Donald Trump

Donald Trump

For other uses, see Donald Trump (disambiguation).

Donald John Trump

(born June 14, 1946) is the 45thand current President of the United States. Before enter-ing politics he was a businessman and television person-ality.Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City,and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School. HethentookchargeofTheTrumpOrganization, therealestateandconstruction firmfounded byhispater-nal grandmother, which he ran for 45 years until 2016.During his real estate career, Trump built, renovated,andmanagednumerousofficetowers, hotels, casinos, andgolf courses. Besides real estate, he started several sideventures and has licensed the use of his name for thebranding of various products and properties. He ownedthe Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he produced and hosted

The Apprentice

, a re-ality television series on NBC, from 2004 to 2015. Hisnet worth was estimated to be $3.5 billion as of 2017,making him the 544th richest person in the world.Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for po-liticalofficein1987. HewontwoReformPartypresiden-tial primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy earlyon. In June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republicanprimaries. His remaining opponents suspended theircampaignsinMay2016,andinJulyhewasformallynom-inated at the Republican National Convention along withIndiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false,generating much free media coverage.Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016,in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. Hebecametheoldestandwealthiestpersonever to assume the presidency, the first without prior militaryor government service, and the fifth to have won a presi- dentialelectionwhilereceivingasmallershareofthepop-ular vote than his opponent. His political positions havebeendescribedbyscholarsandcommentatorsaspopulist,protectionist, and nationalist.

1 Family and personal life

1.1 Ancestry

Further information: Trump familyTrump’s ancestors originated from the village ofKallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his father’s side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mother’s side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were bornin Europe. His mother’s grandfather was also christened“Donald”.

[2]

Trump’s paternal grandfather, Friedrich Trump, first em-igrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16, andbecameacitizenin1892. Heamassedafortuneoperatingboom-townrestaurantsandboardinghousesintheSeattlearea and the Klondike region of Canada, during the gold rush.

[3]

On a visit to Kallstadt, he met Elisabeth Christand married herin 1902. The couple settled in New Yorkdefinitively in 1905.

[4]

Friedrich died from influenza dur-ing the 1918 pandemic.

[5]

Trump’s father Fred was born in 1905 in the Bronx, and started working with his mother in real estate when hewas 15, shortly after his father’s death. Their company,Elizabeth Trump and Son, was primarily active in theNewYorkboroughsofQueensandBrooklyn. Fredeven- tually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks andapartments.

[5][6]

The company would later become TheTrump Organization when Donald Trump took over in1971.

[7]

Donald’s mother Mary Anne was born in Tong, Lewis,Scotland. In 1930, at age 18, she emigrated to New Yorkwhere she worked as a maid.

[8]

Fred and Mary were mar-ried in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.

[8][9]

Fred’sbrotherJohn(DonaldTrump’suncle)becameano-table physicist and inventor.

[10]

1.2 Early life and education

Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946 at the JamaicaHospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. Hewas the fourth of five children born to Frederick Christ“Fred” Trump (1905–1999) and Mary Anne Trump (née MacLeod, 1912–2000).

[13]

His siblings are Maryanne(born 1937), Fred Jr. (1938–1981), Elizabeth (born1942), and Robert (born 1948).Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood ofQueens, New York. He attended the Kew-Forest Schoolfrom kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13,1

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2

1 FAMILY AND PERSONAL LIFE

Trump at New York Military Academy , 1964

[11][12]

Trump’s parents enrolled him in the New York Mili-tary Academy, after discovering Donald made frequenttrips into Manhattan without permission.

[14][15]

In Au-gust 1964, Trump entered Fordham University.

[11][16]

Hetransferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania two years later, because it offered one ofthe few real estate studies departments in United Statesacademia at the time.

[17][16]

In addition to his father, Trump was inspired by Manhat-tan developer William Zeckendorf, vowing to be “evenbigger and better”.

[18]

While at Wharton, he worked atthe family business, Elizabeth Trump and Son,

[19]

gradu-ating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree ineconomics.

[16][20][21]

Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War.

[22]

Whileincollegefrom1964to1968, heobtainedfourstu-dent deferments.

[23]

In 1966, he was deemed fit for ser-vice based upon a military medical examination, and in1968wasbrieflyclassifiedasfitbyalocaldraftboard, butwas given a 1-Y medical deferment in October 1968,

[24]

attributed to heel spurs.

[25]

In 1969, he received a highnumber in the draft lottery, which made him unlikely tobe called.

[24][26][27]

1.3 Family

Main article: Family of Donald TrumpTrump was married three times; he has five children andeight grandchildren.

[28][29]

His first two marriages endedin widely publicized divorces.

[30]

At the January 20 swearing-in: Trump, wife Melania , sonDonaldJr. ,sonBarron ,daughter Ivanka ,sonEric ,anddaughter Tiffany.

Trump married his first wife, Czech model Ivana Zel-níčková, on April 7, 1977, at the Marble CollegiateChurch in Manhattan in a ceremony performed by the Reverend Norman Vincent Peale.

[31][32]

They had threechildren: son Donald Jr. (born December 31, 1977),daughter Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and son Eric (born January 6, 1984). Ivana became a naturalizedUnited States citizen in 1988.

[33]

The couple divorcedin 1992 following Trump’s affair with actress MarlaMaples.

[34]

In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trump’s daughterTiffany, named after Tiffany & Company.

[35]

Maples andTrump were married two months later on December 20,1993.

[36]

Theyweredivorcedin1999,

[37]

andTiffanywasraised by her mother in California.

[38]

Trump married Slovene model Melania Knauss, on Jan- uary 22, 2005 at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Churchin Palm Beach, Florida, followed by a reception atTrump’s Mar-a-Lago estate.

[39]

In 2006, Melania ac-quired United States citizenship

[40]

and she gave birth totheir son Barron on March 20.

[41][42]

Upon Trump’s ac-cession to the presidency, Melania became First Lady ofthe United States.Prior to his inauguration as president, Trump delegatedthemanagementofhisrealestatebusinesstohistwoadultsons, Eric and Don Jr.

[43]

His daughter Ivanka resignedfrom The Trump Organization and moved to Washingtonwith her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as assistantto the president,

[44]

while he is a Senior Advisor in theWhite House.

[45]

Trump’s elder sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, is an inac-tiveFederalAppealsCourtjudgeontheThirdCircuit.

[46]

1.4 Religion

The Trump family were Lutherans on his father’s side in Germany,

[47]

and Presbyterian on his mother’s side inScotland.

[48]

His parents married in a Manhattan Presby-terian church in 1936.

[49]

As a child, he attended Sun-day School at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica,Queens,andhadhisConfirmationthere. Inthe1970s,his

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1.5 Health

3

The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on InaugurationDay

family joined the Marble Collegiate Church (an affiliateof the Reformed Church in America) in Manhattan.

[50]

The pastor at that church, Norman Vincent Peale, au-thor of

The Power of Positive Thinking

and

The Art of Living

, ministered to Trump’s family and mentoredhim until Peale’s death in 1993.

[51][50]

Trump, who isPresbyterian,

[52][53]

has cited Peale and his works duringinterviews when asked about the role of religion in hispersonal life.

[50]

Trump participates in the Holy Communion, but usu-ally does not ask God for forgiveness. He stated: “Ithink if I do something wrong, I just try and make itright. I don't bring God into that picture.”

[54]

On thecampaign trail, Trump has referred to

The Art of theDeal

as his second favorite book after the Bible, say-ing “Nothing beats the Bible.”

[55]

In a 2016 speech toLiberty University, he referred to “Two Corinthians” in-stead of "Second Corinthians", eliciting chuckles fromthe audience.

[56]

Despite this,

The New York Times

re-ported that Evangelical Christians nationwide thought“that his heart was in the right place, that his intentionsfor the country were pure.”

[57]

Trump has had relationships with a number of Christianspiritual leaders, including Florida pastor Paula White,who has been called his “closest spiritual confidant.”

[58]

In 2015, he received a blessing from Greek Orthodoxpriest Emmanuel Lemelson

[59]

and in 2016, he releaseda list of his religious advisers, including James Dobson,Jerry Falwell Jr., Ralph Reed and others.

[60]

Referring tohis daughter Ivanka’s conversion to Judaism before her marriage to Jared Kushner, Trump said: “I have a Jewishdaughter; and I am very honored by that.”

[61]

1.5 Health

A2016medicalreportissuedbyhisdoctor,HaroldBorn-steinM.D.,showedthatTrump’sbloodpressure,liverand thyroidfunctionwereinnormalranges.

[62][63]

Trumpsaysthat he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed otherdrugs, including marijuana.

[64]

He also drinks no alcohol,a decision arising in part from watching his older brotherFred Jr. suffer from alcoholism until his early death in1981.

[65][66]

1.6 Wealth

Trump has said that he began his career with “a smallloan of one million dollars” from his father.

[67]

Trumpappeared on the initial

Forbes List

of wealthy individu-als in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune, in-cluding an “undefined” share of the fortune belonging tohis family and father.

[68]

During the 1980s he became abillionaire,

[69]

but was absent from the

Forbes

list from1990 to 1995 following losses which reportedly obligedhim to borrow from his siblings’ trusts in 1993.

[68]

Af-ter his father died in 1999, he and his surviving siblingsreceived shares of his father’s estate which was valued atmore than $20 million.

[70][71]

When he announced his candidacy on June 16, 2015,Trump released a one-page financial summary thatstated a net worth of $8,737,540,000.

[73]

The followingmonth, he filed a 92-page disclosure and put his wealthat over $10 billion.

[74][75]

His presidential announce-ment speech mentioned that “I'm really rich”, which hesaid would make him less reliant upon large campaigndonations.

[76][77]

Forbes

believed his net worth estimatewas “a whopper”, figuring it was $4.1 billion in 2015(405th in the world, 133d in the U.S.).

[78][79]

Trump alsostated in the long 2015 financial disclosure that his in-come for the year 2014 was $362 million.

[75]

After Trump made controversial remarks about illegalimmigrants in 2015, he lost business contracts with sev-eral companies that summer, which

Forbes

estimatednegatively impacted his net worth by $125 million.

[80]

The value of the Trump brand may have fallen furtherduring his presidential campaign, as some consumersboycotted in response to his candidacy.

[81]

Bookings andfoot traffic at Trump-branded properties fell off sharplyin2016,

[82][83]

thoughTrump’s104-pagefinancialdisclo-sure in May 2016 still put his wealth at over $10 billionas he had done the previous July.

[74][84][75]

The release ofthe

Access Hollywood

tape recordings in October 2016

or


4

2 REAL ESTATE BUSINESS

Trump Hotel Las Vegas , with gold infused glass

[72]

put further pressure on his business.

[85]

In their 2017 annual billionaires’ ranking,

Forbes

esti-mated Trump’s net worth at $3.5 billion (544th in theworld, 201st in the U.S.)

[1]

making him one of the richestpoliticians in American history. These estimates havefluctuated from year to year, and also depending uponwho is doing the estimations;

Bloomberg News

peggedhis wealth at $3 billion in 2016,

[86]

whereas

Forbes

said$4.5 billion that same year (324th in the world, 113thin the U.S.).

[87]

The discrepancies among these estimatesand with Trump’s own estimates stem from the uncer-tain value of appraised property and of his personalbrand.

[86][88]

1.7 Tax returns

Further information: Donald Trump presidential cam-paign, 2016 § Refusal to release tax returnsAs required of all presidential candidates by FEC regu-lations, Trump published a 92-page financial disclosureform that listed all his assets, liabilities, income sourcesand hundreds of business positions,

[74]

but he declined toreleasehistaxreturns,

[89]

contrarytousualpracticebyev-ery presidential candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976.

[90]

Trump’s refusal led to speculation that he was hidingsomething,

[91]

although there is no law that requires pres-idential candidates to release their returns.

[92]

Trump explained that his tax returns are being auditedand his lawyers advise against releasing them.

[93][94]

Nolaw prohibits release of tax returns during an audit. Taxattorneys differ about whether such a release is wise legalstrategy.

[95]

Trump has told the news media that his taxrate was “none of your business”, but added, “I fight veryhard to pay as little tax as possible.”

[96][97][98]

On October 1, 2016, three pages of Trump’s 1995 tax re-turn were leaked to a New York Times reporter, who saidthedocumentswerereceivedinherTimesmailbox. Eachof the three pages is one page from Trump’s state filingsin Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. They showthat using allowed deductions for losses, Trump claimeda loss of $916 million that year. During the second pres-idential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduc-tion, but declined to provide details such as the specificyears it was applied.

[99]

When asked if he used the taxcode to avoid paying taxes, he said, “Of course I did. Ofcourse I did.” He then went on to say he paid “hundredsof millions of dollars in taxes”, calling it a “simple” thing.“Ipaytax, andIpayfederaltax, too”, hesaid.

[100][101][102]

On March 14, 2017 the first two pages of Trump’s 2005federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC'sRachelMaddowshow. ThetwopagesshowedthatTrumppaid $38 million in federal taxes and had a gross adjustedincome of $150 million.

[103][104]

The White House con-firmedtheauthenticityofthe2005documentsandstated:“Despite this substantial income figure and tax paid, it istotally illegal to steal and publish tax returns.”

[103][104]

2 Real estate business

Main article: Business career of Donald Trump § RealestateTrump started his career at his father’s real estate de-velopment company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, whichfocused on middle-class rental housing in the New YorkCity boroughs outside Manhattan, but also had businesselsewhere.

[105]

For example, during his undergraduatestudy, Trump joined his father Fred in successfully re-vitalizing the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment com-plex in Cincinnati, Ohio, thereby boosting the occupancyrate from 66% to 100%.

[106][107]

Trump was promoted to president of the company in1971 (while his father became chairman of the board),and renamed it The Trump Organization.

[7][108]

In 1973,he and his father drew wider attention when the Justice Department contended that the organization systemati-cally discriminated against African Americans wishing torent apartments, rather than merely screening out peoplebased on low income, as the Trumps stated. Under anagreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admis-sion of wrongdoing, and made the Urban League an in-termediary for qualified minority applicants.

[109][110]

His


2.1 Manhattan developments

5

The distinctive façade of Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan

adviser and attorney during (and after) that period wasRoy Cohn, who responded to attacks by counterattack-ing with maximum force, and who valued both positiveand negative publicity, which were attitudes that Trumpappreciated.

[111]

2.1 Manhattan developments

In 1978, Trump consummated his first major real estatedealinManhattan, purchasingahalf-shareinthedecrepitCommodore Hotel, largely funded by a $70 million con-struction loan jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and theHyatt hotel chain. Designed by architect Der Scutt, the project was able to proceed by leveraging competing in-terests and by taking advantage of tax breaks.

[112]

Afterremodeling, the hotel reopened as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,located next to Grand Central Terminal.

[113][114]

Also in 1978, Trump finished negotiations to de-velop Trump Tower, a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot)skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, which

The New York Times

attributed to his “persistence” and “skills as anegotiator”.

[115]

To make way for the new building, acrew of undocumented Polish workers demolished an oldBonwit Teller store including art deco features that had initially been marked for preservation.

[116]

The buildingwas completed in 1983, and houses both the primarypenthouse condominium residence of Trump and theheadquartersofTheTrumpOrganization.

[117][118]

Archi-tectural critic Paul Goldberger said in 1983 that he wassurprised to find the tower’s atrium was “the most pleas-

Central Park 's Wollman Rink , which was renovated by Trump

ant interior public space to be completed in New York insome years”.

[119][120]

Trump Tower was the setting of theNBC television show

The Apprentice

, and includes a fullyfunctional television studio set.

[121]

Repairs on the Wollman Rink (originally opened in 1949in Central Park) were started in 1980 by a general con- tractor unconnected to Trump. Despite an expected 2

1

⁄

2

-year construction schedule, the repairs were not com-pleted by 1986. Trump took over the project, completedit in three months for $775,000 less than the initial bud-get of $1.95 million, and operated the rink for one yearwith all profits going to charity in exchange for the rink’sconcession rights.

[122]

In1988TrumpacquiredthePlazaHotelinManhattanfora record-setting $407 million, and asked his wife Ivanato manage its operation.

[123]

Trump invested $50 mil-lion to restore the building, which he called “the MonaLisa”.

[124]

AccordingtohotelexpertThomasMcConnell,the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-starranking, and sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana wasno longer involved.

[125]

In 1994, Trump became involved with a building onColumbus Circle which was swaying in the wind. He be-gan a reconstruction project that stopped the swaying andgave the building a full makeover.

[126][127]

Trump there-afterownedcommercialspaceinthat44-storymixed-usetower (hotel and condominium), which he named TrumpInternational Hotel and Tower.

[128]

In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant seventy-storyskyscraper on Wall Street which had briefly been thetallest building in the world when it was completed in1930. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise wasrenamed the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street.

[129]

In 1997, he began construction on Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River, and en-countered delays the following year because a subcon-tracter had to replace defective concrete.

[130][131]

Ulti-mately, he and the other investors in that project sold


6


Lower portion of 40 Wall Street

their interest in 2005 for $1.8 billion, in what was thenthe biggest residential sale in the history of New YorkCity.

[132]

From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50% share ofthe Empire State Building. He would have renamedit to “Trump Empire State Building Tower Apart-ments” if he had been able to boost his share.<refname=""Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi andAsian Investors">Elstein, Aaron. ""Trump Is SellingPlaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors”,

Crain’s NewYork Business

(April 17, 2016).</ref>

[133]

In 2001, across from the headquarters of the United Na-tions, he completed Trump World Tower, which for a whilewasthetallestall-residentialtowerintheworld.

[134]

Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhat-tan in 2002, which re-opened with 35 stories of luxurycondominiums in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue.

[135]

Meanwhile, he continued to own millions of square feetof other prime Manhattan real estate.

[136]

2.2 Palm Beach estate

Main article: Mar-a-LagoMar-a-Lago in 2009The Trumpswith Chinese President Xi Jinping and wife at Mar-a-Lago in 2017Trump acquired the historic Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida in 1985 for $5 million, plus $3 millionfor the home’s furnishings. It was built in the 1920s byheiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, whoenvisioned the house as a future winter retreat for Amer-ican presidents.Trump’s initial offer of $28 million had been rejected,andhewasabletogetthepropertyatthemuchlowerpriceby purchasing separate beachfront property and threaten-ing to build a house on it that would block Mar-a-Lago’socean view. In addition to using the estate as a home,Trump also turned it into a private club open to every-one who could afford the initiation fee of $100,000 plusannual dues.

[137]

In 1986, he acquired a foreclosed, 33-story, twin-towercondominium complex in nearby West Palm Beach for$40 million, with automobile manufacturing executiveLee Iacocca investing in three of the condos.

[138]

Despitesprucing up its public areas, and years of heavy promo-tion, selling the units proved difficult, and the deal turnedout to be unprofitable.

[139]

2.3 Atlantic City casinos

NewJerseylegalizedgamblingin1977, andthefollowingyear Trump was in Atlantic City, New Jersey to explorehow he might get involved. Seven years later, Harrah’sat Trump Plaza hotel and casino opened there, built byTrump with financing from Holiday Corporation whichalso was managing that business.

[140]

Renamed “TrumpPlaza” soon after opening, it was then the tallest build-ing in Atlantic City.

[141]

The casino’s poor results exacer-bated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp.,which led to Trump paying $70 million in May 1986 tobuy out their interest in the property.

[142][143]

Trump alsoacquired a partially completed building in Atlantic CityfromtheHiltonCorporationfor$320million; whencom-pleted in 1985, that hotel and casino became Trump Cas-tle, and Trump’s wife, Ivana, managed that property until Trump transferred her in 1988 to run the Trump PlazaHotel in New York.

[144][145]

Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in At-


2.4 Legal affairs and bankruptcies

7

Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City

lantic City, the Taj Mahal then halfway through construc-tion, by making a complex transaction with the televisionhost and entertainer Merv Griffin as well as the resortand casino company Resorts International.

[146]

In Octo-ber 1989, three of his top Atlantic City executives diedin a helicopter accident, which both stymied and delayedthe planned opening of the Taj Mahal.

[147]

The Taj fi-nally opened in April 1990, and was built at a total costof $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most ex-pensive casino ever.

[148][149]

Financed with $675 millionin junk bonds,

[150]

it was a major gamble by Trump.

[151]

The project underwent debt restructuring the followingyear,

[152]

leaving Trump with 50% ownership.

[153]

Healso sold his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the

TrumpPrincess

, which had been indefinitely docked in At-lantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthygamblers.

[154][155]

TrumpfoundedTrumpHotels&CasinoResorts(THCR)in 1995, which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza,Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indi- ana.

[156]

THCRpurchasedTajMahalin1996, andunder-went bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leavingTrump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal andother Trump casino properties.

[157]

He served as chair-man of the publicly-traded THCR organization, whichwas renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, from mid-1995untilearly2009,andservedasCEOfrommid-2000to mid-2005.

[158]

During the 1990s, Trump’s casino ventures faced com-petition from Native American gaming at the Foxwoods casino located on an Indian reservation in Connecti-cut (where it was exempt from the state’s anti-gamblinglaws). Trump stated in 1993 that the casino own-ers did not look like real Indians to him or to otherIndians.

[159][160]

Subsequent to that well-publicized re-mark about the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Trump be-came a key investor backing the Paucatuck Eastern Pe-quots who were also seeking state recognition.

[161]

2.4 Legal affairs and bankruptcies

Main article: Legal affairs of Donald TrumpAs of 2016, Trump and his businesses had been involvedin more than 3,500 state and federal legal actions. Heor one of his companies was the plaintiff in 1,900 casesand the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his companyas plaintiff, more than half the cases have been againstgamblers at his casinos who had failed to pay off theirdebts. With Trump or his company as a defendant, themost common type of case involved personal injury casesat his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution,Trump’s side won 451 times and lost 38.

[162][163]

Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, but hishotel and casino businesses have been declared bankruptsix times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiatedebt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.

[164][165]

BecausethebusinessesusedChapter11bankruptcy, theywere allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded.Trump was quoted by

Newsweek

in 2011 saying, “I doplaywiththebankruptcylaws–they'reverygoodforme”as a tool for trimming debt.

[166][167]

The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveragedhotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and NewYork: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Ho- tel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels andCasino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Re-sorts (2009).

[168][169]

Trump said, “I've used the laws ofthis country to pare debt ... We'll have the company.We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with thebanks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it’s like on

The Apprentice

. It’s not personal. It’s just business.”

[152]

A 2016 analysis of Trump’s business career by

TheEconomist

concluded that his "… performance [from1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with thestock market and property in New York”, noting both hissuccesses and bankruptcies.

[170]

A subsequentanalysis by

The Washington Post

concluded that “Trump is a mix ofbraggadocio, business failures, and real success”, callinghis casino bankruptcies the “most infamous flop” of hisbusiness career.

[171]

2.5 Golf courses

The Trump Organization operates many golf courses andresorts in the United States and around the world. Ac-cording to

Golfweek

, Trump owns or manages about 18golf courses.

[172]

His personal financial disclosure withthe Federal Elections Commission stated that his golfand resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382million,

[74][84]

while his three European golf courses didnot show a profit.

[86]

In 2006, Trump bought 1,400 acres (570 ha) includ-


8


Turnberry Hotel and golf course, Ayrshire, Scotland

ing the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scot- land and created a golf resort there.

[173]

Scottish sup-porters emphasized potential economic benefits, and op-ponents emphasized potential environmental harm to aSite of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

[174][175][176]

Aspokesperson for the golf course has said 95% of theSSSI is untouched.

[177]

A 2011 independent documen-tary,

You've Been Trumped

, chronicled the golf resort’sconstructionandstruggles.

[178]

In2015,anoffshorewind-farm being built within sight of the golf course prompteda legal challenge by Trump, which was dismissed by theU.K. Supreme Court.

[179]

In the wake of the 2008 re-cession, Trump greatly scaled back development of thisproperty, and as of December 2016 Scottish officialswere pushing for completion of the far larger develop-ment as originally approved.

[180]

In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry ho-tel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which hostedthe Open Championship four times between 1977 and2009.

[181][182]

After extensive renovations and a remod-eling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turn-berry was re-opened in June 2016.

[183]

2.6 Russian projects and investors

Main article: Business projects of Donald Trump inRussiaTrump pursued business deals in Russia starting in 1987,and in 1996 filed trademark applications for potentialRussian real estate development deals, but none of thosedeals ever materialized.

[184][185]

Along with his part-ners and children, Trump visited Moscow several times,connecting with developers and government officials to explore joint venture opportunities that never pannedout.

[186][187][188][189]

Outside Russia, several of Trump’s real estate develop-ments received a large part of their financing from pri-vate Russian investors. In 2008 his son Donald Trump Jr.said “Russians make up a pretty disproportionate cross-section of a lot of our assets” and “we see a lot of moneypouring in from Russia.”

[190][184][191]

Trump hosted the2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow, in partnershipwith Russian billionaire Aras Agalarov, and his Russiatiescameunderintenseinvestigativereportingduringandafter the 2016 presidential campaign.

[186][188]

2.7 Other real estate activities

Trump Interna-tional Hotel and Tower in ChicagoTrump Interna-tional Hotel and Tower in VancouverIn the late 2000s and early 2010s, The Trump Orga-nization expanded its footprint in the United States be-yond New York and into a few other countries, withthe co-development and management of hotel towers inChicago, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., Panama City, Toronto, and Vancouver. There are also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbaiand in Indonesia.

[192]


3.2 Beauty pageants and model management

9

2.8 Resignation

When Trump was elected president in November 2016,questions arose over how he would avoid conflicts of in-terest between his work in the White House and his busi-ness activities. At a press conference on January 10,2017, Trump said that he and his daughter Ivanka wouldresign all roles with The Trump Organization, while histwo oldest sons Don Jr. and Eric would run the busi-ness, together with Chief Financial Officer Allen Weis-selberg.

[193]

Trumpretainedhisfinancialstakeinthebusiness.

[194]

Hisattorney Sherri Dillon said that before the January 20 in-auguration, Trump would put those business assets intoa trust, which would hire an ethics advisor and a com-pliance counsel. She added that the Trump Organiza-tion would not pursue any new foreign business deals,while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities.

[195]

As of April 2017, Trump companies owned more than400 condo units and home lots in the United States, val-ued at $250 million in total ($200,000 to $35 millioneach).

[196]

3 Side ventures

Main article: Business career of Donald TrumpAfter Trump took charge of the family real estate firmin 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization, henot only greatly expanded its real estate operations, butalso ventured into numerous other business activities.The company eventually became the umbrella organiza-tion for several hundred individual business ventures andpartnerships.

[197]

3.1 Sports events

Main article: Business career of Donald Trump § Profes-sional sportsIn September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jer-

Trump at a New York Mets home game in 2009

sey Generals—an American Football team that played in the United States Football League—from oil mag-nate J. Walter Duncan. The USFL played its first threeseasons during the spring and summer, but Trump con-vinced the majority of the owners of other USFL teamsto move the USFL’s 1986 schedule to the fall. He ar-gued that the new schedule would coincide with theNational Football League and would eventually force amerger with the NFL, thereby significantly increasingtheir investment.

[198]

After the 1985 season, the Generals merged with theHouston Gamblers, but the organization experiencedcontinuous financial difficulties. The USFL was downto just seven active franchises from a high of eighteenand was soon forced to fold, despite winning an antitrustlawsuit against the NFL.

[199]

Trump remained involved with other sports after theGenerals folded, operating golf courses in severalcountries.

[199]

He also hosted several boxing matches inAtlantic City at the Trump Plaza, including Mike Tyson’s1988 fight against Michael Spinks, and at one time, acted as a financial advisor to Tyson.

[199][200][201]

In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour deTrump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to cre-ate an American equivalent of European races such asthe Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia. The inaugural race was controversial, and Trump withdrew his sponsor-ship after the second Tour de Trump in 1990, becausehis other business ventures were experiencing financialwoes. The race continued for several more years as theTour DuPont.

[202][203]

Trumpsubmittedastalking-horsebidontheBuffaloBills when it came up for sale following Ralph Wilson's deathin 2014; he was ultimately outbid, as he expected, andKim and Terrence Pegula won the auction.

[204]

Duringhis 2016 presidential run, he was critical of the NFL’supdated concussion rules, complaining on the campaigntrail that the game has been made “soft” and “weak”, say-ing a concussion is just “a ding on the head.” He accusedreferees of throwing penalty flags needlessly just to beseen on television “so their wives see them at home.”

[205]

3.2 Beauty pageants and model manage-ment

From 1996 until 2015, Trump owned part or all ofthe Miss Universe pageants, which were founded in1952.

[206][207]

The Miss Universe Pageants include MissUSA and Miss Teen USA, and his management of this business involved his family-members; for example,daughter Ivanka once hosted Miss Teen USA. Trumphired the first female president of the Miss Universe busi-ness in 1997.

[208]

He became dissatisfied with how CBSscheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe andMiss USA to NBC in 2002.

[209][210]


10

3 SIDE VENTURES

In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their businessrelationships with the Miss Universe Organizationafter Trump’s controversial 2015 presidential campaignremarks about Mexican illegal immigrants.

[211][212]

Trump subsequently filed a $500 million lawsuitagainst Univision, alleging a breach of contract anddefamation.

[213][214]

The lawsuit was settled in February2016, but terms of the settlement were not disclosed.

[215]

On September 11, 2015, Trump announced that hehad become the sole owner of the Miss Universe Or-ganization by purchasing NBC’s stake.

[216][217]

He soldhis own interests in the pageant shortly afterwards toWME/IMG.

[206]

In 1999, a few years after buying into Miss Uni-verse, Trump founded a modeling company, TrumpModel Management, which operates in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.

[218]

Together with an-otherTrumpcompany,TrumpManagementGroupLLC,Trump Model Management has brought hundreds of for-eign fashion models into the United States to work inthe fashion industry since 2000.

[219]

This business andthe beauty pageants overlapped somewhat, with variouspageant contestants getting modelling contracts.

[220]

3.3 Trump University

Main article: Trump UniversityTrump University LLC was an American for-profit ed-ucation company that ran a real estate training programfrom2005untilatleast2010.

[221]

Aftermultiplelawsuits,thebusinessisnowdefunct. ItwasfoundedbyTrumpandhisassociates,MichaelSextonandJonathanSpitalny,andoffered courses, charging between $1,500 and $35,000per course.

[222][223]

In 2005 the operation was notified byNew York State authorities that its use of the word “uni-versity” violated state law, and after a second such noti-fication in 2010, the name of the company was changedto the “Trump Entrepreneurial Institute”.

[224]

Trump wasalsofoundpersonallyliableforfailingtoobtainabusinesslicense for the operation.

[225]

In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civilsuit alleging that Trump University made false statementsand defrauded consumers.

[224][226]

In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court relating toTrump University; they named Trump personally as wellas his companies.

[227]

During the presidential campaign,TrumprepeatedlycriticizedJudgeGonzaloP.Curielwhooversaw those two cases, alleging bias because of hisMexican heritage.

[228][229][230]

Trump later said that hisconcerns about Curiel’s impartiality were not based uponethnicity alone, but also upon rulings in the case.

[231][232]

The

Low v. Trump

case was set for trial on Novem-ber 28, 2016 in San Diego.

[233]

Shortly after Trump wonthe presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of allthree pending cases. In the settlement, Trump did notadmit to any wrongdoing but agreed to pay a total of$25million.

[234][235]

Thelitigantsagreedtothesettlementjust an hour before a hearing regarding Trump’s latest re-quest to delay the trial until after the inauguration. JasonForge, the attorney for the plaintiffs, said he “definitelydetected a change of tone and change of approach” fromthe Trump representatives after the election.

[236]

The set-tlement was called into question on March 6, 2017, whenSherri Simpson, a Florida bankruptcy lawyer and formerTrump University student, filed an objection.

[237]

3.4 Branding and licensing

Main article: List of things named after Donald TrumpTrump has marketed his name on a large number ofbuilding projects that are owned and operated by otherpeople and companies, as well as licensing his name forvarious commercial products and services. In doing so,he achieved mixed success for himself, his partners, andinvestors in the projects.

[238]

In 2011,

Forbes

' financialexperts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brandwas worth about $3 billion.

[239]

Because developers pay Trump to market their proper-ties and to be the public face for their projects, somebuildings that display his name are not owned or oper-ated by him.

[240]

According to

Forbes

, this portion ofTrump’s empire, run by his children, is by far his mostvaluable, having a $562 million valuation, with 33 licens-ing projects under development including seven TrumpInternational Hotel and Tower “condo hotels”.Properties to which Trump has licensed his nameand image include two in Florida that have gone intoforeclosure.

[241]

The Turkish owner of Trump TowersIstanbul, who pays Trump for the use of his name,was reported in December 2015 to be exploring legalmeans to dissociate the property after the candidate’s callto temporarily ban Muslims from entering the UnitedStates.

[242]

3.5 Foundation

Main article: Donald J. Trump FoundationThe Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based privatefoundation

[243]

established in 1988 for the initial purposeofgivingawayproceedsfromthebook

Trump: TheArtof theDeal

byTrumpandTonySchwartz.

[244][245]

Thefoun-dation’s funds have mostly come from donors other thanTrump,

[246]

who has not given personally to the charitysince 2008.

[246]

The foundation’s tax returns show that it has given tohealth care and sports-related charities, as well as conser-vative groups.

[247]

In 2009, for example, the foundation


3.6 Media

11gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest dona-tions going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foun-dation ($100,000), the New York–Presbyterian Hospital($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000), andthe Clinton Foundation ($100,000).

[248][249]

From 2004to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were Vince andLinda McMahon of WWE, who donated $5 million to the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania in2007.

[246]

Linda McMahon later became Administratorof the Small Business Administration.

[250]

In 2016, investigations by

The Washington Post

uncov-ered several potential legal and ethical violations con-ducted by the charity, including alleged self-dealing andpossible tax evasion.

[251]

After beginning an investigationinto the foundation, the New York State Attorney Gen-eral's office notified the Trump Foundation that it wasallegedly in violation of New York laws regarding char-ities, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraisingactivities in New York.

[252][253][254]

A Trump spokesmancalled the investigation a “partisan hit job”.

[252]

In re-sponsetomountingcomplaints,Trump’steamannouncedin late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation wouldbe dissolved to remove “even the appearance of any con-flict with [his] role as President.”

[255]

3.6 Media

Further information: Donald Trump in popular culture,Filmography of Donald Trump, and Donald Trump inmusicTrump has twice been nominated for an Emmy Awardand has made cameo appearances in 12 films and 14television series.

[256]

He has also played an oil tycoonin

The Little Rascals

,

[257]

and had a singing role at the58th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006.

[258]

Trump isa member of the Screen Actors Guild and receives anannual pension of more than $110,000.

[259][260]

He hasbeen the subject of comedians, flash cartoon artists, andonline caricature artists. Starting in the 1990s, he was aguestabout24timesonthenationallysyndicatedHowardStern Show on talk radio.

[261]

Trump also had his owndaily talk radio program called

Trumped!

, from 2004 to2008.

[262][263][264]

3.6.1

The Apprentice

Main articles: The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) and The Apprentice (TV series)In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and hostoftheNBCrealityshow

TheApprentice

, inwhichagroupof competitors battled for a high-level management jobin one of Trump’s commercial enterprises. Contestantswere successively "fired" and eliminated from the game.For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 perepisode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but fol-

Trump posing with former NBA basketball player Dennis Rod-man during Rodman’s 2009 participation on

Celebrity Appren-tice

lowing the show’s initial success, he was paid $1 millionper episode.

[265]

In a July 2015 press release, Trump’scampaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him$213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show,

[75]

al-though the network did not verify the statement.

[266]

In2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk ofFame for his contribution to television on

The Appren-tice

.

[238][267]

Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trumpwas hired as host of

The Celebrity Apprentice

, in whichcelebrities compete to win money for their charities.While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trumpstayed in the forefront, deciding winners and “firing”losers. International versions of

The Apprentice

franchisewere co-produced by Burnett and Trump.On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they wouldbe renewing

The Apprentice

for a 15th season.

[268]

OnFebruary 27, Trump stated that he was “not ready” tosign on for another season because of the possibility ofa presidential run.

[269]

Despite this, on March 18, NBCannounced they were going ahead with production.

[270]

On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemmingfrom Trump’s campaign announcement speech, NBC re-leased a statement saying, “Due to the recent deroga-tory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants,NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship withMr. Trump.”

[271]

After Trump’s election campaign and presidential win


12

4 POLITICAL CAREER

led to his departure from the program, actor and formerCalifornia Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger replacedTrump as host for the fifteenth season.

[272]

Trump is stillcredited as an executive producer for the show.

[273]

3.6.2 Professional wrestling appearances

Trump is a World Wrestling Entertainment fan and afriend of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. In 1988–89Trump hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed “Trump Plaza” for storyline purposes) and hasbeen an active participant in several of the shows.

[274]

Healso appeared in WrestleMania VII, and was interviewedringside at WrestleMania XX.

[275]

Trump appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a match called“The Battle of the Billionaires”.

[274]

He was in BobbyLashley's corner, while Vince McMahon was in the cor-ner of Lashley’s opponent Umaga, with Stone Cold Steve Austin as the special guest referee.

[274]

The terms of thematch were that either Trump or McMahon would havetheir head shaved if their competitor lost.

[274]

Lashleywon the match, and so McMahon was shaved bald.

[274]

On June 15, 2009, McMahon announced as part of a sto-ryline on

Monday Night Raw

that he had “sold” the showto Trump.

[274]

Appearing on screen, Trump declared thathe would be at the following commercial-free episode inperson and would give a full refund to the people whopurchased tickets to the arena for that night’s show.

[274]

McMahon “bought back”

Raw

the following week fortwice the price.

[274]

In 2013, Trump was inducted into the celebrity wingof the WWE Hall of Fame at Madison Square Gar- den for his contributions to the promotion. He madehis sixth WrestleMania appearance the following night atWrestleMania 29.

[276]

4 Political career

4.1 Early involvement in politics

Trump first vaguely expressed interest in running for of-fice in 1987, when he spent almost $100,000 to placefull-page advertisements in several newspapers. In hisview at that time, “America should stop paying to defendcountries that can afford to defend themselves”,

[277]

and“should present Western Europe and Japan with a bill forAmerica’s efforts to safeguard the passage of oil tankersin the Persian Gulf.”

[278]

As of December 1988, Trumpwas the tenth most admired person in America accordingto a Gallup poll.

[279][280]

Trump considered running for president in 1988, 2000, 2004, and 2012, and for Governor of New York in 2006 and 2014, but did not enter any of those races.

[281][282]

InFebruary 2009, Trump appeared on the

Late Show with

Trump’s December 1987 advertisement in

The Boston Globe

,criticizing U.S. defense policy

David Letterman

, and spoke about the automotive indus-try crisis of 2008–10. He said that “instead of asking formoney”, General Motors “should go into bankruptcy andwork that stuff out in a deal.”

[283]

Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012 Re-publican presidential nomination, and a

Wall Street Jour-nal

/ NBC News poll released in March 2011 foundTrump leading among potential contenders; he was onepoint ahead of former Massachusetts Governor MittRomney.

[284]

A

Newsweek

poll conducted in February2011 showed Trump within a few points of incumbentpresident Barack Obama, with many voters undecidedin the November 2012 general election for president ofthe United States.

[285]

A poll released in April 2011 byPublic Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-pointlead in a potential contest for the Republican nomina-tion for president while he was still actively consideringa run.

[286][287]

His moves were interpreted by some me-dia as possible promotional tools for his reality show

TheApprentice

.

[288][289][290]

Trump played a leading role in “birther” conspiracy the-ories that had been circulating since President Obama’s2008 presidential campaign.

[291][292]

Beginning in March2011, Trump publicly questioned Obama’s citizenshipand eligibility to serve as President.

[293][294][295]

Al-though the Obama campaign had released a copy ofthe short-form birth certificate in 2008,

[296]

Trump de-manded to see the original “long-form” certificate.

[293]


4.2 Political affiliations

13He mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii toresearch the question, but he did not follow up withany findings.

[293]

He also repeated a debunked allega-tion that Obama’s grandmother said she had witnessedhis birth in Kenya.

[297][298]

When the White House laterreleased Obama’s long-form birth certificate,

[299]

Trumptook credit for obtaining the document, saying “I hope itchecks out.”

[300]

His official biography mentions his pur-ported role in forcing Obama’s hand,

[301]

and he has de-fended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later say-ing that his promotion of the conspiracy made him “verypopular”.

[302]

In2011,TrumphadcalledforObamatore-lease his student records, questioning whether his gradeswarranted entry into an Ivy League school.

[303]

Whenaskedin2015whetherhebelievedObamawasbornintheUnited States, Trump said he did not want to discuss thematter further.

[304][305]

In September 2016, Trump pub-licly acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S., andsaid that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clintonduring her 2008 presidential campaign.

[294][306][307]

Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conferencein 2011

Trump made his first speaking appearance at theConservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) inFebruary 2011. His appearance at CPAC was organizedby GOProud, an LGBT conservative organization, in conjunction with GOProud supporter Roger Stone, whowas close with Trump. GOProud pushed for a write-in campaign for Trump at CPAC’s presidential strawpoll. The 2011 CPAC speech Trump gave is cred-ited for helping kick-start his political career within theRepublican Party.

[308][309]

Christopher R. Barron, co-founder of GOProud, would later endorse Trump’s 2016presidential campaign, and launch “LGBT for Trump”, apolitical campaign with the goal of encouraging lesbian,gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people to supportTrump.

[310]

In the 2012 Republican primaries, Trump generally hadpolled at or below 17 percent among the crowded fieldof possible candidates.

[311]

On May 16, 2011, Trump an-nounced he would not run for president in the 2012 elec-tion, while also saying he would have become the Presi-dent of the United States, had he ran.

[288]

In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Con-servative Political Action Conference (CPAC).

[312]

Dur-ing the lightly attended early-morning speech, Trumpspoke out against illegal immigration, then-PresidentObama’s “unprecedented media protection”, and ad-vised against harming Medicare, Medicaid and SocialSecurity.

[313][314]

Additionally, Trump spent over $1 million in 2013 toresearch a possible run for president of the UnitedStates.

[315]

In October 2013, New York Republicans cir-culated a memo suggesting Trump should run for gov-ernor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. Inresponse to the memo, Trump said that while New Yorkhad problems and that its taxes were too high, running forgovernor was not of great interest to him.

[316]

In January2014, Trump made statements denying climate changethat were discordant with the opinion of the scientificcommunity.

[317]

A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll hadshown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37points in a hypothetical election.

[318]

In February 2015,Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on foranother season of

The Apprentice

, as he mulled his polit-ical future.

[319]

4.2 Political affiliations

Trump meets with President Ronald Reagan at a 1987 WhiteHouse reception, 30 years before taking office

Trump’s political party affiliation has changed numeroustimes over the years. Trump was a Democrat prior to1987.

[320]

In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican inManhattan.

[321]

In 1999, Trump switched to the Reform Party and rana presidential exploratory campaign for its nomination.After his run, Trump left the party in 2001, ostensiblydue to the involvement of David Duke, Pat Buchanan, and Lenora Fulani.

[322]

From 2001 to 2008, Trump identified as a Democrat, butin 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for Presi-dent. In 2009, he officially changed his party registrationtoRepublican.

[323]

InDecember2011, Trumpbecameanindependent for five months before returning to the Re-


14

4 POLITICAL CAREER

publican Party, where he later pledged to stay.

[324][325]

Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Re-publican Party and Democratic Party candidates, withthe top ten recipients of his political contributions be-ing six Democrats and four Republicans.

[326]

After 2011,his campaign contributions were more favorable to Re-publicans than to Democrats.

[327]

In February 2012,Trump openly endorsed Republican Mitt Romney forPresident.

[328]

When asked in 2015 which recent pres-ident he prefers, Trump picked Democrat Bill Clintonover the Republican Bushes.

[329][330]

According to a New York state report, Trump circum-vented corporate and personal campaign donation lim-its in the 1980s—although no laws were broken—by do-nating money to candidates from 18 different businesssubsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his ownname.

[331][332]

Trump told investigators he did so on theadvice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions werenot to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, butsimply to satisfy requests from friends.

[331][333]

4.3 2000 presidential campaign

Mainarticle: DonaldTrumppresidentialcampaign, 2000In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seekthe presidential nomination of the Reform Party in2000.

[322][334]

A July 1999 poll matching him againstlikely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likelyDemocratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with sevenpercentsupport.

[335]

Trumpeventuallydroppedoutoftherace due to party infighting, but still won the party’s Cali-forniaandMichiganprimariesafterdoingso.

[336][337][338]


Mainarticle: DonaldTrumppresidentialcampaign, 2016On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for

Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire , on July 16,2015

President of the United States at Trump Tower in Man-hattan. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domesticissues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of Ameri- can jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large priorities during the campaign.He also announced his campaign slogan, "Make AmericaGreat Again".

[339]

In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained politicalcorrectness; he also stated that the media had inten-tionally misinterpreted his words, and he made otherclaims of adverse media bias.

[340][341][342]

In part due tohis fame, Trump received an unprecedented amount ofunpaid coverage from the media during his run for thepresidency; this elevated his standing in the Republicanprimaries.

[343]

Republican leaders such as House Speaker Paul Ryanwere hesitant to support him during his early quest forthe presidency. They doubted his chances of winning thegeneral election and feared that he could harm the imageof the Republican Party.

[344][345]

The alt-right movement coalesced around Trump’scandidacy,

[346]

due in part to its opposition to multicul-turalism and immigration.

[347][348]

The connection of thisgroup to the Trump campaign is controversial; writerssuch as Jon Ronson have suggested that the link betweenTrump and right-wing figures such as Alex Jones andRoger Stone is a marriage of convenience.

[349]

During the campaign, Trump was accused of panderingto white nationalists,

[350]

especially in his initial refusal tocondemn the support of David Duke, a former Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, in a CNN interview with Jake Tapper. He had previously criticized Duke in 1991,disavowed the 2000 Reform Party due to the supportof Duke and others, and condemned Duke on the cam-paign trail both before and after the interview.

[351]

In Au-gust, he appointed Steve Bannon—the executive chair-man of Breitbart News—as his campaign CEO; the web-site was described by Bannon as “the platform for thealt-right.”

[352]

However, Bannon later told the

Wall Street Journal

that he was an “economic nationalist” but not “asupporter of ethno-nationalism.”

[353]

Some rallies during the primary season were ac-companied by protests or violence, including at-tacks on protesters inside the rallies, and clashes be-tween protesters and Trump supporters outside thevenues.

[354][355][356]

Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump formaking a record number of false statements compared toother candidates.

[357][358][359]

At least four major publi-cations –

Politico

,

The Washington Post

,

The New York Times

, and the

Los Angeles Times

– have pointed out liesor falsehoods in his campaign statements.

[360]

Trump’spenchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in theNew York real estate scene, where Trump established hiswealth and where puffery abounds. Trump has called hispublic speaking “truthful hyperbole”, though online me-dia outlets such as Yahoo! believed Trump’s “truthful hy-



15perbole” to be a political tactic.

[361][362]

Lucas Graves,an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communica-tion,

[363]

opined, of Trump’s speaking, that Trump “of-ten speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear whatexactly he meant, so that fact-checkers “have to be re-ally careful when you pick claims to check to pick things... that reflect what the speaker was clearly trying tocommunicate.”

[364]

Other sources, such as

NPR

, also saidthat Trump’s statements during the campaign were oftenopaque or suggestive.

[365]

4.4.1 Republican primaries

Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries,2016Trump entered a field of 16 candidates who were vying

Trump rally in the U.S. Bank Arena , Cincinnati, Ohio , on Octo- ber 13, 2016

for the 2016 Republican nomination; this was the largestpresidential field in American history.

[366]

Trump partic-ipated in eleven of the twelve Republican debates, skip-ping only the seventh debate on January 28 (that was thelast debate before primary voting began on February 1).The debates received historically high television ratings,which increased the visibility of Trump’s campaign.

[367]

By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Trumpand U.S. Senator Ted Cruz.

[368]

On Super Tuesday,Trump won the plurality of the vote and remained thefront-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries.By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Re-publican nomination.

[369]

After a landslide win in Indianaon May 3, 2016, which prompted the remaining candi-dates Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their pres-idential campaigns, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.

[370]

With nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-timerecord for winning the most primary votes in the historyof the Republican Party. He also set the record for thelargest number of votes against the front runner.

[371]

4.4.2 General election campaign

Main article: United States presidential election, 2016After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee,

Trump with his running mate Mike Pence at the Republican Na- tional Convention on July 20, 2016 Trump–Pence 2016 campaign logo

Trump’s focus shifted to the general election, urging re-maining primary voters to “save [their] vote for the gen-eral election.”

[372]

Trump began targeting Hillary Clin-ton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016, and continued to campaign across thecountry. One month before the Republican NationalConvention, Secret Service agents thwarted an assassi- nation attempt on Trump during one of his rallies in LasVegas; they seized a 20-year-old British man who wasillegally residing in the U.S.

[373]

Clinton had established a significant lead in national pollsoverTrumpthroughoutmostof2016. InearlyJuly, Clin-ton’s lead narrowed in national polling averages followingthe FBI's re-opening of its investigation into her ongoingemail controversy.

[374][375][376]

In reference to the matter,FBI Director JamesComey opined Clinton had been “ex-tremelycareless”inherhandlingofclassifiedgovernmentmaterial.

[377]

On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection ofIndiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate.

[378]

Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Re-publican Party on July 19, 2016, at the RepublicanNational Convention.

[379]

The list of convention speak-ers and attendees included former presidential nomi-nee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not at-tend, though John McCain endorsed Trump prior to theconvention.

[380][381]


16

4 POLITICAL CAREER

Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nominationin a 76-minute speech inspired by Richard Nixon's 1968acceptance speech.

[382]

The historically long speech waswatched by nearly 35 million people and received mixedreviews, with net negative viewer reactions according toCNN and Gallup polls.

[383][384][385]

InlateJuly, TrumpcameclosetoClintoninnationalpollsfollowing a 3 to 4 percentage point convention bounce,in line with the average bounce in conventions since2004, although it was toward the small side by historicalstandards.

[386]

Following Clinton’s 7 percent conventionbounce, she significantly extended her lead over Trumpin national polls at the start of August.

[387][388]

4.4.3 Presidential debates

Main article: United States presidential election debates,2016OnSeptember26,2016,DonaldTrumpandHillaryClin-ton faced off in the first presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. Lester Holt, an anchor with NBC News, was the moderator.

[389]

This wasthe most watched presidential debate in United Stateshistory.

[390]

The second presidential debate was held atWashington University in Saint Louis, Missouri. The beginning narrative of that debate was dominated bya leaked tape of Trump making lewd comments, andcounter-accusations by Trump of sexual misconduct byBill Clinton. Trump had invited four women who had ac-cused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference priortothedebate. ThefinalpresidentialdebatewasheldattheUniversityofNevada,LasVegasonOctober19. Trump’srefusal to say whether he would accept the result of theelection, regardless of the outcome, drew particular pressattention.

[391][392]

4.4.4 Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Donald TrumpTrump’s campaign platform emphasized renegotiatingU.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly en- forcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positionsincluded pursuing energy independence while oppos-ing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and ex- pediting services for veterans, repealing and replacingthe Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplify-ing the tax code while reducing taxes for all economicclasses, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advo-cated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting of immigrants from Muslim-majority countries to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive mil-itary action against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant(ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS).Media have described Trump’s political positions as"populist",

[393][394]

and some of his views cross partylines. For example, his economic campaign plan callsforlargereductionsinincometaxesandderegulation,

[395]

consistent with Republican Party policies, along with sig-nificant infrastructure investment,

[396]

usually considereda liberal (Democratic Party) policy.

[397][398]

According topolitical writer Jack Shafer, Trump may be a “fairly con-ventional American populist when it comes to his policyviews”, butheattractsfreemediaattention, sometimesbymaking outrageous comments.

[399][400]

Trump has supported or leaned toward varying politi-cal positions over time.

[401][402][403]

Politico

has describedhis positions as “eclectic, improvisational and oftencontradictory”,

[403]

while NBC News counted “141 dis-tinct shifts on 23 major issues” during his campaign.

[404]

4.4.5 Foreign interference in election

Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 UnitedStates electionsSee also: § Russian projects and investorsThere has been intensive media scrutiny of Trump’s rela-tionship to Russia.

[405][406]

During the campaign, Trumprepeatedly praised Russian president Vladimir Putin asa strong leader.

[407]

Several of Trump’s advisers, includ-ing former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynnand former campaign manager Paul Manafort, have beenconnected to Russian or Ukrainian officials.

[190][408]

TheNational Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine released information that helped to force Manafort’s resignationas campaign manager.

[409]

American intelligence sourcesstated with “high confidence”

[410]

that the Russian gov-ernment attempted to intervene in the 2016 presidentialelection to favor the election of Trump by hacking intocomputers of Trumps’ opponents,

[411]

and that membersof Trump’s campaign were in contact with Russian gov-ernment officials both before and after the presidentialelection.

[412]

4.4.6 Sexual misconduct allegations

Main articles: Donald Trump and Billy Bush recordingand Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegationsTwo days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 recording surfaced in which Trump was heard braggingabout forcibly kissing and groping women.

[413][414][415]

The hot mic recording was captured on a studio bus in



17which Trump and Billy Bush were preparing to film anepisode of

Access Hollywood .

“I just start kissing them,”Trump said, “I don't even wait. And when you're a star,theyletyoudoit,youcandoanything... grabthembythepussy.”

[416]

During the recording, Trump also spoke ofhis efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he “movedon her very heavily.”

[416]

These statements were recordedseveral months after Trump married his third and currentwife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.

[416][417]

Trump’s language on the tape was described by the me-dia as “vulgar”, “sexist”, and descriptive of sexual as-sault. The incident prompted him to make his first pub-lic apology during the campaign,

[418][419]

and caused out-rageacrossthepoliticalspectrum,

[420][421]

withmanyRe-publicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candi-dacy and some urging him to quit the race.

[422]

A num-ber of Trump supporters worldwide also withdrew theirsupport following release of the tape, including manyConservatives in Britain.

[423]

Subsequently, at least 15women

[424]

came forward with new accusations of sex-ual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping,resulting in widespread media coverage.

[425][426]

Trump and his campaign have denied all of thesexual misconduct accusations, which Trump hascalled “false smears”, and alleged a conspiracy againsthim.

[427][428][429]

In his two public statements in responseto the controversy, Trump responded by alleging thatBill Clinton, former President of the United States andhusband of Trump’s Democratic rival Hillary Clinton,had “abused women” and that Hillary had bullied herhusband’s victims.

[430]

4.4.7 Election to the presidency

Main article: United States presidential election, 2016On Election Day, November 8, 2016, Trump received

33875561164339536765331010206106869162991511811161851320293

NH 4VT 3MA 11RI 4CT 7NJ 14DE 3MD 10DC 3

131111

ClintonTrumpPowellSpotted EaglePaulKasichSanders

2016 electoral vote results

306 electoral votes to Clinton’s 232 votes. The countswere later adjusted to 304 and 227 respectively, afterdefections on both sides, formalizing Trump’s electionto the presidency.

[431]

In the early hours of November 9,Clinton called Trump to concede the election. Trumpthen delivered his victory speech before hundreds ofsupporters in the New York Hilton hotel. The speechwas in contrast with some of his previous rhetoric, withTrump promising to heal the division caused by the elec-tion, thanking Clinton for her service to the country, andpromising to be a president to all Americans.

[432][433]

Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote thanClinton, making him the fifth person to be elected presi-dent after losing the popular vote. Records on this matterdate from the year 1824.

[434][nb 1]

Clinton finished aheadby 2.86 million votes or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04%to 45.95%, with neither candidate reaching a majoritynationwide.

[437][438]

Trump’s victory was considered a stunning political up-set, as polls consistently showed Hillary Clinton lead-ing nationwide (where she did win) and in most bat-tleground states, while Trump’s support had been un-derestimated throughout his campaign.

[439]

The errors insome state polls were later partially attributed to pollstersoverestimating Clinton’s support among well-educatedandnonwhitevoters, whileunderestimatingTrump’ssup-port among white working-class voters.

[440]

Trump wonthe perennial swing states of Florida, Iowa and Ohio, and flipped Clinton’s "blue wall" states of Michigan, PennsylvaniaandWisconsin,whichhadbeenDemocratic strongholds since the 1990s. Trump’s victory markedthe return of a Republican White House combined withcontrol of both chambers of Congress, as was the case during parts of George W. Bush's presidency from 2003 to 2007.Trump became the first president without prior govern-mental or military experience.

[441][442][443]

Of the 44 pre-vious presidents, 39 had held prior elective office; twohad not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet;and three had never held public office but had been com-mandinggenerals.

[443]

HeisthefirstRepublicansincethe1980s to win the states of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin. He lost his home state of New York, becoming only the fourth candidate to win the presidencywithout his home state. The others were James Polk(Tennessee) in 1844, Woodrow Wilson (New Jersey) in 1916, and Richard Nixon (New York) in 1968.

[444]

4.4.8 Protests

Main article: Protests against Donald TrumpTrump’s victory sparked protests across the UnitedStates. Trump opponents took to the streets to am-plify their opposition to Trump’s views and denouncehis inflammatory statements. Some argued that Clin-ton’s popular vote victory meant Trump was not thedemocratically elected president and should be consid-ered illegitimate.

[445]

Trump initially said on Twitter thatthe protests consisted of “professional protesters, incitedby the media”, and were “unfair”, but he later statedthat he loves their passion for the country.

[446][447]

Incontrast, after Obama’s re-election in 2012, Trump had


18

5 PRESIDENCY

tweeted “We can't let this happen. We should march onWashington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totallydivided!"

[448]

On the Saturday following Trump’s inaugurationthere were massive demonstrations protesting Trumpin the United States and worldwide, with approxi-mately 2,600,000 taking part in Women’s Marchesworldwide.

[449]

The most notable of these marches wasthe Women’s March on Washington (in Washington, D.C.), where over 500,000 people marched in oppo-sition to Trump.

[450]

This was more than three timesthe number of people who were at Trump’s inauguralspeech, according to crowd scientists at the ManchesterMetropolitan University.

[451]

4.4.9 Electoral history

4.5 Indications of 2020 presidential cam-paign

Mainarticle: DonaldTrumppresidentialcampaign, 2020Trump signaled his intent to run for a second termby filing with the FEC within hours of assuming thepresidency.

[452][453]

This transformed his 2016 electioncommittee into a 2020 reelection one.

[454]

The early tim-ing of the beginning of the campaign was highly unortho-dox. Trump marked the official start of the campaignwith a campaign rally in Melbourne, Florida on February18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.

[455]

ByFebruary 1, 2017, the campaign had already raised over$7 million.

[456]

5 Presidency

Main article: Presidency of Donald TrumpFor a chronological guide to this subject, see Timelineof the presidency of Donald Trump.

5.1 Transition

Main article: Presidential transition of Donald TrumpOn November 10, President-elect Trump had his firstever meeting with President Obama to discuss plans fora peaceful transition of power.

The New York Times

statedthat“Itwasanextraordinaryshowofcordialityandrespect between two men who have been political ene-miesandarestylisticopposites.”

[457]

TheBBC statedthat“their antipathy was barely concealed” in “awkward pho-tos” of the meeting.

[458]

PresidentObamaandPresident-electTrumpmeetintheOvalOf- fice on November 10, 2016, two days after the election.

5.1.1 White House appointments

For a more comprehensive list, see Political appoint-ments of Donald Trump.Trump’s transition team was led by Chris Christie un-til November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect MikePence took over.

[459]

Since then, Trump has chosenRNC chairman Reince Priebus as White House Chief of Staff

[460]

and businessman and media executive SteveBannon as White House Chief Strategist.

[461]

5.1.2 Cabinet-level nominations

Main article: Formation of Donald Trump’s cabinetTrump has nominated Senator Jeff Sessions as Attorney General,

[462]

retiredLieutenantGeneralMichaelFlynnasNational Security Advisor,

[463]

education reform activistBetsy DeVos as Secretary of Education,

[464]

GovernorNikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations,

[465]

former Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao as Secretary of Transportation,

[466]

U.S. Representative Tom Priceas Secretary of Health and Human Services,

[467]

for-mer campaign rival Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,

[468]

financier Steve Mnuchin asSecretary of the Treasury,

[469]

billionaire investor WilburRoss as Secretary of Commerce,

[470]

retired MarineCorps General James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,

[471]

retired Marine Corps General John F. Kelly as Secretary of Homeland Security,

[472]

businessman Andrew Puzderas Secretary of Labor

[473]

(later withdrawn, replaced byattorney and law school dean Alexander Acosta),

[474]

CEO of ExxonMobil Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State,

[475]

former Governor Rick Perry as Secretary of Energy,

[476]

U.S.RepresentativeRyanZinkeasSecretary of the Interior,

[477]

and Under Secretary for Health DavidShulkin as Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

[478]

Despite being nominated promptly during the transitionperiod, most cabinet members were unable to take of-


5.2 First 100 days

19fice on Inauguration Day because of delays in the for-mal confirmation process. By February 8, 2017, Presi-dent Trump had fewer cabinet nominees confirmed thanany prior president two weeks into their mandate, exceptGeorge Washington.

[479][480]

Part of the lateness was as-cribed to delays in submitting background-check paper-work, part to obstructionism by Senate Democrats.

[481]

5.1.3 Pre-inauguration events

On November 22, Trump outlined his plan for his first100 days in office in a video posted on YouTube. The plan included the United States’ withdrawal from theTrans-Pacific Partnership and asking the Department ofDefense to develop a plan to protect the U.S. from cyber-attack.

[482][483]

On December 7,

Time

named Trump as its "Person ofthe Year".

[484]

In an interview on

The Today Show

, hesaid he was honored by the award, but he took issuewith the magazine for referring to him as the “Presidentof the Divided States of America.”

[485][486]

He also op-posed

Time

's decision to change its “Man of the Year”title to “Person of the Year” in 1999, describing the ac-tion as too “politically correct”.

[487]

On December 13 hewas named

Financial Times

Person of the Year.

[488]

InDecember 2016,

Forbes

ranked Trump the second mostpowerful person in the world, after Vladimir Putin and before Angela Merkel.

[489]

Based on intelligence reports issued from October 2016to January 2017, the Obama administration accused theRussian government of trying to influence the U.S. presi-dential election in favor of Trump, by supplying the DNCemails to WikiLeaks for publication.

[490]

Trump,

[491]

WikiLeaks

[492]

and Russian officials

[493]

have denied theallegations.In January 2017, Trump was briefed on a private intelli-gence dossier containing “potentially compromising per-sonal and financial information” about his activities inRussia,

[494]

which he denied.

[495]

The dossier was alsoleaked to the press and published.

[496]

Media evaluationof the dossier ranged from “garbage”

[497]

to “partiallycorroborated”.

[498]

5.2 First 100 days

Main article: First 100 days of Donald Trump’s presi-dencyTrump’s inauguration as the 45th President of the UnitedStates was held on Friday, January 20, 2017. In his firstweek as president, Trump signed six executive orders.His first order as president set out interim procedures inanticipation of repeal of the Patient Protection and Af-fordableCareAct(Obamacare). Thatsameweek,Trumpwithdrew the United States from the Trans-Pacific Part-nership, re-instated the Mexico City Policy, reopened the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction

Trump taking the oath of office from Chief Justice John Roberts

projects and launched the process to build a new Mexicoborder wall and reinforce border security.

[499]

5.2.1 Immigration order

Main articles: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Or- der 13780On January 27, President Trump signed an executive or-

TrumpsigningExecutiveOrder13769at thePentagonastheVice President and Secretary of Defense look on

der that suspended admission of refugees for 120 daysand denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. The following day, thousandsof protesters gathered at airports and other locationsthroughout the United States to protest the signing of theorder and detainment of the foreign nationals.

[500]

Later,the administration seemed to reverse a portion of partof the order, effectively exempting visitors with a greencard.

[501][502]

Two Iraqi nationals detained upon arrivalfiled a complaint.

[503]

Several federal judges issued rul-ings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stop-ping the federal government from deporting visitors al-ready affected.

[502]

On March 6, 2017, Trump issued a revised executive or-der, that, among other differences with the original or-


20

5 PRESIDENCY

der, excluded Iraq, visa-holders, and permanent residentsfrom the temporary suspension and did not differentiateSyrian refugees from refugees from other countries.

[504]

5.2.2 Supreme Court nomination

Main article: Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nominationOn January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals CourtjudgeNeilGorsuchtofillthevacancyleftontheSupreme Court by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.

[505]

Aninvocation of the "nuclear option" was prompted byTrump.

[506]

The Senate confirmed the nomination ofGorsuch on April 7, with a 54–45 vote.

[507]

Gorsuch wassworn in the next day.

[508]

5.3 Domestic policy

5.3.1 Energy and climate

Main article: Environmental policy under the TrumpadministrationTrump’s energy policy advocates domestic industrial sup-port for both fossil and renewable energy sources in orderto curb reliance on Middle-Eastern oil and possibly turnthe U.S. into a net energy exporter.

[509]

His appointed ad-visers favor a less regulated energy market and, becausethey do not consider climate change a threat, see no needfor immediate action.

[510]

Trumpdoesnotacceptthescientificconsensusonclimatechange.

[511][512]

In 2012, he said that global warming wasa hoax invented by the Chinese, but later said that he wasjoking.

[513][514]

He has called the Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA) a “disgrace” and has threatened tocut its budget.

[515]

Trump has pledged to eliminate theClean Power Plan

[516]

and withdraw from the Paris Cli-mate Agreement, which calls for reductions in carbonemissions in more than 170 countries.

[517]

After winningthe presidency, Trump admitted “some connectivity” be-tween human activity and climate variability and said hehas an “open mind” towards the Paris agreement.

[518]

5.3.2 Immigration

Main article: Immigration policy of Donald TrumpTrump’s immigration policies were intensely discussedduring the campaign. Trump vowed to build a more sub-stantial wall on the Mexico–United States border to keep out illegal immigrants, a wall which Trump promisedMexico would pay for.

[519][520][521]

He pledged to mas-sively deport illegal immigrants residing in the UnitedStates,

[522]

and criticized birthright citizenship as it cre-ates "anchor babies".

[523]

He said the focus of deporta-tion would be criminals, those who have overstayed their

Trump speaking with Vice President Mike Pence and Secretaryof Homeland Security John F. Kelly on January 25, 2017

visas, and other “security threats”.

[524]

Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trumpmade a controversial proposal to completely banMuslim non-citizens from entering the UnitedStates until stronger vetting systems could beimplemented.

[525][526][527]

Later in 2016 he statedthat the ban would apply only to people originating fromcountries with a “proven history of terrorism against theUnited States or its allies”, or countries “compromisedby terrorism”.

[528][529][530]

In late January 2017, Trump issued an executive orderbanning the admission of immigrants from seven pre-dominantly Muslim countries.

[531]

The order was im-posed without warning and took effect immediately;

[532]

the measure caused chaos at many airports, with con-secutive days of mass protest afflicting major airportsin the United States.

[533]

Multiple legal challenges werefiled against the order, and a federal court blocked itsimplementation.

[532]

In early March 2017, Trump issueda revised order into law, which excluded Iraq, gave specific exemptions for permanent residents, no priorities forreligious minorities (e.g. Christian refugees) and a weekwas given to implement legislation.

[504][532]

5.3.3 Social issues

Main article: Social policy of Donald TrumpTrump is conservative, describes himself as pro-life andgenerally opposes abortion; exceptions are made in casesof rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.

[534]

He has said that he is committed toappointing justices who would try to overturn the rul-ing in

Roe v. Wade

.

[535]

He personally supports “tradi-tional marriage”

[513]

but considers the nationwide legalityof same-sex marriage a “settled” issue.

[535]

Trump supports a broad interpretation of the SecondAmendment and says he is opposed to gun control in general,

[536][537]

although his views have shifted over


5.3 Domestic policy

21time.

[538]

Trump opposes legalizing recreational mari-juana but supports legalizing medical marijuana.

[539]

Hefavors capital punishment,

[540][541]

as well as the use ofwaterboarding.

[542][543]

5.3.4 Health care

In 1999, Trump told

Larry King Live

that “I believein universal healthcare.”

[544]

Trump’s 2000 book,

TheAmerica We Deserve

, argued strongly for a single-payerhealthcare system based on the Canadian model,

[545]

andhas voiced admiration for the Scottish National HealthService.

[544][546][547]

However, Trump has repeatedly vowed to repeal and re-place Obamacare.

[548][549]

In March 2016, Trump’s cam-paignreleasedaplatformsummarywhichincludedavari-ety of free-market health reforms including provisions toallow health insurance to be sold across state lines, enableindividuals to deduct health insurance premiums, expandhealth savings accounts, and give more control of Medi-caid to the states.

[550][551]

Trump aims to streamline the Department of VeteransAffairs, getting rid of backlogs and waitlists, and upgrad- ing relevant facilities.

[552]

On his first Monday in office,Trump issued a federal hiring freeze on the VA.

[553]

5.3.5 Education

Trump has stated his support for school choice and lo-cal control for primary and secondary schools.

[554]

Heopposes the Common Core State Standards Initiative forprimary and secondary schools,

[555]

and has called Com-mon Core “a disaster” that must be ended.

[556]

He hasstated he would abolish all or part of the Department ofEducation.

[557]

5.3.6 Economy and trade

Main article: Economic policy of Donald TrumpTrump’s campaign tax plan called for levelling thecorporate tax rate to 15%, eliminating various businessloopholes and deductions,

[395]

and reducing the numberof brackets for personal income tax: the top rate wouldbe reduced from 39.6% to 25%, a large “zero bracket”would be created, and the alternative minimum tax andestate tax (which currently applies to individual estatesover $5.45 million or $10.9 million per married couple)would both be eliminated.

[558]

His comments about theminimum wage have been inconsistent.

[559][560][561]

Trump identifies as a "free trader", but says thattrade must be “reasonably fair”.

[562]

He has often beencalled a "protectionist",

[563][564][565]

because of his crit-icism of NAFTA,

[566][567]

the Trans-Pacific Partner-ship (TPP),

[568]

and his proposal to raise tariffs onChinese and Mexican exports to the United States

Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan in March2017

significantly.

[569][570]

He has also been critical of theWorldTradeOrganization, threateningtoleaveunlesshisproposed tariffs are accepted.

[571][572]

However, Trumphas been very keen to support a “fair” post-Brexit tradedeal with the United Kingdom,

[573]

which Trump sayswould be “good for both sides”.

[574]

5.3.7 Government size and deregulation

Trump’s early policies have favored far-reachingderegulation and a smaller federal government. Hebecame the first president in sixteen years to sign aCongressional Review Act disapproval resolution; thelaw had been used only once before.

[575]

During hisfirst six weeks in office, he abolished ninety federalregulations.

[576][577]

On January 23, 2017, Trump ordered a temporarygovernment-wide hiring freeze.

[578][579]

The ComptrollerGeneral of the Government Accountability Office told a House committee that hiring freezes have not provento be effective in reducing costs.

[580]

Unlike some pastfreezes, thecurrentfreezebarsagenciesfromaddingcon-tractors to make up for employees leaving.

[580]

A week later Trump signed Executive Order 13771, di-recting administrative agencies to repeal two existingregulations for every new regulation they issue.

[581][582]

Harvard Law professor Jody Freeman said that the order would do no more than slow the regulatory process, be-cause it did not block rules required by statute.

[583]

On February 24, 2017, Trump ordered the agencies tocreate task forces to determine which regulations aredeemed burdensome to the U.S. economy.

[584]

Agencydefenders expressed opposition to Trump’s attacks, say-ing that the bureaucracy exists to protect people againstwell-organized, well-funded interest groups.

[585]


22

7 SEE ALSO

5.4 Foreign policy

Main articles: Foreign policy of Donald Trump andForeign policy of the Donald Trump administrationTrumphasbeendescribedasnon-interventionist

[586][587]

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and Trump meeting inWashington, D.C., on February 10, 2017

and nationalist.

[588]

Trump repeatedly stated that he sup-ports "America First" foreign policy.

[589]

He supportsincreasing United States military defense spending,

[588]

but favors decreasing United States spending on NATOand in the Pacific region.

[590]

He says America shouldlook inward, stop “nation building”, and re-orient its re-sources toward domestic needs.

[587]

As a candidate hequestioned whether he, as president, would automati-cally extend security guarantees to NATO members,

[591]

and suggested that he might leave NATO unless changesare made to the alliance.

[592]

But as president he has re-affirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO.

[593]

In order to confront the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria(ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil inISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and groundtroops.

[594]

In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,

[595][596]

a positionhe later retracted.

[597]

Regarding the Israeli–Palestinianconflict, Trump has stated the importance of being a neu-tral party during potential negotiations, while also havingstated that he is “a big fan of Israel”.

[598]

During the cam-paignhesaidhewouldrelocatetheU.S.embassyinIsraelto Jerusalem from its current location, Tel Aviv, although he has not pursued that proposal as president.

[599]

Both as a candidate and as president, Trump repeatedlysaid he wants a good relationship with Russia.

[600][601]

Trump has pledged to hold a summit meeting withVladimir Putin.

[602]

He added that Russia could help theU.S. in fighting ISIS militants.

[603]

On April 7, 2017,Trump ordered the Shayrat missile strike in retaliationfor the chemical weapons attack in Syria.

[604]

Trump receiving the 2015 Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation’sannualCommandant’sLeadershipAwardinrecog-nition of his contributions to American military education pro- grams

6 Awards, honors, and distinctions

•

The Jewish National Fund's Tree of Life Award for contributions to Israel–United States relations.

[605]

(1983)

•

Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Ac-tor for his role in

Ghosts Can't Do It

[606]

(1990)

•

Gaming Hall of Fame

[607]

(1995)

•

Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

[608][609]

(2007)

•

Muhammad Ali Entrepreneur Award

[610]

(2007)

•

Honorary doctorate of Business Administration,Robert Gordon University, Scotland (2010)

[611]

(re-voked 2015)

[612]

•

Honorary doctorate of business, Liberty Univer-sity

[613][614]

(2012)

•

WWE Hall of Fame

[615]

(2013)

•

The Algemeiner

Liberty Award for contributions toIsrael–United States relations.

[616]

(2015)

•

Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation Com-mandant’s Leadership Award

[617]

(2015)

•

Time

Person of the Year (2016)

•

Financial Times

Person of the Year (2016)

7 See also

•

List of Presidents of the United States

•

List of richest American politicians


23

8 Notes

[1] The number “five” includes the elections of 1824, 1876,1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities, some ofthese five elections had peculiar results; e.g. John QuincyAdams trailed in

both

the national popular vote and theelectoral college in 1824 (since no-one had a majority inthe electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House ofRepresentatives), and Samuel Tilden in 1876 remains theonlylosingcandidateto win an actualmajorityofthepop-ular vote (rather than just a plurality).

[435][436]

9 References

[1] “TheWorld’sBillionaires–#544DonaldTrump”.

Forbes

.2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.[2] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 19. [3] Panetta, Alexander (September 19, 2015). “DonaldTrump’s grandfather ran Canadian brothel during goldrush”. CBC News. Retrieved December 10, 2015. [4] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 23–25. [5] Blair 2015a, p. 5. [6] Blair, Gwenda (August 24, 2015). “The Man Who MadeTrump Who He Is”.

Politico

. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[7] Blair 2005, p. 23. [8] Pilon, Mary (June 24, 2016). “Donald Trump’s Immi-grant Mother”.

The New Yorker

. Retrieved April 2, 2017.[9] McGrane,Sally(April29,2016). “TheAncestralGermanHome of the Trumps”.

The New Yorker

. Retrieved April2, 2017.[10] Davidson, Amy (April 8, 2016). “Donald Trump’s Nu-clear Uncle”.

The New Yorker

. Retrieved April 2, 2017.[11] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 45. [12]

The 75th Anniversary Shrapnel

. NYMA. Spring 1964. p.107. Retrieved January 21, 2017.[13] New York City Department of Health (June 14, 1946).“Donald Trump Birth Certificate”.

ABC News

. Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved November26, 2016.Jamaica Hospital (June 14, 1946). “Certificate ofBirth: Donald John Trump” (PDF).

Fox News Channel

.Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. RetrievedMay 31, 2016.[14] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 31, 37. [15] Schwartzman, Paul; Miller, Michael E. (June 22, 2016).“Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lotlike candidate Donald Trump” .

The Washington Post

.Retrieved April 2, 2017.[16] Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). “Even in college, Don-ald Trump was brash”.

Boston Globe

. Archived from theoriginal on August 28, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2017.[17] Blair 2005, p. 16. [18] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 47, 50, 104–105. [19] Ehrenfreund, Max (September 3, 2015). “The real rea-son Donald Trump is so rich”.

The Washington Post

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. Staffed by expertswho oversee an open governmental process, they say, thefederalbureaucracyexiststoprotectthosewhowouldoth-erwise be at the mercy of better-organized, better-fundedinterests.[586] Cassidy, John (February 29, 2016). “Donald Trump IsTransforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party”.

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. Retrieved March 5, 2016.[587] Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (March 21, 2016). “TrumpquestionsneedforNATO,outlinesnoninterventionistfor-eign policy”.

The Washington Post

.[588] “Donald Trump, American Nationalist”.

The National In-terest

. November 3, 2015.[589] Amanpour, Christiane (July 22, 2016). “Donald Trump’sspeech: 'America first,' but an America absent from theworld”. CNN.[590] “Donald Trump reveals his isolationist foreign-policy in-stincts”.

The Economist

. May 22, 2016.[591] Sanger, David E.; Haberman, Maggie (July 20, 2016).“DonaldTrumpSetsConditionsforDefendingNATOAl-lies Against Attack”.

The New York Times

. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2016.[592] “What’s Trump’s Position on NATO?". factcheck.org.Retrieved July 31, 2016.[593] “Trump supports NATO, but Senate holds up expansion”.

Reuters

. Newsweek. March 1, 2017. Retrieved May 2,2017.[594] “Trump once called for sending US ground troops to fightISIS and 'take that oil'".

Mother Jones

.[595] Gaouette, Nicole (March 11, 2016). “Trump wants30,000troops. WouldthatdefeatISIS?". CNN.RetrievedJuly 12, 2016.[596] “Trump Calls for 20,000–30,000 Troops to Fight ISIS”.

The Weekly Standard

. March 10, 2016. Retrieved July12, 2016.[597] “The Latest: Trump backtracks on US forces to fight mil-itants”.


. Associated Press.March 21, 2016. Archived from the original on August14, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.[598] Sherman, Amy (March 1, 2016). Would Donald Trumpbe 'neutral' between Israel and its enemies?

Tampa BayTimes

. Retrieved April 10, 2016.


41

[599] “Moving US embassy to Jerusalem may be slipping downTrump’s agenda”.

The Guardian

. Reuters. January 23,2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.[600] Flores, Reena (January 7, 2017). “Donald Trump urges“good relationship” with Russia in tweets”.

CBS News

.Retrieved May 2, 2017.[601] Berry, Lynn (January 29, 2017). “GOP warns Trump notto lift Russia sanctions after call with Putin”.

Associated Press

. PBS. Retrieved May 2, 2017.[602] McElroy, Damien (January 29, 2017). “Trump and Putinagree to hold summit”.

The Sunday Times

. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2017. (Subscription required (help)).[603] “Trump suggests U.S. accept Russia’s annexation ofCrimea”.

PBS

. Associated Press. August 1, 2016. Re-trieved February 19, 2017.[604] “Syria war: Trump’s missile strike attracts US praise –and barbs”.

BBC News

. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8,2017.[605] Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award Presentation toDonald J. Trump: Tuesday Evening March 1, 1983, GalaDinner Dance, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York[606] Weisman, Aly (September 1, 2015). “Donald Trump wona 'worst supporting actor' Razzie award for his role in this1989 film”.

Business Insider

. Retrieved April 23, 2016.[607] “The Gaming Hall of Fame”. University of Nevada Las Vegas. Retrieved August 30, 2009.[608] “Donald Trump”. Hollywood Walk of Fame. [609] Robinson, Joanna (April 3, 2016). “People Can't StopVandalizing Donald Trump’s Star on the Hollywood Walkof Fame”.

Vanity Fair

.[610] “March 24, 2007 Muhammad Ali’s Celebrity Fight NightXIII”. Blacktie. March 24, 2007. Retrieved July 12,2016.[611] Smith, Pauline; Youngson, Andrew. (September 16,2010). Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon Uni-versity Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Robert Gordon University.[612] Holton, Kate (December 9, 2015). “More than 250,000Britons petition to ban Trump from UK”. Reuters.[613] Bible, Mitzi (September 24, 2012).Donald Trump ad-dresses largest Convocation crowd, praises Liberty’sgrowth. Liberty University News Service, September.Liberty University News Service.[614] “Donald Trump to Talk Politics, Business and Faith atLiberty University Convocation”.

The Christian Post

. Re-trieved March 9, 2016.[615] “Donald Trump cements his WWE legacy: 2013 WWEHall of Fame Induction Ceremony”. WWE. 2013. [616] “Algemeiner Honors Joan Rivers, Donald Trump,Yuli Edelstein at Second Annual 'Jewish 100' Gala”.

Algemeiner Journal

. Brooklyn, NY. February 5, 2015.[617] “MC–LEF Events”. Marine Corps–Law EnforcementFoundation. 2015. Archived from the original on August19, 2015. Donald Trump received our Commandant’sLeadership Award.

10 Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of Donald Trump

•

Blair, Gwenda (2005).

Donald Trump: Master Ap- prentice

. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432- 7510-1.

•

Blair, Gwenda (2015a).

Donald Trump: The Can-didate

. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439129371.

•

Blair, Gwenda (2015b) [First published 2001].

TheTrumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire

.Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501139369.

•

Cramer, Renee (2005).

Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledg-ment

. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806136714.

•

Gallup, George, Jr. (1990).

The Gallup Poll: Pub-lic Opinion 1989

. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780842023443.

•

Pacelle, Mitchell (2001).

Empire: A Tale of Obses-sion, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon

.John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471238652.

•

Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [First published 2016].

Trump Revealed: The Definitive Bi-ography of the 45th President

. Simon & Schuster.ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.

•

Light, Larry (2012).

Taming the Beast: Wall Street’s Imperfect Answers to Making Money

. John Wiley &Sons. ISBN 9781118084205.

•

Payment, Simone (2007).

Donald Trump: Profileof a Real Estate Tycoon

. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4042-1909-0.

•

Trump, Donald J.; Schwartz, Tony (2009) [Firstpublished 1987].

Trump: The Art of the Deal

.Random House. ISBN 978-0-446-35325-0.

•

Wooten, Sara (2009).

Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV

. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978- 0766028906.

11 External links

•

Presidential website

•

Donald J. Trump for President campaign website


42

11 EXTERNAL LINKS

•

President Trump on Twitter (official)

•

Donald Trump on Twitter (personal)

•

Donald Trump at the Internet Movie Database

•

Donald Trump at PolitiFact.com

•

“Donald Trump collected news and commentary”.

The New York Times

.

•



.

•


The Guardian

.

•

Appearances on C-SPAN

•

Donald Trump on the Internet Archive


43

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

•

Donald Trump

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump?oldid=779839424

Contributors:

Jimbo Wales, Eloquence, De-votchka, The Anome, Ed Poor, Kowloonese, Danny, William Avery, Maury Markowitz, AntonioMartin, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Edward,HollyAm, Michael Hardy, Modster, Fred Bauder, Kku, Liftarn, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Dori, Mprudhom, Tregoweth, Radicalsubversiv,Ronabop, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Engelsepiet, Bueller 007, Darkwind, Ijon, Marteau, Bogdangiusca, Vzbs34, Agtx, Redjar, Adam Bishop,Rainer Wasserfuhr~enwiki, Andrevan, CTSWyneken, Dysprosia, Jay, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Timwhit, Tpbradbury, Tschild, Drag-ons flight, Furrykef, Itai, Nv8200pa, Thomasedavis, Thue, Nricardo, Raul654, Jason M, Johnleemk, Palefire, RadicalBender, Calieber,Huangdi, Jni, Dimadick, Bearcat, RedWolf, Moncrief, ZimZalaBim, Stephan Schulz, Romanm, Lowellian, Postdlf, Llavigne, Polonius,Merovingian, Der Eberswalder, Flauto Dolce, Meelar, Timrollpickering, Rasmus Faber, Andrew Levine, Matty j, Hadal, UtherSRG,Saforrest, JackofOz, Mushroom, HaeB, Seth Ilys, Xanzzibar, AmericanCentury21, 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44

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Macon, Ansett, Rambone, Opelio, Liarsenic, EarthPer-son, Alextwa, Quintote, Chesteresem, Manuel7marin, R3i6nm8n, Yaragn, Jj137, Opcnup, DAGAME01, Makkonen~enwiki, Mack2,Toohool, Ronny8, Lukerie, LibLord, Farosdaughter, THEunique, AdamDeanHall, North Shoreman, Jhsounds, Yellowdesk, Night Pheonix,Zigzig20s, David Shankbone, Xxqoouxx, DAWikipedia, Jm4392, Asteroid123, Smcmanus, Qwerty Binary, WilliamSmith, Wl219, Yalens,Canadian-Bacon, Caper13, ClassicSC, Xzamuel, Jayu2001, Stonysleep, ThatsHowIRoll, JAnDbot, Jimothytrotter, Vingold, Candent shli-mazel, Barek, Ljhliesl, MER-C, Skomorokh, Avaya1, Inks.LWC, Matthew Fennell, MelanieN, Boguslinks, RDLT, Awilley, Hello32020,Db099221, Hmitt, Vikram ramesh, TedRall, VeronicaPR, Urbaneddie, Andonic, Hut 8.5, J-stan, Hobson, TAnthony, Toglenn, Desert-sky85451, PhilKnight, ResurgamII, Dream Focus, Vinny77, Rothorpe, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Lmz00, .anacondabot, Acroterion, Hurmata,Pablothegreat85, Magioladitis, AzzQim, PrimroseGuy, Connormah, Jay942942, Bail03, Wasabi8, Fitnr, Teshik, Pedro, Bongwarrior,VoABot II, Hb2019, Dannyc77, AuburnPilot, Georgian, Nickpheas, Jmorrison230582, Ccolling, QuizzicalBee, MastCell, HullaballooWolfowitz, JNW, Xb2u7Zjzc32, Quinctilius, Dougieb, Renosecond, George Esayas, Jim Douglas, Toryt0821, Nyttend, Jatkins, Kev-inmon, Jhw57, Froid, Cartoon Boy, Objectivesea, Rowsdower45, KConWiki, RottenFruit, JLMadrigal, Dtc0379, Goodxxgod, Seleu-cus, Maslowsneeds, GZee, Animum, Johnbibby, Thebert99, Zetterberg40, Avisnacks, LegendaryKoopa, Eqdoktor, Elinruby, Allstarecho,Mike Payne, Dck7777, Madmanguruman, JMyrleFuller, Gerry D, Benjamintchip, Dane, Prester John, Pepe alas, Glen, Nosenhodge,DerHexer, Richardthiebaud, Jenalexia, Tediz-Killer, Leewilson, Arbol25, Patstuart, Airbornemihir, Maxasus, Connor Behan, Sinai422,Makro, Gatech222, Greenguy89, Murraypaul, Brock62589, Extremenachos, J0equ1nn, Sicaspi, Greenguy1090, Stevenharrower, Boudic-cat3, Whedonette, EtienneDolet, AaronLK, Ivanka1, Arnabdas, MartinBot, Arno schaefer, Ashley55, Adlerschloß, Weathercoins, Sand-manra, Arjun01, Tvoz, Bjmp11, Orangysb, Smilingsuzy, Ben MacDui, HOT L Baltimore, Drewmutt, Chewbacca21, Keith D, Imran-becks, Snood1205, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Johnpacklambert, Azer Red, KTo288, Habitual gardner, Onixz100, Lop-side, LittleOldMe old, Discpad, TrumpCard, TheHightower, Thirdright, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Hollafront, BadEnds, CFCF, Trusilver,Edgeweyes, Drucci~enwiki, Tlim7882, Quailman, JamesR,Sparkester, NorthSide, Mlhangel, Jomskylark, Nbauman, Writegeist, Mrminty,Baker13c, 8642, Ginsengbomb, OneWorld22, Sirtrebuchet, Mokupahu, Chopin-Ate-Liszt!, WFinch, Chimborazo, Dave Dial, Johnny-briggs, RYANonWIKIPEDIA, Creepy Crawler, Maproom, Warpplasma, Hirschjoshua, Acalamari, Mysteredia, Mathglot, Joeshea, Bro-kenSphere, Simpsone4, Johnbod, DarkFalls, Fanamana, Ignatzmice, Carterdd, Dfoofnik, Andy Johnston, Rob Kramble, Inimicusmagnus,Grosscha, Drumunit, Veriss1, Novis-M, Notreallydavid, Bailo26, 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Spadaro, Number87, Falcon8765, Centerone, Cw6165, Silverlynx555, Madman234, Crazycat04, JustinBlue101, Vchim-


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AlexBogue89,Howpper,Numbermaniac,Dsteel2012,Afrasclient,SSuper64,Lugia2453,TDKRChicago101,VIAFbot,RMCDbot,Jc86035,Ashkljma,LeChabon, HarJIT, Madisonhawley, Pokajanje, Bandwidth47, Sriharsh1234, IndianBio, Toasterstrudelz, 801densra, Poofaced, Pup-kin8r, SPECIFICO, CCamp2013, Golde62, Magellan Maestro, Kingdom Of Malkariss, Wikicontributor12, NightShadow23, Galaxy-Fighter55, Gmporr, SassyLilNugget, Malerooster, ThievingBeagles, Corn cheese, MisterShiney, RandomLittleHelper, IVORK, Billybob-joe997, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Hillbillyholiday, Zzzzaaaacccchhh, Gscan115, Reverse polish, Cirolchou, Pincrete, Cchessman,Helsabot, Tvx1, PrairieKid, Revelations122, Epicgenius, Equilibrium Allure, Thebobbyroberts, NNickolas, FallingGravity, NickKrammes,Marxistfounder, Distelfinck, Djkauffman, Wshemp, RiversideUser, I am One of Many, EddieHugh, ToriJana, Intrepid11, Magnolia677,Mitzi777, Michipedian, Melonkelon, Contributor321, Cbs527, Harlem Baker Hughes, FiredanceThroughTheNight, American In 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CatcherStorm, GeeIsUs., Purgnos-tic, Historian177, Ryk72, PutinsEditor, Esmost, ALPolitico, Spilia4, DByns, Monkbot, MarioProtIV, Zumoarirodoka, Inkybinky3, Pa-tient Zero, EdgarCabreraFariña, JacksonViking, NewJohn, Slovinan, Hanif Al Husaini, TropicAces, Justin15w, Filedelinkerbot, Bunkere-donline, Nikolaiho, Landingdude13, Joe Vitale 5, KevinNinja, Tigercompanion25, Tastytaco1, Fyddlestix, Catholic Laitinen, Kerimb123,MrAMcCormick, BethNaught, BryceJorgensen, Kimandrew1026, Codreezy, Prisencolin, IvanMcomb, Bryan4562013, Godwin1996,Greggens, Ptb1997, Mikeis1996, Spongebob Yay, Birdc83, Gdeblois19, ԱշոտՏՆՂ, Jombagale, IagoQnsi, Steverci, VUwildcats28,WikiOriginal-9, Editosaurus, ♥Golf, Owais Khursheed, Ceosad, StrikeDog, Monopoly31121993, Keiiri, Zacwill, N1ggerf4ggot123, Tip-toethrutheminefield, ArmandoBecker, M. Armando, JezGrove, Djcheburashka, 59Ballons, Paul Badillo, AstroU, Rjvollert, Worseden-freddurst, Orthodox2014, Sciophobiaranger, Sunmist, KDDLB, Johnnyg150, Robyn b27, Chasedgaming, Hilltrot, GeorgeV73GT, Hum-mer61, Amelia1969, Cmje10, EllsworthSchmittendorf, 09bryant, Gouncbeatduke, Mmvmvcnvbnvbcnn, SimpleStitch, Ebonelm, Kinnon-maniac, Bclark823, A guy saved by Jesus, Signedzzz, Tkizzle05, JoelAtkinson51, X9anonymouse9x, Peasouptrouble, Batzorigj, Nonoboo-bies, SheriffIsInTown, Nickcap27, Qordnlrns, Mitzi.humphrey, Sigehelmus, KBH96, ZgortBX, MRD2014, Bammie73, Whikie, Clas-sicOnAStick, Ionasal, Zabboo, Kjerish, ScottWillie, 200032LAU, EvilLair, Holypod, Geffmclane, Ross Penman, Jamsausage, 591J,Samuel Williscroft, Bigs7, Nohomersryan, Wkikitree, Eeyoresdream, KH-1, PotatoNinja, Lord Bitter, TimDHill92, Charliedunning,Sushiek, Peterthlee, Antoniotroga, MeropeRiddle, WikiEditorial101, Druxe, BlooTannery, Conspirasee1, 0xF8E8, Awesomebillionaire,Fez9999, Thatwweguy 619, Darren1988cdm, Yekimyarw, Cognissonance, Pinkleader, AmorPatiturMoras, Wikiman483910381, Mlkj,Celosiakitty, Liance, SamWilson989, WeaponOfChoice1, Sabot Cat, Knowledgebattle, Vcheese101, KINGOFTO, Ninjaknight66, Llmrt,Spiderjerky, Joebublyface, Cynulliad, EoRdE6, Donottroll, AJFU, Nocturnalnow, Zppix, Thomasalbert5760, What Seems To Be TheOfficer, Problem, Slooppouts34, 3-k-fee, AHC300, Altenmaeren, 65HCA7, Histogenea22, DavidJac, Itsyoungrapper, Joshricci1235,KaJunl, Orduin, JustinIsAwesome77, Kethrus, LeeBobBlack, Benfxmth, Emilyscarr, Froggyfacts, Narciso003, Tyroze17, StanMan87,


12.2 Images

47

SomeoneNamedDerek, Tritzim, Sarr Cat, Mr. Hyka, Anomymousx09, Cartoonist 101, Eclipsoid, Vami IV, Lja1010, Engineeringi-sawesome, Benhiggs071, Wikigrammerpolice, Iceman45575, LingLing2100, Godsy, Joobo, Anonymous427, PeterTheFourth, Atvica,AlphaBetaGamma01, Cheeseman9999, Onifpaz, NHL36, Jackplomer24, SageGreenRider, Ititanthompson, Sundayclose, Joseph2302,JonasGray35, Asumish, DoulosBen, Dash9Z, DelayTalk, Scottaustin26, Thundergirl1001, Gag0409, NetworkOP, 45plinty, LoudLizard,Abierma3, Tybomb124, Stinger20, Lapilluminati, MaverickLittle, Gladiator Decimus Meridius, AdrianPurley, Truffles&pie, Firebends,Shoebagshitz, LRXXX, Alienforce2k9, Donald Trump jnr, Caper147, LavaBaron, Bronze2018, FRDHU, Absolutelypuremilk, Skipforty-four, DouglasKenney18, MelanieNalt, Nepalnepali1522, Talahayat, Gamingforfun365, Vaze50, Velostodon, NUKKETS,Don2datop, Kit-tyHawk2015, Wharles05, Simonkluger, ReordCræft, Fieryjaguar1, 814eboydizzle, Bruiserid, Jjw1000, Taterfarmer69, Mj thenovelatre,MMAGuy8, Micahleon, Jdcomix, Naue7, Biruxx, Noaji, Ddddmn, Eric0928, Sweebs101, SocraticOath, Sondra.kinsey, Nhnewsguy789,Amccann421, Apple101888, Timothyjosephwood, Vesuvius Dogg, Cosmic Sans, Supdiop, Planecrashexpert, Nøkkenbuer, Grammar-ian3.14159265359, Denniscabrams, TheCorduroyEffect, Dukeofappling, Omanyd, Landenrobinson12395, KasparBot, Caltropdefense,JorisEnter, 3 of Diamonds, MB298, 1305cj, TheTMOBGaming2, Anarchyte, LordStarscream100, Sunwing101, Terald13, 95-Infinite,AlaskanNativeRU, Xcix1980, Politrukki, Tyrobrusks, GuarénDeBiblioteca, TheBeastMan415, WhiteCha, Bungler91, Continentaleurope,Adam9007, AusLondonder, James J. Lambden, ConAngel2000, Cbls1911, Xaboler, Ergo Sum, Yr, Frenchfry33, Domo Ranger12,Tangvworp, Ralphw, AuroralColibri, MrVenaCava, My Chemistry romantic, Milos Tripkovic, Jardouin, Jonnyplaxo, MrAsianAnder,RPF94, Tenor12, BallPlayed, Iady391, Kasrak567, Braybrayfitz97, Sro23, ProfessorJR, Flintgamer99, CakeCake18, Scapulus, Alquevron,Volkstod, Saddiqueimran, AMHC94, KSFT, Wikiwaza899, Kuriboh65655, Bbundu, Murph9000, Misternails, Bertdrunk, BU Rob13,Mrv3rsac3, RadioGuy98, DCausse (WMF), GopherPA, HappyWanderer15, Jpz79, Alcoaariel, Spaghetti07205, Thursby16, Tyler3418,TanyaAnn, WakelessGrub, Emb3625, Feminist, TheBlueIguana, Shanzer231, Visnvoisnvo, FanGirl7373848, JohnChristopher8888, DarkCocoa Frosting, 217IP, MonsieurNapoléon, Bryantriplex, KuddlyKitten420, Adityadn9, Justin Jameson, Mackattack1121, BrookDaCow,Some of everything, Memesare4me, DonaldTrumpSux, Hurrygane, Dontcarenoonespecial, Carstens95, Bbybaph, JakeR, David Devon,Dorpater, Ye eunuch, Jhhayes1, Rpgoens, PanamaIsReallyCool, Cronkyjacko, Dolly Cao, Timk1111, Fvckface03, Spark1498, Rmichael-rugg, Aperiarcam, Swagger14, Aaaaaabbbbb111, Jerichodiverson23, Hawkeye9976, Redneck192qwa, Rickberry21, Jchen881, Wink0519,Oye289, Yairr, HenryMP02, Laurel Wreath of Victors, StjJackson, ThoDaCuppaJoe, Crispy Dream Milk, Neve-selbert, TheJazzTrum-pet, JoshMuirWikipedia, OrganicEarth, Kingshowman, Oriole7, Machucanator1000, Proud User,

י ל ירנ

, ABF99, Ontario Teacher BFABEd, Jjttmm, Majora, Barbequeue, Betterthanlebis, 15zulu, Philipfolta, Vansockslayer, PatrickJHattman, WSDavitt, SuperMarioMuseum,Broo210, Clipper rhodes, Thecertifiedg, Snooganssnoogans, Enigmaticmechanisms, Mattb19, Giant Bernard, Linguist111, Ewenstrue-mental, Make America Great Again, Maczkopeti, Jeje1991, Ermahgerd9, Andy19891, Its gonna be yuge, Libarycat, Theophilus An-dronicus, ShadowDragon343, DonSpencer1, Joseph Clay, Jr., Distrait cognizance, TeLfAnAtOr, Barbara (WVS), Donenne, MartinZ,Drew McBride2003, Skubydoo, Tonybins, Liamnotneeson, ErieSwiftByrd, Charlotte135, Rollingcontributor, AdmiralAckbar1, Felier-rrrrr, Auth0RiTy, JCRadical, Jumpingsquirrel, ParkH.Davis, Reattacollector, Dicideaq, RickoTroanman22, D.Creish, Nike4564, Vrra-jkum, Rileyx2000, Steveodinkirk, Tpdwkouaa, Winterysteppe, Mayweather5, Volvlogia, Hddty., AlejandroR1990, Simplexity22, Cy-baltM, Voltaireuk123, Torygreen84, Awesomepearse, S.pparkle, Texaseliz, Figfires, Dkspartan1835, Jordandlee, Highplainswiki, Fm2004,Lava03, Cozy00, WClarke, Mypotatolife, Xin Deui, MBUSHIstory, InternetArchiveBot, Skim127, Humanweb, Zaostao, Helmut vonMoltke, SomewhereInLondon, Eurocus47, BluJayPJ, CometEncke, Nagylelkű, The Channel of Random, TDMfan23!, Connor Machi-avelli, TheAWOLTurtle, Newyearbaby, ValarianB, Jkerrigan8, Zupotachyon, Creeperparty568, Khantymansisk, Saturnalia0, Codyydodyy,Caviar Cohort, Kewldude12, The free ad database, Indy beetle, QianCheng, Arglebargle79, Pillsberrydoo7, TheFancyFedoraWielder, ICatMaster, Mogomaniac, IWillBuildTheRoads, JJMC89 bot, Peter Michaél Wish, JJBers, The Voidwalker, Marquis de Faux, Frey’s Fray,VoltaireEditor2016, Ethanbas, This Account’s User, IAreggano, Marianna251, Aleccat, Zezimars, Wallacemj7, Dfaustin23, Theeco2015,Jar3damos55, Edmodo23, Triplecaña, Colonel Wilhelm Klink, Adalta1884, Seetler, 3v3evev3e, CarolOfTheForest, RandPer, KGirl-Trucker81, GreenC bot, Tekodian, ThiefOfBagdad, Blight55, PrismTheDragon, Magtf1, Exemplo347, SkyWarrior, Wikipedia-Translator,Truthistruth777, DynaGirl, Sheepythemouse, Moviebuff323, Robot psychiatrist, Unuseableusernameeeee, Simple.bert, It’s Harrison!,JanekTheScribe, U5117629, Kyle99900, Bluesphere, Schmarrnintelligenz, JohnDoewikiuser, Wickypedoia, Meddling meddler, ThePlaty-pusofDoom, Plankton55, DesertGrass, Jujutsuan, Derranado188, Edpark717, Stnicklaus3, Reallysomething123, John “Hannibal” Smith,Adotchar, Timothyc999, Kiliopa, RedBear2040, Sally Book, AlbanGeller, Cheeselandabc, Sieckmannsam15, Dab127, TheSoundofMu-sic76, MordeKyle, Thenabster126, SethHenderman, B1g Sh2rk, FactProffer, Gluons12, Masageee33, CoffeeStation95, Someone NotAwful, Howardth25, SuperMarioForce, Theblacksamster, Sunilmittal15, Lord NnNn, Motivação, Atiru, Ahmad Bougouredi, Raji 000 sci-entist, Doctor Grant, Wyatt2049, Trepcost, Kamel Tebaast, Kierdt, Bazooka2k, Johnwk, Yankees999, ZSJUSA, The Diaz, King Dubby,SamHolt6, GringisMan, Leof616, FabulousFerd, JosephFrontroyal, Alfie Gandon, Bit7ocker, HeathIsling, Celaur, Optimistic Wikipedian,Squashport, KAL68, Hawkeye75, Rick4512, Nl5836, Ecarneiro, LS100Studios, Lepricavark, Zwifree, Disneylandlover2006, Pyrusca,Omosejk12, ApolloFirenze, EmirofWikipedia, HolyGoo, Nerdcorenet, Usernamen1, AlexanderJoshua, BendertheBot, GhostxRecon74,James R. Aguilar, NPalgan2, Unknown6660001, 89rbeuud, Archer Rafferty, Vests Have No Sleeves, Oneshotofwhiskey, Heart of Destruc-tion, FuzzyGopher, SeaLion572, Accurateworldwar, 72, Dcfootballdaily, Turkeybutt JC, Joseeee2598, MVP131, We Scholars, Vladisfox,Dtksguy, Autovision007, UserDe, Zachary lambert14, User1937, Breese1999, Shark32322, Andther, Reel Life, Hotshot1133laskr, Pe-teWL, Cadmus90, SwineHerd, Imminent77, EditKing666, NationalInterest16, A1b2C3d4, MikePence2020, Octoberwoodland, Sarang1,Malistare77,9kiing,Saiph121,Haailo,ChrisHofNewYork,Wikishovel,VonSprat,HelgaStick,KMilos,Sporcler10,Sleyece,Walbin420,IMQFT, World’s Lamest Critic, Moxhay, Carlos Danger, YelloChoco44, Badass Flare, Rachel.martin.2017, Justanothereditor98027, His-torybuff5182, Chan-ocha, Sandiego91, Polar Cup, IPanda14, Samswik, Catboy7006, What cat?, MassiveYR, Larko321, Ourmin312,Bohn o'jyrne, Maryfjane, Twitbookspacetube, Sagecandor, ThaiWanIII, MonsterHunter32, Boötes, Zhanglei1122, SlackerDelphi, Jason-Phelps, BoredBored, DrStrauss, Rambabuyadavnp1, Ksenia2727, Xandahar, The smell of perfume, ILOVEMYLIFE, Cjw1, Cynulliad3,Wiki.Man, Common Yarrow, GabetheEditor, Lawrencegordon, 32zel, The Big 5, Bluetooth Master Man, CubeSat4U and Anonymous:1672

12.2 Images

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File:2006_AEGold_Proof_Obv.png

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/2006_AEGold_Proof_Obv.png

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

United States Mint

Original artist:

United States Mint

•

File:Central_Park_Wollman_Rink.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Central_Park_Wollman_Rink.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 2.0

Contributors:

originally posted to

Flickr

as New York. Central Park. Wollman Rink

Original artist:

Tomás Fano

•

File:Commons-logo.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Origi-nal artist:

?


48


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File:Decrease2.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Sarang

•

File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg

Li-cense:

Public domain

Contributors:

•

Red_flag_waving.svg

Original artist:

Red_flag_waving.svg: Wereon

•

File:Donald_Trump_(29273256122)_-_Cropped.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Donald_Trump_%2829273256122%29_-_Cropped.jpg

License:

CC BY 2.5

Contributors:

https://flickr.com/photos/22007612@N05/29273256122

Orig-inal artist:

Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America

•

File:Donald_Trump_(5440995138).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Donald_Trump_%285440995138%29.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 2.0

Contributors:

Donald Trump

Original artist:

Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ,United States of America

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File:Donald_Trump_Laconia_Rally,_Laconia,_NH_4_by_Michael_Vadon_July_16_2015_19.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Donald_Trump_Laconia_Rally%2C_Laconia%2C_NH_4_by_Michael_Vadon_July_16_2015_19.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 4.0

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Michael Vadon

•

File:Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

“Photos show Donald Trump in military uniform, with athletic teams before dodging the Vietnam draft with‘bull---t’ injury”,

New York Daily News

(July 21, 2015)

Original artist:

Seth Poppel/Yearbook Library

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File:Donald_Trump_Signature.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Donald_Trump_Signature.svg

Li-cense:

Publicdomain

Contributors:

Ownworkbyuploader, tracedinAdobeIllustratorfromhttp://www.indianautographs.com/prodimages/m_225025a.jpg

Original artist:

Connormah, Donald Trump

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File:Donald_Trump_and_Melania_Trump_at_Liberty_Ball_Inauguration_2017.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Donald_Trump_and_Melania_Trump_at_Liberty_Ball_Inauguration_2017.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3112520/58th-presidential-inauguration-liberty-ball

Original artist:

U.S. Army/Army Sgt.Ashley Marble

•

File:Donald_Trump_and_Mike_Pence_RNC_July_2016.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Donald_Trump_and_Mike_Pence_RNC_July_2016.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

http://m.voanews.com/a/republican-national-convention-day-three-/3427729.html

Original artist:

Ali Shaker/VOA

•

File:Donald_Trump_in_Ypsilanti_(33998674940)_(cropped2).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Donald_Trump_in_Ypsilanti_%2833998674940%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

This file has been

ex-tracted

from another file: Donald Trump in Ypsilanti (33998674940).jpg

Original artist:

The White House from Washington, DC

•

File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

President Donald J. Trump (from the White House) (direct link)

Original artist:

UnitedStates Department of State

•

File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

President Donald J. Trump (from the White House)(direct link)

Original artist:

Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x'data-file-width='1050' data-file-height='590' /></a>

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File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Official White House Facebook page

Original artist:

White House pho-tographer

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File:Donald_trump_at_the_game_(3728975319).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Donald_trump_at_the_game_%283728975319%29.jpg

License:

CC BY 2.0

Contributors:

donald trump at the game

Original artist:

Anthony Quintanofrom Honolulu, HI, United States

•

File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/ElectoralCollege2016.svg

License:

CCBY-SA 4.0

Contributors:

2012 Electoral College map

Original artist:

Gage

•

File:Emblem-money.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg

License:

GPL

Contribu-tors:

http://www.gnome-look.org/content/show.php/GNOME-colors?content=82562

Original artist:

perfectska04

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File:Flag_of_Albania.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/

Original artist:

Governmentof Argentina

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File:Flag_of_Australia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg

License:

Publicdomain

Con-tributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg

License:

Publicdomain

Contributors:

Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008)

Noble Belgique, ô Mère chérie -LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM)

, Heule: Editions UGA

ISBN: 9789067689359.

Original artist:

Dbenbenn andothers

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File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Origi-nal artist:

?


12.2 Images

49

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File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg

License:

CC0

Contribu-tors:

From the Open Clip Art website.

Original artist:

User:Nightstallion

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File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=000005&g= as:

Original artist:

SKopp

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File:Flag_of_Canada.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Chile.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg

License:

Public domain

Con-tributors:

Own work

Original artist:

SKopp

•

File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317

Original artist:

Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>

Ma

</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png 1.5x,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png2x' data-file-width='202' data-file-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='Usertalk:MaGa'>

Ga

</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)

•

File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

User:Madden

•

File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847

Originalartist:

OriginallydrawnbyUser:SKopp. BluecolourchangedbyUser:PeepP to match the image at [1].

•

File:Flag_of_Europe.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

•

File based on the specification given at [1].

Original artist:

User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370

•

File:Flag_of_France.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Orig-inal artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Germany.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Greece.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

own code

Original artist:

(of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)

•

File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg

License:

Publicdomain

Contributors:

http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html

Original artist:

Tao Ho

•

File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

•

Flags of the World – Hungary

Original artist:

SKopp

•

File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Islandic National Flag

Original artist:

Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others

•

File:Flag_of_India.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/ lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf)

Original artist:

Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe

•

File:Flag_of_Italy.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Japan.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Origi-nal artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

SKopp

•

File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

SuffKopp

•

File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg

License:

Pub-lic domain

Contributors:

Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www. legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf

Original artist:

Drawn by User:SKopp

•

File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg

License:

Publicdomain

Contributors:

Create based on the Malaysian Government Website

(archive version)

Original artist:

SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

•

File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

This vector image was created with Inkscape.

Original artist:

Alex Covarrubias

, 9 April 2006


50


•

File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg

Li-cense:

CC-BY-SA-3.0

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG

Original artist:

Zscout370, Hugh Jassand many others

•

File:Flag_of_Norway.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Dbenbenn

•

File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work, FOTW

Original artist:

User:Nightstallion

•

File:Flag_of_Peru.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg

License:

Public domain

Con-tributors:

Peru

Original artist:

David Benbennick

•

File:Flag_of_Poland.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg

License:

Public domain

Contrib-utors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs

Original artist:

Colum-bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources)

•

File:Flag_of_Romania.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

AdiJapan

•

File:Flag_of_Russia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Origi-nal artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg

License:

CC0

Contributors:

the actual flag

Original artist:

Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050' data-file-height='590' /></a>

•

File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book:

(2001). TheNational Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010

Pantone 032 shade fromhttp://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050

Original artist:

Various

•

File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Own work; here, colors

Original artist:

SKopp

•

File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa

Original artist:

User:Achim1999

•

File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag

Original artist:

Flag de-sign by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users

•

File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and colorguidelines (Russian/English)

Original artist:

Various

•

File:Flag_of_Spain.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Zscout370

•

File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of theTurkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu)

Original artist:

David Benbennick (original author)

•

File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg

License:

Public do-main

Contributors:

http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820

Original artist:

Lưu Ly vẽ lại theo nguồn trên

•

File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

•

-xfi-'s file

•

-xfi-'s code

•

Zirland’s codes of colors

Original artist:

(of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-.

•

File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg

Li-cense:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Zscout370

•

File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/design.html

Original artist:

Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370

or


12.2 Images

51

•

File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg

Li-cense:

Public domain

Contributors:

The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website

Original artist:

User:Achim1999

•

File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

[1]

Original artist:

User:SKopp

•

File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg

Li-cense:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg

License:

Cc-by-sa-3.0

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Extracted from PDF version of

Our Flag

, available here(direct PDF URL here.)

Original artist:

U.S. Government

•

File:JANUS-Tête-à-Tête-_Sitting_President_&_President-elect,_Barack_Obama_&_Donald_Trump_squatting_next_to_each_other_on_arm-chairs_in_the_Oval_Office_on_November_10th_2016._(31196987133).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/JANUS-T%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-T%C3%AAte-_Sitting_President_%26_President-elect%2C_Barack_Obama_%26_Donald_Trump_squatting_next_to_each_other_on_arm-chairs_in_the_Oval_Office_on_November_10th_2016._%2831196987133%29.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

JANUS-Tête-à-Tête: Sitting President &President-elect, Barack Obama & Donald Trump squatting next to each other on arm-chairs in the Oval Office on November 10th 2016.

Original artist:

Pete Souza

•

File:Las-Vegas-Trump-Hotel-8480.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Las-Vegas-Trump-Hotel-8480.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Loadmaster (David R. Trib-ble)

•

File:Lock-blue-alt-2.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg

License:

CC0

Contribu-tors:

Own work

Original artist:

Headbomb

•

File:Lower_part_of_The_Trump_Building_in_New_York_City_IMG_1693.JPG

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Lower_part_of_The_Trump_Building_in_New_York_City_IMG_1693.JPG

License:

CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors:

Ownwork (Original text:

I (Billy Hathorn (talk )) created this work entirely by myself.

)

Original artist:

Billy Hathorn (talk)

•

File:Maralago1_(4158314102).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Maralago1_%284158314102%29.jpg

License:

CC BY 2.0

Contributors:

maralago1

Original artist:

Christine Davis

•

File:Office-book.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg

License:

Public domain

Contribu-tors:

This and myself.

Original artist:

Chris Down/Tango project

•

File:POTUS_visits_DHS_(31741970743).jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/POTUS_visits_DHS_%2831741970743%29.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

POTUS visits DHS

Original artist:

U.S. Department of Homeland Secu-rity (DHS)

•

File:P_vip.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg

License:

PD

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:Portal-puzzle.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

?

Original artist:

?

•

File:President_Trump_with_President_Xi,_April_2017_Cropped.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/President_Trump_with_President_Xi%2C_April_2017_Cropped.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

President Trump (@PO-TUS) on Twitter

Original artist:

The White House

•

File:Republicanlogo.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

http://www.gop.com/

Original artist:

Republican Party (United States)

•

File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Extracted from the title page of PDF doc-ument at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf

Original artist:

Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050' data-file-height='590' /></a>

•

File:Shinzō_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Washington,_D._C._(1).jpeg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Washington%2C_D._C._%281%29.jpeg

License:

CC BY 4.0

Contributors:

290210  -1 -

Original artist:



•

File:Symbol_book_class2.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg

License:

CCBY-SA 2.5

Contributors:

Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining:

Original artist:

Lokal_Profil

•

File:Trump-Pence_2016.svg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Trump-Pence_2016.svg

License:

Publicdomain

Contributors:

Trump-Pence 2016.png from www.donaldjtrump.com.

Original artist:

0xF8E8

•

File:TrumpGlobe_Sept287.png

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/TrumpGlobe_Sept287.png

License:

Fair use

Contributors:

Boston Globe, September 2, 1987

Original artist:

?

•

File:Trump_Family_Hand_Up.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Trump_Family_Hand_Up.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

https://www.whitehouse.gov/featured-videos/video/2017/01/20/inauguration-45th-president-united-states

Original artist:

U.S. Government

or


52


•

File:Trump_MarineCorpsFoundation_April22_2015.JPG

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Trump_MarineCorpsFoundation_April22_2015.JPG

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Commandant of the Marine Corps Photo Gallery,Headquarters Marine Corps

Original artist:

Sgt. Gabriela Garcia/Marines Corp

Original release filename: 150422-M-SA716-097.JPG

•

File:Trump_Meets_Reagan.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Trump_Meets_Reagan.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

Original artist:

White House photographer.

•

File:Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati.jpg

License:

CC BY 2.0

Contributors:

IMG_20161013_195654

Original artist:

Bill Huber from Goshen, United States

•

File:Trump_Taj_Mahal,_2007.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Trump_Taj_Mahal%2C_2007.jpg

License:

Public domain

Contributors:

Self-photographed

Original artist:

Kevin Wong

•

File:Trump_Tower_-_lower_part.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Trump_Tower_-_lower_part.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 2.0

Contributors:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/achimh/4368159776

Original artist:

Achim Hepp

•

File:Trump_Tower_Chicago_2015-102.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Trump_Tower_Chicago_2015-102.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

Victor Grigas

•

File:Trump_Tower_Vancouver,_August_2016.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Trump_Tower_Vancouver%2C_August_2016.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors:

Own work

Original artist:

SounderBruce

•

File:Trump_and_Rodman_2009.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Trump_and_Rodman_2009.jpg

License:

CC BY 2.0

Contributors:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/opensports/3321699182/

Original artist:

OPEN Sports

•

File:Trump_signing_order_January_27.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Trump_signing_order_January_27.jpg

License:

Publicdomain

Contributors:

https://www.facebook.com/POTUS/videos/1235797579823013

Originalartist:

Staffof the President of the United States, Donald Trump

•

File:Turnberry_Hotel_Cropped.jpg

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Turnberry_Hotel_Cropped.jpg

License:

CC BY-SA 2.0

Contributors:

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/497359

Original artist:

Terry Stewart

•

File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg

Source:

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