For the Summer Games, athletes representing the Republic of Moldova first competed at the XXVI Games of the Olympiad Atlanta 1996, taking part there in the sports or disciplines of archery, athletics, boxing, canoe sprint, road cycling, judo, shooting, swimming, weightlifting and wrestling. At the Games of the XXVI Olympiad Atlanta 1996, Sergei Mureico became the first athletes representing the Republic of Moldova to win an Olympic medal of any colour, capturing bronze in the men’s wrestling Greco-Roman super-heavyweight event. For the Winter Games, athletes representing the Republic of Moldova first competed at the XVII Olympic Winter Games Lillehammer 1994, taking part in the sport of biathlon. No athlete representing the Republic of Moldova has yet won an Olympic Winter Games of any colour.

At Beijing 2022, the Republic of Moldova was represented by four biathletes and one luge slider, all of whom were making their Winter Games debut. Biahlete Alina Stremous posted the two highest results for the NOC in Beijing, with a 10th-place finish in the women's 7. 5km sprint and 16th place in the women's 10km pursuit. Only one athlete has achieved a higher finish at the Winter Games for the Republic of Moldova - Natalia Levtchenkova, who finished eighth in the women's biathlon 15km individual event at Torino 2006. Also in Beijing, Luge slider Doina Descalui finished 32nd in the women's singles.

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