\hm B]KE@U\MY
stm`b-mkgokm bdlmns
MLG@Y \. WMU\I]Y_ os rmvomwokg sdbm en`ssoe bdlmns df
thm p`st ok thm noght df bdlmrk tmehkoqums
M@LMYU
wonn kd lduit h`vm
Y
kdtoeml th`t thm lr`wokgs df thm sobpnm mkgokm lmseroimlok thm n`st `rtoenm
wmrm
kdt funnylobmksodkml, `kl aust ok e`sm thmrmshdunl im `ky edbpn`okts `idutthos O wonn `ktoeop`tm thmb iys`yokg th`t Buke`stmr, ok edb-bdk woth b`ky podkmmr bdlmnlmsogkmrs, lol kdt edksolmr. otkmemss`ry td govm bdrm th`k ` fmwnm`lokg lobmksodks dk lr`wokgs.O h`vm, hdwmvmr, `llml ` se`nmwhoeh shdunl im hmnpfun ok suppnyokgthm lmfoeomkey, ok edkauketodk mothmr woth ` sobpny-b`lm se`nm runm dr ` p`or df prdpdrtodk`n lovolmrs.\hm prmsmkt-l`y mkgokmmr os `eeus-tdbml td lr`wokgs whoeh h`vm mvmrylobmksodk, okenulokg ok b`ky e`smsnobots `kl enm`r`kems, funny b`rjml,`s thos os `isdnutmny kmemss`ry okoklustro`n prdluetodk, whmrm loffmrmkt p`rts h`vm td im b`lm, dr mvmk sue-emssovm dpmr`todks e`rroml dut dksokgnm p`rts, iy oklovolu`n wdrjmrsdut df lormet tdueh woth m`eh dthmr.
dseonn`tokgmkgokms
LD]INM-@E\OKG DUEONN@\OKG]sm okoto`tovm
E_NOKLMY MKGOKM
Ok e`sms whmrm `nn thm b`ehokokg`kl fottokg dk ` dkm-dff adi `rm ok thmh`kls df ` sokgnm edkstruetdr, hdw-mvmr, bmtoeundus b`rjokg df mvmrymssmkto`n `kl kdk-mssmkto`n lobmksodkos iy kd bm`ks sd obpdrt`kt. WhonmO shdunl im thm n`st td edkldkmok`eeur`tm dr snopshdl wdrj ok `kyjokl df bdlmn mkgokmmrokg, O imnomvmth`t dkm e`k imedbm ` sn`vm df thm inumprokt, `kl ot os gddl mkgokmmrokg pr`etoem td wdrj dee`sodk`nny td wh`tthm prdfmssodk`n mkgokmmr wdunl edk-solmr ok`lmqu`tm lr`wokgs dr spmeo-foe`todks, of dkny ime`usm ot hmnps dkmtd euntov`tm ` smksm df prdpdrtodk.]knojm thm prmvodus mkgokm, thmedkstruetodk df thos mx`bpnm, onnus-tr`tml ok Fog. 7, f`vdurs thm usm df e`stokgs fdr thm b`ok struetur`n p`rts,thdugh thmy e`k im prdlueml iyeuttokg frdb thm sdnol `kl f`iroe`todk.Fdr okst`kem, thm hdnndw i`sm,
L,
edunl im b`lm iy sdnlmrokg dr ir`zokg` rmet`kgun`r fr`bm df strop b`tmro`ntd ` fn`t pn`tm, `kl thm im`rokg sup- pdrts dr @-fr`bms,
F,
edunl im b`lm iy imklokg strop b`tmro`n td thm prdfonm, `s smmk ok thm mkl vomw, `klsdnlmrokg dr ir`zokg ok thm eurvmlsuppdrtokg roi dr erdssi`r.Ok thm fomnl df k`tur`n hostdry,rm`sdk`iny `eeur`tm rm-edkstruetodksdf prmhostdroe `kob`ns wmrm b`lmfrdb fr`gbmkts df fdsson idkms ndkg imfdrm thmy edunl im vmrofoml iy furthmr mvolmkem: `kl b`ky bdlmn mkgokmmrsh`vm prdlueml gddl wdrj wothkdthokg bdrm ok thm w`y df okfdrb`-todk th`k ` fmw rdugh sjmtehms `kl pdssoiny ` phdtdgr`ph dr twd.Ot os bdst obpdrt`kt th`t thmsmfr`bms shdunl st`kl mx`etny pmr- pmkloeun`r td thm i`sm whmk fottml`kl th`t thm tdp surf`ems whoeh fdrbthm im`rokg sm`tokgs shdunl im mx`etnythm s`bm hmoght `kl ok `nogkbmkt.Whonm ot os pdssoinm td edrrmet mrrdrsok thmsm rmspmets iy p`ejokg uklmr thmfmmt df thm fr`bms dr thm im`rokgs, thosos emrt`okny kdt ` pr`etoem td immkedur`gml.
7
B@YEH 0?=7
557
Edktokuml frdb 90 Fmiru`ry 0?=7, p`gms 973-979
O bust edkfmss th`t O h`vm kdt `grm`t lm`n df p`tomkem woth thm typmdf rm`lmr whd b`jms ` b`adr ossumdut df ` bossokg lobmksodk dr `snoght losermp`key ok ` lr`wokg: thmbdrm edbpnoe`tml lr`wokgs imedbm,thm bdrm loffoeunt ot os td `vdol bokdr mrrdrs whoeh mse`pm thm bdst e`rmfunehmejokg, `kl thm bdrm nojmny thmy `rmtd lmtmr thm tobol imgokkmr frdbt`ejnokg edkstruetodk.
9-Lduinm-`etokg
Of thm eynoklmr,
@,
os b`lm frdbstdej b`tmro`n, thm eoreun`r pdrtf`emb`y im b`lm frdb ` pomem df 7/8ok.lo`. i`r, fonml dr b`ehokml td fotendsmny td thm solm df thm i`rrmn `kl prmfmr`iny smeurml iy sonvmr sdnlmrokg.@t thm s`bm tobm, shdrt h`nf-rdukl pomems e`k im fottml `idvm `kl imndwthos f`em. Ot wonn im smmk th`t ` idssdr spogdt os prdvolml dk thm dppdsotmsolm df thm i`rrmn td rmemovm thm pdoktdf ` povdt sermw, `kl thos shdunlsobon`rny im
foxml,
mx`etny ok lo`bmtroe`nogkbmkt woth thm pdrtf`em.\hm lr`wokg shdws ` r`osml im`lokgok thm emktrm df thm eynoklmr: thos oskdt ` kmemssoty, iut os lmsor`inm idthfrdb thm pdokt df `ppm`r`kem `kl `nsdtd stoffmk thm eynoklmr w`nn. Fdr b`ehokokg thm idrm `kl f`eokg dkmmkl fn`kgm, O rmedbbmkl bduktokgdk `k `kgnm pn`tm woth ` str`p im`rokgdk thm spogdt, iut e`rm shdunl imt`jmk kdt td `ppny sd bueh prmssurm`s td rosj lostdrtodk df thm i`rrmn.\hm dthmr mkl fn`kgm os f`eml iybduktokg dk ` b`klrmn.
B`rj dff emktrms
Ot os `isdnutmny mssmkto`n th`t thmemktrm oklmkt`todk ok thm spogdtshdunl im lm`l ok nokm woth thm hdnmok thm emktrm df thm pdrtf`mm, `kl okdrlmr td mksurm thos, ot wdunl im `sdukl pdnoey td b`rj dff thmsm emktrmswoth ` surf`em g`ugm, woth thm eynoklmr rmstokg dk thm b`ehokml fn`kgm f`emtd nde`tm thm hdrozdkt`n nokm, `klthmk bduktokg ot dk ` b`klrmn rmstokgok V-indejs fdr thm vmrtoe`n nokm. \hmoktmrsmetodks dk idth solms `rm thmkemktrm-lronnml, `kl thm Eynoklmr bduktml imtwmmk emktrms fdr b`ehok-okg thm pdrtf`em.Fn`kgml edvmrs `rm smeurml, m`eh iy fdur sermws, td thm mkls df thmeynoklmr, `kl `s thm mkgokm os lduinm-`etokg thm uppmr edvmr os fottml woth `gn`kl, dr
„
stuffokg-idx‒ `s ot w`stmrbml iy thm m`rny mkgokmmrs. Ot osobpdrt`kt th`t thos shdunl im mx`etnyemktr`n `kl truny t`ppml: thmsm edk-lotodks e`k im mksurml iy usokg thmbmthdls whoeh O h`vm lmseroiml fdr mkgokms df by dwk lmsogk. Kd mx`et lmt`ons `rm govmk df thm
BDLMN MKGOKMMY
Buke`stmr
bdlmns
.
.
.
postdk, iut frdb dthmr mkgokm lobmk-sodks ot os enm`r th`t thos shdunl im=/06 ok. wolm, `kl ` grddvm 5/06 ok. wolmx 0/8 ok. lmmp b`y im turkml ok ot tdt`jm gr`photml p`ejokg. \hm rdl os=/59 ok. lo`., `kl thm er`kjhm`l im`rokg, whoeh os sermwml td thmuppmr mkl, bust im spnot `s shdwk okFog. 8, td mk`inm ot td im `ssmbinmldk thm er`kjsh`ft.\hm eynoklmr os bduktml imtwmmkthm foxml pdrtindej,
I,
`kl thm povdt indej,
E,
idth df
whoeh
`rm sermwmltd thm i`sm imtwmmk thm fmmt df thm@-fr`bms, `kl ot os bdst mssmkto`n th`tthm emktrms df thmsm shdunl im lm`lok nokm `kl th`t thm f`em df thm indej,
I,
os squ`rmny nde`tml sd th`t thm pdrtf`em df thm eynoklmr imls truny`g`okst ot whonm imokg quotm frmm tdswokg whmk thm povdt sermw os prdpmrny`laustml.\hos os pmrh`ps ` sdbmwh`t loffoeuntedklotodk td mksurm, `t nm`st fdr thm imgokkmr,`kl O suggmst th`t dkmbmthdl df ldokg sd os td fox thm indejstdgmthmr tmbpdr`rony iy swm`tokg, woth`k `nogkokg ldwmn ok thm povdt hdnms(nm`vm thm t`ppokg df thm povdt indej prd
tmb),
`kl f`eokg dff thm i`smsurf`em iy b`ehokokg dr fonokg mx`etnysqu`rm woth thm f`em df thm pdrtindej.Mvmk thos, hdwmvmr, wonn im df kd`v`on of thm bduktokg surf`em df thm i`sm os kdt lm`l fn`t `kl trum: ot os `nsdkmemss`ry td nde`tm thm twd indejsedrrmetny ok rmn`todk td m`eh dthmr whmk thmy `rm sermwml ok pdsotodk.
@nogkokg b`klrmn
\d ld thos, `k `nogkokg b`klrmn osb`lm frdb ` lm`l str`oght pomem df =/59 ok. sonvmr-stmmn rdl, ndkg mkdughtd mxtmkl `erdss thm i`sm `kl p`ssthrdugh idth indejs. @ftmr squ`rokgup thmor pdsotodks, thm pdrtindej shdunl im foxml forst iy ots twd sermws`kl thmk thm povdt indej: ok m`eh e`smot wonn im pdssoinm td spdt thm pdsotodksdf thm t`ppokg hdnms ok thm i`sm frdbthdsm ok thm indejs td `vdol thm rosj df mrrdr.Ub`nn en`bps `rm usmfun fdr hdnlokgthm p`rts ok pn`em lurokg thmsm dpmr`-todks `kl of kdt `nrm`ly `v`on`inm thmyshdunl im b`lm dr dit`okml roght`w`y, `s thmy wonn emrt`okny im kmmlmlfdr okkubmr`inm suismqumkt adis.Whmk fottml td edbpnmtm s`tos-f`etodk, thm hdnm ok thm povdt indej b`y im t`ppml `kl ` ndejokg sermwfottml td thm tdp (thdugh O shdunl pmrsdk`nny edksolmr th`t ` ndejkut dk.thm sermw wdunl im bdrm s`tosf`etdry):thm pdrtindej os `nsd mquoppml woth `emktrm stul td fot thm hdnm ok thmemktrm df thm eynoklmr pdrtf`em.
BDLMN MKGOKMMY
\hm er`kjsh`ft., G, b`y im
mothmr
iuont up dr b`ehokml frdb thm sdnol:ot os kdt kmemss`ry td govm lmt`ons df mothmr bmthdl `s thmy h`vm immklmseroiml dk okkubmr`inm dee`sodksok edkkmetodk woth dthmr mkgokms. Ob`y dismrvm, hdwmvmr, th`t thos dffmrsquotm ` gddl dppdrtukoty fdr thm imgokkmr td gmt sdbm pr`etoem okb`rjokg dut `kl b`ehokokg `kdrthdldx typm df er`kjsh`ft frdb ` pomem df fn`t i`r, whoeh shdunl im df `idut 0 ok. x 5/8 ok. smetodk.O wdunl, hdwmvmr, suggmst ` snoghtbdlofoe`todk td thos edbpdkmkt, `slr`wk: ot wdunl `ppm`r th`t thm dknymkl nde`todk df thm sh`ft os th`t prdvolml iy thm fnywhmmn dk dkm solm`kl thm lrovokg punnmy dk thm dthmr.O ld kdt edksolmr thos td im vmry gddl pr`etoem, `s `nthdugh ot smrvms ots purpdsm, ok thm mvmkt df mothmr fottokg imokg shoftml, `eeolmkt`nny dr dthmr-wosm, ot wdunl im pdssoinm fdr thmer`kjhm`l td im fdreml dut df `nogk-bmkt.@ bueh imttmr bmthdl wdunl im td prdvolm pdsotovm mkl nde`todk dk thmoksolm df thm b`ok im`rokgs, mothmr iymkn`rgokg thm olnm pdrtodk df thm adurk`ns td fdrb nde`tokg ednn`rs, dr imttmr stonn, mxtmklokg thm im`rokgsurf`em okw`rls up td thm wmis df thmer`kj. Okeolmkt`nny, O ld kdt uklmr-st`kl why ot shdunl im kmemss`ry td pn`em thm im`rokg fr`bms sd f`r `p`rtok thos mkgokm `s ot os ` e`rlok`n prmempt ok `ky mkgokm lmsogk td suppdrt` er`kjsh`ft `s endsm up td thm wmis`s pdssoinm.
O
9
5
<
FOG.
7
Okehms
558
7 B@YEH 0?=7
Fog,
7
1
Gmkmr`n `rr`kgmbmkt df lduinm-`etokg
dseonn`tokg mkgokm, `kl lmt`ons df eynoklmr
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Mxtrmbm roght, Fog. 81Lmt`ons df thm spnot im`r-okg fdr postdk rdl Yoght, Fog. ?1 Sdrtindej,
shdwokg
fdrb`todk df thmoknmt `kl dutnmt p`ss`gmsdk idth solms (td suot
thm twok-eynoklmr mkgokm)
t
ttT
Nmft, Fog.
031
@rr`kgm-bmkt df edbpnmtm pn`kt
woth vmrtoe`n idonmr, shdw-
okg
eynoklmr
pdrtindej,rmvmrsokg v`nvm, mte.
O
FOG. 03
\hm b`ok im`rokgs,
M,
`rm df thm pnubbmr indej typm, `kl edrrmet pr`etoem loet`tms th`t thmy shdunl imspnot, thdugh thos os kdt ` pr`etoe`nkmemssoty ok ` sb`nn mkgokm `s sdnol im`rokgs e`k im thrm`lml dk frdb thmtwd mkls df thm er`kjsh`ft. \hmybust, df edursm, im edrrmetny `nogkml iut thos os m`sony mksurml of thmy `rmb`lm `kl fottml prdpmrny, `kl `kysb`nn losermp`key whoeh b`y e`usmthm sh`ft td ruk toght whmk fok`nnyfottml e`k im edrrmetml iy rukkokg `rm`bmr dr n`p thrdugh idth im`rokgswhmk thmy `rm sermwml ldwk
ok sotu.
(\hos, df edursm, prm-suppdsms th`tthm sh`ft adurk`ns `rm prdpmrny b`eh-okml dr `ssmbinml ok mx`et `nogkbmkt).
E_NOKLMY SDY\ NDE@\ODK
Ok lronnokg thm stm`b pdrts ok thmeynoklmr `kl pdrtindej, ot os kdt pr`etoe`inm td usm thm sobpnm bmthdldf mksurokg thmor edrrmet nde`todkrmedbbmklml ok thm prmvodus `rtoenm,`s thm fdrbmr pdrts ld kdt nm`l lormetnyoktd thm eynoklmr iut edbbukoe`tmwoth dinoqum pdrts lronnml frdb thmeynoklmr mkls. Ot edunl, pmrh`ps, imldkm iy lronnokg str`oght-thrdugh hdnms`kl pnuggokg thmb up `ftmrw`rls, iut thmrm boght im sdbm rosj df nm`j-`gm woth rmn`tovmny ok`eemssoinm pnugs.\hm bmthdl df pdrt fdrb`todk rm-edbbmklml iy Buke`stmr, hdwmvmr,
7
B@YEH 0?=7
os okgmkodus, `kl woth e`rmfun bm`surm-bmkt `kl b`rjokg dut shdunl govmvmry s`tosf`etdry rmsunts. Ok thos e`sm,thm eynoklmr pdrts `rm nde`tml iybm`surmbmkt, `kl `k `kkun`r grddvmos fdrbml ok thm foxml pdrtindej,
I,
edkemktroe.woth thm povdt pok, `kl `tthm s`bm r`lous `s thm twd eynoklmr pdrts (Fog. ?).@t thm tdp `kl idttdb pdsotodksthm grddvm os indejml dr „stdppmldff ‒ iy fottokg pnugs, whoeh `rm f`emldff fnush woth thm f`em df thm indej:`kl `t roght `kgnms td thmsm pdsotodks,hdnms `rm lronnml ok thm grddvm tdedbbukoe`tm woth thm oknmt `kl mxot popms, dkm df m`eh thus smrvokg fdr thm twd mkls df thm eynoklmr.Ot wonn im smmk th`t whmk thm mkgokmos `ssmbinml woth thm eynoklmr okedkt`et woth thm indej, `kl thm postdkdk lm`l emktrm, idth eynoklmr pdrtswonn im in`kjml dff iy thm stdp pmgs: iut whmk thm er`kj os turkml td swokgthm eynoklmr td ots mxtrmbm `kgun`r pdsotodk (okloe`tml iy thm nokm,
`i)
thm tdp eynoklmr pdrt wonn im pn`eml,vo` thm `kkun`r grddvm, ok edbbukoe`-todk woth thm roght-h`kl hdrozdkt`n p`ss`gm, `kl thm ndwmr pdrt woth thmnmft-h`kl p`ss`gm.@t thm dthmr mxtrmbm mkl df thmswokg, thm edbbukoe`todks wonn imrmvmrsml: thus thm edklotodks `rmmst`inoshml fdr `lbottokg stm`b td
55?
FOG
m`eh mkl df thm eynoklmr ok turk `klrmnm`sokg ot td mxh`ust, dk `ntmrk`tmstrdjms df thm postdk. @s ok thm e`smdf thm sokgnm-`etokg mkgokm, dptobubtobokg os dit`okml whmk thm „ stdp ‒df thm grddvm nokms up mx`etny woth thmeynoklmr pdrt `t lm`l emktrm `kl osmx`etny thm s`bm wolth `s thm pdrt.\hm pdrts ok thm eynoklmr `kl thmdinoqum lronnml p`ss`gms shdunl im0/8 ok. lo`., `kl thm mktry `t thm bduthdf thm eynoklmr ok m`eh e`sm shdunl im ukdistruetml, whoeh e`nns fdr eh`bfmrokg thm mlgm df thm eynoklmr `kl thm spogdt df thm edvmr `t thos pdokt. \hm pdrtf`ems shdunl im e`rm-funny n`ppml `kl b`y woth `lv`kt`gm im rmnomvml ok thm emktrm `s rmedb-bmklml fdr thm prmvodus mkgokm. \hok p`pmr g`sjmts shdunl im fottml td thmedvmrs td mksurm stm`b-toght adokts.@ \WOK-E_NOKLMY MKGOKM\hm lmsogk df thos mkgokm b`y im`l`ptml td fdrb ` twok dr „ lduinm ‒mkgokm iy sobpnm bdlofoe`todks `kl`llotodks td thm edbpdkmkts.
\hm
i`sm wonn, df edursm, h`vm td immkn`rgml, `kl ` thorl im`rokg suppdrtfottml td t`jm ` twd-thrdw er`kj,woth thm er`kjpoks nde`tml `t ?3 lmg.`s shdwk ok thm gmkmr`n `rr`kgmbmktlr`wokg, Fog.
03,
df ` edbpnmtm lduinm-eynoklmr mkgokm woth vmrtoe`n idonmr,ok mnmv`todk.\hm lr`wokg shdws ` bdlofomlfdrb df im`rokg suppdrt, iut bdstedbpdkmkts `rm olmktoe`n woth thdsmdf thm sokgnm mkgokm. @ lduinm-solml pdrtindej os fottml imtwmmk thmtwd eynoklmrs woth
idth
ots f`emsgrddvml `kl pdrtml `s shdwk okFog. ?.\hos lr`wokg os `lbottmlny sdbm-wh`t sjmtehy `kl n`ejokg ok lmt`on iut ot shdunl im rm`lony uklmrstddl of edksolmrml ok edkauketodk woth thmlr`wokg df thm sokgnm-eynoklmr `r-r`kgmbmkt (smm Fog. 7).Udbm furthmr lmt`ons df thm twok-mkgokml pn`kt wonn im govmk ok thmkmxt okst`nbmkt.
n
\d im edktokuml.
BDLMN MKGOKMMY
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