Colonialism-note:v

2026.03.27/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics : "Historians agreed that when colonists

settled for the very first time at Jamestown, it was one of the coldest periods for the last 1000 years, while the area of

Roanoke suffered the largest drought of the past 800 years. The shortage of foods led the colonists to came into conflict with

the indigenous population. Such conflicts and cold weather contributed much to the spread of diseases; as colder weather

helped the parasite cells of malaria which carried by those European settler hosts, who further transmitted by local

mosquitoes to develop faster. Those malaria spread into Native Americans, causing many deaths among them.[45]",

"Since there were numerous outbreaks and all were not equally recorded, historical accounts of epidemics are often vague or

contradictory in describing how victims were affected. A rash accompanied by a fever might be smallpox, measles, scarlet

fever, or varicella, and many epidemics overlapped with multiple infections striking the same population at once, therefore

it is often impossible to know the exact causes of mortality (although ancient DNA studies can often determine the presence

of certain microbes).[50] Smallpox was the disease brought by Europeans that was most destructive to the Native Americans,

both in terms of morbidity and mortality. The first well-documented smallpox epidemic in the Americas began in Hispaniola in

late 1518 and soon spread to Mexico.[39]",

"Native Americans initially believed that illness primarily resulted from being out of balance, in relation to their

religious beliefs. Typically, Native Americans held that disease was caused by either a lack of magical protection, the

intrusion of an object into the body by means of sorcery, or the absence of the free soul from the body.",

"In 1832 President Andrew Jackson signed Congressional authorization and funding to set up a smallpox vaccination program

for Indian tribes. The goal was to eliminate the deadly threat of smallpox to a population with little or no immunity, and

at the same time exhibit the benefits of cooperation with the government.[127] In practice there were severe obstacles. The

tribal medicine men launched a strong opposition, warning of white trickery and offering an alternative explanation and

system of cure. Some taught that the affliction could best be cured by a sweat bath followed by a rapid plunge into cold

water.[128][129] Furthermore the vaccines often lost their potency when transported and stored over long distances with

primitive storage facilities. It was too little and too late to avoid the great smallpox epidemic of 1837 to 1840 that

swept across North America west of the Mississippi, all the way to Canada and Alaska. Deaths have been estimated in the

range of 100,000 to 300,000, with entire tribes wiped out. Over 90 percent of the Mandans died.[130][131][132]

In the mid to late nineteenth century, at a time of increasing European-American travel and settlement in the West, at

least four different epidemics broke out among the Plains Indians tribes from 1837 to 1870.[41] The Indians traded with the

white people regardless spread disease to their villages.[133] In the late 19th century, the Lakota Indians of the Plains

called the disease the "rotting face sickness".[54][133]

The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, which was brought from San Francisco to Victoria, devastated the indigenous

peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, with a death rate of over 50% for the entire coast from Puget Sound to Southeast

Alaska.[134] In some areas the native population fell by as much as 90%.[135][136] Some historians have described the

epidemic as a deliberate genocide because the Colony of Vancouver Island and the Colony of British Columbia could have

prevented the epidemic but chose not to, and in some ways facilitated it.[137]";

2026.03.27/https://www.hoover.org/research/truth-about-western-colonialism : "Whether it was the Romans in Gaul, the Arabs

throughout the Mediterranean and Southern Asia, the Huns in Eastern Europe, the Mongols in China, the Turks in the Middle

East and the Balkans, the Bantu in southern Africa, the Khmer in East Asia, the Aztecs in Mexico, the Iroquois in the

Northeast, or the Sioux throughout the Great Plains, human history has been stained by man’s continual use of brutal

violence to acquire land and resources and destroy or replace those possessing them. Scholars may find subtle nuances of

evil in the European version of this ubiquitous aggression, but for the victims such fine discriminations are irrelevant.",

"As Middle East historian Efraim Karsh documents in Islamic Imperialism, “The Arab conquerors acted in a typically

imperialist fashion from the start, subjugating indigenous populations, colonizing their lands, and expropriating their

wealth, resources, and labor.” Indeed, if one wants to find a culture defined by imperialist ambitions, Islam fits the bill

much better than do Europeans and Americans, latecomers to the great game of imperial domination that Muslims successfully

played for a thousand years.",

"France and England, of course, were “colonial powers,” but their colonies were not in the Middle East." (2026.03.27/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/british-colonialism-middle-east They were.) "The region had for centuries been under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.",

"Another important factor was the questionable desire of the British to create an Arab national homeland in the ruins of

the Ottoman Empire, and to gratify the imperial pretensions of their ally the Hashemite clan, who shrewdly convinced the

British that their self-serving and marginal actions during the war had been important in fighting the Turks.

Obviously, the European powers wanted to influence these new nations in order to protect their geopolitical and economic

interests, but they had no desire to colonize them. Idealists may decry that interference, or see it as unjust, but it is

not “colonialism” rightly understood.";

2026.03.27/https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/the-science-behind-why-old-world-europeans-infected-native-americans-not-

the-other-way-around/ar-AA1Q3ER5 : "Historically, pre-modern cities were accidental incubators. They didn’t grow because

people were healthier inside them; they grew because more people moved in than died within.

Only in the 20th century – when humanity discovered soap, clean water, and basic public health – did urban death rates

drop enough for cities to sustain themselves.",

The Old World had these kinds of cities everywhere for thousands of years. They were perfectly built to host plagues.

The New World, by and large, did not. There were cities in the Americas, yes, especially in Mesoamerica and the Andes. But

across most of the hemisphere, population density was lower, settlements were more dispersed, and interconnection less

constant.", "Animal Origins: Where Plagues Begin

Here’s the part everyone forgets: the worst human plagues are animal diseases that crossed into us. That jump – called a

zoonosis – is rare.

Painfully rare.

Generations can live with livestock and never see it. But the more you crank up exposure – more animals, more species,

more waste, more butchering – the higher the odds a germ finds a new trick.

Cows are a huge culprit here. They’re linked to measles, tuberculosis, and smallpox – the three horsemen of historic

mortality", "Pigs and birds gift us influenza. Pigs also hand us whooping cough. These are mild-ish illnesses for the animals that carry them.

Inside humans, they wreak havoc. Think about what Old World cities used to look like.

Horses everywhere.

Herd animals in the streets.

Open slaughterhouses.", "No refrigeration.

Puddles of excrement and blood, human and animal, crossing paths.

It’s a dream lab for animal microbes looking to upgrade hosts. So: plagues originate in animals.", "But why did the Old World have so many animals living so close to people, while the New World had so few?

The Domestication Divide

Roll the clock back to 10,000 BC. Humans are everywhere, but technology is primitive.

Your tribe survives by hunting, foraging, and – if you’re lucky – farming and herding.

Which local animals can you actually domesticate? That means catching them alive, penning them, breeding them, feeding

them, and not dying in the process.

In Eurasia and North Africa, people hit the jackpot: cows, pigs, sheep, goats. These animals are large enough to be

useful, tameable enough to manage, and prolific enough to be worth the trouble.

Add dogs for herding and protection, and you’ve got a multiplier effect. It’s not that Old World people were smarter. They

just had better candidates on the map.

Now cross the ocean. Consider American bison. In theory, they’d be an incredible domesticated animal. In practice, they’re

walking tanks with sprint speed, vertical hops, and herds thousands strong.

Try that with stone tools and no horses. It’s a nonstarter. Across most of North America, the animals that are big enough

to be useful are either too dangerous or too agile to pen and breed.", "South America had one workable option: llamas.

They’re better than nothing, and they supported impressive Andean civilizations. But llamas aren’t cows.

They don’t pull plows like oxen or pour milk like dairy cows.

They don’t multiply food surplus the way pigs do.

They’re finicky and mountain-limited.

The outcome is predictable. Fewer domesticable animals means slower farming gains. Slower farming gains mean smaller

populations and fewer mega-cities. Fewer mega-cities mean fewer persistent plagues.

Meanwhile, the Old World builds out farms, grows towns into cities, and lives shoulder-to-shoulder with barnyards for

millennia. That’s not just a recipe for civilization – it’s a recipe for pandemics.

Why Disease Flowed West, Not East

Put the pieces together.

Old World societies lived for thousands of years in dense urban networks, cheek-by-jowl with lots of domesticated

animals.",

"That setup periodically generated terrible plagues that stabilized within human populations.

Generations of exposure conferred widespread immunity or at least partial resistance.", " It’s not that Native Americans

had “weaker” immune systems. It’s that they hadn’t been forced through the same brutal disease gauntlet created by Old

World livestock and cities.", "The catastrophic depopulation of the New World after 1492 wasn’t inevitable because of

“civilization” or “superior” anything.

It was geography.

The availability of certain animals set off a cascade: agriculture gets easier, populations grow, cities spread, plagues

emerge, immunity accumulates.", "Info 411

Nov 10, 2025

As pointed out by Jared Diamond in "Guns, Germs, and Steel", Eurasia, by virtue of trade routes, was a germ highway. The

Americas were isolated, both from Eurasia, but also within the Americas (not much inter-Americas trade). So, Europeans

overall had built up limited immunity to some pretty nasty germs that native americans didn't have exposure to. The

unintended result of the meeting of the two was the decimation of native populations. But it wasn't all one way. Native

americans past on diseases that Europeans hadn't been exposed to (syphilis being the most known).";

2026.03.27/https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/other/dna-analysis-of-modern-polynesians-has-completely-rewritten-our-

understanding-of-both-polynesian-and-native-american-history-pre-contact/ss-AA1QSYTf?

cvid=6922a54c584747038439aef957e3dc37&ocid=emmx#image=6 : "By measuring the size of shared DNA segments, the researchers

could estimate when the mixing happened. Their calculations converged on a startling date: around 1150–1230 CE. In human

terms, that means this encounter happened centuries before Europeans ever reached the Pacific.", "Long before modern

genetics, scholars argued bitterly about Polynesians’ connections to the Americas. The debates stretched from academic

journals to the adventures of Thor Heyerdahl. But without hard evidence, even promising clues—like the spread of the sweet

potato—failed to settle the question.", "The findings didn’t validate old theories that South Americans were the founders

of Polynesia. They confirmed the opposite: Polynesians originated in Asia and carried overwhelmingly Asian-derived

ancestry. The Native American component was a small addition, not a replacement.",

"Even though South American ancestry makes up only a tiny fraction of Polynesian genomes, its implications are massive. It

confirms that the Pacific wasn’t a barrier—it was a highway. And at least once, that highway connected two continents.",

"The DNA also expands the world of Native American ancestors. It shows that some communities on the Colombian coast

participated—directly or indirectly—in voyages that extended far beyond the shores of the Americas.",

"The Oracle

22 Nov 2025

We keep getting these wonderful new discoveries or theories thrown at us and claims about how the Polynesians were such

great open sea navigators and could travel thousands of miles in a journey. That may be true, but constantly we see

something very simple overlooked.

Before the Younger Dryas, which was around 12 to 13,000 years before present that the sea levels were about 70 meters

lower. There was a lot of movement by our predecessors between continents and unlike claims that everyone in South America

travelled by the Bearing Land Bridge, evidence is constantly unsurfacing that the reality is different. There were island

chains from asia down to Australia and looking at Google Earth you can see a likely route from Northen Asia, through

Japan, Taiwan, the Phillipines down to Australia as well. If you spin the map around you can see what was probably a chain

of islands from French Polynesia down to South America.

DNA was spread around the world long before the accepted time periods and also seems to be the missing link when it comes

to pland species from South America that found their way to Pacific Islands. When we listen to the various spoken

histories and translate the carvings and cave paintings we see many shared stories about people from across the sea, we

see stories of great floods that all seem to have a similar period of occurrance and we hear of red headed giants. There

is no definitive proof, but since people back then were over a foot shorter than by todays standards, anyone in the 6 ft

range would seem a giant. The time periods do not match the Phoenicians, but they could have been as we constantly are

finding out that they were around earlier than once assumed.

A good example of 'giants' comes from the ancient Egyptians - they always depict their gods as giants, as do many other

cultures. The more I read and learn, the more I think these 'gods' were just people from other areas who had things the

locals did not." 16 likes 1 dislike;

2026.03.27/https://www.splashtravels.com/world-history/how-geography-and-culture-shaped-animal-domestication-ancient-

america?utm_source=msngallery : "ncient Americans faced a totally different challenge when trying to tame wild animals.

They had to get pretty creative.";

2026.03.27/https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/new-study-reveals-leprosy-existed-in-the-americas-before-european-

explorers-arrived/ar-AA1Xos8P?uxmode=ruby : "Researchers from the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France, with help from a U.S.

university, recently announced in a news release that a second species of bacteria is also responsible for the disease

known as leprosy, or Hansen's disease, in the Americas.

In years past, many believed that the bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae caused leprosy and that it was only spread

in America by early European explorers and settlers.

However, the revelation of a second bacterium puts that theory of blaming the settlers on its head, as an existing strain

was already on the continents calling the New World home.",

"The bacterium Mycobacterium lepromatosis existed and infected humans for 1,000 years prior to Europeans arriving,

researchers say.",

""This discovery transforms our understanding of the history of leprosy in America. It shows that a form of the disease

was already endemic among Indigenous populations well before the Europeans arrived," she said in the release.",

""We are just beginning to uncover the diversity and global movements of this recently identified pathogen," he said.

"This study allows us to hypothesize that there might be unknown animal reservoirs."",

"green avenger

2 weeks ago

yet it was small pox from Europe that ravaged the Americas";

2026.03.27/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08515-5 : "Debates on a common origin for these pathogens and the

history of syphilis itself have weighed evidence for the ‘Columbian hypothesis’2, which argues for an American origin,

against that for the ‘pre-Columbian hypothesis’3, which argues for the presence of the disease in Eurasia in the Medieval

period and possibly earlier.";

2026.03.27/https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/humanity-s-longest-prehistoric-migration-was-20-000km-on-foot-and-we-

now-know-who-took-it/ar-AA1EUrZd?ocid=winp2sv1plus : "Homo sapiens are incredible things. In humanity’s longest

prehistoric migration, groups of daring people walked over 20,000 kilometres (12,427 miles) from North Asia across to

North America and down to the southernmost tip of South America. In a new study, scientists have traced this momentous

journey using DNA sequence data from 1,537 people from 139 diverse ethnic groups. The results showed that these early

pioneers were essentially Asian in their genetic heritage, as you would expect considering they originated in North Asia.",

"These groups migrated on foot from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge, a land connection between Asia and North

America that existed during the last Ice Age, and entered the Americas for the first time.

Over thousands of years, they then splintered into numerous groups as they worked their way down into the “new world” and

adapted to a wide range of environments, from the dense rainforests of the Amazon and the arid deserts of the Chaco to the

high peaks of the Andes and the icy plains of Patagonia.

“We found that the people who arrived in South America spread across different regions of the continent. We identified at

least four distinct ancestral groups: the Andean, Amazon, Chaco, and Patagonian populations. These groups became isolated

in their own geographic regions, developing unique genetic characteristics over time,” Associate Professor Kim Hie Lim,

study author from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, told IFLScience.",

"“Interestingly, the group that migrated the farthest—to Patagonia—shows the lowest level of genetic diversity,” she noted.

Our present-day genomes are shaped by this evolutionary history—we inherit them from our ancestors. So understanding that

past helps us interpret genetic variation today.

Assoc Prof. Kim Hie Lim

By looking at the ebb and flow of genes, the team was able to show that early migrants arrived at the northwestern tip of

South America, where modern-day Panama meets Colombia, at least 14,000 years ago.

While the study didn’t identify when humans first set foot in the Americas, this timescale aligns with a prevailing view

that humans were most likely present across America around the peak of the last Ice Age about 26,000 to 19,000 years ago.",

"“Asian populations are significantly underrepresented in genetic research, even though they make up a large portion of

the world's population and have a high level of genetic diversity." (Maybe this created a blindspot for Polynesians and or

animals infecting South Aerica before europe.),

"William Casimir

Sep 12, 2025

there is other evidence that doesn't fit with this theory Asians landed on the Pacific coast and mated with the indigenous

people. Other DNA testing further inland shows no correlation with these findings. please do further research into this

before making a published article",

"bill watts

Sep 20, 2025

problem is languages and social structure dont match up with asian cultures,,,,so many fragements of unknown

information,,,its like that alagory of the blind men describing an elephant", "Gary Webber

Sep 20, 2025

I guess if the boss wants a story on ancient history and with short time, we will print almost anything.

Profile Picture

user-x5kv7mmxhf

Sep 12, 2025

I'm sorry, but unless this article was AI-generated, there is something off about the leading sentence.", "Donald Bunch

Oct 5, 2025

I disagreed with author and got censored…"; 2026.03.27/https://hshawaii.com/the-history-of-molokais-leper-colony/ :

"Hawaiian leaders saw how fast the disease took hold. They described it as mysterious and difficult to control.

Some thought it might have come with European explorers or trade ships, but no one knows the exact source. Over time,

people reported more and more cases, especially after contact with outsiders increased.

Arrival via Maritime Routes

Many historians believe growing travel and trade across the Pacific Ocean brought leprosy to Hawaii. Ships from places

like the Marquesas and Tahiti stopped at Hawaiian ports, bringing new goods and diseases.

Some sailors and workers probably carried leprosy when they arrived. Captain James Cook’s visits to the Hawaiian Islands

in the late 1700s led to more ship crossings and interactions.

With each new arrival, the risk of spreading disease rose. By the mid-1800s, leprosy had become a serious problem.";

2026.03.27/https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryWhatIf/comments/1fxrnmn/were_native_americans_doomed_by_disease_even_if/ : "iamthemosin

• 1y ago

Europe, Asia, and Africa had all been swapping microbes for thousands of years. No matter who showed up, the native Americans were going to have a bad time.

24 upvotes

u/nsnyder avatar

nsnyder

• 1y ago

Certainly the Vikings, and very likely the Polynesians made contact without causing epidemics.

2 upvotes

u/iamthemosin avatar

iamthemosin

• 1y ago

True, and possibly also the Chinese, but they didn’t show up in large numbers and make permanent settlements. The likelihood of one person in a 20 man longboat carrying smallpox is much lower than for an influx of 20,000 conquistadors and impoverished immigrants hell bent on conquest.

2 upvotes", "[deleted]

• 1y ago Native Americans, unlike a lot of civilizations, didn't have domestic animals with a high enough population density to

really spread disease among themselves. The Natives had few diseases to deal with.

This is why the Natives died and the Europeans didn't. When the Europeans went to places that had human diseases they were

never exposed to before, the Europeans died off in large numbers. Places like this include The Caribbean, Africa, etc.

More tropical locations had more diseases that humans could be afflicted by.", "

whatssupdude

• 1y ago I think this is a bit of a chicken or the egg type argument. Domestication tends to lead to higher pop density 1";

"u/SignificanceBulky162

SignificanceBulky162

• 1y ago

The sad thing is smallpox inoculation had already been discovered in China and was practiced in the Ottoman Empire by the 1700s

2 upvotes

Kingsdaughter613

• 1y ago Practiced in Europe and the Americas, too. It was deliberately withheld from the Native populations.";

> 2026.03.27/https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryWhatIf/comments/1fxrnmn/comment/lv1haa4/?force-legacy-sct=1 . "Kingsdaughter613

• 1y ago

The settlers who arrived were generally inoculated by the 1700s, I believe. We know Lady Addams arranged for her family to be inoculated, so the practice was definitely present in the colonies.

Upvote 1

sexyloser1128

• 1y ago

Lazzen • 1y ago: "It may have been a somewhat present in the colonies, but it was nowhere widespread or universal. Smallpox was a

devastating disease in the American colonies, some of the most severe outbreaks were in Boston in 1721, 1752, 1764, and

1775. Smallpox impacted the Continental Army so severely during the Revolutionary War, that George Washington mandated

inoculation for all Continental soldiers in 1777. If smallpox was still a huge problem when the Revolutionary War

happened, then it would be far too late for the Native Americans. Every settler would have to be inoculated before they

even cross the Atlantic to give the Native Americans a chance.

Upvote 2", "The idea of "inmunity" is incorrect in how people imagine it, there was no inmunity to yellow fever or

smallpox you passed down to offspring but rather you would survive it and become inmune, meaning that out of your 5

children 3 may survive thanks to you being inmune and strong enough to care for them once they get sick. Lack of inmune

people can cause wipeouts as they affect all generations at the same time, this not only happened in the New World but

also Japan which lost 30% of its population in a few years when smallpox arrived in the 9th century.","ImJuicyjuice • 1y

ago The amount of people that died from disease would have been the same but they would have eventually recovered. It was

because Europeans took advantage and struck the final death blow to their civilizations that Native Americans were wiped

out. They couldn’t survive the one-two punch of disease + aggressive displacement. Same thing happened to Australia and

Pacific Islanders. We can see what happens when people face only disease but not aggressive invasions since Europe

survived the black plague. We can also see what happens when people face aggressive invasions but not disease, see South

Asia, Africa and East Asia. People can recover from one, but not both. 4";

2026.03.27/https://www.quora.com/Why-weren-t-Polynesians-totally-wiped-out-by-European-diseases : "Matt Riggsby

MA Archaeology, Boston UniversityAuthor has 22K answers and 108.5M answer views8y

There are probably a number of factors. As others have indicated, there were New World diseases which hit the Old World,

but they certainly weren’t as bad.

There’s probably also some truth to the idea that native immune systems were, to some extent, “naive.” The Old World had

larger and denser populations, so a larger and tougher array of diseases evolved there.

However, that view is somewhat outdated. That is, it’s a factor, but insufficient to explain the extent to which disease

decimated New World populations. People in the New World, after all, did have their own towns and cities for thousands of

years, which would have given their own immune systems a workout. Moreover, the patterns of disease didn’t match what

you’d expect from so-called “virgin field” epidemics. After the introduction of Old World diseases, you’d expect recurrent

waves of disease to be less and less deadly, as previous waves left behind those with greater natural immunity. But that’s

not what we see. Rather, each wave is about as deadly as the one before. Every generation, huge numbers of people die, a

pattern which didn’t really change until vaccines came in. The answer here may be partially genetic. There are a variety

of genetic bottlenecks in the history of Native Americans. Only a subset of humans left Africa for Europe and Asia, and

only a subset of those left Eurasia for the Americas. It appears that Native Americans are less genetically diverse than

the populations off the Old World, and one of the places where that’s particularly apparent is in genes related to the

immune system. They simply may not have had the genes available to resist the Old World diseases. It also appears that

immune systems tend to be good at either resisting germs or parasites, and Native American immune systems are generally

better at the latter.

And let’s not forget about more political factors. The Old World poured people into the New, not the other way around. New

World diseases trickled into the Old World through returning visitors and the occasional native brought back as a

curiosity. The New World, however, saw hundreds, then thousands of Europeans deciding to move to the New World and stay

there, pushing farther and farther into the Americas. Basically, there were deliberate decisions by people from the Old

World to expand into the New which greatly increased exposure to disease there.

3.3K views" Upvote 54, Jason Preston: "The book 1491 explains that Europeans also died in droves from smallpox, but not

nearly to the extent that Native Americans did. The difference? Europeans' immune systems were developed for lives of

animal husbandry in drier climates where parasites (e.g. worms) were much less a danger than microbes (e.g. smallpox virus

from the camels Egyptians kept, flu from pigs). So European immune systems developed antigens focused more on microbes,

while Native Americans' antigens were focused more on parasites. Another factor in this divergence: Almost all Native

American genes came from a relatively small group of people who crossed over from Asia. They didn't have as wide a variety

of antigens, in the same way that a small island has less human facial diversity than a supercontinent. In fact, Native

Americans only have a third as many kinds of antigens as other, more genetically diverse human groups. Each antigen allows

the body to identify a different kind of evidence at the crime scene of an infection. More kinds of antigens means a

faster detection of infection, a better defense mounted.",

2026.03.27/https://press-news.org/208940-leprosy-in-the-americas-predates-european-contact-new-study-finds.html : "For

context, the Black Death killed a third of Europe, and

this was enough to destroy feudalism and sow the seeds of vulgate religion, renaissance, enlightenment, secular humanism.",

"“At that time, we were puzzled,” Avanzi said. “We had detected the pathogen mostly in the Americas, and it was unclear

how red squirrels in Europe had become infected.”

The new research builds on that finding and found five genetically distinct lineages of M. lepromatosis, including one

lineage formed by the red squirrel strains. Analyses suggest that the strain infecting squirrels likely originated from a

strain introduced from the Americas between 4,000 and 100 years ago. "

Colonialism-note:a

History-note:v

2026.03.27/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/10-historical-lies-we-were-told-when-the-truth-is-sooooo-much-juicier/ar-

AA1PFXA1#comments

History-note:a

First writing-note:v

2026.03.27/https://greekreporter.com/2024/09/01/dispilio-tablet-earliest-written-text-greece/ : "Conventional history

states that these kinds of Neolithic discoveries are merely evidence of proto-writing, communicating limited information

rather than proof of an entire language. However, if additional artifacts comparable to the Dispilio tablet emerge, they

could completely change the history of writing.", "5260 ± 40 BC", "organic materials formed over the past 55,000 years.",

"he Greek capital letters Delta, Epsilon, and Lambda and the lower case N (ν) might show us that written language existed

in Greece 2,000 years before the Kish tablet of Sumer.

The Greek professor also said that symbols similar to those on the Dispilio wooden tablet have been found in the Mykonos

Cave written on pumice and in the Gioura Cave of the uninhabited isle north of Alonissos on a ceramic tablet."

First writing-note:a