiring answer to that question.", June 14, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014. "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, JDR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013. [verification needed] Association with David Rockefeller – see his Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002 (pp. 208, 479, 481) Flynn, John T. (1932). God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times. Quinn & Boden Company. p. 347. ISBN 978-1-61016-411-5. Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York City, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "[John D. Rockefeller] had few friends in Cleveland's Central High School...although he did form a lasting bond with classmate Mark Hanna, later to be a U.S. senator, presidential kingmaker, and political fixer for the Standard Oil trust." Chernow 1999, p. 332. Chernow 1999, p. 388. Chernow 1999, p. 508. Josephson, Matthew (October 27, 2015) [1934]. The Robber Barons: The Classic Account of the Influential Capitalists Who Transformed America's Future. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 432–433. ISBN 978-0-15-676790-3. "...[T]he various invasions of Harriman would have been impossible without tremendous draughts upon the reservoir of money at 26 Broadway. Else he could not have seized and rebuilt so quickly the Union Pacific; nor added to this Colis Huntington's huge Southern Pacific…To carry these enterprises, Harriman's biographer tells us, the men of the Standard Oil family ' gave Harriman financial support when he needed tens of millions of dollars, in credit or cash'." Daly Bednarek, Janet Rose; Launius, Roger D. (2003). Reconsidering a Century of Flight. UNC Press Books. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8078-5488-4. Retrieved August 1, 2014. Chernow 1999, pp. 658–659. Domhoff, G.William (1996). State Autonomy or Class Dominance?: Case Studies on Policy Making In America. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-202-30512-0. Bryant Jr., Keith L.; Frailey, Fred W. (2020). History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. University of Nebraska Press. p. 185. ISBN 9781496214102. White, Leslie A. (2016). Modern Capitalist Culture. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-59874-157-5. Auzanneau, Matthieu (2018) [2015]. Oil, Power and War: A Dark History. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-60358-743-3. "The dismantling of Standard Oil appears to have been only a formality. The subsidiaries sold their products under the same brand and divided the sales territories; during the next two or three decades, there was virtually no perceptible competition between them...¶Above all, the main shareholders remained the same as before, beginning with John D. Rockefeller, who retained about one-quarter of the shares of each of the thirty-three companies created after the Supreme Court ruling." Chernow 1999, p. 373. Caro, Robert (1975) [1974]. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Random House, Inc. p. 1067. ISBN 0-394-72024-5. "There is scarcely a bank in New York State with which the Rockefellers do not have some link, direct or hidden. As for the state's largest bank, the Chase Manhattan Bank that is probably the most powerful financial institution anywhere on earth, Chase is, as [Theodore H.] White notes, 'the last great bank controlled by an individual family—the Rockefellers." "Who Built the Roads? A Modern Parable". The Railroad Telegrapher: Volume 39, Part 2. Order of Railroad Telegraphers. 1922. pp. 937–938. Retrieved March 4, 2023. "William Rockefeller, brother of John D., died a few weeks ago in his palatial home on the Hudson." “Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President of the United States” Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, November 21, 1974, (Serial No. 45), p.1069. "As for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, in 1972 more than half of the 15 persons listed as trustees were members of the [Rockefeller] Family's investment counselors...[T]he Fund portfolio's largest holdings are in Exxon, Standard Oil of California, Chase Manhattan Bank, and Rockefeller Center, all considered controlled by, or heavily influenced by, the Rockefeller Family. The next largest holding is in the Chrysler Corporation where in the period 1966-1970, they held 80,000 shares of Chrysler common stock plus $1.6 million in notes of the Chrysler Financial and Realty Corporation. Remember that J.Richardson Dilworth has been a director of Chrysler since 1962, when the Rockefellers bought a major stock position in that company." McCandlish, Laura (May 22, 2005). "Indoor composting toilets waste not, want not". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 29, 2021. Chernow 1999, p. 571. "Rockefellers in the Consolidation Coal Co". The Big Sandy News. Louisa, KY. February 2, 1917. Retrieved May 26, 2021. Groner, Alex (1972). The American Heritage History of American Business & Industry. American Heritage Publishing Company. p. 213. ISBN 0070011567. U.S. Congress House Committee on the Judiciary (1974). Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President of the United States: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 665. Retrieved March 3, 2024. "Consolidated Edison—[Nelson] Rockefeller's conflict of interest statement on file with the N.Y. Secretary of State, shows the [Rockefeller] family ownership of this big utility. With ownership goes control, of course." Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 389. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "Nelson [Rockefeller] and Laurance's Great-Uncle William Rockefeller had been, in fact, one of the original owners of Con Ed, and based on figures Junior had given TNEC investigators in 1937, the [Rockefeller] family's current holdings would amount to better than $10 million." "Godfrey S. Rockefeller, Dies; Executive in Textiles Was 83". The New York Times. February 25, 1983. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Drury 2007, p. 398. Kaufman, Michael T. (July 11, 2004). "Laurance Rockefeller, Venture Capitalist and Philanthropist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 26, 2021. "In the late 1930's, [Laurance Rockefeller] provided much of the capital to help Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, the World War I fighter pilot, start Eastern Airlines and was for many years the airline's largest stockholder." Hart, John Mason. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002, pp. 183–84. Schroy, John Oswin. "The International Basic Economy Corporation, IBEC, CRESCINCO, Nelson Rockefeller, and the Brazilian Capital Market". www.capital-flow-analysis.com. Chernow 1999, p. 659. Kaufman, Michael T. (July 11, 2004). "Laurance Rockefeller, Venture Capitalist and Philanthropist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2023. White, Leslie A. (2016). Modern Capitalist Culture. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-59874-157-5. "The Rockefeller family owned enough stock in five of the 200 largest non-financial corporations to insure virtual control over them. They were: (1) Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) of whose stock 13.5 percent was owned by members of the Rockefeller family and by family foundations; this was by far the largest block of stock extant. (2) Socony Vacuum Oil Company, Inc, 16.3 percent of whose common stock was owned by members of the Rockefeller family; (3) Standard Oil (Indiana), 11.4 percent of common stock owned by family and foundations; (4) Standard Oil Company of California, 11.9 percent of common stock held by family, 0.5 percent by foundations; (5) Ohio Oil Company, family held 9.5 percent, foundations held 9.1 percent of common stock; family and foundations each owned about 10 percent of the preferred stock" Shannon, David A. (1977). Twentieth Century America, Volume I: The Progressive Era. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally College Publishing Company. pp. 73–74. Lasky, Betty (1984). RKO, The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 55. ISBN 0-13-781451-8. "Wrestling toward the Truth". Santa Fe Reporter. June 25, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2022. "ROCKEFELLER KIN IN BANKING FIELD; Avery, Grandson of William Rockefeller, a Founder of New Investment Concern. A PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDER Schroder, Rockefeller & Co., Inc., Will Do Underwriting and Securities Business". The New York Times. July 9, 1936. Retrieved February 16, 2023. Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 389. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "The [Standard Oil] trust was dead, but Rockefeller continued to hold controlling interest[s] in the constituent companies. As late as 1931, he had some 23 percent of Standard Oil of New Jersey, 18 percent of Standard of Ohio, 15 percent of Standard Oil of California, and 10 percent Standard of Indiana" Chernow 1999, pp. 392–393. Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 389. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "[Rockefeller's] agreement with Morgan on the Mesabi property had made him the largest stockholder in U.S. Steel and given him a seat on the board of directors." United States Congress Joint Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (1918). Interstate and Foreign Transportation: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Congress of the United States, Pursuant to Public J. Res. 25, a Joint Resolution Creating a Joint Subcommittee from the Membership of the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce and the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to Investigate the Conditions Relating to Interstate and Foreign Commerce, and the Necessity of Further Legislation Relating Thereto, and Defing the Powers and Duties of Such Subcommittee, Volume 4, Parts 13-14 (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2109. Retrieved February 28, 2024. Grant, H. Roger (2019) [2004]. "Follow the Flag": A History of the Wabash Railroad Company. Northern Illinois University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-5017-4777-9. Price & Spillane 1917, p. 455. "Gold Medal Honorees". "Mrs. E. Parmalee Prentice Dies; Daughter of J.D. Rockefeller Sr" (PDF). The New York Times. June 22, 1962. Retrieved May 3, 2019. "J. R. Prentice Dies; Cattle Breeder, 69". The New York Times. June 16, 1972. Retrieved May 3, 2019. Irwin, Jeffrey D.; O'Shea, Kaitlin (2008). Overhills. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-7385-5433-4. Other sources Chernow, Ron (1999). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. New York City, United States: Vintage Books; Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-679-75703-1. Depalma, Anthony, They Saved Land Like Rockefellers, The New York Times Archive, November 15, 2005. Drury, George H. (2007). "Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway". In Middleton, William D.; Smerk, George M.; Diehl, Roberta L. (eds.). Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-0-253-34916-3. O'Connell, Dennis, Top 10 Richest Men Of All Time, AskMen.com, undated. Price, Theodore H.; Spillane, Richard, eds. (1917). "The Economic Panorama of the Week". Commerce and Finance, Volume 6. pp. 452–457. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Rose, Kenneth W., Select Rockefeller Philanthropies, Booklet (pdf, 23 pages) of the Rockefeller Archive Center, 2004. Strom, Stephanie, Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge Bequest, The New York Times Archive, November 21, 2006. Origin of Rockenfeld, in German Descendants of Goddard Rockenfeller Listing of University of Chicago Nobel Laureates, News Office, University of Chicago website, undated. Carnegie Corporation of New York, Celebrating 100 years of Andrew Carnegie's Philanthropy - awarding the inaugural Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy to David and Laurance Rockefeller, 2001. The Rockefeller Archive Center, John D. Rockefeller, Junior, 1874–1960, Overview of his life and philanthropy, 1997. Further reading Abels, Jules. The Rockefeller Billions: The Story of the World's Most Stupendous Fortune. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965. Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr. Old Money: The Mythology of America's Upper Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988. Allen, Gary. The Rockefeller File. Seal Beach, California: 1976 Press, 1976. Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience. New York: Vintage Books, 1974. Brown, E. Richard. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874. Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. London: Warner Books, 1998. Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976. Elmer, Isabel Lincoln. Cinderella Rockefeller: A Life of Wealth Beyond All-Knowing. New York: Freundlich Books, 1987. Ernst, Joseph W., editor. "Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Cen