pan

Clipping of English Panjabi, from Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (pãjābī), from Classical Persian پنجابی (panjābī).

pan

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Punjabi.

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Punjabi terms

• IPA^(key): /pæn/, [pʰæn]

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• Homophone: panne
• Rhymes: -æn

From Middle English panne, from Old English panne, from Proto-West Germanic *pannā, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ. Further origin uncertain.

Alois Walde firstly suggests that it might be from Late Latin panna, from Latin patina (“broad, shallow dish, pan, stewpan”), from Ancient Greek πατάνη (patánē, “kind of flat dish”), which is probably from Pre-Greek. But the sound shifting from /patina/ → /patna/ → /panna/ raises questions as -tn- to -nn- is rarely seen in Latin.

The mainstream theory as of now (Friedrich Kluge, Julius Pokorny, Guus Kroonen) suggests that it is from Late Latin panna. But its sparse attestation only in the frontier inscriptions and not widespread in most Romance languages raises doubts among a few scholars (notably Michiel de Vaan), being skeptical about its origin, and open for any interpretations (Oxford English Dictionary).

Vladmir Orel, in his work Albanian Etymological Dictionary, suggests that both Proto-Germanic *pannǭ and Late Latin panna could be from a non-IE Mediterranean substrate word, considering that classical Latin attestations are scarce and distributed in a specific region, and Proto-Germanic loanwords from non-IE substrates often include agricultural terms, seafaring vocabulary, or animal names. Although, this substrate hypothesis is controversial and most scholars remain skeptical about it.

Cognate with West Frisian panne, Saterland Frisian Ponne, Dutch pan, German Low German Panne, Pann, German Pfanne, Danish pande, Swedish panna, Icelandic panna.

pan (plural pans or (humorous) pen)

1. A wide, flat receptacle used around the house, especially for cooking.
2. The contents of such a receptacle.
3. A cylindrical receptacle about as tall as it is wide, with one long handle, usually made of metal, used for cooking in the home.
4. (Ireland) A deep plastic receptacle, used for washing or food preparation; a basin.
5. A wide receptacle in which gold grains are separated from gravel by washing the contents with water.
6. (geography, geology) An expanse of level land located in a depression, especially
   1. A pond or lake, considered as the expanse of land upon which the water sits.
   2. (especially South Africa) A dry lake or playa, especially a salt flat.
   3. (South Africa) Synonym of playa lake: a temporary pond or lake in a playa.
   4. Ellipsis of salt pan: a flat artificial pond used for collecting minerals from evaporated water.
7. (geology) Ellipsis of hardpan: a hard substrate such as is formed in pans.
8. (geology, obsolete South Africa) Synonym of pipe: a channel for lava within a volcano; the cylindrical remains of such channels.
9. Strong adverse criticism. quotations ▼
   • 1977 August 20, Robert Etherington, “John Horne Burns and His Enemies”, in Gay Community News, volume 5, number 7, page 10:

     The notices The Gallery received, while hardly pans, were only mixed.

10. (chiefly Ireland)^[1] A loaf of bread; a pan-loaf. [from 1970s]^[1]
11. (obsolete) The chamber pot in a close stool; (now) the base of a toilet, consisting of the bowl and its support.
12. A bedpan. quotations ▼
    • 1977-1980, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure

      She yanks the pan out from under me & it spills all over the bed. Then she's got to change the sheets! Unreal.

13. (slang) A human face, a mug. quotations ▼
    • 1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 121:

      "He's a foreign-looking guy with thinnish black hair and a meaty sort of pan."

    • 1993, William S. Burroughs, edited by Oliver Harris, The Letters of William S. Burroughs, 1945–1959, New York: Penguin, →ISBN, page 92:

      Dave and I have parted company, and I hope I never see his junky pan again.

    • 1953, Raymond Chandler, The Long Goodbye, Penguin, published 2010, page 103:

      This was the kind of operator who would tell you to be there at nine sharp and if you weren't sitting quietly with a pleased smile on your pan when he floated in two hours later on a double Gibson, he would have a paroxysm of outraged executive ability […].

14. (roofing) The bottom flat part of a roofing panel that is between the ribs of the panel.
15. A closed vessel for boiling or evaporating as part of manufacture; a vacuum pan.
17. (firearms) The part of a matchlock, flintlock, or wheellock firearm that holds the priming. synonyms ▲hypernyms, holonym, comeronym ▼quotations ▼

    Synonyms: flash pan, priming pan

    Hypernyms: part, piece, component

    Holonym: firearm

    Comeronym: doghead

    flash in the pan

    • 1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar‎^[2], London, pages 95–96:

      […] he pull’d the Trigger, but Providence being pleas’d to preserve me for some other Purpose, the Cock snapp’d, and miss’d Fire. Whether the Prime was wet in the Pan, or by what other Miracle it was I escap’d his Fury, I cannot say […]

    • 1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:

      And he […] glared on the cold pistols that hung before him—ready for anything. And he took down one with a snatch and weighed it in his hand, and fell to thinking again; and, as he did, kept opening and shutting the pan with a snap, […]

18. The skull, considered as a vessel containing the brain; the brainpan.
19. (figurative) The brain, seen as one's intellect. quotations ▼
    • 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Friar's Tale,

      Unto the devil rough and black of hue

      Give I thy body and my pan also."

20. (carpentry) A recess, or bed, for the leaf of a hinge.
21. (music) Ellipsis of steelpan. quotations ▼
    • 2009, Pnina Werbner, Black and Ethnic Leaderships, page 122:

      The steel band transforms the people who play in it and dance to it, and fosters links between them. […] He learned to play the pan and filled in for absent members.

Whether a saucepan is a type of pot, a type of pan, or neither, depends on the speaker's taxonomy of cookware. There are three competing ways of drawing distinctions, all widespread: (1) pots and pans are distinguished by their depth and use, in which case a saucepan is actually a pot despite its name, (2) pots and pans are distinguished by type and/or number of handles, in which case a saucepan is in fact a pan, and (3) both vessel depth and handles are distinguishing features, in which case saucepans form a separate third class that is sibling to pots and pans. Scheme (1) is most widespread in the US and US-influenced parts of Canada, whereas (2) is more typical of the UK and Commonwealth countries; (3) does not split as cleanly along these regional lines.

Due to their typical shallowness, sauciers may be considered pans, not pots, even by those who label saucepans as pots.

• (flat receptacle): frying pan, skillet, cookie sheet, tin
• (tall receptacle): saucepan
• (chamber pot): See Thesaurus:chamber pot
• (toilet): See Thesaurus:toilet

• (expanse of flat land in a depression): salt pan, salt flat, alkali pan

• (expanse of flat land in a depression): flat

• →? Irish: panna
• → Japanese: パン

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle panning, simple past and past participle panned)

1. (transitive) To wash in a pan (of earth, sand etc. when searching for gold). coordinate term ▲quotations ▼

   Coordinate term: sluice

   • 1875, William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs:

     We […] witnessed the process of cleaning up and panning out, which is the last process of separating the pure gold from the fine dirt and black sand.

3. (transitive) To disparage; to belittle; to put down; to harshly criticize, especially a work (book, movie, etc.) synonym ▲quotations ▼

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:criticize

   • 2022 May 17, Tiffany Hsu, “All Those Celebrities Pushing Crypto Are Not So Vocal Now”, in The New York Times‎^[3], →ISSN:

     Matt Damon, who compared the advent of virtual money to the development of aviation and spaceflight in a critically panned but widely seen Crypto.com ad last year, did not respond to requests to weigh in.

4. (intransitive, with out, to pan out) To turn out well; to be successful.
5. (transitive, informal, of a contest) To beat one's opposition convincingly.

• lavatory (“place where gold is panned”) (obsolete)

Clipping of panorama.

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle panning, simple past and past participle panned)

1. (intransitive) (of a camera) To turn horizontally. coordinate terms ▲quotations ▼

   Coordinate terms: cant, tilt

   • 2018 February, Robert Draper, “They are Watching You—and Everything Else on the Planet: Technology and Our Increasing Demand for Security have Put Us All under Surveillance. Is Privacy Becoming just a Memory?”, in National Geographic‎^[4], Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 June 2018:

     Later today in Finsbury Park, the cameras would spend hours panning across 35,000 festivalgoers in search of pickpockets, drunken brawlers, and other assorted agents of petty mischief.

2. (photography, intransitive) To move the camera lens angle while continuing to expose the film, enabling a contiguous view and enrichment of context. In still-photography large-group portraits the film usually remains on a horizontal fixed plane as the lens and/or the film holder moves to expose the film laterally. The resulting image may extend a short distance laterally or as great as 360° from the point where the film first began to be exposed. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) quotations ▼
   • 1957 January, A. M. Ross, “Letters to the Editor: Impressions of Speed”, in Railway Magazine, page 60:

     As one can only "pan" at 90 deg. to the direction of movement of the subject, a compromise has to be reached when shooting at more conventional angles between a shutter speed high enough to arrest the forward movement of the subject and one low enough to blur the valve motion and wheels.

3. (imaging, intransitive) To shift an image relative to the display window without changing the viewing scale. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
4. (sound engineering, transitive) To spread a sound signal into a new stereo or multichannel sound field, typically giving the impression that it is moving across the sound stage.
5. (sound engineering, intransitive) (of a sound) To move in the multichannel sound field.

• cinema
• cinematography
• portrait
• tripod

pan (plural pans)

1. A sequence in a film in which the camera pans over an area. quotations ▼
   • 2013, Monle Lee, Carla Johnson, Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective, page 197:

     For instance, in the film Dances with Wolves, a pan of an uninhabited landscape contrasts the gruesome beginning footage that depicts the carnage of war.

pan (uncountable)

1. Alternative form of paan.

Compare French pan (“skirt, lappet”), Latin pannus (“a cloth, rag”). Doublet of pagne, pane, and pannus.

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle panning, simple past and past participle panned)

1. To join or fit together; to unite. quotations ▼
   • 31 May 1884, Leeds Mercury

     Pan it down—press an article into its proper place

   • 1963, Grower Talks:

     The plants can either be sold individually in the 3 inch pots as Valentine favors , or several may be panned together in larger pots

From Old English. See pane.

pan (plural pans)

1. A part; a portion.
2. (fortifications) The distance comprised between the angle of the epaule and the flanked angle.
3. A leaf of gold or silver.

Clipping of pansexual or panromantic.

pan (not comparable)

1. (informal) Pansexual or panromantic. quotations ▼
   • 2012 December 28, Anna Waugh, “Texas got a pansexual legislator”, in Dallas Voice, volume 29, number 33, page 9:

     When she publicly acknowledged that she is pan, it educated citizens near and far on what that sexuality meant and the importance of being proud of who you are.

   • 2013, Alejandra Rodriguez, "Isn't That Bisexual?", Outwrite, Fall 2013, page 7:

     Another anonymous pansexual disclosed, "Sometimes I feel really left out because I'm pan. […] "

   • 2013, Megan Hertner, "Understanding Gender and Sexuality", Grapevine (Huron University College), December 2013, page 19:

     A similar experience is shared by individuals who identify their sexuality as pan, bi or queer.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:pan.

• bi, mono

Clipping of pantograph.

pan (plural pans)

1. (rail transport, informal) Clipping of pantograph.

• (pantograph): panto

• -nap, ANP, NAP, NPA, PNA, nap

From Dutch pan, from Middle Dutch panne, from Old Dutch *panna, from Latin panna, contraction of patina. The sense “lake, pond” is likely borrowed from or influenced by English pan.

• IPA^(key): /pan/

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pan (plural panne)

1. pan (receptacle)
2. lake or pond; pan

• (lake): meer

From Latin pānis, pānem. Cognate with Galician pan, Portuguese pão.

pan m

1. bread

• Bal Palazios, Santiago (2002), “pan”, in Dizionario breu de a luenga aragonesa, Zaragoza, →ISBN

From Latin pānis, pānem.

pan m (plural panes)

1. bread

• IPA^(key): /pan/

pan (Bengali script পান)

1. tree
2. firewood

pan- (Bengali script পান)

1. used with apparatus, appliances, mechanical and electrical things, cars, bikes, bicycles, mortars and umbrellas

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

• IPA^(key): [pã˦]

pan

1. to fly
2. to jump

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Borrowed from Spanish pan.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpan/ [ˈpan̪]

pan (Badlit spelling ᜉᜈ᜔)

1. bread synonym ▲

   Synonym: tinapay

Borrowed from Spanish pan.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpan/ [ˈpan̪]

pan (Basahan spelling ᜉᜈ᜔)

1. bread (only used for naming) synonym ▲

   Synonym: tinapay

Inherited from Spanish pan (“bread”).

• IPA^(key): /ˈpan/, [ˈpãn]

pan

1. bread

pan

1. branch (with its leaves)

From Old Cornish pan, from Proto-Celtic *kʷani, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis. Cognate with Breton pa, Scottish Gaelic and Manx cuin, and Welsh pan.

pan

1. what

pan (triggers soft mutation)

1. when

From Arabic بَانَ (bāna).

pan I (present pipán) (intransitive)

1. to seem
2. to show up, to appear

• Borg, Alexander (2004), A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 171

• IPA^(key): [ˈpan]

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• Hyphenation: pan
• Homophone: Pan
• Rhymes: -an

pan m anim

1. alternative form of pán

• This is the form used when followed by a name, title, occupation etc.

  pan Novák ― Mr Novák

  Pane předsedo, dámy a pánové... ― Mr Chairman, ladies and gentlemen...

  Vítejte, pane rytíři. ― Welcome, Sir Knight.

  Kdy přijde pan doktor, sestřičko? ― When will the doctor come, nurse?

• “pan”, in Kartotéka Novočeského lexikálního archivu (in Czech)
• “pan”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

From Middle Dutch panne, from Old Dutch *panna, from Proto-West Germanic *pannā, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ (“pan”).

• IPA^(key): /pɑn/

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• Hyphenation: pan
• Rhymes: -ɑn

pan f (plural pannen, diminutive pannetje n)

1. pan, especially for cooking
2. (Netherlands) cooking pot synonym ▲

   Synonym: pot

3. (uncommon) roof tile synonym ▲

   Synonym: dakpan

• Afrikaans: pan
• Jersey Dutch: pān
• Negerhollands: pan
• → Caribbean Javanese: pan
• → Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
• → Javanese: ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (panci), ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (wanci) (from the diminutive)
• → Munsee: pán
• → Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
• → Sranan Tongo: pan
  • → Saramaccan: pánu

• nap

From Latin panis.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaŋ/

pan m (plural pan)

1. bread

Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2002), “pan”, in Dizionario Bolognese-Italiano, Italiano-Bolognese. Dizionèri Bulgnaiṡ-Itagliàn, Itagliàn-Bulgnaiṡ, 2nd edition, Bologna: Pendragon, →ISBN

Inherited from Latin pānis.

pan m (plural pans) (ORB, broad)

1. bread

• pain in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• pan in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

• IPA^(key): /pɑ̃/

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• Homophones: pans, paon, paons, pend, pends

Inherited from Old French pan, from Latin pannus. Doublet of pagne.

pan m (plural pans)

1. piece, part synonyms ▲

   Synonyms: morceau, partie

   c'est un pan à part ― it's a special part

2. side, face
3. flap, lap (of coat)
4. patch, area, section, sector

Onomatopoeic.

pan

1. bang! (sound of a gun)

   Pan! T'es mort !

   Bang! You're dead!

2. bam!

• “pan”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

• APN

From Latin pānis, pānem.

pan m (plural pans)

1. bread

• pão, pam (reintegrationist)

From Old Galician-Portuguese pan, from Latin pānis, pānem. Cognate with Portuguese pão.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaŋ/ [ˈpɑŋ]
• Rhymes: -aŋ
• Hyphenation: pan

pan m (plural pans)

1. (uncountable) bread quotations ▼
   • 1418, Á. Rodríguez González (ed.), Libro do Concello de Santiago (1416-1422). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 95:

     que façan as paadeiras pan de dineiro que pese seis onças desque for cosido et que seja o dito pan bõo et ben cosido

     the bakers must make bread for a denarius that must weight six ounces once baked and said bread must be good and well baked

2. a piece of bread synonym ▲

   Synonym: peza

3. grain, corn, cereal quotations ▼
   • 1276, M. Lucas Álvarez, P. Lucas Dominguez, editors, El monasterio de San Clodio do Ribeiro en la Edad Media: estudio y documentos, Sada / A Coruña: Edicións do Castro, page 375:

     et este pan deue a seer qual o Deus der no logar et seer linpo de palla et de poo, d'eruellada et de mosceyra, et deue a seer ben seco et ben linpo et bõõ pan

     and this grain must be that that God gives at that place, and it must be clean of chaff and dust, of vetch and fodder, and it must be well dry and well clean and good grain

   • 1301, X. Ferro Couselo, editor, A vida e a fala dos devanceiros. Escolma de documentos en galego dos séculos XIII ao XVI, Vigo: Galaxia, page 52:

     A Eluira, I moyo de pan do nouo, de qual ouueren, e I bacoro

     To Elvira, one modius of grain of the new harvest, whichever they happen to have there, and one piglet

4. (by extension) food synonym ▲

   Synonym: comida

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “pan”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “pan” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006-2016.
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “pan”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “pan”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “pan”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

From Latin pānis, pānem.

pan m

1. bread

pan

1. Rōmaji transcription of パン

From Old Spanish pan (“bread”).

pan m (Hebrew spelling פאן)^[1]

1. bread (a foodstuff made by baking dough made from cereals) quotations ▼
   • 2002, Aki Yerushalayim‎^[5], numbers 68–72, page 64:

     En esto le dio a su padre trenta guevos, un pan entero i una kacharola de leche.

     Someone gave their father thirty eggs, wholemeal bread, and a pot of milk in this.

From Latin pānis, pānem.

pan m

1. bread

• “pan”, in Diccionario Castellano-Leonés / Leonés-Castellano [Spanish-Leonese / Leonese-Spanish Dictionary] (in Spanish), La Asociación L'Alderique, 2012–2026

From Latin pānis, pānem.

• IPA^(key): /paŋː/

pan m (invariable)

1. bread

Borrowed from Middle Low German panne.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑn/, [ˈpɑnː]

pan

1. pan (vessel for frying food)

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “pan”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[6] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

From Latin pānis, pānem.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpãː/, /ˈpaŋ/

pan m (invariable)

1. bread

Borrowed from Spanish pan.

• (Standard Maguindanaon) IPA^(key): /ˈpan/ [ˈpaɳ]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: pan

pan

1. bread

pan

1. grandmother

pan

1. nonstandard spelling of pān
2. nonstandard spelling of pán
3. nonstandard spelling of pǎn
4. nonstandard spelling of pàn

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

pan

1. alternative form of panne (“pan”)

pan

1. alternative form of pane (“fabric, fur; a portion”)

From Old Occitan pan, from Latin pānis, pānem.

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pan m (plural pans)

1. bread

• pan cogon

• panier

From Latin pannus.

pan oblique singular, m (oblique plural pans, nominative singular pans, nominative plural pan)

1. bit; piece; part
2. (specifically) a piece of armor

   Et de l'hauberc li runpirent les pans

   They broke apart parts of his armor

• panel

• French: pan
• → Middle English: pane, pan, panne, payn
  • English: pane
    • → Japanese: ペイン (pein)
  • Scots: pane, peen
  • → Irish: pána

• Frédéric Godefroy (1880–1902), “pan”, in Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle […], Paris: F[riedrich] Vieweg; Émile Bouillon, →OCLC.

• pam, pã

Inherited from Latin pānem. Cognate with Old Spanish pan.

pan m (plural pães)

1. bread quotations ▼
   • a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 95 (facsimile):

     Aquel ſantome […] nunca carne comia nen pan nen bocado / ſe non q[ua]ndo con cĩjſa Era Meſturado

     That holy man […] never ate a mouthful of meat nor bread / except when it was mixed with ashes.

2. (metonymic) wheat; cereals synonym ▲

   Synonym: triigo

• Fala: pan
• Galician: pan
• Portuguese: pão
  • Guinea-Bissau Creole: pon
  • Kabuverdianu: pom
  • Korlai Creole Portuguese: pãw
  • Kristang: pang
  • Papiamentu: pan
  • → Bengali: পাঁউরুটি (pãuruṭi)
  • → Burmese: ပေါင်မုန့် (paungmun.) (compounded with မုန့် (mun., “snack”))
  • → Gujarati: પાઉં (pāũ), પાંઉ (pā̃u)
  • ⇒ Hindi: पावरोटी (pāvroṭī)
  • → Japanese: パン (pan)
    • → Ainu: パン (pan)
    • → Amis: epang
    • → Bunun: paang
    • → Hakka: 麭 / 𮮆 (pháng)
    • → Hokkien: 麭 / 𮮆 (pháng)
    • → Korean: 빵 (ppang)
    • → Paiwan: pang
    • → Rukai: pange
    • → Saaroa: pangʉ
  • → Kadiwéu: paon
  • → Korean: 빵 (ppang)
  • → Makalero: paun (“bread”)
  • → Malay: paung
  • → Marathi: पाव (pāv)
  • → Nheengatu: pãu
  • → Sinhalese: පාන් (pān)
  • → Tamil: பாண் (pāṇ)
  • → Tetum: paun
  • → Thai: ปัง (bpang)

• Ferreiro, Manuel (2014–2026), “pan”, in Universo Cantigas: edición crítica da poesía medieval galego-portuguesa [Universo Cantigas: critical edition of Galician-Portuguese medieval poetry] (in Galician), A Coruña: University of A Coruña, →ISSN
• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “pan”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “pan”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gъpanъ. First attested in the 13th century. Displaced gospodzin.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /paːn/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /pɒn/

pan m pers (female equivalent pani or panna)

1. (attested in Greater Poland) lord (master of a feudal manor) quotations ▼
   • 1881-1882 [1293], Max Perlbach, editor, Pommerellisches Urkundenbuch‎^[7], page 451:

     Pan Andreas castellanus Danensis

     [Pan Andreas castellanus Danensis]

   • 1959 [1399], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 368, Poznań:

     Esze Boguchna otkaszala Potrkovi dacz swego posagu panu posnanskemu trzinaczcze grziwni

     [Eże Boguchna otkazała Piotrkowi dać swego posagu panu poznańskiemu trzynaćcie grzywny]

2. ducal or princely official quotations ▼
   • 1874 [1275], Monumenta Medii Aevi Historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia. Pomniki Dziejowe Wieków Średnich do objaśnienia rzeczy polskich służące‎^[8], volume IX, page 136:

     Omnesque eius (sc. monasterii) villas... cum... incolis... a domino custodie, qui dicitur vlg. pan stroze vel stroznj, semper facimus liberos

     [Omnesque eius (sc. monasterii) villas... cum... incolis... a domino custodie, qui dicitur vlg. pan stroże vel strożny, semper facimus liberos]

3. (more specifically) beaver official (ducal lord or acting official in charge of beavers, the mammal) synonym ▲quotations ▼

   Synonym: bobrownik

   • 1874 [1275], Monumenta Medii Aevi Historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia. Pomniki Dziejowe Wieków Średnich do objaśnienia rzeczy polskich służące‎^[9], volume IX, page 136:

     Dominus castorum dictus wlgo pan bobrowi

     [Dominus castorum dictus wlgo pan bobrowi]

4. (attested in Lesser Poland, Silesia) dignitary quotations ▼
   • 1864 [14th/15th century], August Bielowski, editor, Monumenta Poloniae Historica. Pomniki Dziejowe Polski‎^[10], volume II, page 468:

     Dicitur pan in Slavonico maior dominus... Xandz autem maior est quam pan, veluti princeps et superior rex

     [Dicitur pan in Slavonico maior dominus... Ksiądz autem maior est quam pan, veluti princeps et superior rex]

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 11b:

     A *szaprafdocz na tem tho svecze malo takich kaplanof nadze ('najdzie')..., chos bycz ony krole, xøszøtha y tesze pany bogathe o gich sloscz karaly ge

     [A zaprawdęć na tem to świecie mało takich kapłanow nadzie ('najdzie')..., coż być oni krole, książęta y teże pany bogate o jich złość karali je]

   • 1885-2024 [c. 15th century], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne‎^[11], volume III, Wrocław, page 289:

     Czelny panowye barones

     [Czelni panowie barones]

5. dignitary of property quotations ▼
   • 1462-1463, Wiersz o zabiciu Andrzeja Tęczyńskiego‎^[12], line 2:

     Pana swego wyelkyego, choragyewnego, zabylyszcze, chlopy!

     [Pana swego wielkiego, chorągiewnego, zabiliście, chłopy!]

6. (military) cavalry officer quotations ▼
   • 1874-1891 [Fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎^{[13], [14], [15]}, volume XLVII, page 359:

     Filius tribuni chorøsznego pana

     [Filius tribuni chorążnego pana]

7. (attested in Greater Poland) nobleman quotations ▼
   • 1930 [c. 1455], “Judith”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎^{transliteration, transcription}, section 5,26:

     Y stalo syø gdisz Achior przestal mowyenya slow swich, roznyewaly syø wszitcy wyelyci panowye (omnes magnates) Olofernovy

     [I stało się gdyż Achior przestał mowienia słow swych, rozniewali się wszytcy wielicy panowie (omnes magnates) Olofernowi]

   • 1908 [c. 1500], Bolesław Erzepki, editor, Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego. I. Glosy polskie wpisane do łacińsko-niemieckiego słownika drukowanego w roku 1490‎^[16], Lubiń, page 62:

     Optimas stoleczny pan

     [Optimas stołeczny pan]

8. (in the plural, law, attested in Greater Poland) court officials quotations ▼
   • 1959 [1398], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 362, Poznań:

     Iako Sandziuoy starosta wmovil medzi mnø a medzi Sczepanem, esz ne mal na mø niyednego roku stacz nisz przet timi pani, czso sø nameneni

     [Jako Sędziwoj starosta umowił miedzy mną a miedzy Szczepanem, eż nie miał na mię nijednego roku stać niż przed tymi pany, czso są namienieni]

9. (attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) lord (one possessing similar mastery over others; any feudal superior generally; any nobleman or aristocrat; any chief, prince, or sovereign ruler) quotations ▼
   • 1959 [1398], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 381, Poznań:

     Yssze Marczin ne odmouil Yana szoltisa od rok za swego pana, za Wolwrama

     [Iże Marcin nie odmowił Jana sołtysa od rok za swego pana, za Wolwrama]

   • 1967 [1424], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 1048, Kościan:

     Jaco pan dzedziczny Dzbansky dal Janowy mlin czynicz w dzedzyczstwo

     [Jako pan dziedziczny Dzbąski dał Janowi młyn czynić w dziedzicstwo]

   • 1885-2024 [c. 1428], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne‎^[17], volume I, Międzyrzec, Warsaw, page 487:

     Dobrowolne panowe ffeodales

     [Dobrowolne panowie ffeodales]

   • 1875 [c. 1455-1460], Zygmunt Celichowski, editor, Słowniczek łacińsko- polski wyrazów prawa magdeburskiego z wieku XV. Przedruk homograficzny z kodeksu kórnickiego‎^[18], page 7:

     Liber (sc. dominus) wolny pan

     [Liber (sc. dominus) wolny pan]

10. (attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) title of respect or formality often used with nobility or officials quotations ▼
    • 1959 [1395], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 187, Poznań:

      Tedi *rzegk pan Hinczka

      [Tedy rzek[ł] pan Hynczka]

    • 1959 [1395], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 187, Poznań:

      Jako do Vtroszina... przigeli, taco rzecli gednacze pana Hinczkoui

      [Jako do [J]utroszyna... przyjeli, tako rzekli jednacze pana Hynczkowi]

    • 1959 [1399], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 378, Poznań:

      Pani Poluiczska Hanka ma postauicz zachoczczø przecziw Potraszoui Czepurskemu pana choranszego Paska

      [Pani Polwicska Hanka ma postawić zachodźcę przeciw Piotraszowi Czepurskiemu pana chorążego Paszka]

    • 1959 [1400], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 433, Poznań:

      Iaco to swatczø, iz pan sandza o tø rzecz alisz po trzech *ledzech zalowal na Troyana

      [Jako to świadczę, iż pan sędzia o tę rzecz aliż po trzech leciech żałował na Trojana]

    • 1959 [1401], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 522, Poznań:

      Iacom sø ne zamowil prze[d] pani Czarnkowskimi Janoui praw bich (leg. być) *vsm krziwen

      [Jakom się nie zamowił prze[d] pany Czarnkowskimi Janowi praw być ośm krzywien]

    • 1959 [1411], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 835, Poznań:

      Yaco gdy pan Jan Czepurski wyprawil Splawskego s gysczyny, tedi go ne gabal prawem, asz trsy latha mynøly

      [Jaco gdy pan Jan Czepurski wyprawił Spławskiego z jiściny, tedy go nie gabał prawem, aż trzy lata minęły]

    • 1959 [1419], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 979, Poznań:

      Yaco Newstąmp Swekoczsky szedl na pana Janową lanka Potrowskego gwaltem

      [Jako Nieustęp Świekocski szedł na pana Janowę łąkę Piotrowskiego gwałtem]

    • 1959 [1422], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 1117, Poznań:

      Ysze pąn Jaroslaw sz Lubacowa, podkomorze, ne yest vinouat... czterdczesczy grzyven... sza woly

      [Iże pan Jarosław z Lubiatowa, podkomorze, nie jest winowat... czterdzieści grzywien... za woły]

    • 1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 72:

      Vstawyenye przes oswyeczonego ksządza pana Wlodzyslawa (per serenissimum regem Vladislaum), krola polskego, ... w Krakowye... wywolane

      [Ustawienie przez oświeconego księdza pana Włodzisława (per serenissimum regem Vladislaum), krola polskiego, ... w Krakowie... wywołane]

11. (attested in Greater Poland) lord, master (male head of a household, a father or husband) quotations ▼
    • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, number 104, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

      Postawil gyey panem (constituit eum dominum) domu swego y ksødzem wszego bydla swego

      [Postawił jej panem (constituit eum dominum) domu swego i księdzem wszego bydła swego]

    • 1853 [Fifteenth century], Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Piśmiennictwo polskie od czasów najdawniejszych aż do roku 1830, volume 4, Rogoźno, page 44:

      Ktho tho wsdruschy, dyabel bandzye pan gego duschi

      [Kto to wzdruszy, diabeł będzie pan jego duszy]

12. husband (male member of a marriage) synonym ▲quotations ▼

    Synonym: mąż

    • 1959 [1386], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 4, Poznań:

      Item domina de Czepury prestabit iuramentum...: Jaco yest moy pan ne uinouat Sulcoui trzinaczcze grziwen za Czepuri

      [Item domina de Czepury prestabit iuramentum...: Jako jest moj pan nie winowat Sułkowi trzynaćcie grzywien za Czepury]

13. (attested in Lesser Poland) Lord (title of God) quotations ▼
    • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, number 102, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

      Blogoslawcze panv (domino) wszyczki syly yego

      [Błogosławcie Panu (domino) wszyćki siły jego]

• Polish: pan
  • → Lithuanian: põnas
  • → Samogitian: puons
  • → Yiddish: פּאַן (pan)
• Silesian: pōn
• → Old East Slavic: панъ (panŭ) (13ᵗʰ c.)
  • Old Ruthenian: панъ (pan) (14ᵗʰ c.)
    • Belarusian: пан (pan)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: пан (pan)
    • Ukrainian: пан (pan)
    • → Middle Russian: панъ (pan) (16ᵗʰ c.)
      • Russian: пан (pan)

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “pan”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Inherited from Latin pānis.

pan m (plural panes)

1. bread quotations ▼
   • c. 1140, Cantar de myo Çid [Song of my Cid]; transcription by Per Abbat‎^[19]1207, folio 7v, lines 343–346:

     Por tr͠ra andidiſte xxxij años ſeñor ſp͠al
     Moſtrando los miracꝉos por en auemos q̃ fablar
     Del agua feziſt vino ⁊ dela piedra p͠n
     Reſuçiteſt a lazaro ca fue tu voluntad

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

From Spanish pan.

pan

1. bread

From Latin pānis, pānem.

• IPA^(key): /paŋ/

pan m

1. bread

Borrowed from Spanish pan.

pan

1. bread

• Boas, Franz (July 1917), “El Dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca”, in International Journal of American Linguistics (in Spanish), volume 1, number 1, →DOI, →JSTOR, pages 9–44

Inherited from Old Polish pan.

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• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: pan
• Homophones: Pan, PAN, pan-

pan m pers (female equivalent pani, diminutive panek, augmentative panisko, abbreviation p. or pp.)

1. gentleman, man (specific male person, especially one unknown to the speaker)

   Jakiś pan mi pomógł. ― A certain gentleman helped me.

2. master, lord (person with power over something)
3. sir (rich, well-presenting person) synonym ▲

   Synonym: panisko

4. lord (master of a house)
5. teacher synonym ▲

   Synonym: nauczyciel

6. master (owner of a household pet)
7. Mr, mister (title before a last name)
8. (Middle Polish) husband (male member of a marriage) synonym ▲

   Synonym: mąż

9. (Middle Polish) protector synonym ▲

   Synonym: protektor

10. (Middle Polish) owner synonym ▲

    Synonym: właściciel

11. (Chełmno) father synonym ▲

    Synonym: ojciec

• → Lithuanian: põnas
• → Samogitian: puons
• → Yiddish: פּאַן (pan)

pan m (feminine pani)

1. you polite second person m-personal nominative, it takes verbs as third-person sg form coordinate terms ▲

   Coordinate terms: pani, państwo

   Czy mógłby pan zamknąć drzwi? ― Could you close the door?

• Appendix:Polish pronouns

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), pan is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 7 times in scientific texts, 10 times in news, 12 times in essays, 373 times in fiction, and 1417 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 1819 times, making it the 22nd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

• pan in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• pan in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “pan”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “PAN”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 19.11.2009
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “pan”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “pan”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “pan”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 30
• pan in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
• Gustaw Pobłocki (1887), “pan”, in Słownik kaszubski z dodatkiem idyotyzmów chełmińskich i kociewskich (in Polish), 2 edition, Chełmno, page 137
• Stanisław Ciszewski (1916), “pan”, in “Przyczynek do słownika gwary wielkopolskiej”, in Prace Filologiczne‎^[20] (in Polish), volume 8, z. 1, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 96

• paun (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter)
• pàn (Sutsilvan)
• pang (Surmiran)

From Latin pānis, pānem.

pan m (plural pans)

1. (Vallader, uncountable) bread
2. (Vallader, countable) loaf of bread

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle pannin, simple past and past participle panned)

1. (slang) break, smash (particularly of windows)

   Eh'm gonnae pan yer windaes in! ― I'm going to smash your windows!

pan

1. home, homestead, compound, abode, village, country

• Dinka-English Dictionary‎^[21], 2005

Inherited from Old Spanish pan, from Latin pānem, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to feed, to graze”). Compare Catalan pa, French pain, Galician pan, Italian pane, Occitan pan, Portuguese pão, and Romanian pâine. Cognate with English company and pantry.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpan/ [ˈpãn]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: pan

pan m (plural panes)

1. bread (food made by baking cereal dough) quotations ▼

   Para mi desayuno, tomo pan y leche.

   For my breakfast, I have bread and milk.

   • 1591, Richard Percyuall, “Pan”, in Bibliotheca Hispanica. Containg a Grammar, with a Dictionaire in Spanish, English, and Latine […] (in Early Modern English), London: Iohn Iackson, page 192:

     Pan, corne, bread, wheate, Panis, triticum.

     Pan, corn, bread, wheat, Panis, triticum.

   1. bun (such as the kind used on a hamburger or hot dog)
2. (figurative) money, dough
3. (figurative) work, job

• “pan”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

By surface analysis, pa (“to be coming”) +‎ -n (subordinative suffix).

pan

1. indefinite subordinative of pa

• Rementer, Jim with Pearson, Bruce L. (2005), “pan”, in Grant Leneaux, Raymond Whritenour, editors, The Lenape Talking Dictionary, The Lenape Language Preservation Project

From Latin pānis, pānem. Compare Italian pane and Neapolitan pane.

• IPA^(key): /paŋ/, /pan/

pan m (plural pani)

1. bread

From Latin pānem.

• IPA^(key): /pɑ̃/

pan m (plural pans)

1. bread

From Proto-Celtic *kʷani, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷís (interrogative pronoun). Cognate with Cornish pan (“when”, conjunction) Breton pa (“when”, conjunction), and Scottish Gaelic cuin (“when?”). Compare also Latin quando (“when?”), Proto-Germanic *hwan (“when?”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /pan/
• Rhymes: -an

pan

1. when, while synonyms ▲

   Synonyms: amser, pryd

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish pan.

• IPA^(key): [paŋ]

pan

1. bread

• Hall, Katherine Lee (1988), The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, page 216: “All nasal phonemes occur syllable finally but not in word-final position, except for the nasal velar allophone [ŋ] of the phoneme /n/ which appears word-finally in lexical items borrowed from Spanish (paŋ 'bread', […] ).”

Borrowed from Spanish pan (“bread”).

pan

1. bread

pan

1. thin

• Lukram Himmat Singh (2013), A Descriptive Grammar of Zou (PhD thesis), Canchipur: Manipur University, page 45