QHÎTQNQ
, NQQO 9><9-;9>;, IOG RNN, O¶ 9;, =492, p. =9<-=11.
]@QTGOQ@Q [G QA@T[NAIE @QQI^Q
Mirry Qtrguk
Ponv`rsnty gb Aienbgroni, M`rh`e`y @cine6 mirrysDm`rh`e`y.`ku N ic pe`is`k tg m` tl` tirj`t gb tl`s` air`bue, ippr`anitnv` `ssiys. N ic lgogur`k my tl` itt`otngo tl` iutlgrs liv` pink tg wlit N liv` m``o kgnoj no plnegsgply, iok N lgp` wlit N aio siy l`r` ikvioa`s tl` knsaussngo it e`ist i entte` go `ial gb tl` qu`stngos tl`y rins`. Mut gb agurs` w` wnee ogt j`t tg tl` mgttgc gb tlnojs no tl`s` pij`s iego`. Cioy gb tl` `ssiys ir` agoa`ro`k wntl go` gr iogtl`r isp`at gb cy
[l` Qnjonbnaioa` gb Tlnegsgplnaie Qa`ptnansc
, wlnal, nt ns wgrtl r`cnoknoj gurs`ev`s, wis pumensl`k cgr` tlio tlnrty y`irs ijg. [l` uok`rstioknoj gb hogwe`kj`, p`ra`ptngo, sa`ptnansc, iok `v`o gb tl` prgsp`at gb uok`rstioknoj sual tlnojs plnegsgplnaieey, ns ogt tl` sic` tgkiy is nt wis tl`o. Zlit wis wrntt`o tl`r` no 9><; ns ogt `xiatey wlit N wguek wrnt` tgkiy go ioy gb tl` sp`anbna qu`stngos nt k`ies wntl. Zl`o tlit mggh wis wrntt`o, plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc, p`ra`ptuie hogwe`kj`, `v`o j`o`rie `pnst`cgegjnaie qu`stngos imgut hogwe`kj` gb tl` wgrek, w`r` ogt it tl` a`otr` gb tl` cgst iatnv`ey pursu`k plnegsgplnaie not`r`sts. It tlit tnc` N tlnoh nt wis wnk`ey b`et tlit w` ier`iky liv` i cgr` gr e`ss sitnsbiatgry j`o`rie pnatur` gb lgw w` hogw tl` tlnojs w` kg, iok tlit tihnoj s`rngusey io issgrtc`ot gb w`ee-hogwo ioan`ot ―sa`ptnaie kgumts– imgut nt wguek m` tg njogr` mgtl tl` biats gb lucio psyalgegjy iok lgw tl` wgrks “s``„, “hogw„, “r`isgo tg m`en`v`„, iok sg go ir` iatuieey us`k no `v`rykiy enb`. ―Iosw`rnoj sa`ptnaie kgumts– tl`o eggh`k enh` io nke` iaik`cna `ot`rprns` tlit aguek ogt m` `xp`at`k tg ikk tg tl` jrgwtl gb lucio hogwe`kj` gr tg gur uok`rstioknoj gb nt. N tlnoh cual cgr` ns it stih` no tl` `bbgrt tg uok`rstiok, no tl` bia` gb plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc, lgw w` hogw iok liv` r`isgos tg m`en`v` tl` tlnojs w` kg. No tl` mggh N trn`k tg cih` is ae`ir iok is agovnoanoj is pgssnme` wlit sgc` gb tlgs` k``p`r iok cgr` aliee`ojnoj kgumts cnjlt m` nb tl` plnegsgplnaie prgme`c gb hogwe`kj` gb tl` wgrek ns prgp`rey uok`rstggk. [l` jgie wis tg kriw itt`otngo tg tl` sp`anie aliriat`r gb tl` plnegsgplnaie
Mirry Qtrguk
=9>
prgme`c, iok tg `xpeino wly tl` wiys w` iatuieey tlnoh iok sp`ih imgut hogwnoj tlnojs no `v`rykiy enb` kg ogt r`ieey `xpeino wlit w` wiot tg uok`rstiok imgut gurs`ev`s. [lit c`iot `xpgsnoj wlit N siw tg m` tl` w`iho`ss gr nrr`e`vioa` gb strit`jn`s tl`o wnk`ey tlgujlt tg m` subbnan`ot bgr gv`ragcnoj iok sg njogrnoj wlit`v`r tlr`its plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc cnjlt m` tlgujlt tg pr`s`ot. [l` jgie wis ogt tg sne`oa` iotn-sa`ptnaie strit`jn`s, mut ritl`r tg `xpiok tl` r`sgura`s ivineime` no k`b`oa` gb i sa`ptnaie iosw`r tg tl` plnegsgplnaie prgme`c. Nt wis i citt`r gb pr`ssnoj tl` qu`stngo tg i k``p`r iok pgt`otnieey cgr` neeucnoitnoj e`v`e, iok sg lgpnoj tg e`iro sgc`tlnoj pgsntnv` brgc tl` bineur` gr ncpgssnmnenty gb j`o`rie sa`ptnansc, nb nt aguek m` slgwo. [lns prgmimey `oagurij`k tl` ippir`otey wnk`spr`ik suspnango tlit N ic r`ieey i hnok gb ―sa`ptna– ibt`r iee, iok tl` mggh ns c`iot is i k`b`oa` gb tlit vn`w (wlit`v`r tlit vn`w ns). N liv` o`v`r m``o cual knsturm`k my tlit gmvngusey uofust iaausitngo (gr agcc`okitngo)8 nt aguek goey liv` agc` brgc air`e`ss r`iknoj. [l` cino plnegsgplnaie kgatrno` uok`r `xicnoitngo no tl` mggh ns tl` agoa`ptngo gb s`os`-p`ra`ptngo iok hogwe`kj` it tl` l`irt gb K`sairt`s„s bnrst
C`kntitngo
6 tlit wlit w` aio hogw my s`os`-p`ra`ptngo iego` o`v`r r`ial`s is bir is ioy biats no tl` wnk`r wgrek tlit w` tlnoh imgut iok aeinc tg hogw tlnojs imgut. N tlnoh tlit nb tlit agcpe`t`ey j`o`rie kgatrno` imgut p`ra`ptngo w`r` tru`, ogmgky aguek hogw ioytlnoj imgut tl` wgrek irguok us my p`ra`ptngo. [lit ns wlit N liv` aiee`k tl` ―agokntngoie agrr`ato`ss gb sa`ptnansc– imgut tl` sg-aiee`k ―`xt`roie– wgrek (“`xt`roie„ m`aius` nt ns m`ygok `v`rytlnoj tlit ns `v`r, strnatey sp`ihnoj, p`ra`nv`k). Go` buokic`otie knstnoatngo N r`ey go tlrgujlgut ns tl` knbb`r`oa` m`tw``o sgc`go`„s m`noj (`v`o strgojey) fustnbn`k no m`en`vnoj iok iss`rtnoj i a`rtino tlnoj,
p
, iok tl` p`rsgo„s hogwnoj tlit
p
. Nt ns pgssnme` bgr tl` bnrst tg m` tru`, tg vnrtuieey ioy k`jr`` gb fustnbnaitngo, wlne` tl` s`agok r`cinos bies`. Hogwnoj ns wlit puzze`s us cgst8 tlit ns wlit ns it stih` no tl` plnegsgplnaie prgme`c. Z` ir` iee bicnenir wntl tlns knstnoatngo. Z` kriw go nt wl`o`v`r w` bnok tlit sgc`tlnoj w` tlnoh sgc`go` lis `v`ry r`isgo tg m`en`v` ns ogt no biat tru`. Mut `v`o wl`o w` bnok tlit wlit tl` p`rsgo m`en`v`s ns no biat tru` w` r`agjonz` tlit tl`r` ns it e`ist i knstnoatngo m`tw``o tl` twg knbb`r`ot stit`s. [lns notrgkua`s agcpenaitngos notg tl` qu`stngo gb lgw gr wl`tl`r i strinjltbgrwirk ipp`ie tg ―wlit w` wguek liv` `v`ry r`isgo tg iss`rt no `v`rykiy enb`– aio suaa``k no r`spgos` tg sa`ptnaie kgumts, goa` tl` knstnoatnv` aliriat`r gb tl` plnegsgplnaie prgme`c ns tih`o bueey notg iaaguot. [lgs` agcpenaitngos ir`
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]`spgos`s tg Qa`ptnaie @ssiys
==4
`xpegr`k no tl` cnkke` alipt`rs gb tl` mggh no agoo`atngo wntl tl` vn`ws gb Iustno, Cggr`, Hiot, Airoip, iok Yuno`. No ―[l` Q`ciotna ]`iensc gb Qtrguk„s ]`spgos` tg Iustno„s Irjuc`ot Ijinost Qa`ptnansc– Ie`xiokr` iahogwe`kj`s tl` knstnoatngo N r`ey go - tlit fustnbn`k iss`rtngo ieegws bgr tl` pgssnmnenty gb `rrgr, wlne` hogwe`kj` gr tru` iss`rtngo kg`s ogt. L` cih`s tl` prgcnsnoj sujj`stngo tlit `v`o nb `rrgr ns iewiys pgssnme`, nb nt aguek m` slgwo tlit tl`r` ns og pgssnmnenty gb ―cissnv` `rrgr–, tl`r` wguek m` og tlr`it gb i agcpe`t`ey j`o`rie sa`ptnansc. L` sh`tal`s i pgssnme` wiy gb trynoj tg `stimensl sual i r`suet, my bnoknoj i aeiss gb ―piriknjc– nostioa`s no wlnal tl` agrr`at us` gb a`rtino agoa`pts juiriot``s tlit tlgs` agoa`pts ir` tru` gb tl` nt`cs no qu`stngo. [l` nk`i ns tlit sp`ih`rs wlg w`r` iewiys, gr cissnv`ey, wrgoj imgut tl` ippenaitngo gb a`rtino agoa`pts wguek slgw my tlit biat iego` tlit tl`y kg ogt uok`rstiok tlgs` agoa`pts. Ie`xiokr` ishs i jggk qu`stngo6 lgw aguek sp`ih`rs `v`o j`t tl` agoa`pt gb sgc`tlnoj„s m`noj Q nb tl`y o`v`r bguok ioy `xicpe` gb sgc`tlnoj„s m`noj Q7 [lns egghs is nb nt aguek e`ik tg i sa`ptnansc-br`` agoa`ptngo gb lucio uok`rstioknoj. Mut N tlnoh nt wguek stnee bia` tl` Airt`snio prgme`c. @v`o nb sp`ih`rs w`r` cgstey rnjlt no wlit tl`y sink, iok tl`y cgstey ijr``k wntl go` iogtl`r, aguek tl`y iaa`pt K`sairt`s„ agostrinots go p`ra`ptuie hogwe`kj` wlne` sitnsbiatgrney `xpeinonoj tg tl`cs`ev`s lgw tl`y hogw tl` tlnojs tl`y tlnoh tl`y hogw imgut tl` wgrek irguok tl`c7 [lns qu`stngo irns`s bgr virngus bgrcs gb ―`xt`roiensc– imgut hogwe`kj`. N sujj`st i sgc`wlit knsagurijnoj iosw`r no cy ―Pok`rstioknoj Lucio Hogwe`kj` no J`o`rie–. N ic ogt sur` `xiatey wlit tg siy no r`spgos` tg Aeiukng„s ―Qtrguk, Qh`ptnansc, iok Hogwe`kj`-Aeincs–. L` `xpr`ss`s i a`rtino ―knssitnsbiatngo– (i pgent` wgrk) wntl cy tr`itc`ot gb K`sairt`s„s
Bnrst C`kntitngo
irjuc`ot no alipt`r go` gb
[l` Qnjonbnaioa` gb Tlnegsgplnaie Qa`ptnansc.
N tlnoh N hogw wlit jnv`s lnc tl` ―knssitnsbiatngo– l` siys l` b``es, mut N kg ogt tlnoh wlit l` lis no cnok ns pr`s`ot no cy iaaguot. K`sairt`s„s prgme`c no tl`
Bnrst C`kntitngo
ns wl`tl`r l` hogws my c`io gb tl` s`os`s tlit (is l` m`en`v`s) l` ns snttnoj my tl` bnr`. Aeiukng tlnohs tlit N r`qunr`, gb i pgsntnv` iosw`r tg tl` qu`stngo wl`tl`r l` hogws l` ns snttnoj tl`r`, tlit K`sairt`s hogws tlit l` hogws tlit l` ns snttnoj tl`r`. L`
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What The Skeptic Still Can't Learn From How We Use The Word Know'
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Mirry Qtrguk
==9
tlnohs N biee notg i ―agobusngo gb e`v`es–6 ogt knstnojunslnoj tl` r`qunr`c`ots gb hogwnoj brgc tl` r`qunr`c`ots gb hogwnoj tlit go` hogws. Nt ns ogt `isy tg s`` wly Aeiukng tlnohs N liv` biee`o (gr e`ipt) notg tlit agobusngo. L` m`jnos my pr`s`otnoj io `eimgrit`, cgr` gr e`ss bgrcie irjuc`ot l` aiees ―“tl` aiogonaie bgrc„ gb tlit sh`ptnaie irjuc`ot no tlit bnrst c`kntitngo–
(p. ;9). Zl`tl`r l` tlnohs tlit irjuc`ot ns tl` irjuc`ot N ittrnmut` tg K`sairt`s, iok wl`tl`r tlit irjuc`ot ns junety gb ―agobusngo gb e`v`es– gr ogt, N kgo„t hogw. Mut no `xicnonoj wlit N iatuieey wrgt` no
[l` Qnjonbnaioa` gb Tlnegsgplnaie Qa`ptnansc
, Aeiukng siys tlns6
Iaagrknoj tg Qtrguk, K`sairt`s ns trynoj tg bnok i wiy tg
`stimensl tlit l` ns ogt kr`icnoj.
. . . Mut, ogtna`, nb suaa`ssbue, K`sairt`s wguek liv` `stimensl`k tlit lns bnrst-grk`r m`en`b tlit l` ns snttnoj my tl` bnr` ns i ais` gb
hogwe`kj`
, . . . L` wguek tl`o
hogw tlit l` hogws
. Zgueko„t tlit m` tl` upslgt gb i suaa`ssbue itt`cpt tg `stimensl tlit l` kg`s liv` tl` c`ios tg “t`ee tlit l` ns ogt kr`icnoj„7 (p. 04)
Zlit K`sairt`s siys l` r`ienz`s, ibt`r i mrn`b r`be`atngo, ns tlit l` wguek ogt hogw go tl` misns gb tl` s`os`s tlit l` ns snttnoj my tl` bnr` nb l` w`r` sncpey kr`icnoj tlit l` ns snttnoj tl`r`. L` r`agjonz`s tlit lns hogwnoj tlit l` ns ogt kr`icnoj tlit l` ns snttnoj tl`r` ns i o`a`ssiry agokntngo gb lns hogwnoj tlit l` ns snttnoj tl`r`. [lit ns wly l` tlnohs l` cust bnok sgc` wiy gb t`eenoj tlit l` ns ogt kr`icnoj. M`aius` gb lns r`strnat`k agoa`ptngo gb tl` encnts gb s`os`-p`ra`ptngo, K`sairt`s s``s tlit l` aguek o`v`r knsagv`r go tl` misns gb tl` s`os`s iego` tlit l` ns ogt kr`icnoj. [lit ns wlit cih`s pur`ey s`osgry hogwe`kj` gb tl` wgrek no j`o`rie ncpgssnme`8 go` gb nts o`a`ssiry agokntngos aioogt m` buebnee`k. Mut `v`o nb K`sairt`s sgc`lgw cioij`k tg buebnee tlit o`a`ssiry agokntngo iok `stimensl tlit l` ns ogt kr`icnoj, l` wguek ogt tl`r`my ―`stimensl tlit lns bnrst-grk`r m`en`b tlit l` ns snttnoj my tl` bnr` ns i ais` gb
hogwe`kj`
–. L` wguek it cgst liv` buebnee`k i o`a`ssiry agokntngo gb lns hogwnoj my c`ios gb tl` s`os`s tlit l` ns snttnoj my tl` bnr`. Qg nt wguek ogt o`a`ssirney m` tru`, is Aeiukng siys, tlit ―L` wguek tl`o
hogw tlit l` hogws–
. [g Aeiukng„s bnoie qu`stngo - wgueko„t tlit m` tl` upslgt7 - N tlnoh tl` iosw`r ns Og. Ogt `v`o lns
hogwnoj
tlit l` ns snttnoj tl`r` wguek m` tl` ―upslgt– gb lns buebneenoj i o`a`ssiry agokntngo gb lns hogwnoj nt, e`t iego` lns
hogwnoj tlit l` hogws
nt. Qg N ic puzze`k wly Aeiukng wrnt`s6
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Barry Stroud - Understanding Human Knowledge (2000)
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Barry Stroud - Understanding Human Knowledge (2000)
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]`spgos`s tg Qa`ptnaie @ssiys
==;
plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnaie kgumts ippey no `v`rykiy enb`, `v`o tlgujl, is N siy, tl`y no biat k`vnit` ―sg riknaieey brgc wlit w` r`qunr` gb gurs`ev`s iok gtl`rs no `v`rykiy enb`–. N tlnoh w` iee hogw tlit w` kg ogt nosnst go sual prnoanpe`s no `v`rykiy enb`, iok go` gb tl` cino qu`stngos gb
[l` Qnjonbnaioa` gb Tlnegsgplnaie Qa`ptnansc
ns wl`tl`r ―tl` plnegsgplnaie sa`ptna– aio `xpeino wly w` kg ogt nosnst go tl`c `v`o tlgujl lns sa`ptnaie agoaeusngo ns agrr`at. [lit ns i qu`stngo gb tl` r`eitngo m`tw``o tl` stuky gb lucio hogwe`kj` no trikntngoie `pnst`cgegjy iok tl` iatuie stit` gb lucio m`nojs wlg hogw tlnojs imgut tl` wgrek. N kg ogt lgek, is Fgrj` siys, tlit tl` kgumts j`o`rit`k no plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc ir` ―notuntnv`– no tl` s`os` tlit tl`y ―kg ogt pr`suppgs` ioy plnegsgplnaie pgsntngo– (p.9=<). No jgnoj iegoj uoarntnaieey wntl K`sairt`s„s pr`s`otitngo gb tl` sa`ptnaie r`be`atngos w` kg ogt `isney r`ienz` wlit plnegsgplnaie kgatrno`s w` wguek m` agccntt`k tg nb wlit w` iaa`pt imgut tlns pirtnaueir ais` w`r` tg m` tru` no j`o`rie. [l` kgatrno` tlit p`ra`ptuie hogwe`kj` kg`s ogt `xt`ok tg ioy biats gb tl` wnk`r wgrek w` aeinc tg hogw tlnojs imgut ns go` tlnoj w` wguek liv` tg iaa`pt. Mut N tlnoh w` aio s`` tlit w` aioogt iaa`pt nt. Qg N kg ogt r`jirk tl` iee`j`k ―notuntnv`o`ss– gb tl` sa`ptnaie r`be`atngos is ―`vnk`oa`– bgr tl` trutl gb plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc. N kgo„t tlnoh tlns slgws tlit ioy itt`cpt tg iaaguot bgr sgc` kgcino gb hogwe`kj`, gr `v`o gb hogwe`kj` no j`o`rie, cust tl`r`bgr` m` anraueir. Qgc` ―`xt`roienst– prgpgsies liv` p`rlips bguok`r`k bgr tlit gr r`eit`k r`isgos, mut N tlnoh tl`r` ns ogtlnoj anraueir no ipp`ienoj tg sgc`tlnoj tlit ns hogwo my p`ra`ptngo tg `xpeino lgw a`rtino gtl`r tlnojs ir` hogwo tg m` sg. No tlns N ijr`` wntl Fgrj` no `okgrsnoj Fic`s Trygr„s r`f`atngo gb ioy o``k bgr nok`p`ok`ot jrguoknoj gb wlit w` p`ra`nv` iok tl`r`my hogw tg m` sg. [lns ns no eno` wntl tl` cgr` j`o`rie gms`rvitngos imgut hogwe`kj` gb tl` wgrek qugt`k ipprgvnojey brgc tl` `ok gb Fisgo„s pip`r. Fûoikis„ ―[ihnoj Qh`ptnansc Q`rngusey6 Qtrguk iok Aiv`ee– ns i air`bue, s`rngus `xpegritngo gb ncpgrtiot nssu`s tlit N gmvngusey aioogt tih` up ik`quit`ey l`r`. N aio gbb`r goey i b`w agcc`ots go tl` knbb`r`oa`s l` s``s m`tw``o Aiv`ee„s tr`itc`ot gb plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc iok cy gwo `bbgrts no tlit knr`atngo. Fûoikis kg`s ogt s`` goey knbb`r`oa`s. N ic pe`is`k tlit l` iesg str`ss`s wlit l` s``s is ibbnontn`s m`tw``o us. [l` sncneirntn`s ir` ogt pur`ey iaank`otie. Aiv`ee lis m``o i rnal sgura` iok stncueus bgr c` brgc tl` m`jnoonoj, ogt goey no ippr`anitnoj tl` agcpe`xntn`s gb sa`ptnansc mut no cy uok`rstioknoj gb plnegsgply no
Mirry Qtrguk
==0
j`o`rie iok Znttj`ost`no no pirtnaueir. Fûoikis ns rnjlt tg str`ss tl` `bb`ats gb Znttj`ost`no iok [lgcpsgo Aeirh` go mgtl Aiv`ee iok c`. No cy bnrst s`c`st`r it M`rh`e`y no 9>29 N pirtnanpit`k no i s`cnoir my Aiv`ee iok Aeirh` go Znttj`ost`no„s
Tlnegsgplnaie Nov`stnjitngos
wlnal N stnee r`c`cm`r vnvnkey. Aiv`ee wis tl`o wrntnoj wlit m`aic`
[l` Aeinc gb ]`isgo
. Nt ns tru` tlit N liv` bguok ogt bueey sitnsbynoj sgc` k`tines gb Aiv`ee„s iaaguot gb lgw tl` `pnst`cgegjnaie sa`ptnaie tlr`it iatuieey wgrhs, gr kg`s ogt wgrh. Iok nt ns tru` tlit Aiv`ee lis m``o k``pey agoa`ro`k wntl i rnal`r, cgr` agcpe`x s`t gb ―sa`ptnaie– ittntuk`s iok ioxn`tn`s tlit l` tih`s tg en` m`lnok tl` wiy sa`ptnaie kgumts typnaieey pr`s`ot tl`cs`ev`s no plnegsgply. [lgs` ir` r`ie knbb`r`oa`s. Is bgr sncneirntn`s, Fûoikis ns v`ry jggk no mrnojnoj gut tl` ncpgrtioa` bgr mgtl gb us gb agosnk`rnoj tl` pirtnaueir `xicpe` us`k no plnegsgply - `.j., K`sairt`s snttnoj my tl` bnr` no lns stuky - no i wiy tlit aio ipp`ir tg mrnoj tl` pgssnmnenty gb hogwe`kj` gb tl` wgrek no j`o`rie notg qu`stngo. [lit ns aruanie tg tl` suaa`ss gb tl` ―sa`ptnaie `oqunry–. Agosnk`rnoj tl` `xicpe` is i ―m`st– gr ―r`pr`s`otitnv`– ais` gb p`ra`ptuie hogwe`kj` no j`o`rie ns io itt`cpt tg k`be`at tl` bgra` gb r`qunrnoj, is Iustno kg`s, tlit tl`r` cust iewiys m`
sp`anie
r`isgos bgr kgumt no `ial pirtnaueir ais`. [l` pr`ans` k`tines gb tl` `xicpe` r`jirk`k is ―r`pr`s`otitnv`– citt`r bgr tlns r`isgo. [lns ns i pgnot go wlnal N liv` knsijr``k wntl Aiv`ee. N tlnoh sgc` gb tl` tlnojs Fûoikis siys imgut cy knsijr``c`ot cih` tl` knbb`r`oa`s m`tw``o us eggh jr`it`r tlio N tlnoh tl`y ir`. Aiv`ee tlnohs tl` knbb`r`oa`s ir` jr`it`r tlio N tlnoh tl`y ir`. Aiv`ee siys tl` prgtijgonst no tl` plnegsgplnaie `xicpe` cust m` k`sarnm`k is
aeincnoj
tg hogw sual-iok-sual. Goey tl`o, Aiv`ee tlnohs, wnee tl`r` m` sgc`tlnoj wlgs` jrguoks gr suppgrt aio m` iss`ss`k iok sg mrgujlt notg qu`stngo no tl` ―sa`ptnaie sarutnoy–. N ic ogt agovnoa`k tlit wlit ns tg m` iss`ss`k cust m` i
aeinc
cik` my tl` p`rsgo. K`sairt`s cih`s og sual aeinc no lns
Bnrst C`kntitngo
, y`t l` aio ish wl`tl`r ioy gb lns ―gpnongos– ir` ―a`rtino iok nokumntime`–, wntlgut it e`ist sgc` r`isgo tg kgumt. N tlgujlt Aiv`ee knk ogt subbnan`otey `xpeino gr suppgrt lns r`qunr`c`ot gb i
aeinc.
Cy r`snstioa` wis ogt tlit N tlnoh tl` nk`i ns sncpey ―wrgoj–, is Fûoikis siys (p. 999), gr tlit Aiv`ee slguek liv` prgvnk`k i ―tl`gry gb tl` agokntngos gb aeincnoj– gr ―tl` agokntngos gb cihnoj s`os`– no suppgrtnoj nt (p. 990). N bnok cys`eb no agosnk`rime` sycpitly wntl tl` cino eno`s gb tl` s`agok lieb gb Fûoikis„ pip`r, imgut cy r`snstioa` tg wlit Aiv`ee k`sarnm`s is ―tl` trutl no sa`ptnansc–. Cy grnjnoie r`spgos` tg Aiv`ee„s bgrcueitngo gb wlit l` sink w` aio e`iro brgc sa`ptnansc - tlit ―tl` lucio ar`itur`„s misns no tl` wgrek is i wlge`, nts r`eitngo tg tl` wgrek is sual, ns ogt
]`spgos`s tg Qa`ptnaie @ssiys
==2
tlit gb hogwnoj, ioywiy ogt wlit w` tlnoh gb is hogwnoj– - wis tlit nt s``cs tg e`iv` us is vueo`rime` tg knssitnsbiatngos wntl tl` ―misns– gb gur ―pgsntngo no tl` wgrek– is plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc wis b`et tg e`iv` us. @v`o nb w` ir` og egoj`r tg uok`rstiok gurs`ev`s is
hogwnoj
―tl` wgrek is i wlge`– gr ―tl` wgrek is sual–, tlgs` plris`s s``c tg gbb`r goey sgc`
gtl`r
r`eitngo tg i ―wgrek– uok`rstggk ―is i wlge`– gr ―is sual–. [lit kg`s ogt tih` us bir `ogujl iwiy brgc wlit`v`r wis trgumenoj imgut tl` hnok gb s`eb-uok`rstioknoj sink tg m` `cmgkn`k no plnegsgplnaie sa`ptnansc. [l` trgume` ns ogt wntl tl` pirtnaueir r`eitngo8 tl` trgume` ns wntl uok`rstioknoj gurs`ev`s goey is stioknoj no sgc` r`eitngo tg sgc`tlnoj aliriat`rnz`k nok`p`ok`otey, ―is sual–. N tlnoh Fûoikis ns s`osntnv` tg tlns knbbnauety. L` s``s tlit wlit ns o``k`k ns ogt fust i knbb`r`ot
r`eitngo
no wlnal w` ir` sink tg stiok tg sgc`tlnoj aiee`k ―tl` wgrek is sual–, mut sgc` o`w gr cgr` neeucnoitnoj agoa`ptngo gb ―us–, sgc` cgr` iaaurit` iok sitnsbynoj wiy gb itt`oknoj tg tl` priatna`s iok agccntc`ots tlit tlgs` gb us sink tg stiok no sual i r`eitngo iatuieey `ojij` no. [lns puts gur ij`oay, gur imnentn`s tg iat iok p`ra`nv` iok not`riat wntl gtl`rs, it tl` a`otr` gb tl` lucio pnatur`, is @rgs iok Beivng liv` iesg `cplisnz`k. Fûoikis sujj`sts tlit tl` plnegsgplnaie prgme`c gb gur hogwe`kj` gb tl` `xt`roie wgrek aguek m` s``o is io not`ee`atuienzitngo gb i a`rtino hnok gb encntitngo w` aio b``e6 sgc` jip m`tw``o tl` m`st tlit ns ivineime` tg us go gur gwo iok sgc`tlnoj tlit r`cinos bgr`v`r m`ygok us. Nb sg, iok nb tl` plnegsgplnaie kgatrno` tlit gur noknvnkuie s`os`-`xp`rn`oa`s o`v`r r`ial is bir is tl` nok`p`ok`ot wgrek ns io `xpr`ssngo gb sgc` sual b`et lucio encntitngo, N tlnoh tlit b``enoj kg`s ogt iaagrk wntl gur iatuie lucio priatna`s no p`ra`nvnoj iok hogwnoj tl` tlnojs w` kg. Zntl ]gm`rtg„s ―Qtrguk iok [riosa`ok`otie Irjuc`ots ]`vnsnt`k– w` e`iv`
[l` Qnjonbnaioa` gb Tlnegsgplnaie Qa`ptnansc
iok r`eit`k citt`rs m`lnok us. N tlnoh tl` t`rc “triosa`ok`otie irjuc`ot„, stioknoj go nts gwo, kg`s ogt no nts`eb liv` i v`ry k`t`rcnoit` r`b`r`oa`. Cioy knbb`r`ot tlnojs liv` m``o aiee`k ―triosa`ok`otie irjuc`ots–, sgc` gb wlnal ir` ogt `v`o irjuc`ots. N tlnoh nt ns m`tt`r fust tg agosnk`r pirtnaueir irjuc`ots, wlit`v`r tl`y cnjlt m` aiee`k, iok `xicno` tl`nr knstnoatnv` b`itur`s, nb ioy. Imgut wlit ]gm`rtg aiees ―tl` grnjnoie Qtriwsgonio triosa`ok`otie irjuc`ot–, l` ishs, wlg gr wlit ns tl` tirj`t gb tlit irjuc`ot. N tlnoh tlit ns i jggk m`jnoonoj. ]gm`rtg ishs wl`tl`r tl` irjuc`ot ns knr`at`k ijinost i ―Luc`-enh` sa`ptna– gr i ―Luc`-enh` r`kuatngonst nk`ienst–. Is io ittiah go tl` bnrst hnok gb tirj`t, l` tlnohs tl`
Mirry Qtrguk
==:
―Qtriwsgonio– irjuc`ot bines agcpe`t`ey. Ijinost tl` s`agok hnok gb tirj`t, l` tlnohs nt ns ―is suaa`ssbue is ioy irjuc`ot aio m`– (p.9<<). N liv` tg siy N tlnoh Qtriwsgo no
Noknvnkuies
knk ogt liv` `ntl`r gb tlgs` tirj`ts no cnok. ]gm`rtg tlnohs tl` irjuc`ot Qtriwsgo lis no cnok bines `pnst`cgegjnaieey, is trynoj tg `stimensl, ijinost i ―Luc`-enh` sa`ptna–, tlit sgc`tlnoj gr gtl`r ns hogwo, mut l` tlnohs tl` irjuc`ot suaa``ks c`tiplysnaieey, is ―i prggb bgr tl` buokic`otie gotgegjy gb mgkn`s– (p. =41). N ijr`` tlit Qtriwsgo„s cino irjuc`ot imgut tl` gotgegjy gb mgkn`s no Alipt`r Go` gb
Noknvnkuies
ns c`tiplysnaie. Iok N ijr`` wntl ]gm`rtg tlit ―Qtriwsgo„s grnjnoie irjuc`ot kg`s ogt prgjr`ss brgc `pnst`cna pr`cns`s tg io `pnst`cna agoaeusngo– (p. =41). Is l` siys, ―Nts stirtnoj pgnot ns tl` `xnst`oa` gb i agoa`ptuie sal`c`, iok nts agoaeusngo ns tl` `xnst`oa` gb cit`rnie mgkn`s is tl` goey `xpeioitngo bgr tl` issuc`k `xnst`oa` gb sual i sal`c`– (p. =4;). (Qtrnatey sp`ihnoj, Qtriwsgo aeinc`k tlit cit`rnie mgkn`s ir` tl` ―misna pirtnaueirs– no ioy sual sal`c`.) Qtriwsgo„s irjuc`ot bgr tl` `xnst`oa` gb cit`rnie mgkn`s is ―misna pirtnaueirs– ns tl` irjuc`ot N c`iot tg m` `xicnonoj no cy ―[riosa`ok`otie Irjuc`ots– gb 9>2<. N wis struah my tl` biat tlit, is ]gm`rtg ogt`s, tl` irjuc`ot stirts wntl tl` `xnst`oa` gb i agoa`ptuie sal`c`. N tih` i ―agoa`ptuie sal`c`– tg m` i wiy gb tlnohnoj, i pitt`ro gb tlgujlt iok nob`r`oa` w` `ojij` no imgut i wgrek tlit sual i sal`c` `oime`s us tg tlnoh imgut. N wis `quieey struah tlit tl` agoaeusngo gb tl` irjuc`ot, is ]gm`rtg ogt`s, stit`s tlit tl`r` ir` cit`rnie gmf`ats gb a`rtino hnoks no tl` wgrek. Cy not`r`st wis no tl` qu`stngo gb lgw io irjuc`ot tlit stirts goey wntl tl` biat tlit w` tlnoh imgut tl` wgrek no a`rtino wiys (wlit`v`r tlgs` wiys cnjlt m`) aguek r`ial agoaeusngos imgut wlit ns iatuieey sg no tl` wgrek w` tlnoh imgut. Zlit hnok gb irjuc`ot aguek tlit m`7 No j`o`rie, tlnohnoj tlit tlnojs no tl` wgrek ir` i a`rtino wiy kg`s ogt ncpey tlit tlit ns tl` wiy tlnojs iatuieey ir`. Nb nt ns iesg tru`, is ]gm`rtg puts nt, tlit tl` `xnst`oa` gb tlgs` cit`rnie gmf`ats ns ―tl` goey `xpeioitngo bgr tl` issuc`k `xnst`oa` gb sual i Xagoa`ptuieS sal`c`–, nt egghs is nb tl` `xnst`oa` gb a`rtino gmf`ats no tl` wgrek ns tl` goey `xpeioitngo gb gur tlnohnoj gb tl` wgrek no tl` wiys w` kg. [lns wguek m` iogtl`r notrnjunoj b`itur` gb tl` irjuc`ot. N ijr`` wntl ]gm`rtg tlit Qtriwsgo„s agoaeusngo tlit tl`r` ir` cit`rnie mgkn`s gb a`rtino hnoks is misna pirtnaueirs ns ogt nts`eb io ―`pnst`cna– agoaeusngo8 nt kg`s ogt siy ioytlnoj imgut ioygo`„s hogwnoj ioytlnoj. Ogr ns nt put bgrwirk is i agoaeusngo kriwo brgc sgc`tlnoj ―`pnst`cna–. Mut Qtriwsgo no
Noknvnkuies
knk pr`s`ot lns ―triosa`ok`otie– irjuc`ot
]`spgos`s tg Qa`ptnaie @ssiys
==<
is r`ialnoj nts agoaeusngo brgc tru` pr`cnss`s tg tl` `bb`at tlit w` tlnoh gb tl` wgrek no a`rtino wiys. Nb tlit ns sg, iok tl` irjuc`ot ns sguok, nt wguek jnv` ioygo` wlg hogws tlgs` pr`cnss`s imgut lgw w` tlnoh gb tl` wgrek jggk r`isgo tg kriw tl` agoaeusngo imgut tl` wiy tlnojs ir` no tl` wgrek w` tlnoh imgut. [l` agoaeusngo wguek m` c`tiplysnaie, iok i c`tiplysnanio aguek irrnv` it tlit agoaeusngo my r`be`atngo go tl` wiys w` tlnoh tlnojs ir`. [lns ns p`rlips wlit Qtriwsgo lik no cnok my ―k`sarnptnv` c`tiplysnas–. Nt ns iesg r`cnonsa`ot gb tl` Hiotnio nk`i tlit knsagv`rnoj tl` o`a`ssiry agokntngos gb tl` pgssnmnenty gb lucio tlgujlt iok `xp`rn`oa` ns tl` goey r`enime` pitl tg s`aur` c`tiplysnaie hogwe`kj` gb tl` wgrek. Mut nt iesg r`qunr`s hogwnoj tlit tlgs` agokntngos ir` buebnee`k. Hiot tlgujlt tl` trutl gb triosa`ok`otie nk`iensc ns tl` goey `xpeioitngo gb tl` pgssnmnenty gb tlit hnok gb c`tiplysnas6 tl` wgrek w` aguek hogw imgut no tlit wiy ns i wgrek gb ―ipp`irioa`s–, triosa`ok`otieey sp`ihnoj. Qtriwsgo wis o`v`r t`cpt`k my tlit wiy gb `xpeinonoj lgw w` aio jg brgc wlit w` hogw imgut lgw w` tlnoh tg biats imgut tl` wiy tlnojs ir`. Ogr wis l` t`cpt`k my ioy ―v`rnbnaitngonst– agoa`ptngo gb tlgujlt gr c`ionoj iaagrknoj tg wlnal gur uok`rstioknoj gr c`ionoj sgc`tlnoj no i a`rtino wiy ncpen`s tlit w` liv` i agoa`ptngo gb wlit wguek slgw tlit wlit w` tlnoh ns tru`, gr tlit nt ns bies`8 tlit nt cust m` pgssnme` tg bnok gut. Qtriwsgo tggh tl` juiriot``k nk`otnbnimnenty gb misna pirtnaueirs tg ncpey tlit tlgs` gmf`ats aio m` nk`otnbn`k uonqu`ey, is knstnoat brgc `v`ry gtl`r gmf`at no i spitnie iok t`cpgrie wgrek. N tlnoh l` siw tlit is noagcpitnme` wntl tl` nk`i tlit `okurnoj gmf`ats aio m` r`kua`k tg ogtlnoj cgr` tlio agcmnoitngos gb ―Luc`io– nk`is. Ogtlnoj Luc` aguek notrgkua` wguek ncpey uonqu`o`ss. Qg Qtriwsgo„s ―triosa`ok`otie– irjuc`ot knk ogt o``k tg agoa`ro nts`eb wntl tlit nk`i. Qtriwsgo aic` tg s`` iok tg iahogwe`kj` tlit tl` knstnoatnv` rge` gb a`rtino `ss`otnie nojr`kn`ots gb gur ―agoa`ptuie sal`c`– - misna pirtnaueirs, gmf`ats wntl aiusie pgw`rs, p`rsgos wntl mgtl plysnaie iok psyalgegjnaie aliriat`rnstnas, iok sg go - aio m` nk`otnbn`k, uok`rstggk, iok ippr`anit`k wntlgut jgnoj go tg iss`rt tlit sual tlnojs `xnst no, gr ir` pirt gb, tl` nok`p`ok`ot wgrek. Zlit l` tlgujlt ns `ss`otnie tg i prgp`r uok`rstioknoj gb gur ―agoa`ptuie sal`c`– ns tl` knstnoatnv` rge` gb sual buokic`otie agoa`pts, iok ―i a`rtino sgrt gb not`rk`p`ok`oa` m`tw``o agoa`ptuie aipiantn`s iok m`en`bs– no ioy agoa`ptngo gb i wgrek w` aio cih` s`os` gb.
Mirry Qtrguk
==>
Qiril„s ―Qtrguk go Qa`ptnansc iok Qumf`atnvnsc Imgut Rieu`– tih`s us tg y`t iogtl`r tgpna. Ql` uok`rstioks iok `xpeinos v`ry w`ee cy r`snstioa` tg wlit sl` aiees ―jegmie `vieuitnv` sa`ptnansc–. “Jegmie„ m`aius` tl` vn`w no qu`stngo ns c`iot tg ippey tg iee ―`vieuitnv`– tlgujlt iok knsagurs` wlit`v`r. Zl`tl`r “sa`ptnansc„ ns tl` rnjlt wgrk bgr tl` vn`w, N ic ogt sur`, bgr r`isgos Qiril `xpeinos. Ciahn`„s k`aeiritngo ―tl`r` ir` og gmf`atnv` vieu`s– kg`s ogt sguok v`ry sa`ptnaie. No r`snstnoj tl` jegmie k`onie gb tl` gmf`atnvnty gb `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots N r`snst tl` j`o`rie vn`w Ciahn` ipp`irs tg m` iss`rtnoj, wlit`v`r l` aiees nt. N tlnoh tlit vn`w ns ogt agosnst`otey iaa`ptime` my ij`ots wlg uok`rstiok wlit tl`y ir` kgnoj. My ―`vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots– N c`io iee fukj`c`ots tg tl` `bb`at tlit go` tlnoj gr go` iatngo gr go` m`en`b gr wlit`v`r nt cnjlt m` ns m`tt`r no a`rtino r`sp`ats tlio iogtl`r. N tlnoh iee not`otngoie iatngo iok iee not`otngoie ittntuk`s novgev` fukj`c`ots gb tlit hnok. Z` iat iok m`en`v` tlnojs bgr r`isgos, iok w` `okgrs` tlgs` r`isgos no iatnoj iok m`en`vnoj is w` kg8 tlit ns wlit cih`s tl`c
gur
r`isgos bgr kgnoj wlit w` kg. [lit ns wly N tlnoh `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots ir` noknsp`osime` tg us is ij`ots. Z` cih` sual fukj`c`ots `v`ry kiy iok ittrnmut` sual fukj`c`ots tg gtl`r ij`ots no cihnoj s`os` gb tl`nr kgnoj iok tlnohnoj wlit w` uok`rstiok tl`c tg kg. M`aius` nt ns tl` gmf`atnvnty gb tlgs` fukjc`ots tlit N ic agoa`ro`k wntl, Qiril„s slnbt gb bgaus brgc ―sa`ptnansc– tg ―sumf`atnvnsc– ns ipprgprnit`. Ql` tlnohs tlit cioy tlnojs tlit ir` sg no tl` wgrek ir` ―sumf`atnv`– no tl` s`os` tlit tl`nr m`noj sg ns no go` wiy gr iogtl`r ―k`p`ok`ot go us–. Nt k`p`oks go wlit ns tru` gb a`rtino lucio sumf`ats. Zl`tl`r i a`rtino p`rsgo ns pgpueir, gr ns i a`e`mrnty, gr wl`tl`r i a`rtino iatnvnty ns nee`jie no Ptil, k`p`oks go wlit sgc` p`gpe` tlnoh gr b``e gr liv` kgo`8 nt ns ogt bueey ―nok`p`ok`ot gb us–. Qiril tlnohs tlit ―cioy grknoiry p`gpe` wguek bnok nt gmvngus– tlit ―cgrie iok `vieuitnv` prgp`rtn`s– sual is m`noj wrgoj gr m`noj k`snrime` ir` iesg ―k`p`ok`ot go us–, fust is m`noj pgpueir gr m`noj i a`e`mrnty gr m`noj nee`jie no Ptil ir`. Nb tlit ns i v`rknat my tlgs` grknoiry p`gpe` go
iee
cgrie iok `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots, N tlnoh Qiril wguek tih` tl`c tg m` siynoj gr ncpeynoj tlit iee cgrie iok `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots ir` ―sumf`atnv`– no tl` s`os` `xpeino`k. Qiril tl`o rins`s bgr c` io `xa`ee`ot qu`stngo6 wl`tl`r wlit N liv` sink no gppgsnoj tl` k`onie gb tl` gmf`atnvnty gb iee `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots ns `ogujl no nts`eb tg ―aegs` gbb– gr rue` gut tl` pgssnmnenty gb cinotinonoj tlit iee cgrie gr `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots ir` ―sumf`atnv`– no tl` s`os` tlgs` p`gpe` ir` k`sarnm`k is tlnohnoj tl`y ir`7
]`spgos`s tg Qa`ptnaie @ssiys
=14
[lns ns i luj` qu`stngo. N aguek ogt `v`o lgp` tg jnv` i agovnoanoj iosw`r tg nt l`r`. N aio it m`st noknait` wly N tlnoh tl` iosw`r ns ^`s, nt wguek rue` gut cinotinonoj tlit agcpe`t`ey j`o`rie ―sumf`atnvnst– vn`w. N kg ogt gb agurs` c`io tlit N tlnoh N liv` iatuieey ialn`v`k tlit r`suet. N c`io goey tlit N s`` Qiril„s qu`stngo imgut ―sumf`atnvnsc– is tl` v`ry qu`stngo N liv` m``o ishnoj imgut `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots. No r`snstnoj tl` jegmie k`onie gb tl`nr gmf`atnvnty N c`io tg r`snst tl` vn`w tlgs` p`gpe` ir` k`sarnm`k is `xpr`ssnoj6 tlit iee `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots ir` sumf`atnv`. N kg ogt k`oy tlit i jr`it cioy p`gpe` iss`rt iok ipp`ir tg lgek sgc` sual vn`w. Zlit N liv` m``o irjunoj ns tlit tlit vn`w ns ogt agosnst`otey iaa`ptime` my agcp`t`ot ij`ots. [g aiptur` tl` nk`i gb tl` ―sumf`atnv`– aliriat`r gb iee `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots w` o``k cgr` tlio tl` j`o`rie nk`i gb sgc`tlnoj„s ―k`p`oknoj go us–. @v`o `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots ―k`p`ok go us– no tl` v`ry mrgik s`os` tlit nb ―w`– o`v`r cik` sual fukj`c`ots tl`r` wgueko„t m` ioy it iee. Qncneirey, wl`tl`r i a`rtino p`rsgo ns pgpueir, gr ns i a`e`mrnty, ―k`p`oks go us–, mut ogt fust no tlit v`ry mrgik s`os`. I p`rsgo„s m`noj pgpueir gr i a`e`mrnty k`p`oks go a`rtino binrey sp`anbna biats imgut ―us–6 a`rtio k`t`rcnoit` hnoks gb r`iatngos, b``enojs, iok tlgujlts cioy p`gpe` liv` imgut tlit p`rsgo. Qgc` gb tlgs` r`iatngos cnjlt `v`o novgev` `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ots gb tl` pgpueir gr bicgus p`rsgo go tl` pirt gb sgc` gb tl` p`gpe`. Mut tlnohnoj tlit i a`rtino p`rsgo ns pgpueir, gr ns i a`e`mrnty, ns ogt io `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ot gb tlgs` p`rsgos. Nt ns sncpey tg iaa`pt a`rtino biats gb tl` wgrek tlit k`p`ok go p`gpe` r`iatnoj gr b``enoj gr tlnohnoj no a`rtino wiys. Iok tlnohnoj tlit sgc`go` lgeks a`rtino `vieuitnv` ittntuk`s ns ogt nts`eb tg cih` io `vieuitnv` fukj`c`ot `ntl`r. Nt ns sncpey tg iaa`pt io gtl`r hnok gb ogo-`vieuitnv` biat. Zl`o i p`rsgo bia`s io `vieuitnv` qu`stngo - ioytlnoj brgc “Qlguek N jg tg tl` cgvn`s tgonjlt7„ tg “Ns seiv`ry wrgoj7„ - sl` ns agoa`ro`k tg s`tte` tlit qu`stngo. Ql` cnjlt iahogwe`kj` tlit gtl`r p`gpe` liv` vn`ws go tl`s` qu`stngos, `v`o `vieuitnv` vn`ws, mut l`r qu`stngo ns ogt s`tte`k my tl`nr livnoj tlgs` vn`ws. Ql` cnjlt tih` tlgs` vn`ws gb gtl`rs notg iaaguot no s`ttenoj tl` `vieuitnv` qu`stngo sl` bia`s, mut wlit sl` fukj`s wl`o sl` irrnv`s it l`r iosw`r ns ogt sgc`tlnoj tl` trutl gr agrr`ato`ss gr k`b`osnmnenty gb wlnal k`p`oks go wl`tl`r tlgs` gtl`r p`gpe` liv` tlgs` ittntuk`s. L`r qu`stngo ns ogt s`tte`k `v`o my
l`r
livnoj tl` ittntuk`s sl` lis. L`r tlnohnoj sl` slguek jg tg tl` cgvn`s ns ogt wlit s`tte`s bgr l`r tlit tlit ns wlit sl` slguek kg8 tlit ns wly sl` ns stnee k`enm`ritnoj. Iok o`ntl`r tl` biat
