For the Summer Games, athletes representing Eritrea first competed at the Games of the XXVII Olympiad Sydney 2000, taking part in the sport of athletics. At the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad Athens 2004, Zersenay Tadese became the first athlete representing Eritrea to win an Olympic medal of any colour, capturing bronze in the men’s athletics 10,000 metres event. For the Winter Games, one athlete representing Eritrea first competed at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018, taking part in the discipline of alpine skiing. No athlete representing Eritrea has yet won an Olympic Winter Games medal of any colour.

At Beijing 2022, Eritrea was represented by one athlete, Alpine skier Shannon Abeda, who had been the NOC's sole representative at the 2018 Games. Abeda improved on his 2018 result of 61st in the men's giant slalom to finish 39th in the event at Beijing 2022.