Man is a kind of superiority complex. This is one of the weaknesses of our brain. High-level perceptions come with high-level delusions. For example, we think that we live in a system where everything exists for us and that we are superior to everything. However, in the history of 3.5 billion years, we have existed for the last 200,000 years. Life on Earth is 17,000 times longer than we are! Likewise, we think that our planet, our galaxy, that is, "the things that contain us" are special and flawless. But now we live in a baby universe. The universe has existed "only" for 13.82 billion years, and with a very good chance, it will exist for an incredible time ahead. The point of this article is already this; but if we were to write the number of years in which the Universe would probably exist, no database would have been able to accommodate such a large number, and we had to put 0's next to 1 for billions of years; as you reach the end of the text. Long story short, we are now living in such a short time that we can say "the first moment" of the Universe! Even this "moment" has existed for the last 13.82 billion years and we are a species that has existed for only 1 in 69,100! Therefore, if we think of ourselves as big, special, unique, we believe that everything is connected to us, it is painful, more than being engaged with abuse. However, this does not prevent a handful of brains questioning, curious and exploring from running away from general delusions. These people have opened their doors to the discovery that will change the history of mankind, and they have succeeded in dragging others behind. People have questioned where they came from, why they existed, why they existed since they existed. These inquiries have been one of the main elements that have led to the development of the most comprehensive belief systems ever and have triggered science, philosophy and literature. The efforts of tens of thousands of scientists from around the world who have been conducting research for the past few centuries have begun to give strong answers to these questions. For example, through the theory of evolution, we have known for the last 150 years, how we came from people, how we existed, how we reached them today, and how and by whom. However, every new answer in science has given birth to new questions. Nowadays, extensive researches are being conducted on these new questions and answers are sought. Now the human being who has illuminated the secrets of the past in a great way, has now stared at the future. Yes, we know that we are an ordinary species in the Animal World, humanoid species have existed for the past 6 million years, Homo have last 2 million years, and Homo sapiens we have for the last 300,000 years. We know that there are millions of scrolls in the evolutionary process, and that there are no kinship relationships with each other, and more. What will happen next? Where do we go? How long will we be? How long can we be? We know that our planet has changed and changed since it existed. We also know that these developments have triggered the evolution of species. But our planet keeps changing. In this case, the living things will also change, evolve, and become species. What about us and other creatures? Obviously, we do not yet know the answer to most of these questions. Because evolutionary processes are changing chaos in nature, it makes it impossible to predict the future. With certain frameworks and hypotheses, we can predict changes in certain time periods, but when the time we want to examine is a few million years and farther away, our methods become useless. So what are some more predictable processes? For example, geological changes? Solar activities? The future of our galaxy? The future of the universe? Can we make estimates about them? Can we at least make inferences enough to give us an idea? The answer to most of these questions is yes. In this article, we want to take a look at the future with you. From the beginning, it is necessary to underline once again that these are only ideas that are "best guess". It aims to provide you with a foresight, and there is no guarantee. Do not take it so serious.
Now-50k (kilo: thousand) years after[]
About 8,000 years after today, the "Polar Star" will be Deneb, the brightest star in the Cygnus constellation, as the axis of rotation of our planet is gradually changing. A solar eclipse and Mercury transition will be experienced at the same time after 8,649 years and 251 days (20 August 10,633 years). After 10,000 years, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft will pass close to 3.8 light-years of the Barnard Star. About 25,000 years later, radio waves, a special signal called the Arekibo Message, which we sent to us on November 16, 1974, will reach the Messier 13 global cluster. These are the longest-ranging signals sent up to now. But if there is someone there who can take these messages and they use the same communication method, it will still take 25,000 years to reach us. If people do not destroy themselves and all of nature by using biological, chemical and physical weapons, and if our technology is about to develop at such a rate, it will probably have started at least at that time in our solar system. We may have succeeded in making some planets livable on this date. In this process, Ross 248, a small red dwarf star after 36,000 years, will make the closest transition to the Solar System and will pass only 3,024 light years away from Earth. About 40,000 years later, Voyager 1 will pass 1.6 light years of AC + 79 3888 star in spacecraft Camelopardalis constellation. 42,000 years later, with the completion of the passage of Ross 248, Alpha Centauri will once again become the nearest star system to the Sun. Click to the link if want to see Ross 248's photo: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5158_62_ross-248-star.jpg About 50,000 years after today, the interglacial period we are in now (the temperate transition period between the glacial ages) will end. So again the Ice Age will begin, the world will become a snowball. One of the interesting predictions is that during this period, the lake will completely disappear by eroding the 32-kilometer piece of land between Niagara Falls and Lake Erie, where it now turns, so it will disappear. At the same time, the KEO space time capsule (if sent as planned) will reenter the Earth's atmosphere.
50k-100k years after[]
The star positions of the present-day horoscopes will become unrecognizable due to the movements of the stars, and the location of all star clusters will change. Meanwhile, VY Canis Majoris, a hyperdevice nowadays, is likely to experience a hypernova explosion. Click the link if you want to see a hypernova explosion: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5159_62_hypernova1_lg.jpg
During this time period, earthquakes and volcanic activity in the world will bring numerous explosions. According to estimates, a supertwalk explosion that will come to the corridor will leave 400 square kilometers of magma on the surface. It is thought that it will change Earth's ecosystem altogether, although it is about 1% of the amount of freshwater that exists today.
100k-1M (mega: million) years after[]
Lō'ihi, now the youngest volcano in the Hawaii-Emperor submarine line, will now surface as an island by 250,000 years from now. After 296,000 years, the Voyager 2 satellites will pass near 4.3 light years of the Sirius star. Sirius is now the brightest star in the sky today. After 300,000 years, the Pioneer 10 satellites will pass by 3 light years of the Ross 248 star we just mentioned. Around 500,000 years from now, it is expected that a 1-kilometer-wide meteorite will hit the Earth (if it can not be deflected). This collision may again cause a serious ripple in the ecosystem and cause the evolutionary process to change direction. If the meteorite that destroys dinosaurs is thought to be 10 to 40 kilometers in diameter, this meteorite is quite small; but the effects may still be great.Click the link if you want to see volcanic activity: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5161_62_super-volcano.jpg In the meantime, the volcanic activities in the world will continue with intervals. Around 1 million years from now, a volcanic activity similar to the Toba Supergolcan Explosion, which took place about 75,000 years ago, will be observed. As a result of this activity, the Earth will reach 3,200 cubic meters of magma. About 1 million years later, Betelgeuse, a red supergiant, will reach its maximum life span and a supernova explosion will be seen. This explosion will be so violent that it is expected that the Earth will be seen clearly in daytime time.
1M-10M years after[]
About 1.4 million years later, the Gliese 710 star will approach and pass by 1.1 solar years to the Sun. A transition as close as this will change the orbits of objects within the Oort Cloud. This will keep the Solar System bombarded by an incredible glacier. The world is also expected to get enough of this meteorite and comet bombardment. About 2 million years later, Pioneer 10 will pass by our Aldebaran star. However, it is highly doubtful that there will be people on earth who can evaluate the data. About 4 million years later, Pioneer 11 will make a transition very close to one of the constellations of Aquila constellation. About 8 million years from now, Phobos, one of Mars's 2 natural habitats, will approach Mars as far as 7,000 kilometers. This limit is known as the Roche Limit and shows the intensification of tidal effects. Phobos entering this limit will be disintegrated under the influence of these forces. So Phobos will become a "mass of satellites" rotating around Mars, and this mass will gradually approach Mars. If you want to see Phobos, then click the link: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5162_62_613px-phobos_colour_2008.jpg At the same time, if there are people in the future, the LAGEOS satellites will return to Earth, containing messages we send them. At saturdays, there are rough estimates and maps of the continents at that time. After about 10 million years from now, the East African Rift Valley will expand so much that the Red Sea will begin to fill the valley. This will mean that a new ocean dividing Africa will begin to bloom.
10M-100M years after[]
Parts turning around Mars will start beating Mars about 11 million years from now. This will cause the surface of Mars to change completely. About 50 million years after today, the California coast will begin sinking into the Aleutian Cove as the San Andreas Fault Line moves northward. Moreover, due to tectonic plate movements, Africa will merge with the Eurasian continent, and the Mediterranean will completely get out and close. This colossal collision of two continents will create new and up-to-date mountain ranges like the Himalayas. Click the link to see the positions of continents after 50 million years from now: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5163_62_future-world.JPG About 100 million years after today, a meteor strike is expected to change the fate of the Earth. This crash will be comparable to the bumps that destroy dinosaurs 65 million years ago. If people are still trapped on Earth, they will probably disappear with many other species. In this last hurdle, 75% of all species have been wiped from Earth shortly.
100M-500M years after[]
It is expected that the Atlantic Ocean will begin to close 150 million years later and the Earth will look like this (click the link): http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5178_62_19f150v4.jpg
It is impossible for us to predict the orbits of the planets that exist today within the Solar System, about 230 million years from now and beyond. Because these orbits are changing very slowly and we do not know what will happen after 230 million years. This period is called the Lyapunov Time and is used to predict when a dynamic system will fall into chaos.
After 240 million years from now, our Solar System will return to the point where it is now, after having spun 1 round around the Milky Way Galaxy. Click the link to see the orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy of the Solar System: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5164_62_cosmic_cloud-solar_system-milky_way.jpg
After about 250 million years from now, all the continents on Earth will come together and form a superstructure again. At present the exact structure and positioning of this superconductor is unknown; but there are 3 basic scenarios. These three scenarios are referred to by the names of Amasya, Novopangea and Pangea Ultima according to the order and sequence of the continents. At this time the Earth will look like this (click the link): http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5179_62_pangeaultima_scotese.jpg
500M-1G(giga: billion) years after[]
After 500 to 600 million years from now, only a hyperegenergic supernova or a burst of gamma rays will come from the Earth just 6,500 light years away. The effect of this explosion is probably to break down the ozone layer into an ore and initiate a global destruction. A similar eruption is thought to have triggered the Ordovician-Silurian Extermination, which occurred today about 450 million years ago. During this extinction, 60% of all marine invertebrates have disappeared, and most of the remaining species have suffered serious damage. If the explosion happens to be just a supernova instead of a burst of gamma rays (and this supernova does not cause the gamma ray to burst), we have a much better chance of surviving. Because this explosion has to take place in an explosion that is directly directed to Earth in order to adversely affect the Earth. Click the link for Gamma Explosion: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5165_62_800px-gamma_ray_burst.jpg After about 600 million years from now, no tide will ever be seen on our planet. Because the Moon, which is gradually getting away, will completely lose the tidal effect on Earth. In this process, the brightness of the Sun is increasing. About 600 million years later, the brightness of the Sun will reach such a high level that the cycle of carbonate-silicate in the Earth will begin to deteriorate. This high shine will adversely affect the climate of the surface rocks. This will cause carbon dioxide to begin to accumulate as carbonate on earth. This high temperature will cause the liquid water in the Earth to evaporate very quickly. At the same time the water in the rocks will evaporate. So the rocks will become extremely hard and the tectonic plate movements will slow down and eventually stop. Because of all these effects, the volcanic activity will be reduced to the point of disappearing. This will cause the breakdown of the carbon dioxide cycle and the rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease rapidly. After 600 million years, these ratios will make it impossible to carry out C3-type photosynthesis, and the plants will begin to erase rapidly from the earth. In just a few years, 99% of the plant species in the world will disappear, only plants that can perform C4-type photosynthesis will survive. Click the link for the lifetime of Sun: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5166_62_1482081_10151890493708445_392492354_n.jpg Plants capable of C4 photosynthesis will survive up to 200 million years after this date. However, at the end of this process, the proportion of carbon dioxide will decrease so much that C4 type photosynthesis will become impossible. The balance of multicellular organisms will be destroyed, all of them will begin to erase from the earth. Meanwhile, about 750 million years from now, the Sagittarius Galaxy will be swallowed by the Milky Way Galaxy. This is explained below in italic writing. Click the link for Milky Way and Sagittarius Galaxy: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5180_62_samanyolu-bir-galaksi-yutuyor.jpg Anyone can tell that the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies will merge, and the Milky Way is already merging with a small galaxy. Sagittarius Galaxy, and in our opinion, the small galaxy located by the "opposite" of the Milky Way, has been swallowed by the Milky Way step by step over the last several billion years. Although it is called the "dwarf", this elliptical galaxy with a diameter of about 10 thousand light can actually be seen in the sky because of its closeness (65 thousand light years), whereas for us it is surrounded by thick cloud of molecules because it is found by the other side of the Milky Way. This unfortunate galaxy, whose stars are trapped in the Milky Way three or four times, will disappear completely in the next few hundred million years. After about 1 billion years from now, the brightness of the sun will increase by 10%, causing the Earth's surface temperature to rise to 47 degrees celcius degree. The whole atmosphere will become the top of the balance, it will become "damp green house". For this reason, the oceans will begin to evaporate quickly and incredibly. It will still be possible to find liquid water in the poles; which will give some time for the simple creatures to maintain their existence and be able to adapt.
1G-3G years after[]
About 1.3 billion years later, there will be no complicated structure and eukaryotic life that began about 1 billion years ago. Only prokaryotic life, that is, bacteria and their background, will survive. From 1.5 to 1.6 billion years, the brightness of the Sun will increase gradually. The habitable zone around the sun, therefore, will gradually open outward, leaving the Earth outside this zone. In this process, carbon dioxide accumulation will be observed in Mars's atmosphere. It is predicted that this gas accumulation will be equivalent to the time of Earth's Ice Age. After 2.3 billion years, the outer core of Earth appears to freeze down. The inner core will continue to grow by 1 millimeter each year, similar to today's. However, for the outer core of the liquid state to be no longer frozen, the Earth's magnetic field will shut down and terminate. This means that the ozone layer of the magnetic particles coming from the Sun is completely destroyed. So, after 2.3 billion years, the Earth will become completely unprotected against external influences and become uninhabitable. Click the link for Earth's magnetic area: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5167_62_546px-geodynamo_between_reversals.gif After 2.8 billion years, the surface temperature of the Earth will be incredibly high. Temperatures will reach 147 degrees Celsius even at poles. At this point, there will be no single cell life on Earth. When we reach it after 3 billion years, the Moon will be so far away from Earth that the Moon will now begin to cling to the holding force of Earth's oblique axis. This will cause the Earth to start rolling, and eventually it will start to turn completely chaotic and to be thrown away.
3G-10G years after[]
After 3.3 billion years from now, the orbit of Mercury is likely to fall to 1% with Venus. If this happens and Mercury and Venus collide, the Solar System will become a mess, and chaos will dominate. Probably in this process the pieces of the planets will also hit the Earth and will partly or completely destroy our planet. About 3.5 billion years from now, the Earth's surface will be the same as today's Venus surface and will look about as follows (click the link): http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5168_62_venus_globe.jpg After 3.5 billion years, at the same time the brightness of the Sun will be 40% brighter than it is today. If our planet is still spinning around the Sun, all the oceans and liquid water will evaporate. At this moment, our planet, which is not passed on from life, will become a completely barren and uninhabitable garbage. About 3.6 billion years later, Neptune's Triton will begin to fall to his planet past Roche Limiti. Probably in this process Triton will also be torn down and around Neptune a ring similar to that of Saturn will be formed. On average, about 4 billion years later, Andromeda Galaxy will begin to collide with the Milky Way Galaxy. As a result of this collision, scientists will create a new galaxy named "Milkimeda". Without this collision the Solar System will be relatively less affected (but debate continues). As a result of this collision, many new stars are born and supernova explosions are expected every year. The threat is that these explosions can hit the Earth. The following images will be useful for understanding the subject (writen in italics)-(click the link): http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5169_62_samanyolu-ve-andromeda-olasi-carpisma-senaryosu.jpg Galaxies The Milky Way and Andromeda (Zincirliprenses) galaxies continue to travel towards each other at a speed of 1 million km / h. Accordingly, over the next 4 billion years, both galaxies will collide and unite at one point. Most likely, this merger scenario will include the Triangulum (Triangle) Galaxy, the third largest member of our local galaxy group. Though he can not speak for this matter; Perhaps the Triangle will soon be united with Andromeda. Meanwhile, the Sun will be thrown into the galaxy space with the gravitational effects, or will continue to live as a member of the new giant galaxy to be formed. Click the link for the viewing from the earth while the collision (it is turkish so you need to understand it): http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5170_62_samanyolu-ve-andromeda-birlesirken-gorulecek-manzara.jpg In this process, the sun is approaching rapidly towards the end of its life. About 5.4 billion years later, the hydrogen source at the center of the Sun will end. This will cause our star to start turning into a red camel. It will be 1.6 times larger than today and 220% brighter. Click the link for the lifetime of stars that is like The Sun (that's turkish too): http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5171_62_1484778_10151890594533445_1854006553_n.jpg About 6 billion years later, the dimensions of the Sun will rise to 170 times today and the brightness to 2400 times. As can be guessed, if the Earth is not absorbed by our star, a gigantic Sun will be seen in the sky. Of course there will probably not be any living creatures that can see it. After 6.7 billion years, the Sun will enter a rapid downsizing phase. Today it will decline to 10 times the size and 40 times the brightness. 6.8 billion years later, a second red giant phase will begin because carbon and oxygen start to unite in the Sun. Our star will grow out of sight: 180 times bigger, 3000 times brighter. If the Earth is not overly lucky, it will be swallowed and destroyed by the Sun at this point. After 6.9 billion years, the Sun will start throwing out every 100,000 years, making one shot. At each stroke, it will emit more material to the outside. Eventually, nothing will remain except for the inner core: the sun is now a white cube. In the meantime, almost all of the planets will disappear (except for the outer planets). However, the outer planets will not be able to undergo enough gravitational influence and will be scattered in space, possibly due to the crumbling Sun. Around 7.5 billion years from now, a very interesting event will take place: Earth and Mars will be tangentially locked together, just like Earth and Moon are now. This is not yet certain, but it is expected that this will be an effect of the Sun, which is going to expand. About 500 million years later, 8 billion years in the future, as you can see above, the sun will turn into a carbon-oxygen white core and in this process it will have lost about 46% of its mass.
10G-150G years after[]
If we arrive after 20 billion years from now, if the Great Tearing Theory is true, the universe will begin to rupture in its heap. This theory takes the coefficient w of the state equation as -1.5. However, observations made at the Chandra X-Ray Observatory show that such a scenario is not true if the speeds of the galaxy clusters can be accurately calculated. It is impossible to predict exactly the events that will occur after this point. So I will try to convey the most important and most likely events at longer intervals. Click the link for the cosmic microwave incremental composition: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5172_62_800px-ilc_9yr_moll4096.png For example, about 50 billion years from now, if Earth and Mars survived the right wing of the expansion of the Sun and continue to exist, they will be fully locked into each other. Thus, Mars will always have only one face from the Earth (and vice versa). But unfortunately (probably) there will be no people to observe this phenomenon. As a result of this lockout, the speed of the Earth's return is expected to increase. After 100 billion years from now, all groups outside the local group of the Milky Way Galaxy will have moved far beyond the cosmic light horizon of galaxies in our local group. In other words, these other local galaxy groups will be out of the galaxy's observable universe. In other words, we will be completely alone in our observable universe except for our close neighbors. Up to 150 billion years from now, the temperature of the cosmic microwave increase will decrease to -272.7 centigrade (0.3 Kelvin) from the current -270.3 centigrade (2.7 Kelvin). If there were people at these times and if the technologies were at the present level, we would never have been able to notice this pity; because our technology would not be able to detect such low temperatures.
450G-1T (tera:trillion) years after[]
450 billion years from now, about 47 galaxies in our current local group will multiply to form a single giant galaxy. Click the link for the local group that contains our galaxy: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5173_62_localgrouparp600pix.jpg After 800 billion years from now, the total amount of light emitted from the Milkomeda Galaxy will begin to decrease. Because the stars in the red dwarf are now past the blue dwarf phase. The blue dwarf is the most light period that these stars can spread. After this point, it is no longer possible to spread more light. After 1 trillion years, it is now estimated that galaxy formation will completely cease within the universe. This time is the lower limit of the estimates. From this point on, there will not be enough gas clouds to allow new galaxies to be produced in many galaxies. If the dark energy density in our universe is fixed, the wavelength of the cosmic microwave incremental mass will increase 100 octillion times because of the expansion of the universe. This means that this blend is more than the boundaries of the visible universe. We can see this in the following way: if these people were living at this time, there would be no direct evidence that something like the Big Bang could have existed. Because even though there is actually a build-up of microwaves, the wavelength would be so large that it would be impossible to detect it at the boundaries of the observable universe. On the other hand, people could detect that the universe is expanding by looking at hyperhidros stars at this time.
1T-1P (quadrillion) years after[]
About 30 trillion years later, the Sun will turn into a "black dwarf". At this point, it is expected that the Sun will pass very close to a close neighbor. If two star or stellar remains pass close together, the orbits of the planets around them may deteriorate. In this case, assuming that the Sun continues to exist, all the planets around it can be scattered in space. In this process, the planets closest to the Sun will scatter the least, while those farthest will scatter the easiest. When 100 trillion years pass, we reach the upper limit of estimates for the termination of star formation. So when we arrive at this date, it will no longer be possible to create any new star in the universe. This means that our universe is from the Star Phase to the Degenerate Phase. No more hydrogen is needed to create new stars. Once the existing stars have finished their lives, no stars will shine in the stage. Click the link for the birth of a star: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5174_62_229367374_640.jpg It is thought that this endless depletion will take place after 110 to 120 trillion years. With all of the stars we know and may have, especially around 10-20 trillion years, even long-lived red dwarfs will be fueled. After this point, there will now be only stars (white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes) in space. Some brown dwarfs are expected to continue to exist. If the brown dwarf will collide with each other, there may be new red dwarf stars. However, their number and rate of formation will be very low and with an average estimate, each galaxy will be around 12. Occasional collisions at intervals may cause occasional supernova bursts. After 1 quadrillion years, probably no planet in the Solar System will be left in the system. At this time, the sun is expected to cool down to -268 degrees.
1E (exa: quintillion)-1Q (quetta: nonillion) (10^30) years after[]
Between 10^19 (10 quintillion) and 10^21 (1 sextillion) years, the brown dwarf remaining in the galaxies will be separated from galaxies 90-99% of the other star remains. The main reason for this is that existing objects will make transitions close to each other. In this process, small mass objects will gain enough energy to jump out of the galaxy. After 1 sextillion years, the Earth will hit the Sun if it can still survive in the Solar System. The reason for this is the deterioration of Earth's orbit due to gravitational radiation. Of course, we can only talk about this if and only if our planet is not absorbed by the red giant Sun just a few billion years from now. So it may take a lot shorter for our planet to get in the way. Another assumption is that the planet is not fragmented in this process, or galaxy has not sprung out. Click the link for our star and planet now: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5175_62_sun_coronal_mass.jpeg After 10^30 (1 nonillion) years, the small amount of stars remaining in the galaxies (1-10%) will fall into the superstrate black holes at the center of the galaxies. By this time, binary star systems will be hit by each other, and planets will be hit by their stars. Only a small number of star remains, brown dwarfs, rambunctious planets and black holes will remain in the universe.
2D (doka: undecillion) (2*10^36) years after-Almost nonending future[]
Now you realize that I have difficulty in giving numbers. Because the times we're talking about are even bigger than the biggest numbers we've ever known. For example, if we leave the number of Googolplexes (10 up to 10 up to 100) on one side, the greatest number we have is 10^100, which is 1 Googol. However, the greatest future prediction we make about our universe is the Poincaré Repeating Time, which is 10^10^10^10^10^1.1 years later. Even expressing it properly is very difficult; but I will do it for you. First let's go after 2 undecillion years. At this time, all protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the observable universe will separate. These estimates are based on the 8.2 × 10^33 YEAR, which is taken as the shortest half-life of the proton. Yes, just like radioactive materials, every structure has a half-life (for example, your DNA has a half-life). The half-life of protons is expressed by this shortest number. So for example, the half-life of Cobalt-57 is 77 days: every 77 days, half of the mass turns into a mixture and degrades. The half life of protons is 8.2 × 10^33 years! The upper limit of this estimate is 10^41 years. If this number is taken into account, the decay of all protons and neutrons will be 3 × 10^43 years (30 tredecillion years). All these estimates are based on the assumption that the universe will expand continuously and that the proton breaks down, just as the baryons over time over the anti-baryons in the early universe times. If the protons really deteriorate up to this date, they will enter the Blackhole: there will be nothing but black holes in the universe. Click the link for the blackhole: http://evrimagaci.org/dosyalar/fotograflar/ozgun/62/5176_62_supermassive_black_hole.jpeg If the probable protons do not completely disintegrate during this period, after 10^65 years (100 vigintillion years), the atoms and molecules of the rock fragments in the universe will begin to rearrange due to the quantum tunneling phenomenon. In this time scale, every object in the phase is liquid. After 5.8 × 10^68 years, massive starbursts with 3 solar masses will begin to degrade due to the Hawking Radiation. Later, larger black holes will begin to degrade. Because, as you can imagine, like any other matter, black holes have a half-life. After 1.9 × 10^98 years, the largest known black hole, named NGC 4889, will degrade and disappear. This mass of ground is exactly 21,000,000,000 (21 billion) times the Sun's. After 1.7 × 10^106 years, if they exist, the black holes that have 20 trillion times the mass of the Sun will also deteriorate. This is the end of the Blackhole Stage. If, by this time, all the protons are really going to deteriorate, then the universe will enter the Dark Stage. In this phase, every matter in the universe is decomposed into subatomic particles and moves towards the ultimate energy state. If the nucleons are able to take all the above processes, they will disappear completely after 10^46-10^200 years. This is because one of the other facts in the known particle physics will cause these structures to disintegrate: high-level barium deficiency process, virtual black holes, sphalerons, etc. After 10^1500 years, if there are still protones that can survive, all baryonic materials will be fused together. This boiling will result in Iron-56. Similarly, heavier-massed materials (if they are still to be left) will decay into Iron-56. They may cause iron stars. If the proton decay does not occur, 10 to the 10^26 years later, all the remaining materials will collapse on the black holes. As a result, transition from the Blackhole to the Darkness will be instantaneous. Let's just take a moment here. 10 to the 10^26?! What's that? What does that mean? Let me explain, because the times we will talk about after this point will be inconceivable: we know that 10^26 means the number we get by writing 1 to the side and 26 zeros. So roughly something like this: 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. Okay, this is a pretty big number; but not so much. But what would happen on 10 10^26? That means: put 1 to 0, put 0 to the number of 1, we put 26 zeros next to 1! That is, the number 10 to the 10^26, the number 1 is 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. We are talking about this number right now - even though the universe has not reached its predicted end! Even this number is still an "instant"! Let's keep track of how huge numbers this means:
Unimaginable amount of years after[]
After this point they will be among the deepest subjects of the quantum physics and it is not possible to understand easily. Today, much discussion is ongoing about these issues; but it is very difficult to conduct direct research, only with a statistical theory, and with very complex and detailed backgrounds. Nevertheless, I want to roughly explain and give information:
In 10^10^50 years, the time required for the formation of structures known as Boltzmann Brains will pass, and a complex structure can exist spontaneously because of a spontaneous entropy drop. Although this is a much more comprehensive and complex subject, it is necessary for complex structures such as an entity with very self-conscious conclusions to form (and to disappear immediately) as a result of random quantum fluctuations. This issue is also relevant to evolutionary biology; but there is a wider physical background. The way in which evolution is generally trying to be launched by the enemies of science is that atoms come together to form complex structures. Evolutionary biology, like never saying it, is the claim of "forming an instant," the original claim of those who are against evolution. According to evolution, structures with higher entropy level can have lower entropy with energy consumption, that is, more organize structures, and this situation is also supported by physical laws.
The fact that this Boltzmann Brain concept, also known as the Boltzmann Paradox, has already been solved in great detail, has been evolution. However, if we want the fluctuations in the texture of the universe to form a complicated structure, it must be at least 10 to 10^50 years old. Interestingly, it is thought that when so much time passes, at least once in existence, those possessing self-consciousness must form (and eventually disappear) in a moment. However, as I have said, the concept of Boltzmann Brain must be analyzed much longer and much more thoroughly, and the quantum mechanics behind it must be understood.
The Higgs Boson vs Boltzmann Brains[]
The standard ΛCDM model provides an excellent fit to current cosmological observations but suffers from a potentially serious Boltzmann Brain problem. If the universe enters a de Sitter vacuum phase that is truly eternal, there will be a finite temperature in empty space and corresponding thermal fluctuations. Among these fluctuations will be intelligent observers, as well as configurations that reproduce any local region of the current universe to arbitrary precision. We discuss the possibility that the escape from this unacceptable situation may be found in known physics: vacuum instability induced by the Higgs field. Avoiding Boltzmann Brains in a measure-independent way requires a decay timescale of order the current age of the universe, which can be achieved if the top quark pole mass is approximately 178 GeV. Otherwise we must invoke new physics or a particular cosmological measure before we can consider ΛCDM to be an empirical success.
We apply some far-out-sounding ideas to very down-to-Earth physics. Among other things, we’re suggesting that the mass of the top quark might be heavier than most people think, and that our universe will decay in another ten billion years or so. Here’s a somewhat long-winded explanation.
A room full of monkeys, hitting keys randomly on a typewriter, will eventually bang out a perfect copy of Hamlet. Assuming, of course, that their typing is perfectly random, and that it keeps up for a long time. An extremely long time indeed, much longer than the current age of the universe. So this is an amusing thought experiment, not a viable proposal for creating new works of literature (or old ones).
There’s an interesting feature of what these thought-experiment monkeys end up producing. Let’s say you find a monkey who has just typed Act I of Hamlet with perfect fidelity. You might think “aha, here’s when it happens,” and expect Act II to come next. But by the conditions of the experiment, the next thing the monkey types should be perfectly random (by which we mean, chosen from a uniform distribution among all allowed typographical characters), and therefore independent of what has come before. The chances that you will actually get Act II next, just because you got Act I, are extraordinarily tiny. For every one time that your monkeys type Hamlet correctly, they will type it incorrectly an enormous number of times — small errors, large errors, all of the words but in random order, the entire text backwards, some scenes but not others, all of the lines but with different characters assigned to them, and so forth. Given that any one passage matches the original text, it is still overwhelmingly likely that the passages before and after are random nonsense.
That’s the Boltzmann Brain problem in a nutshell. Replace your typing monkeys with a box of atoms at some temperature, and let the atoms randomly bump into each other for an indefinite period of time. Almost all the time they will be in a disordered, high-entropy, equilibrium state. Eventually, just by chance, they will take the form of a smiley face, or Michelangelo’s David, or absolutely any configuration that is compatible with what’s inside the box. If you wait long enough, and your box is sufficiently large, you will get a person, a planet, a galaxy, the whole universe as we now know it. But given that some of the atoms fall into a familiar-looking arrangement, we still expect the rest of the atoms to be completely random. Just because you find a copy of the Mona Lisa, in other words, doesn’t mean that it was actually painted by Leonardo or anyone else; with overwhelming probability it simply coalesced gradually out of random motions. Just because you see what looks like a photograph, there’s no reason to believe it was preceded by an actual event that the photo purports to represent. If the random motions of the atoms create a person with firm memories of the past, all of those memories are overwhelmingly likely to be false.
This thought experiment was originally relevant because Boltzmann himself (and before him Lucretius, Hume, etc.) suggested that our world might be exactly this: a big box of gas, evolving for all eternity, out of which our current low-entropy state emerged as a random fluctuation. As was pointed out by Eddington, Feynman, and others, this idea doesn’t work, for the reasons just stated; given any one bit of universe that you might want to make (a person, a solar system, a galaxy, and exact duplicate of your current self), the rest of the world should still be in a maximum-entropy state, and it clearly is not. This is called the “Boltzmann Brain problem,” because one way of thinking about it is that the vast majority of intelligent observers in the universe should be disembodied brains that have randomly fluctuated out of the surrounding chaos, rather than evolving conventionally from a low-entropy past. That’s not really the point, though; the real problem is that such a fluctuation scenario is cognitively unstable — you can’t simultaneously believe it’s true, and have good reason for believing its true, because it predicts that all the “reasons” you think are so good have just randomly fluctuated into your head!
All of which would seemingly be little more than fodder for scholars of intellectual history, now that we know the universe is not an eternal box of gas. The observable universe, anyway, started a mere 13.8 billion years ago, in a very low-entropy Big Bang. That sounds like a long time, but the time required for random fluctuations to make anything interesting is enormously larger than that. (To make something highly ordered out of something with entropy S, you have to wait for a time of order eS Since macroscopic objects have more than 1023 particles, S is at least that large. So we’re talking very long times indeed, so long that it doesn’t matter whether you’re measuring in microseconds or billions of years.) Besides, the universe is not a box of gas; it’s expanding and emptying out, right?
Ah, but things are a bit more complicated than that. We now know that the universe is not only expanding, but also accelerating. The simplest explanation for that — not the only one, of course — is that empty space is suffused with a fixed amount of vacuum energy, a.k.a. the cosmological constant. Vacuum energy doesn’t dilute away as the universe expands; there’s nothing in principle from stopping it from lasting forever. So even if the universe is finite in age now, there’s nothing to stop it from lasting indefinitely into the future.
But, you’re thinking, doesn’t the universe get emptier and emptier as it expands, leaving no particles to fluctuate? Only up to a point. A universe with vacuum energy accelerates forever, and as a result we are surrounded by a cosmological horizon — objects that are sufficiently far away can never get to us or even send signals, as the space in between expands too quickly. And, as Stephen Hawking and Gary Gibbons pointed out in the 1970s, such a cosmology is similar to a black hole: there will be radiation associated with that horizon, with a constant temperature.
In other words, a universe with a cosmological constant is like a box of gas (the size of the horizon) which lasts forever with a fixed temperature. Which means there are random fluctuations. If we wait long enough, some region of the universe will fluctuate into absolutely any configuration of matter compatible with the local laws of physics. Atoms, viruses, people, dragons, what have you. The room you are in right now (or the atmosphere, if you’re outside) will be reconstructed, down to the slightest detail, an infinite number of times in the future. In the overwhelming majority of times that your local environment does get created, the rest of the universe will look like a high-entropy equilibrium state (in this case, empty space with a tiny temperature). All of those copies of you will think they have reliable memories of the past and an accurate picture of what the external world looks like — but they would be wrong. And you could be one of them.
That would be bad.
Discussions of the Boltzmann Brain problem typically occur in the context of speculative ideas like eternal inflation and the multiverse. (Not that there’s anything wrong with that.) And, let’s admit it, the very idea of orderly configurations of matter spontaneously fluctuating out of chaos sounds a bit loopy, as criticshave noted. But everything I’ve just said is based on physics we think we understand: quantum field theory, general relativity, and the cosmological constant. This is the real world, baby. Of course it’s possible that we are making some subtle mistake about how quantum field theory works, but that is more speculative than taking the straightforward prediction seriously.
Modern cosmologists have a favorite default theory of the universe, labeled ΛCDM, where “Λ” stands for the cosmological constant and “CDM” for Cold Dark Matter. What we’re pointing out is that ΛCDM, the current leading candidate for an accurate description of the cosmos, can’t be right all by itself. It has a Boltzmann Brain problem, and is therefore cognitively unstable, and unacceptable as a physical theory.
Can we escape this unsettling conclusion? Sure, by tweaking the physics a little bit. The simplest route is to make the vacuum energy not really a constant, e.g. by imagining that it is a dynamical field (quintessence). But that has it’s own problems, associated with very tiny fine-tuned parameters. A more robust scenario would be to invoke quantum vacuum decay. Maybe the vacuum energy is temporarily constant, but there is another vacuum state out there in field space with an even lower energy, to which we can someday make a transition. What would happen is that tiny bubbles of the lower-energy configuration would appear via quantum tunneling; these would rapidly grow at the speed of light. If the energy of the other vacuum state were zero or negative, we wouldn’t have this pesky Boltzmann Brain problem to deal with.
Fine, but it seems to invoke some speculative physics, in the form of new fields and a new quantum vacuum state. Is there any way to save ΛCDM without invoking new physics at all?
The answer is — maybe! This is where Kim and I come in, although some of the individual pieces of our puzzle were previously put together by other authors. The first piece is a fun bit of physics that hit the news media earlier this year: the possibility that the Higgs field can itself support another vacuum stateother than the one we live in. (The reason why this is true is a bit subtle, but it comes down to renormalization group effects.) That’s right: without introducing any new physics at all, it’s possible that the Higgs field will decay via bubble nucleation some time in the future, dramatically changing the physics of our universe. The whole reason the Higgs is interesting is that it has a nonzero value even in empty space; what we’re saying here is that there might be an even larger value with an even lower energy. We’re not there now, but we could get there via a phase transition. And that, Kim and I point out, has a possibility of saving us from the Boltzmann Brain problem.
Imagine that the plot of “energy of empty space” versus “value of the Higgs field” looks like this: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/potentials.png
φ is the value of the Higgs field. Our current location is φ1, where there is some positive energy. Somewhere out at a much larger value φ2, with a different energy. If the energy at φ2 is greater than at φ1, our current vacuum is stable. If it’s any lower value, we are “metastable”; our current situation can last for a while, but eventually we will transition to a different state. Or the Higgs can have no other vacuum far away, a “runaway” solution. (Note that if the energy in the other state is negative, space inside the bubbles of new vacuum will actually collapse to a Big Crunch rather than expanding.)
But even if that’s true, it’s not good enough by itself. Imagine that there is another vacuum state, and that we can nucleate bubbles that create regions of that new phase. The bubbles will expand at nearly the speed of light — but will they ever bump into other bubbles, and complete the transition from our current phase to the new one? Will the transition “percolate,” in other words? The answer is only “yes” if the bubbles are created rapidly enough. If they are created too slowly, the cosmological horizons come into play — spacetime expands so fast that two random bubbles will never meet each other, and the volume of space left in the original phase (the one we’re in now) keeps growing without bound. (This is the “graceful exit problem” of Alan Guth’s original inflationary-universe scenario.)
So given that the Higgs field might support a different quantum vacuum, we have two questions. First, is our current vacuum stable, or is there actually a lower-energy vacuum to which we can transition? Second, if there is a lower-energy vacuum, does our vacuum decay fast enough that the transition percolates, or do we get stuck with an ever-increasing amount of space in the current phase?
The answers depend on the precise value of the parameters that specify the Standard Model of particle physics, and therefore determine the renormalized Higgs potential. In particular, two parameters turn out to be the most important: the mass of the Higgs itself, and the mass of the top quark. We’ve measured both, but of course our measurements only have a certain precision. Happily, the answers to the two questions we are asking (is our vacuum stable, and does it decay quickly enough to percolate) have already been calculated by other groups: the stability question has been tackled (most recently, after much earlier work) by Buttazzo et al., and the percolation question has been tackled by Arkani-Hamed et al. Here are the answers, plotted in the parameter space defined by the Higgs mass and the top mass. (Dotted lines represent uncertainties in another parameter, the QCD coupling constant.)
To look at Higgs Stability: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/HiggsStability.png
We are interested in the two diagonal lines. If you are below the bottom line, the Higgs field is stable, and you definitely have a Boltzmann Brain problem. If you are in between the two lines, bubbles nucleate and grow, but they don’t percolate, and our current state survives. (Whether or not there is a Boltzmann-Brain problem is then measure-dependent, see below.) If you are above the top line, bubbles nucleate quite quickly, and the transition percolates just fine. However, in that region the bubbles actually nucleate too fast; the phase transition should have already happened! The favored part of this diagram is actually the top diagonal line itself; that’s the only region in which we can definitely avoid Boltzmann Brains, but can still be here to have this conversation.
We’ve also plotted two sets of ellipses, corresponding to the measured values of the Higgs and top masses. The most recent LHC numbers put the Higgs mass at 125.66 ± 0.34 GeV, which is quite good precision. The most recent consensus number for the top quark mass is 173.20 ± 0.87 GeV. Combining these results gives the lower of our two sets of ellipses, where we have plotted one-sigma, two-sigma, and three-sigma contours. We see that the central value is in the “metastable” regime, where there can be bubble nucleation but the phase transition is not fast enough to percolate. The error bars do extend into the stable region, however.
Interestingly, there has been a bit of controversy over whether this measured value of the top quark mass is the same as the parameter we use in calculating the potential energy of the Higgs field (the so-called “pole” mass). This is a discussion that is a bit outside my expertise, but a very recent paper by the CMS collaboration tries to measure the number we actually want, and comes up with much looser error bars: 176.7 ± 3.6 GeV. That’s where we got our other set of ellipses (one-sigma and two-sigma) from. If we take these numbers at face value, it’s possible that the top quark could be up there at 178 GeV, which would be enough to live on the viability line, where the phase transition will happen quickly but not too quickly. My bet would be that the consensus numbers are close to correct, but let’s put it this way: we are predicting that either the pole mass of the top quark turns out to be 178 GeV, or there is some new physics that kicks in to destabilize our current vacuum.
I was a bit unclear about what happens in the vast “metastable” region between stability and percolation. That’s because the situation is actually a bit unclear. Naively, in that region the volume of space in our current vacuum grows without bound, and Boltzmann Brains will definitely dominate. But a similar situation arises in eternal inflation, leading to what’s called the cosmological measure problem. The meat of our paper was not actually plotting a couple of curves that other people had calculated, but attempting to apply approaches to the eternal-inflation measure problem to our real-world situation. The results were a bit inconclusive. In most measures, it’s safe to say, the Boltzmann Brain problem is as bad as you might have feared. But there is at least one — a modified causal-patch measure with terminal vacua, if you must know — in which the problem is avoided. I’m not sure if there is some principled reason to believe in this measure other than “it gives an acceptable answer,” but our results suggest that understanding cosmological measure theory may be important even if you don’t believe in eternal inflation.
A final provocative observation that I’ve been saving for last. The safest place to be is on the top diagonal line in our diagram, where we have bubbles nucleating fast enough to percolate but not so fast that they should have already happened. So what does it mean, “fast enough to percolate,” anyway? Well, roughly, it means you should be making new bubbles approximately once per current lifetime of our universe. (Don Page has done a slightly more precise estimate of 20 billion years.) On the one hand, that’s quite a few billion years; it’s not like we should rush out and buy life insurance. On the other hand, it’s not that long. It means that roughly half of the lifetime of our current universe has already happened. And the transition could happen much faster — it could be tomorrow or next year, although the chances are quite tiny.
For our purposes, avoiding Boltzmann Brains, we want the transition to happen quickly. Amusingly, most of the existing particle-physics literature on decay of the Higgs field seems to take the attitude that we should want it to be completely stable — otherwise the decay of the Higgs will destroy the universe! It’s true, but we’re pointing out that this is a feature, not a bug, as we need to destroy the universe (or at least the state its currently in) to save ourselves from the invasion of the Boltzmann Brains.
All of this, of course, assumes there is no new physics at higher energies that would alter our calculations, which seems an unlikely assumption. So the alternatives are: new physics, an improved understanding of the cosmological measure problem, or a prediction that the top quark is really 178 GeV. A no-lose scenario, really.
Higgs Boson vs Boltzmann Brains (In a nutshell)[]
The standard ΛCDM model provides an excellent fit to current cosmological observations but suffers from a potentially serious Boltzmann Brain problem. If the universe enters a de Sitter vacuum phase that is truly eternal, there will be a finite temperature in empty space and corresponding thermal fluctuations. Among these fluctuations will be intelligent observers, as well as configurations that reproduce any local region of the current universe to arbitrary precision. We discuss the possibility that the escape from this unacceptable situation may be found in known physics: vacuum instability induced by the Higgs field. Avoiding Boltzmann Brains in a measure-independent way requires a decay timescale of order the current age of the universe, which can be achieved if the top quark pole mass is approximately 178 GeV. Otherwise we must invoke new physics or a particular cosmological measure before we can consider ΛCDM to be an empirical success.
Even further future[]
Moreover, it is necessary to emphasize that this thinking is basically an intellectual experiment, just like Schrödinger's Cat, and may not reflect the truth about life. In 10^10^10^56 years, enough time will have passed for the quantum fluctuation necessary for a new Big Bang to exist. This is based on the theory of Carroll and Chen. In 10^10^76 years, all materials have to hit the black holes. This date is the upper limit of estimates. Here, too, the proton is thought to be degraded, or you will remember it will be much sooner. In 10^10^120 years, the universe will now reach its ultimate energy level. At this location, there will no longer be any free thermodynamic energy. And no energy nor work to do at work. They will have a 10^10^10^76 and later-on-the-ground, After this point, the history of the universe will repeat itself randomly because of its statistics mechanic rules. This issue is directly related to Poincaré Repeat Time. But be careful what kind of numbers we are talking about: putting 76 zeros next to 1, putting next to 1 as much as we have in our new number that we have put next to 1 again as much as we have achieved! In 10^10^10^10^2.08 years, According to the Poincaré re-theorem, the period of quantum state of a black hole in a theoretical box and in a massive, observable universe. In 10^10^10^10^10^1.1 years, Considering Linde's model of infinite growth theory, it is a period of quantum state of a black hole with 10-6 Planck mass and observable, or not, with a mass of a whole universe, imprisoned in a theoretical box according to the Poincaré theorem. After that? We do not know. What's going to happen, what's possible, we have no idea yet. We do not even have a guess, because we do not even have a theory to discuss objectively. But over time, we are confident that these topics will be elaborated and the results broadened.
Result[]
Yes, we have a look at the future of our vast universe. Of course, there will be many more events in this process, and unexpected situations may arise. However, the lesson to be drawn from this article is that although we speak of the "Big Bang" of 13.82 billion years ago when we say "the beginning of the Universe", all the time so far has been as much as we can say, a time span that covers a short interval. All wars, destructions, inventions, victories lived in a tiny fraction of this time period. All the species on our planet have lived in this time period, many of which have survived a small fraction of this time period. Our 80-year lifetime is short at the ridiculously low point of life of the Universe.
Moreover, this leads to the rejection of the facts, and to the claim that scientific facts can not exist. However, it is much easier to understand the laws of nature, such as evolution, if it is understood that the timeline and the passers-by will pass.
All biological laws are based on chemical laws, and all chemical laws are based on physical law. So every topic we talk about in biology is actually born of physics. For this reason understanding of physics is important in terms of understanding the bases of biology. The evolutionary processes that take place in our universe are perhaps one of the most magnificent consequences of the physics. So, as the Evolutionary Tree, I tried to present a possible chart that would broaden your horizon in terms of physics. I hope I succeded that. And do you know what, do not ask me the whole future table of The Box, please do not ask.
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