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name: Types of Parallelism
source: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/types-of-parallelism/28798558#2
---

# Credits
Presented to: Ms. Atyah Rahman
Presented by: Rashida Kausar Bhatti (3021)
  4th Semester, M.Phil Linguistics
  Lahore Leads University, Lahore

# Parallelism
- Parallelism explains the relationship that may be understood between units of linguistic structures
- In parallelism, there is always a relationship in the structures and ideas so just placed
- General forms:
  - synonymy
  - repetition
  - antithesis
  - ap position and other forms. 

# Definition
- “Sameness relationship between two sections of a text.” (Fabb,1997)
  - Example: “Out of sight, out of mind.” 
- “Parallelism is the most useful and flexible aspect of poetic language.”(Leech 1969). 

# Common Examples of Parallelism
- Like father, like son.
- The escaped prisoner was wanted dead or alive.
- Easy come, easy go.
- Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy.
- Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe. 

## "A Tale of Two Cities"
by Charles Dickens
Repetition of Parallel structures
Phonological
Lexical
Structural

It was the best of times,
it was the worst of times,
it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief,
it was the epoch of incredulity,
it was the season of Light,
it was the season of Darkness,
it was the spring of hope,
it was the winter of despair.

# Types of Parallelism
## Phonological Parallelism
Repetition of similar sounds
Includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme

### Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds
- Edgar Allen Poe "The Raven": "the silken sad unc**er**tain rustling of each p**ur**ple c**ur**tain. (“ur” sound)

### Alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of the words.
J.K. Rowling: Severus Snape, Luna Lovegood, Rowena Ravenclaw

### Consonance
Repetition of the same consonant several times in a row,
but this time the consonants can appear anywhere in the words.

### Rhyme
Repetition of similar sounding words.
perfect "tap" and "map"
'ST' “Best and worst” (also idea opposites)

## Morphological Parallelism
- Repetition of Morphemes
- Less used than Syntactic parallelism
- “I kissED thee ere I killED thee.”
  - Shakespear,Othello.Act III:Sc.III:pg 358
  - Repeats morpheme “ed”

## Syntactic (grammatical) Parallelism
- “I kissed thee ere I killed thee.”
  - Shakespear,Othello.Act III:Sc.III:pg 358
- “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Ceaser, not to praise him.” 
  - (William Shakespear.The tragedy of Julius Ceaser.) 

### Levels of Syntactic Parallelism 
Sentence > Main Clause > Sub-clause > Phrase > Word

#### "To the light house" by Virginia Woolf
##### Sentence parallelism
 that was what she was thinking,
 this was what she was doing
##### Main-clause parallelism
she would never for a single second
regret her decision,
evade difficulties,
or slur over duties. 
##### Sub-clause parallelism
As summer neared,
as the evenings lengthened,
there came to… 
##### Phrase parallelism
Once in the middle of the night
with a roar,
with a rupture, 
as after a centuries
#### Word parallelism:
…able only to go on [watching, asking, wondering].

## ?
~ "I have a dream" Martin Luther King, Jr

## Lexical / Semantic Parallelism
- Repeats lexical items
- Lexical equivalents need not have the same syntactic function or parts of speech in the two sentences in which they occur
- May identical in form and in meaning, or they may be related by lexico-semantic relationship, such as synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy

- Examples: 
- Mary likes hikING,swimmING, rideING a bicycle.
- He is talented, intelligent and charming.
- Write your report quickLY, accurateLY, and and thoroughLY.

# Effects of parallelism
## Antithesis
- Opposite ideas are put together
- Alexander Pope “An Essay on Criticism” antithetic “To err is human; to forgive divine.” 

## Synonymous
- In which the theme of first line repeats itself in second line.

# The repetitive structures
## "the tyger" william blake
What the hammer? what the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?"

# Extended Parallelism
Usually found in Jokes, novels and funny stories where Parallelism goes on longer

# References
- 2012 MINGZHU Z "The Art of Balance: A Corpus-assisted Stylistic Analysis of Woolfian Parallelism in To the Lighthouse" 
- 1969 Leech G. "A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry"
- 2007 Leech G. and Short, M. "Style in Fiction" 
- 1987 Jakobson Roman "The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of Poetry."