The left ventricle has to pump blood to the entire body, whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs (next to the heart, total easy-street).

Atria (gramatical definition)

the singular of atrium

Each atria has flap called a/an ______

auricle (auricles look like little caplet-jacket for the heart!)

What is the Interventricular groove?

Groove between the ventricles

What is the Interventricular groove filled with?

Filled with fat ( Last place fat is taken from when the body is starving)

Why is the Interventricular groove important in necropsy?

Chronicity of disease

Arteries move blood ______ from the heart

AWAY

Veins move blood ______ the heart

True or False: "arteries are not always red (oxygen rich), while veins are not always blue (oxygen poor). "

(ex. pulmonary trunk is an oxygen poor artery taking blood to lungs away from heart)

auricle

-2, one on each lateral side of heart
-floppy ear lobes of superior chambers called atria

what is the name of the artery that carries oxygen rich blood AWAY from systemic circuit to rest of body?

Aorta (like a garden hose, huge)

which ventricle has a thicker myocardium and why?

LEFT ventricle because it has to be stronger to shoot blood out up through the aorta to the whole body

how many total valves of the heart are there?

what is the main function of valves

they prevent back-flow

to make sure the AV valves open down and not up/ backward, we have connective strings/ parachute-like strings called what? what do these strings connect to?

chordae tendineae ( extra: they connect to little nipples in its respective ventricle called papillary muscles)

how many semilunar valves are there?

where are the semilunar valves located?

at the junction of ventricles and their respective great/ major artery. on right side of heart = pulmonary valve, -on left side of heart = aortic valve

Do semilunar valves have chordae tendineae?

What do "AV" valves stand for?

atrioventricular valves

Where is the Pulmonary Artery located?

Arises from right ventricle (see image)

the Pulmonary Artery brings ______ oxygenated blood to the lungs

poorly

the Vena Cava consists of ____ parts

2 (the superior vena cava and interior vena cava, cranial and caudal portion)

The Vena Cava empties blood into the ____ atrium

RIGHT

The Vena Cava is a large ______ (artery or vein?) carrying ________ (oxygenated or deoxygenated) blood into the heart.

VEIN; DEOXYGENATED

Pulmonary veins

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

The Pulmonary veins empty into the _______

left atrium

Ligamentum arteriosum

Vascular shunt in fetal circulation

How does blood travel through the heart (describe the process)?

Blood enters RA from IVC/SVC, travels through tricuspid valve into RV => goes through pulmonary valve into pulmonic artery => enters lungs => leaves lungs via pulmonary veins and enters LA and goes through mitral/bicuspid valve into the LV => out through the aortic valve into the aorta

Where is the Ligamentum arteriosum located?

Between aorta and pulmonary artery

What is PDA (in relation to Ligamentum Arteriosum)?

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.

What is the Ligamentum arteriosum?

a Vascular shunt in fetal circulation (Extra: Also called the arterial ligament, the ligamentum arteriosum is a small ligament connect to the superior surface of the proximal descending aorta and the left pulmonary artery. It develops about 3 weeks after birth and is considered as a non-functional part of the ductus arteriosus.)

where is the Apex of the heart located?

Point of contact with diaphragm (tapered)

where is the base of the heart located?

Flattened end with vascular attachments

The Right Atrium has openings for the __________

cranial and caudal vena cava (superior and inferior vena cava)

the Right AV valve (tricuspid) contains ______ and _______

Chordae tendineae and Papillary muscles

another name for the pulmonary valve

semilunar valve

Right Ventricule contains the ______ valve and an opening for the ______ artery

Pulmonary (or semilunar) valve; Pulmonary artery

Where is the Left Atrium?

see image

The left atrium has several openings for _______ veins

pulmonary

The Left A-V valve (bicuspid) contains the ______ and ______

Chordae tendineae & Papillary muscles

The Left Ventricle contains ________ and ________

Aortic valve (semilunar) & Opening for aorta

Interventricular Septum

Thick muscular wall between ventricles

The first heart sound, the "lub" of "lub dub", is best heard at the cardiac apex. This sound is NOT a result of the valve leaflets slapping together as the valve closes, but a result of what happening?

The first heart sound is caused by the blood hitting against the closed AV valves, vibration of the valves and chordae tendinae bouncing back and the blood being pushed back into the ventricles where it hits against the ventricular wall.

The second heart sound, the "dub" of "lub dub"is a result of what?

The second heart sound is a result of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) closing as the heart approaches the end of systole (contraction). These valves are located at the junction of the ventricles and large arteries, the blood vessels that carry blood out of the heart. The semilunar valves prevent blood flowing back into the ventricles when the heart contraction is completed and the heart then relaxes.

A-V valves made of cusps, name 2

Bi- and Tri-

The cusps of A-V valves are pulled by cords called ______ that are controlled by _____ muscles

Chordae tendineae; papillary muscles

What is responsible for the acsultation of heart sounds (in short)?

blood thrashing about as Chordae tendineae are pulled on by papillary muscles

Aortic and pulmonic Semilunar valve "fun facts"

1- Lack chordae tendineae
2- Lack papillarymuscle
3- Membranous pockets
4- Ac tlike one-way valve
5- Back wash of blood slams valve closed

Aorta "fun facts"

1- Carries oxygen rich blood to body
2- Numerous branches
3- Starts cranially then curves dorsally runs caudally
4- Ventral to spine
5- Ends at last lumbar vertebrae

Where is the Brachiocephalic trunk located?

see image

The Brachiocephalic trunk is the _____ branch of the ______

First branch of the aorta

The Brachiocephalic trunk has ____ branches (and name them)

THREE
1- Right common carotid
2- Left common carotid
3- Right subclavian artery

The Left subclavian is the _____ branch off the _____

second; aorta

the numerous branches of the Thoracic aorta do what?

Supplies blood to intercostals and spinal cord

Abdominal aorta has _______ (few or numerous) arteries?

NUMEROUS

Iliac arteries defines termination of the ______

aorta

External iliac artery supplies blood to the ______

hindlimbs

Internal iliac artery supplies blood to the _____ and ________

prepuce and mammary gland

Heart Veins (anterior), name from smallest to greatest (4 total)

1- Jugula rvein(L&R)
2- Subclavian vein (L&R)
3- Brachiocephalie vein (L&R)
4- Cranial vena cava

Heart Veins (posterior), name from smallest to greatest (3 total)

1- Internal iliac vein(L&R)
2- External iliac vein (L&R)
3- Caudal Vena Cava

Celiac artery is the _____ abdominal aorta branch

FIRST

Celiac artery is a Major arterial blood supply to the ______ _____ and _______

Liver, Stomach and spleen

The Celiac artery has ___ subdivisions (and name them)

THREE;
Hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery

The Hepatic artery goers to the _____, _____, _______

Liver, pylorus, and greater curvature

The Left gastric artery goes to the _________

Lesser curvature of stomach

The Splenic artery goes to the ______ and ________

spleen and greater curvature

The Cranial Mesenteric is the _____ abdominal branch of the aorta

SECOND

Another name for the Cranial Mesenteric artery is the ______

superior Cranial Mesenteric artery

The numerous branches of the Cranial Mesenteric runs through _____ to ______

Runs through mesentery to intestines

The Cranial Mesenteric provices major blood supply to the ____ and ______

pancreas and small intestines

The Cranial Mesenteric also supplies blood to the _________

Ascending, transverse, and proximal descending colon

Renal arteries(L&R) provide major blood supply to the _______

Kidneys

The _____ renal artery rides slightly more cranial

RIGHT

True or false; renal arteries are not in the portal system.

TRUE (they are Retroperitoneal)

The gonadal arteries and veins run ______

TOGETHER

What is the location of the Testicular artery?

Arises laterally & Courses caudally through inguinal ring (with spermatic cord); see image

where is the location of the Ovarian artery?

Arises laterally, Close to proximity of ovary, Short and coiled

The Caudal mesenteric artery is the _____ of the ____ unpaired branches

smallest, THREE

The Caudal mesenteric artery supplies blood to the _______ and ______

distal descending colon and rectum

The Caudal mesenteric artery is also known as the ______

inferior mesenteric artery

Where is the Deep Circumflex Artery?

Last paired abdominal branches

The Deep Circumflex Artery provides blood supply to the _____

dorsal body wall

visceral veins

portal circulation- caudal mesenteric, craninal mesenteric, gastrosplenic (above all empty into hepatic portal)
systemic circulation- hepatic, renal and gonadal

Portal venous circulation

blood from intestines taken to liver- process carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, drugs, toxins
blood from liver sent back to systemic circulation

caudal mesenteric (portal venous circulation)

blood drained from descending colon

cranial mesenteric (portal venous circulation)

blood drained from small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colon

gastrosplenic (portal venous circulation)

blood from stomach, spleen, and pancreas

hepatic portal vein (portal venous circulation)

main vessel others drain into
carries blood to liver

hepatic vein

carry filtered blood back to vena cava

renal, gonadal vein

paired
course along with same named arteries
dump blood into vena cava

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Why is the Interventricular groove important in necropsy?