Download started
OkCorrection:
Errata
June 26, 2025
References
1.
GBD 2021 Osteoarthritis Collaborators
Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990–2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Lancet Rheumatol. 2023; 5:e508-e522
2.
Hao, Z ∙ Wang, Y ∙ Wang, L ∙ et al.
Burden evaluation and prediction of osteoarthritis and site-specific osteoarthritis coupled with attributable risk factors in China from 1990 to 2030
Clin Rheumatol. 2024; 43:2061-2077
3.
Singh, A ∙ Das, S ∙ Chopra, A ∙ et al.
Burden of osteoarthritis in India and its states, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of disease study 2019
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2022; 30:1070-1078
4.
Yahaya, I ∙ Wright, T ∙ Babatunde, OO ∙ et al.
Prevalence of osteoarthritis in lower middle- and low-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rheumatol Int. 2021; 41:1221-1231
5.
Leifer, VP ∙ Katz, JN ∙ Losina, E
The burden of OA-health services and economics
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2022; 30:10-16
6.
Jin, X ∙ Liang, W ∙ Zhang, L ∙ et al.
Economic and humanistic burden of osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review of large sample studies
PharmacoEconomics. 2023; 41:1453-1467
7.
Allen, KD ∙ Thoma, LM ∙ Golightly, YM
Epidemiology of osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2022; 30:184-195
8.
Misra, D ∙ Fielding, RA ∙ Felson, DT ∙ et al.
Risk of knee osteoarthritis with obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and sarcopenia
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019; 71:232-237
9.
Øiestad, BE ∙ Juhl, CB ∙ Culvenor, AG ∙ et al.
Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including 46 819 men and women
Br J Sports Med. 2022; 56:349-355
10.
Gates, LS ∙ Perry, TA ∙ Golightly, YM ∙ et al.
Recreational physical activity and risk of incident knee osteoarthritis: an international meta-analysis of individual participant-level data
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022; 74:612-622
11.
De Roover, A ∙ Escribano-Núñez, A ∙ Monteagudo, S ∙ et al.
Fundamentals of osteoarthritis: inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023; 31:1303-1311
12.
Khor, A ∙ Ma, CA ∙ Hong, C ∙ et al.
Diabetes mellitus is not a risk factor for osteoarthritis
RMD Open. 2020; 6, e001030
13.
van Spil, WE ∙ Bierma-Zeinstra, SMA ∙ Deveza, LA ∙ et al.
A consensus-based framework for conducting and reporting osteoarthritis phenotype research
Arthritis Res Ther. 2020; 22:54
14.
Poulsen, E ∙ Goncalves, GH ∙ Bricca, A ∙ et al.
Knee osteoarthritis risk is increased 4–6 fold after knee injury—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Br J Sports Med. 2019; 53:1454-1463
15.
Deveza, LA ∙ Nelson, AE ∙ Loeser, RF
Phenotypes of osteoarthritis: current state and future implications
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019; 37:64-72
16.
Boer, CG ∙ Hatzikotoulas, K ∙ Southam, L ∙ et al.
Deciphering osteoarthritis genetics across 826,690 individuals from 9 populations
Cell. 2021; 184:6003-6005
17.
Henkel, C ∙ Styrkársdóttir, U ∙ Thorleifsson, G ∙ et al.
Genome-wide association meta-analysis of knee and hip osteoarthritis uncovers genetic differences between patients treated with joint replacement and patients without joint replacement
Ann Rheum Dis. 2023; 82:384-392
18.
Kun, E ∙ Javan, EM ∙ Smith, O ∙ et al.
The genetic architecture and evolution of the human skeletal form
Science. 2023; 381, eadf8009
19.
Styrkarsdottir, U ∙ Stefansdottir, L ∙ Thorleifsson, G ∙ et al.
Meta-analysis of erosive hand osteoarthritis identifies four common variants that associate with relatively large effect
Ann Rheum Dis. 2023; 82:873-880
20.
Zhu, L ∙ Kamalathevan, P ∙ Koneva, LA ∙ et al.
Variants in ALDH1A2 reveal an anti-inflammatory role for retinoic acid and a new class of disease-modifying drugs in osteoarthritis
Sci Transl Med. 2022; 14, eabm4054
21.
Kiełbowski, K ∙ Herian, M ∙ Bakinowska, E ∙ et al.
The role of genetics and epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis
Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24, 11655
22.
Ho, J ∙ Mak, CCH ∙ Sharma, V ∙ et al.
Mendelian randomization studies of lifestyle-related risk factors for osteoarthritis: a PRISMA review and meta-analysis
Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23, 11906
23.
Mukherjee, A ∙ Das, B
The role of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of osteoarthritis
Biomater Biosyst. 2024; 13, 100090
24.
Luo, P ∙ Yuan, Q ∙ Wan, X ∙ et al.
Effects of immune cells and cytokines on different cells in OA
J Inflamm Res. 2023; 16:2329-2343
25.
Beier, F
The impact of omics research on our understanding of osteoarthritis and future treatments
Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2023; 35:55-60
26.
Vincent, TL ∙ Alliston, T ∙ Kapoor, M ∙ et al.
Osteoarthritis pathophysiology: therapeutic target discovery may require a multifaceted approach
Clin Geriatr Med. 2022; 38:193-219
27.
Liu, L ∙ Tian, F ∙ Li, GY ∙ et al.
The effects and significance of gut microbiota and its metabolites on the regulation of osteoarthritis: close coordination of gut-bone axis
Front Nutr. 2022; 9, 1012087
28.
Shumnalieva, R ∙ Kotov, G ∙ Ermencheva, P ∙ et al.
Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obesity-related knee osteoarthritis
Biomedicines. 2023; 12:9
29.
Liu, Y ∙ Ding, W ∙ Wang, HL ∙ et al.
Gut microbiota and obesity-associated osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019; 27:1257-1265
30.
Tan, TC ∙ Chong, TKY ∙ Low, AHL ∙ et al.
Microbiome and osteoarthritis: new insights from animal and human studies
Int J Rheum Dis. 2021; 24:984-1003
31.
Bonato, A ∙ Zenobi-Wong, M ∙ Barreto, G ∙ et al.
A systematic review of microbiome composition in osteoarthritis subjects
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2022; 30:786-801
32.
van de Stadt, LA ∙ Haugen, IK ∙ Felson, D ∙ et al.
Prolonged morning stiffness is common in hand OA and does not preclude a diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023; 31:529-533
33.
Altman, R ∙ Asch, E ∙ Bloch, D ∙ et al.
Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee
Arthritis Rheum. 1986; 29:1039-1049
34.
Décary, S ∙ Ouellet, P ∙ Vendittoli, PA ∙ et al.
Reliability of physical examination tests for the diagnosis of knee disorders: evidence from a systematic review
Man Ther. 2016; 26:172-182
35.
Metcalfe, D ∙ Perry, DC ∙ Claireaux, HA ∙ et al.
Does this patient have hip osteoarthritis?: The rational clinical examination systematic review
JAMA. 2019; 322:2323-2333
36.
Wieczorek, M ∙ Rotonda, C ∙ Guillemin, F ∙ et al.
What have we learned from trajectory analysis of clinical outcomes in knee and hip osteoarthritis before surgery?
Arthritis Care Res. 2020; 72:1693-1702
37.
van der Meulen, C ∙ van de Stadt, LA ∙ Rosendaal, FR ∙ et al.
Determination and characterization of patient subgroups based on pain trajectories in hand osteoarthritis
Rheumatology. 2023; 62:3035-3042
38.
Thomas, MJ
Expanding and explaining symptoms in knee osteoarthritis trajectories: fluctuations, flares, and future directions
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023; 31:725-726
39.
Malfait, AM ∙ Miller, RE ∙ Miller, RJ
Basic mechanisms of pain in osteoarthritis: experimental observations and new perspectives
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2021; 47:165-180
40.
Vincent, TL ∙ Miller, RE
Molecular pathogenesis of OA pain: past, present, and future
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2024; 32:398-405
41.
Raja, SN ∙ Carr, DB ∙ Cohen, M ∙ et al.
The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises
Pain. 2020; 161:1976-1982
42.
Zolio, L ∙ Lim, KY ∙ McKenzie, JE ∙ et al.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of neuropathic-like pain and/or pain sensitization in people with knee and hip osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2021; 29:1096-1116
43.
Pincus, T ∙ Castrejon, I
Low socioeconomic status and patient questionnaires in osteoarthritis: challenges to a “biomedical model” and value of a complementary “biopsychosocial model”
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019; 37:18-23
44.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
Osteoarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management
45.
Roemer, FW ∙ Wirth, W ∙ Demehri, S ∙ et al.
Imaging biomarkers of osteoarthritis
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2024; 28:14-25
46.
Walsh, DA ∙ Sofat, N ∙ Guermazi, A ∙ et al.
Osteoarthritis bone marrow lesions
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023; 31:11-17
47.
Koppikar, S ∙ Diaz, P ∙ Kaeley, GS ∙ et al.
Seeing is believing: smart use of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology practice
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2023; 37, 101850
48.
Liu, B ∙ Xu, HY ∙ Zhang, R ∙ et al.
An update on clinical utility of musculoskeletal ultrasonography in knee osteoarthritis
J Ultrasound Med. 2023; 42:1413-1422
49.
Kloppenburg, M ∙ Kroon, FP ∙ Blanco, FJ ∙ et al.
2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis
Ann Rheum Dis. 2019; 78:16-24
50.
Kolasinski, SL ∙ Neogi, T ∙ Hochberg, MC ∙ et al.
2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020; 72:220-233
51.
Brophy, RH ∙ Fillingham, YA
AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline Summary: management of osteoarthritis of the knee (nonarthroplasty), third edition
J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022; 30:e721-e729
52.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
AAOS updates clinical practice guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hip
https://www.aaos.org/aaos-home/newsroom/press-releases/aaos-updates-clinical-practice-guideline-for-the-management-of-osteoarthritis-of-the-hip/
Date: Jan 23, 2024
Date accessed: November 15, 2024
53.
Bannuru, RR ∙ Osani, MC ∙ Vaysbrot, EE ∙ et al.
OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019; 27:1578-1589
54.
Goff, AJ ∙ de Oliveira Silva, D ∙ Ezzat, AM ∙ et al.
Knee osteoarthritis education interventions in published trials are typically unclear, not comprehensive enough, and lack robust development: ancillary analysis of a systematic review
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022; 52:276-286
55.
Chou, L ∙ Ellis, L ∙ Papandony, M ∙ et al.
Patients' perceived needs of osteoarthritis health information: a systematic scoping review
PLoS One. 2018; 13, e0195489
56.
Kwame, A ∙ Petrucka, PM
A literature-based study of patient-centered care and communication in nurse-patient interactions: barriers, facilitators, and the way forward
BMC Nurs. 2021; 20:158
57.
Kamilu Sulaiman, S ∙ Wong, AYL ∙ Liangchi Li, L ∙ et al.
The use of mobile health technology in the management of osteoarthritis: a scoping review with scientometric analyses
Int J Med Inform. 2023; 170, 104937
58.
Duong, V ∙ Robbins, SR ∙ Dennis, S ∙ et al.
Combined digital interventions for pain reduction in patients undergoing knee replacement: a randomized clinical trial
JAMA Netw Open. 2023; 6, e2333172
59.
Chu, IJH ∙ Lim, AYT ∙ Ng, CLW
Effects of meaningful weight loss beyond symptomatic relief in adults with knee osteoarthritis and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Obes Rev. 2018; 19:1597-1607
60.
Messier, SP ∙ Resnik, AE ∙ Beavers, DP ∙ et al.
Intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: is more better?
Arthritis Care Res. 2018; 70:1569-1575
61.
Daugaard, CL ∙ Hangaard, S ∙ Bartels, EM ∙ et al.
The effects of weight loss on imaging outcomes in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee in people who are overweight or obese: a systematic review
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020; 28:10-21
62.
Ekram, AR ∙ Cicuttini, FM ∙ Teichtahl, AJ ∙ et al.
Weight satisfaction, management strategies and health beliefs in knee osteoarthritis patients attending an outpatient clinic
Intern Med J. 2016; 46:435-442
63.
Puhl, RM ∙ Lessard, LM ∙ Pearl, RL ∙ et al.
International comparisons of weight stigma: addressing a void in the field
Int J Obes. 2021; 45:1976-1985
64.
Olson, CL ∙ Schumaker, HD ∙ Yawn, BP
Overweight women delay medical care
Arch Fam Med. 1994; 3:888-892
65.
Zhu, H ∙ Zhou, L ∙ Wang, Q ∙ et al.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a disease-modifying therapy for knee osteoarthritis mediated by weight loss: findings from the Shanghai Osteoarthritis Cohort
Ann Rheum Dis. 2023; 82:1218-1226
66.
Holden, MAH ∙ Hattle, M ∙ Runhaar, J ∙ et al.
Moderators of the effect of therapeutic exercise for knee and hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis
Lancet Rheumatol. 2023; 5:e386-e400
67.
Messier, SP ∙ Mihalko, SL ∙ Beavers, DP ∙ et al.
Effect of high-intensity strength training on knee pain and knee joint compressive forces among adults with knee osteoarthritis: the START randomized clinical trial
JAMA. 2021; 325:646-657
68.
Kraus, VB ∙ Sprow, K ∙ Powell, KE ∙ et al.
Effects of physical activity in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a systematic umbrella review
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019; 51:1324-1339
69.
Braaten, AD ∙ Hanebuth, C ∙ McPherson, H ∙ et al.
Social determinants of health are associated with physical therapy use: a systematic review
Br J Sports Med. 2021; 55:1293-1300
70.
Draper, CE ∙ Davidowitz, KJ ∙ Goedecke, JH
Perceptions relating to body size, weight loss and weight-loss interventions in black South African women: a qualitative study
Public Health Nutr. 2016; 19:548-556
71.
Jakiela, JT ∙ Waugh, EJ ∙ White, DK
Walk at least 10 minutes a day for adults with knee osteoarthritis: recommendation for minimal activity during the COVID-19 pandemic
J Rheumatol. 2021; 48:157-159
72.
Kibblewhite, JR ∙ Treharne, GJ ∙ Stebbings, SS ∙ et al.
Enjoyment of exercise among people with arthritis: an inductive thematic analysis
J Health Psychology. 2020; 25:766-779
73.
Arthritis Foundation
Walk with ease: your guide to walking for better health, improved fitness and less pain
Arthritis Foundation, 1999
74.
Zimmerman, ZE ∙ Cleveland, RJ ∙ Kostic, AM ∙ et al.
Walk with ease for knee osteoarthritis: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2023; 5, 100368
75.
Paterson, KL ∙ Bennell, KL ∙ Campbell, PK ∙ et al.
The effect of flat flexible versus stable supportive shoes on knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized trial
Ann Intern Med. 2021; 174:462-471
76.
Reichenbach, S ∙ Felson, DT ∙ Hincapié, CA ∙ et al.
Effect of biomechanical footwear on knee pain in people with knee osteoarthritis: the BIOTOK randomized clinical trial
JAMA. 2020; 323:1802-1812
77.
Holden, MA ∙ Callaghan, M ∙ Felson, D ∙ et al.
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of bracing in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis management: protocol for a multicentre, primary care, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial
BMJ Open. 2021; 11, e048196
78.
Deveza, LA ∙ Robbins, SR ∙ Duong, V ∙ et al.
Efficacy of a combination of conservative therapies vs an education comparator on clinical outcomes in thumb base osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial
JAMA Intern Med. 2021; 181:429-438
79.
Dziedzic, KS ∙ Healey, EL ∙ Porcheret, M ∙ et al.
Implementing core NICE guidelines for osteoarthritis in primary care with a model consultation (MOSAICS): a cluster randomised controlled trial
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018; 26:43-53
80.
Hunter, DJ ∙ Bowden, JL ∙ Hinman, RS ∙ et al.
Effectiveness of a new service delivery model for management of knee osteoarthritis in primary care: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Arthritis Care Res. 2023; 75:1320-1332
81.
Åkesson, KS ∙ Hansson, EE ∙ Pawlikowska, T ∙ et al.
Factors associated with empowerment after participating in a supported osteoarthritis self-management program: an explorative study
Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2024; 6, 100464
82.
Honvo, G ∙ Leclercq, V ∙ Geerinck, A ∙ et al.
Safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritis: outcomes of a systematic review and meta-analysis
Drugs Aging. 2019; 36:45-64
83.
Zeng, C ∙ Doherty, M ∙ Persson, MSM ∙ et al.
Comparative efficacy and safety of acetaminophen, topical and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for knee osteoarthritis: evidence from a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and real-world data
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2021; 29:1242-1251
84.
da Costa, BR ∙ Pereira, TV ∙ Saadat, P ∙ et al.
Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta-analysis
BMJ. 2021; 375, n2321
85.
Zeng, C ∙ Zhang, W ∙ Doherty, M ∙ et al.
Initial analgesic prescriptions for osteoarthritis in the United Kingdom, 2000–2016
Rheumatology. 2021; 60:147-159
86.
Selçuk, H ∙ Roos, EM ∙ Grønne, DT ∙ et al.
Agreement between self-reported information and administrative data on comorbidities, imaging and treatment in Denmark – a validation study of 38,745 patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis
Clin Epidemiol. 2021; 13:779-790
87.
Allen, KD ∙ Oddone, EZ ∙ Coffman, CJ ∙ et al.
Patient, provider, and combined interventions for managing osteoarthritis in primary care: a cluster randomized trial
Ann Intern Med. 2017; 166:401-411
88.
Yu, SP ∙ van Middelkoop, M ∙ Ferreira, ML ∙ et al.
The OA trial bank: update of individual patient data meta-analysis of intra-articular glucocorticoids in persons with knee and hip osteoarthritis
Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2023; 5, 100362
89.
Latourte, A ∙ Rat, AC ∙ Omorou, A ∙ et al.
Do Glucocorticoid injections increase the risk of knee osteoarthritis progression over 5 years?
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022; 74:1343-1351
90.
Bucci, J ∙ Chen, X ∙ LaValley, M ∙ et al.
Progression of knee osteoarthritis with use of intraarticular glucocorticoids versus hyaluronic acid
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022; 74:223-226
91.
Taqi, A ∙ Gran, S ∙ Knaggs, RD
Analgesic utilization in people with knee osteoarthritis: a population-based study using primary care data
Pain Pract. 2023; 23:523-534
92.
Toupin April, K ∙ Bisaillon, J ∙ Welch, V ∙ et al.
Tramadol for osteoarthritis
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 5, CD005522
93.
Zeng, C ∙ Dubreuil, M ∙ LaRochelle, MR ∙ et al.
Association of tramadol with all-cause mortality among patients with osteoarthritis
JAMA. 2019; 321:969-982
94.
Xie, J ∙ Strauss, VY ∙ Martinez-Laguna, D ∙ et al.
Association of tramadol vs codeine prescription dispensation with mortality and other adverse clinical outcomes
JAMA. 2021; 326:1504-1515
95.
Leaney, AA ∙ Lyttle, JR ∙ Segan, J ∙ et al.
Antidepressants for hip and knee osteoarthritis
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 10, CD012157
96.
Kroon, FPB ∙ Kortekaas, MC ∙ Boonen, A ∙ et al.
Results of a 6-week treatment with 10 mg prednisolone in patients with hand osteoarthritis (HOPE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Lancet. 2019; 394:1993-2001
97.
Wang, Y ∙ Estee, MM ∙ Gan, D ∙ et al.
Effect of 6-week treatment with topical betamethasone dipropionate in patients with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2023; 5, 100382
98.
Wang, Y ∙ Jones, G ∙ Keen, HI ∙ et al.
Methotrexate to treat hand osteoarthritis with synovitis (METHODS): an Australian, multisite, parallel-group, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Lancet. 2023; 402:1764-1772
99.
Ferrero, S ∙ Wittoek, R ∙ Allado, E ∙ et al.
Methotrexate treatment in hand osteoarthritis refractory to usual treatments: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021; 51:831-838
100.
Kedor, C ∙ Detert, J ∙ Rau, R ∙ et al.
Hydroxychloroquine in patients with inflammatory and erosive osteoarthritis of the hands: results of the OA-TREAT study-a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, investigator-initiated trial
RMD Open. 2021; 7, e001660
101.
Davis, CR ∙ Ruediger, CD ∙ Dyer, KA ∙ et al.
Colchicine is not effective for reducing osteoarthritic hand pain compared to placebo: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial (COLAH)
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2021; 29:208-214
102.
Døssing, A ∙ Henriksen, M ∙ Ellegaard, K ∙ et al.
Colchicine twice a day for hand osteoarthritis (COLOR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Lancet Rheumatol. 2023; 5:e254-e262
103.
Kloppenburg, M ∙ Peterfy, C ∙ Haugen, IK ∙ et al.
Phase IIa, placebo-controlled, randomised study of lutikizumab, an anti-interleukin-1α and anti-interleukin-1β dual variable domain immunoglobulin, in patients with erosive hand osteoarthritis
Ann Rheum Dis. 2019; 78:413-420
104.
Fleischmann, RM ∙ Bliddal, H ∙ Blanco, FJ ∙ et al.
A phase II trial of lutikizumab, an anti-interleukin-1α/β dual variable domain immunoglobulin, in knee osteoarthritis patients with synovitis
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019; 71:1056-1069
105.
Schett, G ∙ Bainbridge, C ∙ Berkowitz, M ∙ et al.
Anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibody otilimab in patients with hand osteoarthritis: a phase 2a randomised trial
Lancet Rheumatol. 2020; 2:e623-e632
106.
Richette, P ∙ Latourte, A ∙ Sellam, J ∙ et al.
Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with hand osteoarthritis: double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
Ann Rheum Dis. 2021; 80:349-355
107.
Cai, G ∙ Aitken, D ∙ Laslett, LL ∙ et al.
Effect of intravenous zoledronic acid on tibiofemoral cartilage volume among patients with knee osteoarthritis with bone marrow lesions: a randomized clinical trial
JAMA. 2020; 323:1456-1466
108.
Wittoek, R ∙ Verbruggen, G ∙ Vanhaverbeke, T ∙ et al.
RANKL blockade for erosive hand osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2a trial
Nat Med. 2024; 30:829-836
109.
Alimoradi, N ∙ Tahami, M ∙ Firouzabadi, N ∙ et al.
Metformin attenuates symptoms of osteoarthritis: role of genetic diversity of Bcl2 and CXCL16 in OA
Arthritis Res Ther. 2023; 25:35
110.
Gudbergsen, H ∙ Overgaard, A ∙ Henriksen, M ∙ et al.
Liraglutide after diet-induced weight loss for pain and weight control in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021; 113:314-323
111.
Obotiba, AD ∙ Swain, S ∙ Kaur, J ∙ et al.
Synovitis and bone marrow lesions associate with symptoms and radiographic progression in hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2021; 29:946-955
112.
Døssing, A ∙ Conaghan, PG ∙ K Stamp, L ∙ et al.
Pain in hand osteoarthritis is associated with crystals in the synovial fluid: a cross-sectional study of people with hand osteoarthritis undergoing surgery
RMD Open. 2023; 9, e003319
113.
Schieker, M ∙ Conaghan, PG ∙ Mindeholm, L ∙ et al.
Effects of interleukin-1β inhibition on incident hip and knee replacement: exploratory analyses from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Ann Intern Med. 2020; 173:509-515
114.
Heijman, MWJ ∙ Fiolet, ATL ∙ Mosterd, A ∙ et al.
Association of low-dose colchicine with incidence of knee and hip replacements: exploratory analyses from a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial
Ann Intern Med. 2023; 176:737-742
115.
Li, X ∙ Celotto, S ∙ Pizzol, D ∙ et al.
Metformin and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses
Eur J Clin Invest. 2021; 51, e13536
116.
Lim, YZ ∙ Wang, Y ∙ Estee, M ∙ et al.
Metformin as a potential disease-modifying drug in osteoarthritis: a systematic review of pre-clinical and human studies
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2022; 30:1434-1442
117.
Hochberg, MC ∙ Carrino, JA ∙ Schnitzer, TJ ∙ et al.
Long-term safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tanezumab versus nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for hip or knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021; 73:1167-1177
118.
Hochberg, MC ∙ Guermazi, A ∙ Guehring, H ∙ et al.
Effect of intra-articular sprifermin vs placebo on femorotibial joint cartilage thickness in patients with osteoarthritis: the FORWARD randomized clinical trial
JAMA. 2019; 322:1360-1370
119.
Conaghan, PG ∙ Bowes, MA ∙ Kingsbury, SR ∙ et al.
Disease-modifying effects of a novel cathepsin K inhibitor in osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled Trial
Ann Intern Med. 2020; 172:86-95
120.
Yazici, Y ∙ McAlindon, TE ∙ Gibofsky, A ∙ et al.
Lorecivivint, a novel intraarticular CDC-like kinase 2 and dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A inhibitor and Wnt pathway modulator for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a phase II randomized trial
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020; 72:1694-1706
121.
Bennell, KL ∙ Paterson, KL ∙ Metcalf, BR ∙ et al.
Effect of intra-articular platelet-rich plasma vs placebo injection on pain and medial tibial cartilage volume in patients with knee osteoarthritis: the RESTORE randomized clinical trial
JAMA. 2021; 326:2021-2030
122.
Paget, LDA ∙ Reurink, G ∙ de Vos, RJ ∙ et al.
Effect of platelet-rich plasma injections vs placebo on ankle symptoms and function in patients with ankle osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial
JAMA. 2021; 326:1595-1605
123.
Sadeghirad, B ∙ Rehman, Y ∙ Khosravirad, A ∙ et al.
Mesenchymal stem cells for chronic knee pain secondary to osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2024; 32:1207-1219
124.
Burn, E ∙ Murray, DW ∙ Hawker, GA ∙ et al.
Lifetime risk of knee and hip replacement following a GP diagnosis of osteoarthritis: a real-world cohort study
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019; 27:1627-1635
125.
Hawker, GA ∙ Conner-Spady, BL ∙ Bohm, E ∙ et al.
Patients' preoperative expectations of total knee arthroplasty and satisfaction with outcomes at one year: a prospective cohort study
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021; 73:223-231
126.
Olsen, U ∙ Lindberg, MF ∙ Rose, C ∙ et al.
Factors correlated with pain after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis
PLoS One. 2023; 18, e0283446
127.
Wluka, AE ∙ Yan, MK ∙ Lim, KY ∙ et al.
Does preoperative neuropathic-like pain and central sensitisation affect the post-operative outcome of knee joint replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta analysis
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020; 28:1403-1411
128.
Chen, AT ∙ Bronsther, CI ∙ Stanley, EE ∙ et al.
The value of total knee replacement in patients with knee osteoarthritis and a body mass index of 40 kg/m2 or greater: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Ann Intern Med. 2021; 174:747-757
129.
Craig, RS ∙ Goodier, H ∙ Singh, JA ∙ et al.
Shoulder replacement surgery for osteoarthritis and rotator cuff tear arthropathy
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 4, CD012879
130.
Glazebrook, M ∙ Burgesson, BN ∙ Younger, AS ∙ et al.
Clinical outcome results of total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Foot Ankle Surg. 2021; 27:326-331
131.
Goldberg, AJ ∙ Chowdhury, K ∙ Bordea, E ∙ et al.
Total ankle replacement versus arthrodesis for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Ann Intern Med. 2022; 175:1648-1657
132.
Evans, JT ∙ Evans, JP ∙ Walker, RW ∙ et al.
How long does a hip replacement last? A systematic review and meta-analysis of case series and national registry reports with more than 15 years of follow-up
Lancet. 2019; 393:647-654
133.
Evans, JT ∙ Walker, RW ∙ Evans, JP ∙ et al.
How long does a knee replacement last? A systematic review and meta-analysis of case series and national registry reports with more than 15 years of follow-up
Lancet. 2019; 393:655-663
134.
Jennison, T ∙ Ukoumunne, OC ∙ Lamb, S ∙ et al.
Risk factors for failure of total ankle replacements: a data linkage study using the National Joint Registry and NHS Digital
Foot Ankle Int. 2023; 44:596-603
135.
Wilson, HA ∙ Middleton, R ∙ Abram, SGF ∙ et al.
Patient relevant outcomes of unicompartmental versus total knee replacement: systematic review and meta-analysis
BMJ. 2019; 364:l352
136.
van der Meulen, C ∙ van de Stadt, LA ∙ Claassen, A ∙ et al.
Surgical denervation as a treatment strategy for pain in hand osteoarthritis: a systematic literature review
RMD Open. 2023; 9, e003134
137.
Tan, YL ∙ Neo, EJR ∙ Wee, TC
Ultrasound-guided genicular nerve blockade with pharmacological agents for chronic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review
Pain Physician. 2022; 25:E489-E502
138.
Shanahan, EM ∙ Robinson, L ∙ Lyne, S ∙ et al.
Genicular nerve block for pain management in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023; 75:201-209
139.
Swain, S ∙ Coupland, C ∙ Sarmanova, A ∙ et al.
Healthcare utilisation and mortality in people with osteoarthritis in the UK: findings from a national primary care database
Br J Gen Pract. 2023; 73:e615-e622
140.
Constantino de Campos, G ∙ Mundi, R ∙ Whittington, C ∙ et al.
Osteoarthritis, mobility-related comorbidities and mortality: an overview of meta-analyses
Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020; 12
1759720x20981219
141.
Huang, X ∙ Wilkie, R ∙ Mamas, MA ∙ et al.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in osteoarthritis patients derived from primary care records: a systematic review of observational studies
J Diabetes Clin Res. 2021; 3
diabetes.3.042.
142.
Magnusson, K ∙ Kumm, J ∙ Turkiewicz, A ∙ et al.
A naturally aging knee, or development of early knee osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018; 26:1447-1452
143.
Zheng, Y ∙ Manson, JE ∙ Yuan, C ∙ et al.
Associations of weight gain from early to middle adulthood with major health outcomes later in life
JAMA. 2017; 318:255-269
144.
Brebal, KMM ∙ Silveira, JACD ∙ Menezes, RCE ∙ et al.
Weight gain and changes in nutritional status of Brazilian adults after 20 years of age: a time-trend analysis (2006–2012)
Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020; 23, e200045
145.
Peeters, A ∙ Magliano, DJ ∙ Backholer, K ∙ et al.
Changes in the rates of weight and waist circumference gain in Australian adults over time: a longitudinal cohort study
BMJ Open. 2014; 4, e003667
146.
Brown, WJ ∙ Hockey, R ∙ Dobson, AJ
Effects of having a baby on weight gain
Am J Prev Med. 2010; 38:163-170
147.
Tucker, LA ∙ Parker, K
10-year weight gain in 13,802 US adults: the role of age, sex, and race
J Obes. 2022; 2022, 7652408
148.
Martin, JC ∙ Awoke, MA ∙ Misso, ML ∙ et al.
Preventing weight gain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Obes Rev. 2021; 22, e13280
149.
Wang, Y ∙ Lombard, C ∙ Hussain, SM ∙ et al.
Effect of a low-intensity, self-management lifestyle intervention on knee pain in community-based young to middle-aged rural women: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Arthritis Res Ther. 2018; 20:74
150.
Hussain, SM ∙ Ackerman, IN ∙ Wang, Y ∙ et al.
Trajectories of body mass index from early adulthood to late midlife and incidence of total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: findings from a prospective cohort study
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023; 31:397-405
151.
Hohmann, E ∙ Tetsworth, K ∙ Glatt, V
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction results in better patient reported outcomes but has no advantage for activities of daily living or the subsequent development of osteoarthritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Knee. 2023; 41:137-149
152.
Ma, J ∙ Chen, H ∙ Liu, A ∙ et al.
Medical exercise therapy alone versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy followed by medical exercise therapy for degenerative meniscal tear: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
J Orthop Surg Res. 2020; 15:219
153.
Hollis, B ∙ Chatzigeorgiou, C ∙ Southam, L ∙ et al.
Lifetime risk and genetic predisposition to post-traumatic OA of the knee in the UK Biobank
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023; 31:1377-1387
154.
Lutter, C ∙ Jacquet, C ∙ Verhagen, E ∙ et al.
Does prevention pay off? Economic aspects of sports injury prevention: a systematic review
Br J Sports Med. 2022; 56:470-476
155.
Mo, L ∙ Jiang, B ∙ Mei, T ∙ et al.
Exercise therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Orthop J Sports Med. 2023; 11
23259671231172773
156.
Dhillon, J ∙ Kraeutler, MJ ∙ Belk, JW ∙ et al.
Effects of running on the development of knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review at short-term follow-up
Orthop J Sports Med. 2023; 11
23259671231152900
Figure 1 Risk factors and potential contributing factors for osteoarthritis, and how they interact with each other
Figure 2 Symptoms and signs in patients with osteoarthritis
*Morning stiffness for more than 60 minutes does not preclude osteoarthritis.32 †For knee osteoarthritis, crepitus, bony enlargement, tenderness of the bony margins of the joint, and joint pain on movement; can be assessed with fair to excellent reliability.33,34 ‡A systematic review showed that tests of hip motion, such as squatting, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and observing hip or groin pain during that motion could indicate hip osteoarthritis.35
Supplementary appendix
