Draft:Radio Corax

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Radio Corax is a non-commercial, participatory community radio station based in Halle (Saale), Germany, operated by the non-profit association Corax e.V., which was founded in 1993 to establish a free, open-access broadcasting platform, with official FM transmission launching on July 1, 2000, at 95.9 MHz.^[1][2][3] As a freies Radio (free radio), it provides 24-hour programming focused on local content, cultural diversity, and media education, prioritizing contributions from underrepresented voices while enforcing content guidelines that exclude discriminatory or extremist material to foster inclusive dialogue.^[4][5][6] The station's model emphasizes volunteer involvement and open studios, enabling diverse groups—such as artists, activists, and local initiatives—to produce shows on topics ranging from music and politics to social issues, thereby serving as a counterpoint to commercial media in the region.^[7][1]

The origins of Radio Corax trace back to pirate radio broadcasts in Ammendorf during the 1970s. Corax e.V. was founded in September 1993 as a non-profit association by contributors to the leftist magazine ''Subbotnik'' and amateur radio enthusiasts, with the primary goal of establishing a free, non-commercial radio station in Halle (Saale), Germany. The association's initial provisional studio was established in 1994 at the self-managed cultural center La Bim.^[1][8] The initiative emerged from local activists seeking to counter dominant broadcasting models through participatory media, rooted in Bertolt Brecht's vision of radio as an interactive communication apparatus rather than a one-way medium.^[9] Ideological foundations also drew from anarchist principles emphasizing decentralized, self-managed media production, aligning with broader European free radio movements that challenged state and commercial monopolies. Early efforts focused on building community networks and technical know-how, including experimental broadcasts to demonstrate the feasibility of open-access programming. In the mid-1990s, members contributed to programs on existing citizen radio platforms and conducted lobbying campaigns throughout the 1990s that influenced amendments to Saxony-Anhalt's broadcasting law in 1996, advocating for non-commercial local frequencies.^[10][1] These activities extended to pirate radio actions in the late 1990s, such as temporary transmissions during the 1997 student strikes, which highlighted demands for media democratization and tested content on university, ecological, and anti-fascist themes.^[1] Such pre-legal initiatives laid groundwork for the station's formalized launch.

Precursors to Radio Corax's formal operations included illegal pirate radio activities spanning the 1970s to 1990s. In the 1970s, an unauthorized UKW transmitter broadcast Frank Zappa music from Ammendorf, a wagon manufacturing site later associated with Bombardier, with additional pirate transmissions originating from the city center near the current MDR location.^[1] During the 1990s, pirate actions supported student strikes in winter 1997, the Schrägstrich festival in 1997, and counter-demonstrations against a Nazi march in Leipzig in 1998.^[1] Following the station's founding in 1993, these grassroots efforts evolved into advocacy for non-commercial community radio amid limited frameworks in eastern Germany’s media landscape. Regulatory hurdles involved lobbying from 1993, including workshops supported by the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, written proposals, and participation in hearings.^[1] The 1991 Rundfunkgesetz Sachsen-Anhalt was criticized as a poorly copied version of Niedersachsen's law, retaining errors such as references to Hannover instead of Magdeburg or Halle.^[11] Amendments in 1996 and 1997, facilitated in part by figures like Matthias Weiland of the Greens, enabled non-commercial local radio (NKL) provisions.^[1] Delays persisted due to the Landesmedienanstalt prioritizing commercial projects before issuing the NKL statute on November 5, 1998. Despite a positive evaluation, over 100 supporter signatures, and being the sole applicant in Halle, Corax's license was denied in 1998 on grounds of insufficient facilities, a rationale criticized as pretextual since funding typically followed licensing.^[1][11] On September 1, 1999, the Medienanstalt Sachsen-Anhalt granted Corax e.V. its initial license for non-commercial local radio (NKL), enabling licensed operations in Halle.^[12] The station launched its official FM broadcasts at 11:55 on July 1, 2000, on 95.9 MHz with an initial transmission power of 600 W (later increased to 1 kW) from the Petersberg transmitter, marking the end of its pre-legal phase and the beginning of continuous, authorized programming.^[13] This milestone was facilitated by partnerships with broadcast infrastructure providers to handle technical distribution.^[1]

Radio Corax transmits on the FM frequency of 95.90 MHz (UKW) with a transmitter power of 1 kW located on the Petersberg north of Halle.^[1][14] The station is also distributed via cable networks, including analog signals at 96.25 MHz on Muth and 99.90 MHz on S+K ServiceKabel, as well as digital DVB-C carriage on PŸUR at 474 MHz and Vodafone Kabel Deutschland at 466 MHz. Additionally, an internet livestream is available via streaming.fueralle.org in various MP3 quality levels.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Radio Corax primarily covers Halle (Saale) and surrounding areas in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, through its FM transmission.^[3] It is also available via online livestream distributed through Icecast servers hosted by Datenkollektiv Dresden.^[19] On-demand access to music shows, which include GEMA-licensed content, is provided via Mixcloud,^[20] while journalistic contributions are archived in the mediathek of the Freie Radios exchange portal.^[21] The station operates as a non-commercial local broadcaster, emphasizing regional accessibility without advertising.^[22] Its distribution is regulated under a license issued by the Medienanstalt Sachsen-Anhalt, ensuring focused community reach via terrestrial FM as the main method.^[23]

Radio Corax is operated by Corax e.V., a registered association (eingetragener Verein) entered in the register at the District Court Stendal under VR 21137.^[24] The highest decision-making body of the association is the Members' Assembly (Mitgliederversammlung), which oversees key strategic matters.^[25] Executive functions are carried out by the Board of Directors (Vorstand), whose current members include Chairperson Stephanie Scholz, Deputy Lena Ulrich, Treasurer Benno Werlich, Steffen Hendel, Philine Lewek, Udo Israel, and Wolf Blümel.^[26][27] The association also maintains an Advisory Council (Beirat) for consultative input and a Business Management (Geschäftsführung) for operational oversight.^[25]

Radio Corax's daily operations and specialized projects are managed by a team of coordinators focused on key areas. Ulrike Menne oversees finance and communication, ensuring administrative and outreach functions run smoothly.^[26] Max Friedrich handles volunteer coordination and public relations, supporting the station's community engagement efforts.^[26] The daily editorial team is led by Aljoscha Hartmann and Clara Hoffmann, who manage content production and scheduling.^[26] Program and project coordination falls to Alex Körner and Sarah Lauer, directing initiatives and broadcasts.^[26] Technical operations are coordinated by Daniel Ott, including equipment maintenance and training.^[26] Specialized projects include youth radio efforts guided by Max Schulz and Valentin Endraß, focusing on media education for younger participants.^[26] The multilingual Common Voices Radio is coordinated by Johanna Fischer and Ousmane Faye, promoting diverse language programming.^[26] Inclusive initiatives under Irre:Leicht are led by Marcus-Andreas Mohr and Annett Pfützner, emphasizing accessibility.^[26] These roles operate under oversight by the station's board.^[26]

Radio Corax positions itself as a participatory and emancipatory community radio station, prioritizing open involvement from diverse contributors over professional gatekeeping and rejecting commercial advertising to preserve editorial independence.^[5] This model draws on principles of collective media production, enabling local residents to create and broadcast content without financial barriers.^[28] The station's statutes outline its core purposes in §2, focusing on non-commercial local broadcasting that fosters radio education, supports youth welfare, promotes international understanding, preserves local culture, advances equal opportunities, protects the environment, ensures independent access to information, amplifies voices of underrepresented groups, and upholds autonomy from political parties, religious denominations, or institutional influences.^[25] Central to its access model is the provision of production facilities and airtime to all interested parties, embodying an emancipatory goal of countering discrimination through solidary, inclusive association and empowering marginalized communities to shape public discourse.^[5] This approach reflects influences from Bertolt Brecht's vision of radio as a two-way medium and anarchist traditions of horizontal organization, adapting them to contemporary community media practices.^[29]

Radio Corax enforces strict exclusions on fascist, racist, and sexist ideas as outlined in §3 of its statutes and §9 of the house rules, ensuring that programming adheres to boundaries against discriminatory content.^[25] These restrictions embody the paradox of tolerance, where an open platform must curtail intolerant ideologies to safeguard its participatory ethos and prevent the erosion of communal values. While prioritizing access for underrepresented groups, the station cultivates competition-free solidarity, balancing inclusivity with firm ideological safeguards to maintain a supportive environment for diverse voices. Open access provides the framework enabling this model, allowing broad participation within defined limits.^[30]

Radio Corax's public funding is primarily provided by the Medienanstalt Sachsen-Anhalt, with operational grants rising from €174,788.59 in 2019 to €186,098.00 in 2023, technology allocations decreasing slightly from €3,095.00 to €2,500.00, and project-specific support increasing from €0.00 to €23,951.48 over the period. Additional contributions come from the City of Halle (€20,000.00 in 2019–2020, escalating to €23,000.00 in 2022–2023), the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) Student Body (€19,240.00 annually from 2019–2022, to €19,242.00 in 2023), and the State Youth Office, reaching €4,320.00 by 2023. Overall, these inflows totaled €220,003.59 in 2019 and grew to €259,111.48 in 2023, surpassing €1.1 million across the five years. Project funding draws from sources including the Deutsche Fernsehlotterie, Aktion Mensch, and Fonds Soziokultur.^[31]

Radio Corax, operated by the non-profit Corax e.V., sustains itself partly through membership fees from individuals and supporting entities, which form a key internal mechanism in its community-driven model alongside public funding.^[32][33] Ordinary members who are employed contribute a minimum of €60 annually, while reduced rates of €36 per year apply to students, the unemployed, and similar groups. Legal entities and supporting members pay at least €80 yearly, with provisions for reductions upon application to the board.^[33][32] In addition to membership fees, Radio Corax has employed fundraising campaigns for operational expansions. Starting in 2021, the station rented additional rooms at Unterberg 11, funded through a campaign seeking "Raumpatinnen" (space patrons) who contributed monthly fees of at least €6 to finance approximately 100 m² of new space for editorial, workshop, and event purposes, securing over 70 patrons by January 2021. Supporter funds in 2021 exceeded €14,800, with €6,500 allocated to renovating and equipping the new and existing premises.^[34][35]

Radio Corax was nominated for the Grimme Online Award in 2021 for its podcast series "Halle nach dem Anschlag," which provided in-depth coverage and reflections on the aftermath of the October 2019 antisemitic attack on the synagogue in Halle.^[36][37] This recognition highlighted the station's role in journalistic documentation of local crises and community resilience. As a member of the Bundesverband Freier Radios, Radio Corax participates in national efforts to advocate for community media and free radio initiatives across Germany.^[38][39] The station's programming promotes local culture by amplifying underrepresented voices, including through multilingual workshops on migration and historical remembrance that engage migrants and refugees.^[40] Its participatory access model has fostered broader public impact by enabling diverse contributors to shape content, contributing to democratic discourse in Halle and beyond.^[41]

Radio Corax has faced criticism for its reliance on public funding from the city of Halle, which some argue undermines its claims of independence as a non-commercial community station. Annual subsidies, such as the 23,000 euros approved by the cultural committee in 2021, have been contested by parties like the AfD and FDP, who question the use of taxpayer money for content perceived as ideologically biased.^[42][43] The AfD has specifically accused Radio Corax of serving as a platform for left-wing extremism, citing programs like "Antifa-News" that criticize conservative parties and align with groups monitored by constitutional protection authorities. This has sparked debates on whether the station's open access model tolerates content that agitates against established political positions, creating tensions between its participatory ethos and boundaries against discriminatory ideologies.^[44][42] These external critiques highlight a perceived paradox in Radio Corax's operations: dependence on state resources for sustainability contrasts with its emphasis on autonomy, while selective exclusions in programming—such as limits on certain viewpoints—challenge the purity of its open-channel principles established post-2000. Local politicians from across the spectrum, including Greens and SPD, have engaged in council debates over these issues, though funding has persisted amid broader discussions on cultural support.^[45][46]

1. https://radiocorax.de/about-corax/history/
2. https://radiocorax.de/im-september-feiern-wir-25-jahre-corax-e-v/
3. https://onlineradiobox.com/de/radiocorax/?lang=en
4. https://radiocorax.de/
5. https://indiere.eu/index.php/2/partner/radio-corax-halle-germany
6. https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/mars/Source/Resources/Human/CHRISTIANSEN_Robert.pdf
7. https://radiocorax.de/about-corax/statut/charter-of-corax/
8. https://radiocorax.de/images/stories/bildmaterial/CORAX_Sept13_web.pdf
9. http://mobile-radio.net/RADIO_REVOLTEN_30_days_of_radio_art.pdf
10. https://mmm.verdi.de/medienwirtschaft/schon-entdeckt-radio-corax-7321/
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20010202201900/http://radiocorax.de/mag.htm
12. https://medienanstalt-sachsen-anhalt.de/upload/Infothek/Transparenz/2019-08-28_EBL.pdf
13. https://radiocorax.de/25-jahre-radio-in-bewegung-25-jahre-radio-corax-1-7-2000/
14. https://www.ukwtv.de/cms/deutschland-sf/sachsen-anhalt-sf.html
15. https://radiocorax.de/wp-content/uploads/CORAX_PZ_schema_Nov25_web.pdf
16. https://radiocorax.de/images/stories/bildmaterial/corax_feb11.pdf
17. https://radiocorax.de/programm/empfangen-ukw-frequenz-kabel/
18. https://radiocorax.de/webplayer/
19. https://streaming.fueralle.org
20. https://www.mixcloud.com/radiocorax/
21. https://www.freie-radios.net/portal/archiv.php?radio=corax
22. https://medienanstalt-sachsen-anhalt.de/radio-tv/radio/nichtkommerzielle-lokalradios/radio-corax.html
23. https://radiocorax.de/in-eigener-sache-lizenz-bis-2035-verlaengert/
24. https://radiocorax.de/impressum/
25. https://radiocorax.de/about-corax/statut/satzung/
26. https://radiocorax.de/about-corax/team-vorstand-betrieb-beirat-link-zu-sendungsmacher_innen/
27. https://www.djv.de/news/offene-briefe/keine-kuerzungen-beim-mdr/
28. https://monoskop.org/Community_radio
29. https://www.earlid.org/posts/radios-art/
30. https://radiocorax.de/vereinssatzung/
31. https://radiocorax.de/about-corax/foerderer/
32. https://radiocorax.de/about-corax/statut/beitragssatzung/
33. https://radiocorax.de/beitragssatzung/
34. https://radiocorax.de/raumpatinnen-gesucht/
35. https://radiocorax.de/foerder-freundeskreis/
36. https://radiocorax.de/senderreihe-halle-nach-dem-anschlag-fuer-den-grimme-online-award-2021-nominiert/
37. https://www.grimme-online-award.de/archiv/2021/nominierte/n/d/halle-nach-dem-anschlag
38. https://zzf-potsdam.de/en/Library/Newsletter/13-2020-radio-archives
39. https://radiocorax.de/tag/bfr/
40. https://www.stiftung-evz.de/en/what-we-support/migration-and-culture-of-remembrance/
41. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344617476_Community_radio_democratic_participation_and_the_public_sphere
42. https://dubisthalle.de/afd-will-keine-foerderung-fuer-das-linksextreme-radio-corax
43. https://dubisthalle.de/75-000-euro-staedtische-foerdermittel-fuer-radio-corax-fdp-wollte-mittel-wegen-linkextremer-projekte-streichen
44. https://www.afd-stadtratsfraktion-halle.de/radio-corax-propagandaorgan-der-linksextremisten-soll-mit-staedtischen-steuereinnahmen-gemaestet-werden/
45. https://www.hallelife.de/nachrichten/aktuelles/details-aktuelles/radio-corax-und-der-linksextremismus/
46. https://www.mz.de/lokal/halle-saale/hat-alternatives-radio-in-halle-forderung-von-der-stadt-verdient-4104659