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LEADING RESEARCHER PERSPECTIVES
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
EDITED
BY
ELIZABETH RIEGER
4e
viiContents in full
Somatic symptom and related disorders 191
The diagnosis o somatic symptom and related disorders 191The epidemiology o somatic symptom and related disorders 196The aetiology o somatic symptom and related disorders 198The treatment o somatic symptom and related disorders 204
CASE STUDY: SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER
206
Dissociative disorders 208
The diagnosis o dissociative disorders 210The epidemiology o dissociative disorders 213The aetiology o dissociative disorders 215The treatment o dissociative disorders 219
CASE STUDY: THE RECOVERED MEMORY/FALSE MEMORY DEBATE
220
CASE STUDY: DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
224
Summary 225Key terms 226Review questions 226References 227
CHAPTER 9
Eating disorders 235
Stephen Touyz • Phillipa Hay • Elizabeth Rieger
EATING DISORDERS: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 235
Historical and current approaches to the diagnosis of eating disorders 236
Anorexia nervosa 237Bulimia nervosa 238Binge eating disorder 239Other
DSM-5
eeding or eating disorders 239
CASE STUDY: AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER (ARFID)
240
Anorexia nervosa 241
The epidemiology o anorexia nervosa 242The aetiology o anorexia nervosa 243The treatment o anorexia nervosa 249
CASE STUDY: ANOREXIA NERVOSA
254
Bulimia nervosa 256
The epidemiology o bulimia nervosa 256The aetiology o bulimia nervosa 257The treatment o bulimia nervosa 259
CASE STUDY: BULIMIA NERVOSA
262
Binge eating disorder 263
The epidemiology o binge eating disorder 263The aetiology o binge eating disorder 264The treatment o binge eating disorder 266
CASE STUDY: BINGE EATING DISORDER
269
General topics in eating disorders 270
Current challenges and controversies 270Eating disorder organisations 274
Summary 274Key terms 275Review questions 275References 275
CHAPTER 10
Addictive disorders 281
Alex Blaszczynski • Robert Tait
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 281
Substance use disorders 282
The diagnosis o substance use disorders 282
CASE STUDY: SEVERE ALCOHOL USE DISORDER
283
CASE STUDY: CANNABIS WITHDRAWAL
285The epidemiology o substance use disorders 285
CASE STUDY ACUTE INTOXICATION: SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
287
CASE STUDY: STIMULANT-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
288The aetiology o substance use disorders 292The treatment o substance use disorders 297
Gambling disorder 301
Types o gamblers 303Historical approaches to gambling and problem gambling 304The diagnosis o gambling disorder 305The epidemiology o problem gambling 307The aetiology o gambling disorder 309
CASE STUDY: A BEHAVIOURALLY CONDITIONED PROBLEM GAMBLER
314The treatment o gambling disorder 315
viiiContents in full
CASE STUDY: COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR A PROBLEM GAMBLER
318
Summary 319Key terms 320Review questions 320References 320
CHAPTER 11
Sexual and relationship problems 327
Marita McCabe
SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 327
Sexual problems: sexual dysfunctions 329
The deinition o sexual dysunction 329
CASE STUDY: A MALE WITH HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDER
331
CASE STUDY: A MALE WITH PREMATURE EJACULATION
332The conceptualisation o sexual dysunctions 333The aetiology o sexual dysunction 334The treatment o sexual dysunction 337
CASE STUDY: A FEMALE WITH SEXUAL INTEREST DISORDER AND A MALE WITH ERECTILE DISORDER
343
Sexual problems: the paraphilic disorders 343
Historical and current approaches to understanding paraphilias 343The diagnosis o paraphilic disorders 344The aetiology o paraphilic disorders 348The treatment o paraphilic disorders 348
Relationship problems 349
Historical and current approaches to understanding relationship problems 349The aetiology o relationship problems 350A developmental perspective on relationship problems 357The treatment o relationship problems 358
Summary 361Key terms 362Review questions 362References 363
CHAPTER 12
Gender dysphoria 369
Ken Pang • Riki Lane • Harjit Bagga
GENDER VARIANCE: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 369
Definition of terms and the diagnosis of gender dysphoria 371
What is meant by trans and gender diverse TGD? 371The diagnosis o gender dysphoria 373Dierential diagnosis 375
CASE STUDY: JARC
376
The epidemiology of gender dysphoria 377
Prevalence 377Age o onset and course 379Associated psychological and medical problems 379
CASE STUDY: AUBREY
380
The aetiology of gender dysphoria 380
Gender identity ormation: nature versus nurture 381Biological inluences on gender variance 382Psychosexual theories on gender variance 383Sociocultural inluences on gender variance 384Concluding remarks 384
Treatment options for gender dysphoria 385
Guiding principles 385
CASE STUDY: KELSEY
387Changes in gender expression and role 387Psychological therapies 388
CASE STUDY: SURAJEK
389Pharmacological interventions 390Current practices to access genderairming medical interventions 391Resources 393
CASE STUDY: NAYA
393
Summary 394Key terms 395Review questions 395References 395
ixContents in full
CHAPTER 13
Personality disorders 399
Louise McCutcheon • Carol Hulbert • Martina Jovev • Catharine McNab
PERSONALITY DISORDERS: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 399
The definition of personality and personality disorder 401
Personality 401Personality disorder 402
CASE STUDY: PERSONALITY DISORDER
402
The diagnosis of personality disorder 402
The Cluster A personality disorders 404
CASE STUDY: PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
405The Cluster B personality disorders 405
CASE STUDY: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
406The Cluster C personality disorders 407
CASE STUDY: OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER
408The dimensional approach to personality dysunction 409What is the role o culture in the development o personality disorders? 409
The epidemiology of personality disorders 410General models of the aetiology and treatment of personality disorders 411
CASE STUDY: COGNITIVE ANALYTIC THERAPY
418Can the impact o personality disorders be reduced through earlyintervention programs? 421
The aetiology and treatment of specific personality disorders 422
Summary 435Key terms 435Review questions 436References 436
CHAPTER 14
Disorders of childhood 443
Alina Morawska • Matthew Sanders
DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 443
Psychological and behavioural disorders in children 444
Myths, realities and research challenges 444
Historical and current approaches to the understanding and classification of childhood disorders 447Neurodevelopmental disorders 450
The diagnosis and epidemiology o attentiondeicit/hyperactivity disorder 450The aetiology o attentiondeicit/hyperactivity disorder 451Speciic learning disorder 453Autism spectrum disorder 455Intellectual disability 457
Externalising disorders 460
The diagnosis and epidemiology o oppositional deiant disorder 461The aetiology o oppositional deiant disorder 462The diagnosis and epidemiology o conduct disorder 463The aetiology o conduct disorder 464The treatment and prevention o externalising disorders 465
CASE STUDY: PARENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER
470
Internalising disorders 472
The diagnosis and epidemiology o separation anxiety disorder 473The aetiology o separation anxiety disorder 473The treatment o separation anxiety disorder 474
CASE STUDY: COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT FOR ANXIETY
475The diagnosis and epidemiology o selective mutism 476The aetiology o selective mutism 476The treatment o selective mutism 477
Elimination disorders 477
The diagnosis and epidemiology o enuresis 477The aetiology o enuresis 478The treatment o enuresis 478The diagnosis and epidemiology o encopresis 479The aetiology o encopresis 479The treatment o encopresis 479
Summary 480Key terms 480Review questions 481References 481
xContents in fullGRADUATE SPOTLIGHT
Soia Robleda 72Elong Gersh 124Dr Tegan Cruwys 234Dr Kristen Murray 368Franco Scalzo 490
Glossary 583Index 596
CHAPTER 15
Ageing and psychological disorders 491
Nancy A. Pachana
AGEING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 491
Ageing 493
The demographics and epidemiology o ageing 493Historical overview o the psychology o ageing 496Normal ageing processes: cognitive, emotional and social unctioning 497
Psychological disorders in later life: the dementias 505
The deinition o dementia and neurocognitive disorder 505Alzheimer’s disease 506Vascular dementia 508Other orms o dementia and related disorders 509The assessment, treatment and prevention o dementia 509
Psychological disorders in later life: depression and anxiety 515
Depression 515Anxiety disorders 517
CASE STUDY: ANXIETY
520
Life events associated with later life: retirement, grandparenting, driving cessation and bereavement 521
Retirement 521Grandparenting 522Driving cessation 523
CASE STUDY: DRIVING
524Bereavement 525
Positive or successful ageing 527Ageing organisations and resources in Australia, New Zealand and worldwide 528
Summary 529Key terms 529Review questions 529References 530
CHAPTER 16
Health psychology 537
Phyllis Butow
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: AN AUSTRALASIAN FOCUS 537
The definition of health and health behaviour 539Models of health behaviour 541
The health belie model 541Protection motivation theory 544The theory o reasoned action and the theory o planned behaviour 545The stages o change model 547Selregulation theory 549Interventions based on health behaviour models 552
The relationship between stress and disease 555
Deinitions o stress 555Evidence o the impact o stress on health 558
Communicating with patients about health, risk, disease and treatment 562
Shared decision making and patientcentred care 562Risk communication 564Interventions to increase the accuracy o risk perception 566
Quality of life and adjustment to chronic disease 567
Coping with and adjustment to disease 568Interventions to promote adjustment to illness 570
CASE STUDY: A WOMAN WITH CANCER
574
Summary 575Key terms 575Review questions 576References 576
xi
Preace
The field of abnormal psychology is well served by several competent textbooks—so much so that in my first years of teaching in the area I was not immediately aware of the need for an innovative approach. Indeed, this impetus was initially provided through feedback from my students, who expressed their frustration with the lack of local content in the available texts, most of which were American, so that the content tended to distance them from, rather than more fully engage them with, the material. Having thus been encouraged to take a closer look at the range of available texts, I became aware of the additional need to have specialists presenting the current body of knowledge in their respective areas of expertise if students were to be provided with material that most accurately reflects contemporary theorising and research.Both of these innovative aspects of the book—that is, the local content and reliance on specialist authors—require some elaboration. The local content is most obviously reflected in the selection of authors from Australia and New Zealand; the inclusion of research from this region when such studies constitute the best exemplars in the field; the presentation of topics of regional relevance; and the application of concepts using regional examples, most notably in the ‘Australasian Focus’ pieces that introduce each chapter. While these sections refer predominantly to Australian people and governmental policies, this material was selected so as to be highly recognisable and pertinent in the New Zealand context as well. Clearly, abnormal psychology is an international discipline, the knowledge base of which is informed by theoretical and empirical work worldwide. Yet, by presenting this information in a manner that is also sensitive to the reader’s cultural context, this text aims to generate maximum relevance and hence interest and engagement on the part of the reader. Indeed, approximately 80 per cent of students in an undergraduate abnormal psychology course that I taught stated that they appreciated the inclusion of local content in the first edition of this book. We have sought to ensure that this local content remains highly current by, for example, including new Australasian Focus pieces at the beginning of each chapter in this fourth edition.Aside from its Australian and New Zealand content, this book is noteworthy for the high calibre of its authors. The chapters have been written by eminent researchers and practitioners who continue to make a significant contribution to understanding the disorders in which they have expertise. As such, they are ideally placed to impart to the reader highly contemporary perspectives on the various disorders. While it is common practice for undergraduate students to be availed only of textbooks written by generalists, the use of specialist authors is intended to present readers with the most current scholarship from the time of their earliest engagement with the subject matter of abnormal psychology. Given our commitment to currency, we have introduced this fourth edition of the book only three years after the previous edition so that readers can be acquainted with the most recent research across the various domains of abnormal psychology, while also anticipating future challenges and innovations. Thus, while the book received its initial inspiration from students, its state-of-the-art approach aims, in turn, to inspire the next generation of leading researchers and clinicians by informing them of the limits of what is currently known and what remains to be understood in the field of abnormal psychology.
Elizabeth Rieger
xii
About the editor
Elizabeth Rieger
is an Associate Professor and clinical psychologist in the Research School of Psychology at the Australian National University where she conducts research, teaching and clinical work. In her research she specialises in eating disorders and obesity, having completed her PhD on anorexia nervosa at the University of Sydney and a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Eating and Weight Disorders of the University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University. She has published widely on both eating disorders and obesity, including the motivational, cognitive and interpersonal aspects of these conditions and their effective treatments. As well as teaching undergraduate courses on abnormal psychology and health psychology, Elizabeth has taught postgraduate courses on eating and weight disorders, motivational interviewing, cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. She has over 20 years of experience as a clinical psychologist, during which time she has worked in a diverse range of public and private settings. Elizabeth is a member of the Eating Disorders Research Society, the Australia and New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders, the College of Clinical Psychologists of the Australian Psychological Society and the Australian Clinical Psychology Association and is an editorial board member of the
Journal of Eating Disorders.
Photogragh by Scott Ogilvie
xiii
Contributing authors
Maree Abbott
is an Associate Professor in the School of Psychology at the University of Sydney and a practising clinical psychologist. She is the Director of Clinical Training for the postgraduate clinical psychology program and teaches in the areas of psychopathology and the assessment and treatment of adult psychological disorders, in addition to conducting clinical and research supervision. Prior to this appointment, Maree was based at Macquarie University as the Royce Abbey Postdoctoral Fellow. Her research focuses on further understanding the nature and treatment of child and adult anxiety disorders, particularly social phobia and generalised anxiety disorder. She has served on the Executive of the Australian Psychological Society College of Clinical Psychologists in New South Wales and currently chairs the Membership and Professional Standards Committee for the Australian Clinical Psychology Association.
Harjit Bagga
is a Senior Clinical Psychologist at the Gender Clinic, Monash Health, in Melbourne. She has worked in public mental health (both state and federal government services) and private practice. Over the past 10 years, Harjit has developed a special interest in gender variance through her work at the Gender Clinic. Her research interests in this field include the role of sex hormones on brain function, prevalence, personality and psychometric assessment with adults. She has presented at several national and international gender conferences and contributed to research projects and publications examining the prevalence of gender dysphoria in Australia, quality of life in individuals attending the Gender Clinic and patient satisfaction with services. Harjit’s work for this text was completed independently from her employment at Monash Health and does not necessarily reflect the views of Monash Health or its Gender Clinic.
Sarah Bendall
is a Senior Research Fellow at Orygen: The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, at the University of Melbourne. Her areas of research interest are trauma in first-episode psychosis and the development and trialling of new psychological therapies for recovery in early psychosis. She teaches psychological assessment of, and cognitive behaviour therapy for, psychosis within the postgraduate clinical psychology professional training program at the University of Melbourne. Sarah is the author of two psychological treatment manuals for early psychosis. She has practised as a clinical psychologist for over 20 years in a variety of settings including adult and adolescent outpatient mental health. She has supervised clinical psychologists for over 10 years and has provided training for treating trauma in those with first-episode psychosis nationally and internationally. She is the author of over 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and several book chapters.
Alex Blaszczynski
is a Professor of Clinical Psychology and Director of the Gambling Treatment & Research Clinic at the School of Psychology, University of Sydney. He is a clinical psychologist with extensive experience in treating individuals with pathological gambling and other impulse control disorders. His research interests are directed towards the development of a conceptual pathway model of problem gambling, the role of the personality trait of impulsivity, treatment outcomes and their predictors, and the effectiveness of warning signs on electronic gaming machines as harm-minimisation strategies. Alex has investigated the association between pathological gambling and crime, and with co-authors has developed a model for casino self-exclusion. He is editor-in-chief of
International Gambling Studies,
has published more than 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, and has edited several books and book chapters on the topic of gambling.
Richard Bryant
is a Scientia Professor of Psychology, Australian Research Council Laureate
xiv Contributing authors
Fellow, and Director of the Traumatic Stress Clinic at the University of New South Wales. His research has included conducting prospective studies of posttraumatic stress responses, developing the first assessment measures of acute stress disorder, implementing controlled treatment trials of acute stress disorder and investigating the biological and cognitive factors that influence psychological adaptation after trauma. Richard has published more than 380 peer-reviewed journal articles and co-authored the leading text on acute stress disorder. His assessment and treatment protocols are currently being employed by many civilian and military agencies around the world, including those coordinating mental health projects in the wake of terrorist and natural disaster events. Richard is a Fellow of the Australian Psychological Society and the Australian Academy of Social Sciences in Australia.
Phyllis Butow
is a Professor, and National Health and Medical Research Council Senior Principal Research Fellow, in the School of Psychology, University of Sydney. She co-directs the Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-based Medicine (CeMPED) and chairs the Australian Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group (PoCoG). Phyllis has worked for over 20 years in the area of psycho-oncology and has developed an international reputation in this field and the area of health communication. Phyllis has published more than 450 articles in peer-reviewed journals and her work has been translated into health communication modules for oncology professionals’ guidelines and practice.
David Clarke
is Professor of Psychological Medicine at Monash University. He works at the interface between psychiatry and physical medicine, as a consultation-liaison psychiatrist at Monash Medical Centre. He is Clinical Director of Consultation-Liaison and Primary Care Psychiatry at Monash Health in Melbourne and teaches psychiatry at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, with his main interests being depression and somatisation. David has been the recipient of a number of research grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council, with research focusing on the nature of distress and depression in the medically ill, demoralisation as a concept and a particular form of depression, the use of psychotherapy in the medically ill, and the nature of psychiatric presentations and pathways to care for people in the general medical and primary care settings. He has published more than 100 articles in scientific journals and regularly presents his work at conferences.
David H. Gleaves
is Professor of Psychology (Clinical) at the University of South Australia in Adelaide. He has previously directed the clinical psychology programs at both the University of South Australia and the University of Canterbury, in New Zealand. He has worked in the areas of dissociative and eating disorders for approximately 30 years and has produced over 120 scholarly publications in these and related areas. He received both the Morton Prince Award for Scientific Achievement and the Pierre Janet Award for Writing Excellence from the International Society for the Study of Trauma & Dissociation. David is or has been a member of the editorial board of several journals including
Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
Journal of Clinical Psychology,
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
and
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.
He is also a registered clinical psychologist and a member of both the Australian Psychological Society’s College of Clinical Psychologists and the American Psychological Association.
John Gleeson
is a Professor of Psychology at the Australian Catholic University in Melbourne. Previously he held a joint appointment between the North Western Mental Health Program, a program of Melbourne Health, and the Psychology Department of the University of Melbourne. His research interests include cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for first-episode psychosis and psychological treatments for the complex behavioural problems associated with psychosis. He has taught psychological assessment and CBT within the postgraduate clinical psychology professional training program at the University of Melbourne. John edited the first treatment handbook of psychological interventions for early psychosis, which includes contributions from Europe, North America, Australia and Scandinavia. He has more than 10 years’ experience in providing clinical supervision to clinical psychologists and has provided training workshops nationally and internationally on CBT for psychosis. Together with colleagues from Orygen: The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the University of Melbourne he has recently pioneered moderated online social therapy for first-episode psychosis.
Phillipa Hay
is a Professor and Foundation Chair of Mental Health at the School of Medicine, Western Sydney University. She has been researching and working in the area of eating disorders for over two decades since completing her postgraduate training in psychiatry and has two higher research degrees in the area. She completed her DPhil under the supervision of Professor Christopher Fairburn at the University of Oxford. She has written more than 180 research articles and has been invited to present her research at meetings in the United States, Europe and South America. Phillipa is co-Editor-in-Chief of the
Journal of Eating Disorders,
a former President of the Australian and New Zealand Academy
xv Contributing authors
for Eating Disorders and has served at a senior level on education and scientific committees of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Australian Medical Council and the international Academy for Eating Disorders. In 2015 she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Australia and New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders.
Carol Hulbert
is an Associate Professor in the School of Psychological Sciences at the University of Melbourne and also holds the position of Director of the Clinical Psychology Program. She is a clinical psychologist and clinical researcher with extensive experience in mental health services. She has worked as a clinician, manager and regional senior psychologist in public mental health. Carol’s program development experience includes involvement in the setting up of the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre and the establishment of the Spectrum Personality Disorder Service of Victoria. Her research interests include social cognition and social functioning in borderline personality disorder, the aetiology and psychological treatment of personality disorder, and the role of trauma in outcomes for early psychosis.
Martina Jovev
is a psychologist at Orygen: The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and a Research Fellow at Orygen Research Centre in Melbourne. Since completing her PhD, she has been an investigator on projects in borderline personality disorder in young people and has collaborated with leading researchers in the field of neuroimaging and youth mental health at the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre and Orygen Research Centre to conduct pioneering work on the relationship between brain development and environment in risk for personality dysfunction in adolescence. Martina’s previous research has examined the processing of psychosocial threat in young people with borderline personality disorder symptoms. She is also a co-investigator on several large clinical projects in the field of borderline personality disorder in young people, including a randomised controlled trial of cognitive analytic therapy, screening for the disorder in youth, and sexual and reproductive health among youth with the disorder. She has published multiple articles in the area of cognitive biases in borderline personality disorder and is a co-author on several papers published in prestigious international peer-reviewed journals, such as
Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
and
Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry.
Martina has presented her work at numerous major national and international conferences, including the International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders Congress.
Riki Lane
is Research/Project Worker at the Gender Clinic, Monash Health and Research Fellow at Southern Academic Primary Care Research Unit, Monash University. Riki has expertise in the sociology of transgender health care and primary health, and research interests in changing models of health care particularly for trans and gender diverse people and generally in multi-disciplinary teams. Gender Clinic work has included researching clinicians’ attitudes to approving gender affirmation surgeries, facilitating consumer/community participation, and the development and delivery of education in affirmative healthcare practice with trans and gender diverse people. Riki is Chair of the Australian and New Zealand Professional Association for Transgender Health Research Committee, a member of the Australian and New Zealand Professional Association for Transgender Health Education Committee, and a member of the Victorian State Department of Health and Human Services Trans Expert Advisory Group. The work presented here was completed independently from employment at Monash Health and Monash University and does not necessarily reflect their views.
Marita McCabe
is Director, Institute for Health and Ageing at the Australian Catholic University in Melbourne. She has conducted research on a broad range of topics in the area of human sexuality for the past 30 years. In particular, she has studied the aetiology and treatment of sexual dysfunction. This research has involved the evaluation of cognitive behaviour therapy programs for male and female sexual dysfunction, which in recent years have been successfully converted to be delivered via the internet. Marita is on the editorial board of a number of journals and has supervised many doctoral students who have completed their theses in the area of human sexuality.
Louise McCutcheon
is a Senior Clinical Psychologist, Senior Program Manager and an honorary Research Fellow with Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, and the Centre for Youth Mental Health at Melbourne University. She jointly founded the Helping Young People Early (HYPE) program, an early-intervention program for borderline personality disorder in youth at Orygen Youth Health. Louise coordinated the clinical program for 11 years and has been an investigator on various research projects including two randomised controlled trials of interventions for youth with borderline personality disorder. Her current role includes clinical, research and service development functions. She is regularly invited to speak at national and international conferences and assists mental health services to implement
xviContributing authors
early intervention programs for youth with personality disorders and other complex problems. She established a psychotherapy training program based on cognitive analytic therapy, and is the founding President of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Cognitive Analytic Therapy.
Peter McEvoy
is a teaching and research Professor of Clinical Psychology in the School of Psychology and Speech Pathology at Curtin University, and a Senior Clinical Psychologist at the Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth. He previously worked at the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at St Vincent’s Hospital in Sydney. Peter has extensive clinical experience providing evidence-supported group and individual treatments for emotional disorders. His research interests include treatment outcome evaluation, transdiagnostic approaches to conceptualising and treating emotional disorders, the use of imagery in psychotherapy, repetitive negative thinking, mechanisms of behavioural and cognitive change, and the epidemiology of mental disorders. Peter is an associate editor for the
Journal of Anxiety Disorders
and the
Journal of Experimental Psychopathology,
and teaches adult psychopathology and psychotherapy in the Master of Clinical Psychology program.
Catharine McNab
is a Senior Clinical Psychologist in the Orygen Youth Health Clinical Program in Melbourne. Her clinical experience has focused on mental illness in adolescents and young adults, most recently in indicated prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder in young people. She consults with and provides training to medical and allied health staff about effective collaboration with young people with these difficulties, particularly in acute service settings. Her research interests include examining the experiences of families of people with early-onset mental illness and identifying what the consequences of appropriately supporting families might be, both for families and patients.
Ross G. Menzies
is Associate Professor of Psychology in the discipline of Behavioural and Community Health Sciences at the University of Sydney. In 1991 he was appointed founding Director of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, a post he held for more than 20 years. He is the past NSW and National President of the Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy. He was the President and Convenor of the 2016 World Congress of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies and is Editor of Australia’s national cognitive behaviour therapy scientific journal,
Behaviour Change.
Ross holds numerous national competitive grants in the area of anxiety. He has produced more than 170 international journal papers, books and book chapters and is regularly invited to speak at conferences and leading universities and institutions around the world.
Philip B. Mitchell
is Scientia Professor and Head of the School of Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales. His research and clinical interests are in bipolar disorder and depression, with particular focus on youth at high genetic risk of bipolar disorder, the molecular genetics of bipolar disorder, transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression, and the pharmacological and psychological treatment of bipolar disorder and depression. Philip has published (in conjunction with colleagues) more than 450 papers and chapters on these topics. In 2002 he was awarded the Senior Research Award of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. In 2004 he received the Founders Medal of the Australasian Society for Psychiatry Research. In the 2010 Australia Day honours list he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia. He is a Visiting Professor at Harbin Medical University in China and Guest Professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China. He recently served as Chairman of the Australasian Society for Bipolar and Depressive Disorders.
Alina Morawska
is the Deputy Director (Research) at the Parenting and Family Support Centre at the University of Queensland. Her research focuses on behavioural family intervention as a means of promoting positive family relationships, and the prevention and early intervention for young children at risk of developing behavioural and emotional problems. In particular, her focus is on improving the health and overall wellbeing of children and families. She completed her PhD in Clinical Psychology at the University of Queensland in 2004, for which she received the Australian Psychological Society’s Excellent PhD Thesis in Psychology Award. She has published extensively in the field of parenting and family intervention and has received numerous grants to support her research. She is a Director of the Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy Ltd.
Greg Murray
is a Professor of Psychology at Swinburne University in Melbourne. He has an international reputation for clinical psychology research, having published more than 120 peer-reviewed articles since taking out his PhD from the University of Melbourne in 2001. Expertscape ranks him in the top 1 per cent of researchers worldwide in the fields of bipolar disorders, circadian rhythms, personality and
xviiContributing authors
affect. Greg authored the psychological aspects of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists mood disorder guidelines, and the Australian Psychological Society guidelines for treating bipolar disorder. He is Research Lead for an international network studying psychosocial issues in bipolar disorder, and a member of a National Institute of Mental Health working group on activation in mood disorders. Greg has won multiple individual awards for teaching, and provided professional development workshops for hundreds of psychologists and psychiatrists across Australia and overseas. He is a practising clinical psychologist, and was elected a Fellow of the Australian Psychological Society in 2013. Through 2016–2019, he is leading a trial funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council investigating a novel online intervention for bipolar disorder.
Richard O’Kearney
is a Professor and Senior Research Fellow in the Research School of Psychology at the Australian National University. His research includes evaluation of interventions and prevention programs for depression in the community and schools, as well as work on the development of emotional regulation abilities in children and adolescents. He has published applied and basic research on obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. As a member of the Cochrane Collaboration, Richard has been actively involved in the dissemination of the evidence base for interventions in mental health and has authored and co-authored several systematic reviews. He also practises as a clinical psychologist in Canberra.
Nancy A. Pachana
is Professor of Clinical Geropsychology in the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland. A clinical psychologist and clinical neuropsychologist, she received extensive postdoctoral training in the assessment and treatment of older populations at the University of California Los Angeles Neuropsychiatric Institute and the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs in California. A fellow of the Australian Psychological Society, she is also a past chair of the Society’s Psychology and Ageing Interest Group, as well as a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, and a faculty affiliate of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in the Faculty of Psychiatry of Old Age. Nancy has published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books in the field of ageing, including a sole authored text for Oxford University Press,
Ageing: A Very Short Introduction.
Her main research interests include the assessment and treatment of late-life anxiety disorders, driving and driving cessation in later life, and novel assessment and interventions for nursing home residents.
Ken Pang
is a Consultant Paediatrician at the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne and Clinician Scientist Fellow at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute. His clinical experience encompasses both paediatrics and child psychiatry, and his current work is focused on the care of transgender children and adolescents. His research background is in genetics and cell biology, and includes postdoctoral studies at Harvard University as a Fulbright Scholar and National Health and Medical Research Council RG Menzies Fellow. To date, he has published over 35 peer-reviewed papers (including in
Science,
Genome Research
and
Molecular Psychiatry
) that have been cited more than 8000 times. More recently, motivated by a desire to improve the clinical outcomes of transgender children and adolescents, Ken’s research has started to focus on questions related to transgender health.
Matthew Sanders
is a Professor of Clinical Psychology and Director of the Parenting and Family Support Centre at the University of Queensland. He is also a consulting Professor at the University of Manchester, a visiting Professor at the University of South Carolina and holds adjunct Professorships at Glasgow Caledonian University and the University of Auckland. As the founder of the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program, he is considered a world leader in the development, implementation, evaluation and dissemination of population-based approaches to parenting and family interventions. Triple P is currently in use in many countries worldwide. Matthew’s work has been widely recognised by his peers as reflected by a number of prestigious awards. In 2007, he received the Australian Psychological Society’s President’s Award for Distinguished Contribution to Psychology and in 2004 he received an International Collaborative Prevention Science award from the Society for Prevention Research in the United States. In 2007 he received a Trailblazers Award from the Parenting and Families Special Interest Group in the Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapy and in 2008 became a fellow of the New Zealand Psychological Society. He has also won a Distinguished Career Award from the Australian Association for Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, was named Honorary President of the Canadian Psychological Association (2009) and Queenslander of the Year (2007). In 2013, he was named one of the University of Queensland’s top five innovators for his work with Triple P.
Marianna Szab
ó
is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Sydney. She coordinates the undergraduate Abnormal Psychology course in the school and lectures on conceptual issues in classification and diagnosis, as
xviii Acknowledgments
well as on the nature and causation of anxiety and depression in adults and youth. She also contributes to teaching abnormal psychology at different levels of training, from the first year Introductory Psychology course to postgraduate training. Marianna’s research interests include examining basic diagnostic and conceptual issues in abnormal psychology, as well as further understanding the nature of child and adult anxiety and mood disorders, particularly generalised anxiety disorder and depression. She is a registered clinical psychologist in private practice and member of the Australian Psychological Society’s College of Clinical Psychologists.
Robert Tait
is a senior research fellow at the National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University. His research interests are in the areas of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use and in particular how these relate to mental health disorders. He has used administrative health data to assess the long-term relationships between substance use and mental health and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Robert is also interested in the development of new interventions, in particular using internet-delivered programs. His work has included those in the general population, high-risk groups and clinical samples.
Stephen Touyz
is Professor of Clinical Psychology and Clinical Professor in Psychiatry at the University of Sydney. He is also the executive Chair of the Centre for Eating and Dieting Disorders. He has written or edited six books and more than 270 research articles and book chapters on eating disorders and related topics. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Eating Disorders and the Australian Psychological Society and is a past President of the Eating Disorders Research Society. Stephen was the inaugural treasurer of the Australian and New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders and a past executive member of the Eating Disorders Foundation. He is the Co-founding Editor of the
Journal of Eating Disorders
and a member of the editorial advisory boards of the
International Journal of Eating Disorders,
European Eating Disorders Review
and
Advances in Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice.
In 2012 he was presented with a Leadership in Research award by the prestigious Academy of Eating Disorders (International).
Acknowledgments
Teamwork has been an essential part of the creation of this important book. We are very proud to acknowledge the contributions made by the esteemed author team; without their experience and passion this text would not have been possible.Peter McEvoy wishes to acknowledge Professor Andrew Page for his contribution to Chapter 2 of both the first and second editions.Thank you also to the following academics for their work on the accompanying digital resources: Kimberley Norris, Siavash Bandarian-Balooch, Stephanie Quinton and Jessica Paterson.
PUBLISHERS
Our thanks and acknowledgment go to the McGraw-Hill Education Australia team. The publication of a work of this scope and innovation would not have been possible without them.We appreciate the work of our publisher Lisa Coady, for her vision and faith in this project, and our content developer Isabella Mead, for her organisational skills and enthusiasm for the project.Our thanks go to senior content producer Claire Linsdell for her methodical project management during production; and to Simon Rattray, our cover designer; the digital team Marisa Rey Bulen and Bethany Ng; and our copyeditor, Alison Moore.
xixCHAPTEROPENING CASE STUDYCHAPTER CASE STUDIES
1
Abnormal psychology: an Australasian ocus
2
Anxiety disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Speciic phobia
∙
Panic disorder and agoraphobia
∙
Social anxiety disorder
∙
Generalised anxiety disorder
3
Obsessivecompulsive and related disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Obsession with harming others
∙
Contamination obsessions and compulsions
4
Trauma and stressorrelated disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Posttraumatic stress disorder
5
Depressive disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Anxiety and depression
∙
The symptoms and treatment o major depressive disorder
6
Bipolar disorder: an Australasian ocus
∙
First manic episode
7
Psychotic disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
The role o stress and trauma in psychosis onset
∙
From prodromal phase to early recovery
8
Somatic symptom and dissociative disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Somatic symptom disorder
∙
The recovered memory/alse memory debate
∙
Dissociative identity disorder
9
Eating disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Avoidant/restrictive ood intake disorder ARFID
∙
Anorexia nervosa
∙
Bulimia nervosa
∙
Binge eating disorder
10
Addictive disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Severe alcohol use disorder
∙
Cannabis withdrawal
∙
Acute intoxication: synthetic cannabinoids
∙
Stimulantinduced psychotic disorder
∙
A behaviourally conditioned problem gambler
∙
Cognitive therapy or a problem gambler
11
Sexual and relationship problems: an Australasian ocus
∙
A male with hypoactive sexual desire disorder
∙
A male with premature ejaculation
∙
A emale with sexual interest disorder and a male with erectile disorder
12
Gender dysphoria: an Australasian ocus
∙
Jarc
∙
Aubrey
∙
Kelsey
∙
Surajek
∙
Naya
13
Personality disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Personality disorder
∙
Paranoid personality disorder
∙
Antisocial personality disorder
∙
Obsessivecompulsive personality disorder
∙
Cognitive analytic therapy
14
Disorders o childhood: an Australasian ocus
∙
Parent management training or oppositional deiant disorder
∙
Cognitivebehavioural treatment or anxiety
15
Ageing and psychological disorders: an Australasian ocus
∙
Anxiety
∙
Driving
16
Health psychology: an Australasian ocus
∙
A woman with cancer
Case matrix
xx
What’s new in this edition?
CHAPTERMAJOR UPDATES
1 Conceptual issues in abnormal psychology
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
Updated research on topics such as the contributions and limitations o the biological perspective
2 Anxiety disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case study on panic disorder and agoraphobia
∙
Updated research on topics such as habituation and inhibitory learning, and CBT and generalised anxiety disorder
3 Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case study on obsession with harming others
∙
Updated research on topics such as OCDrelated disorders, including hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania and excoriation disorder
4 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
Updated case study on PTSD
∙
Updated research on topics such as the prevalence and epidemiology o PTSD, and on prevention
5 Depressive disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case study on anxiety and depression
∙
Updated research on topics such as interpersonal psychotherapy and relapse prevention
6 Bipolar disorder
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
Updated research on topics such as the connection between bipolar disorder and creativity, and evidencebased psychological therapies and bipolar disorder
7 Psychotic disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case study on the role o stress and trauma in psychosis onset
∙
Updated research on topics such as vulnerability actors and delusions
8 Somatic symptom and dissociative disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
Updated research on topics such as the diagnosis o somatic symptom and related disorders, and conversion disorder
9 Eating disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case studies on avoidant/restrictive ood intake disorder ARFID, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder
∙
Updated research on topics such as the treatment o anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder
xxiWhat’s new in this edition?CHAPTERMAJOR UPDATES
10 Addictive disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case studies on severe alcohol use disorder and acute intoxication: synthetic cannabinoids
∙
Updated research on topics such as the diagnosis and prevalence o substance use disorders, and gambling disorder
11 Sexual and relationship problems
∙
Updated Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case studies on hypoactive sexual desire disorder, and premature ejaculation
∙
Updated research on topics such as the treatment o paraphilic disorders
12 Gender dsyphoria
∙
New chapter on gender dysphoria
∙
Five case studies
∙
Content covering the diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology and treatment o gender dysphoria
13 Personality disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case studies on personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder
∙
Updated research on topics such as the diagnosis o personality disorders, personality disorders across cultures, and cognitive analytic therapy
14 Disorders of childhood
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case study on cognitive behavioural treatment or anxiety
∙
Updated research on topics such as the prevalence o mental disorders in childhood, and the diagnosis and epidemiology o oppositional deiant disorder
15 Ageing and psychological disorders
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
New case studies on anxiety and driving
∙
Updated research on topics such as physical activity, disability and ageing, and executive unctioning and ageing
16 Health psychology
∙
New Australasian Focus piece
∙
Updated research on topics such as the health belie model and behaviour change interventions, and stressresponse syndromes
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pretty soon I felt him grip my feet again, and that time he got me out. Thehorse had walked off, back to his master, and I had a sweet time gettinghome. This morning I saw that man go by the house on his shoes, and Icalled to him and asked him to let me see what they were like. He wasawfully nice, and told me just how to make them, and I'm going to makeyou a pair, cousin Bess. It's lots of fun to walk on them, only when you turnround you get them crossed, they are so long, and first thing you knowyou're standing on your own heel. But what about that game of tennis?"
CHAPTER IX.THE I.I.'S.
"Come, Fuzzy, come!" said Bess, opening the front door an inch, andspeaking in a tone of gentle persuasion.But Fuzz only gazed fixedly at some distant point of the landscape, andrefused to move."Come, good little Fuzz; come right in!" And Bess tried to express theidea that some pleasing secret lay hidden behind the door that she held opena crack. Slowly the dog turned the white of one eye towards his mistress; but otherwise he was deaf to her voice. Becoming impatient, she went outon the step."Come right here, Fuzz!" she said, very decidedly.The little animal looked at her for a moment, wagged his brief tail as if to say, "Excuse me," and then darted to the gate, where he stood barkingfuriously, occasionally turning his head to see if his mistress were stillwaiting for him. She stepped back into the house and shut the door, with anelaborate care that he should notice the fact. Then she applied her eye to
one of the glass panes. The dog trotted to the steps, looked about him, and,seeing that the coast was clear, leisurely came up them and lay down on themat."Now I have him!" thought Bess exultingly, and, suddenly opening thedoor, she made a quick snatch at the spot where the dog had been,—had been, for at the first click of the latch he was several yards away, barkingdefiance at some imaginary foe."Oh, dear!" sighed Bess, adjusting the folds of her pretty spring suit."How could Bridget be so careless as to let that dog out when I told her notto?" And again she peered out through the glass, only to see the dog peacefully lying on the lower step, with his little black nose laid up on theone above it."Can't you get him to come to you with a piece of bread?" queriedFred's voice from the next room. "I'll go ask Bridget for a piece."He returned in a moment and offered Bess a thick slice of bread, andthen passed his hand approvingly down over her gown."How fine you are!" he said. "It is a shame for Fuzz to act so.""He always does when I want to go away, so I usually shut him into thehouse. To-day he saw me putting on my hat and suspected a departure, andin some way ran out past Bridget. I am sorry, for I ought to call on Mrs.Walsh."As she opened the door and stepped out into the May sunshine, Fredstood leaning in the doorway, waiting to know if his plan were successful.Fuzz sat on the grass ten feet away, watching their manœuvres with a look of calm, unbiassed criticism."Come, Fuzz, come get some bread," said Bess caressingly, as she brokeoff a bit and tossed it to the dog. He moved lazily towards it, ate it as if hewere conferring a favor upon her, then came a step or two nearer to get thenext one, and the next, artfully aimed by Bess, in order to bring him bydegrees to her feet. But Fuzz was wary, and had no mind to forego either
the present feast or the prospective walk. By watching his chance, he wouldcontrive to run up to Bessie's very toes, snatch the morsel, and then dodgeaway again, before she could touch so much as one of his curls. In this way,he possessed himself of the entire slice of bread, and then returned to hisformer seat, leaving Bess none the better for her efforts."Won't he come?" asked Fred sympathetically, though with a strongdesire to laugh."He hasn't the remotest idea of such a thing," replied Bessdisconsolately, as she looked at her watch.Mrs. Carter joined them on the steps."Fuzz, come here! Come to grandma!" she called authoritatively.But Fuzz withdrew to the middle of the street, and contemplated adistant carriage."I'll tell you, Bess, what you can do. We will all go in, and then, in a fewminutes, you can go out the back way, and through to the other street.""A brilliant idea, mother. Come, Fred." And she led the way into thehouse, and shut the door with an emphasis to attract the dog's attention.They waited until he returned to the step, and then, with a stealthy tread,Bess retired through the kitchen and was out of the house grounds when asmall gray body rushed madly past her, and then returned to caper abouther, leaving an occasional dusty foot-mark on her new gown."Bad Fuzz!" she scolded. "Fuzz must go right back!" But Fuzz wouldneither go of himself, nor let her pick him up to carry him. So she walked back to the house, saying to herself,— "Well, I don't mind my call, but I do hate to be late at Rob's, when I'veconstantly tried to impress on those boys that they must be prompt atengagements. However, 'the best laid plans of mice and men' must bechanged to suit the will of a small imp of a puppy."
As she entered the house, Fuzz, with a skill that would do credit to acivil engineer, at the very least, took up his position at such a vantage pointthat he commanded an unobstructed view of both modes of exit, and satwatching them with an unblinking steadiness. Bess waited for a longquarter of an hour, hoping that the dog would give up the idea and signifyhis desire to come in. But no imperative bark was heard. On the contrary,Fuzz appeared to be abundantly satisfied with his position. Then Fred wentout and sat down on the steps, inviting the dog to join him. But he provedless attractive than usual, and neither his coaxing nor Mrs. Carter'scommands could move the delinquent from his post of observation. ThenBridget, now truly penitent for the carelessness that was causing "MissBess" so much delay, promenaded up and down before him, trailing behindher a perfectly bare beef-bone, tied to a string. Fuzz eyed her with seemingindifference, while she made three or four turns, then he darted forward,seized the bone, pulled till he broke the string, and then triumphantlywalked off to a safe distance, where he lay down and fell to gnawing his bone. Annoyed and impatient as she was, Bess laughed outright, as she sawthe quick act; and Bridget, in her turn, gave up.Another period of waiting, and then Fred had a fresh proposal."See here, Miss Bess, if Fuzz wants a walk, I will give him one. I'll puton my hat and walk out beyond the tennis court, and he will come too. Thenyou can go.""Could you, Fred? I am so anxious to go, only I hate to send you off alone," said Bess doubtfully, for as yet Fred's out-of-door excursions hadmainly been made with her or Rob as escort."Yes, I'll be all right," said the boy, and then added wistfully, "How longshall you be gone?""No longer than I can help, my dear. Now be very careful of yourself."And she gave him his hat and the light, strong cane he depended on whenalone.She watched him as he moved slowly off across the broad lawn, withFuzz frisking along by his side, and occasionally jumping against him with
such unexpected force that it made him totter."Bless the child!" she thought. "He grows unselfish and considerateevery day; and how well and happy he seems. I hope he will enjoy this new plan."And she started on her errand, with one backward glance at the lad, ashe sat down for a moment on one of the seats scattered about the lawn, andturned his face to the soft, clear air. Above his head the trees were in the beauty of their first tiny leaves, so light and delicate in their unfolding thatthey looked like a cloud of butterflies lighted on every little twig and stem.And the birds chirped and twittered in all the gladness of the sunshine,rejoicing in the new life about them. The influence of the spring was over them all, and vaguely, in his boy fashion, Fred felt it too. For a moment hewent back to a year or two ago, and longed for the old free, happy days; butas he remembered the lonely, dull hours he had spent between the times of his return from Boston and his coming to live at the Carters', his mood brightened again, and he patted the now docile Fuzz, saying cheerfully,— "It isn't so bad after all, is it, Fuzz?"And the dog presented his little paw, as if to shake hands, in token of their perfect agreement.In the meantime Bess had betaken herself to her cousin's, where she wasgreeted by five eager, curious lads, who, perched on the front fence, wereawaiting her coming with loud denunciations of her tardiness."I couldn't help it, boys. Fuzz wouldn't let me come any earlier." And, tothe merriment of the lads, Bess recounted her experiences of the afternoon,and then asked: "Is aunt Bess at home, Rob?""No; but she said tell you to go right in and make yourself at home. Dohurry up, for we're awfully curious and can't stand it another minute." AndRob led the way to their pleasant sitting-room."Doesn't Rob know what's up?" asked Phil, as Bess seated herself deliberately, and the boys gathered around her.
"Not a blessed thing," said Bess, disregarding her cousin's winks begging her to keep silence; "only that I told him to have you meet me herethis afternoon.""Oh ho, young lad!" exclaimed Ted, giving his host a sounding thumpon the back, "you're a fraud. Here you've been pretending all day you knewwhat was going on, and you are as much in the dark now as any of us.""What is it, Miss Bess?" inquired Phil, swinging himself impatiently back and forth in his rocking-chair, as he sat astride of it, with an ankleclasped in either hand. "It's sure to be fun, if you start it.""Don't get your expectations too high, Phil," said Bess. "It is only justthis. If you boys have time enough to spare for it, how would you like tospend one evening a week with me?""Club?" suggested Rob, who had often begged for something of thiskind."Yes, club; if you choose to call it so." And there was an enthusiastic burst of applause from the boys, who took a true masculine delight inanything rejoicing in the name of club. When quiet was restored, Bess wenton quite seriously:— "Now, my boys, I don't want you to be selfish in starting this club. It isfor us all to enjoy together, and I want you to help me make it a greatsuccess; but most of all it is for Fred. He tries so hard not to be shy withyou, but it is hard for him when he doesn't see you but once in a long time.He needs boys and boy fun now, more than anything else, and he is stayingwith me so much that there is danger of his growing girlish and—and— what is it you call it?—a mollycoddle.""Not much danger of that when you are round," said Sam, with a smileto point his intended compliment.Bess took it as such, and beamed on him in return, before she continued, —
"Well, as I say, he needs you all to stir him up and give him a taste of the old fun. Now, it depends on you whether this fun will do him good, or only make him feel farther away from you than ever. Can you think what Imean?""Yes, I think I know, Miss Bessie," said Bert, who was leaning back inthe depths of his chair, his knees crossed and his hands loosely clasped infront of him, while his eyes were intently fixed on Bessie's face. "Youmean, if we stir him up in ways he can enjoy, or whether we tease him anddo things he can't have the fun of with us.""Who'd be mean enough to tease Fred Allen, anyhow?" asked Sam belligerently."Nobody; so keep cool and let Miss Bess go on," said Teddy patronizingly."Bert has my idea. How many of you will help to carry it out?" and Besslooked around at the eager young faces, beaming with good-will to their absent friend."I! I!" shouted the chorus of five; and then Rob asked,— "What kind of a club are you going to have?""How do you like this plan? Suppose you come up every Saturdayevening early, say by seven, and stay two hours. At nine I shall send you off home, and to bed, for I don't approve of late hours for children.""Children! Oh, cracky!" groaned Ted, in parenthesis."Yes, children," repeated Bess, with a malicious pleasure in the word."What else are you, I should like to know? But so much for times andseasons. And now for the way we are to spend our time. Beginning withmyself, and working down by ages, I am going to let you each select somegood subject for an evening, and then we will all bring in what informationwe can about it, and talk it over together. You can give out your subjects theweek before, so we can prepare them, you know. I only make one condition,
that you submit your subjects to me, first of all. Then we shall end withsome games. How does the idea strike you?""First-rate" and "dandy," exclaimed Phil and Ted in unison; and Samadded,— "Have you told Fred?""Not yet, for I wanted first to talk it over with you, and see if I coulddepend on you to make it a success. It rests with you to decide, and if yougo into it in the right way, each trying to help on the general good time, weshall have some very pleasant evenings, I am sure."But I don't see why we need study for it," sighed Phil."For two or three reasons, you lazy boy," answered Bess. "If we spentour evenings just playing games, we should soon be heartily tired of themand of each other. But a little work—I don't mean it to be hard work—willgive a variety, so we shall like them both better. And then it is high time you boys were getting some new ideas beyond your daily doses of arithmeticand geography. You can take any subject you wish, from the moon to potato bugs, or Napoleon Bonaparte, provided you take one about which we canreally learn something. We shall work an hour, and play an hour, and enjoyeach better for having the other." And Bess paused amid a hum of admiration from her followers."What shall we call the club?" asked Rob."Genuine Grubbers," said Phil, in whose mind the thought of study wasstill rankling."The Brotherhood of Frederick the Great," was Bert's pertinentsuggestion."Queen Bess and her Jolly Lads would be good," remarked Teddy."Q.B.J.L. for short, you know, and none of the other fellows would knowwhat it meant."
"It strikes me," Sam interposed, "we'd ought to let Fred have somethingto say about it.""I agree with you, Sam," rejoined Bess. "Come home with me now, allof you, and we will plan for the name, first subject, and so on, and then onSaturday night we can have our first meeting."And so Saturday evening found the house brightly lighted, and Fred inhis best suit, with a white carnation in his buttonhole, while Bess arrangedFuzz with his basket, ball, and rag doll in a comfortable corner of thekitchen, to keep Bridget company, and persuaded the Dominie to retire tothe dining-room.Punctually at the moment came the boys, each one with a proudconsciousness of being dressed up for the occasion, although Phil's frontlock of hair would stand rampant, and Ted's shoes bore traces of his havingsplashed through some wayside puddle. After a few moments of chatter,Bess stepped to the table and rapped on it with mock solemnity."The members of the Club of Inquisitive Investigators will please cometo order. I will call the roll of officers and members. President, MissElizabeth Carter. Well, I'm here. Vice-President, Master Frederic Allen.""Present," remarked Fred from the corner of the sofa, where he wassitting with Rob and Bert."Treasurer, Master Edward Preston.""Yes'm, I'm here," responded Ted with a giggle, "but I don't see whatthere is to treasure.""Secretary, Master Robert Atkinson," continued Bess, regardless of theinterruption."Here! What am I to do about it?" inquired Rob meekly."Chairman of Entertainment Committee, Master Philip Cameron.""Trust me for coming," answered Phil, while Rob whispered,—
"That means you are chief clown.""Beadle-in-chief and Disciplinarian, Master Samuel Boeminghausen.""Yes, ma'am!" said Sam, and then fulfilled his official duties byfrowning on Ted, who, mindful of his "Pickwick," murmured,— "'Samivel, my son, bevare of vidders.'"Grand Referee, Critic, and Curator of Encyclopædia and Dictionary,Master Herbert Walsh," concluded Bess, and Bert's response was lost amidthe shouts of the boys, to whom these offices were unexpected honors."Now," said Bess, in more natural tones, as she seated herself, "we have just members enough for the offices, and just offices enough for themembers, so I don't see how the I.I.'s can increase. To-night we were to talk about coal, and I will ask Phil to begin by telling us what he knows on thesubject.""Oh, dear!" groaned Phil, "that won't be much. Let's see. There aredifferent kinds of coal, the hard or anthracite, and the soft or bit—bit—""Bituminous?" suggested Bert."Oh, yes! Bituminous. The bit-uminous has more oil in it, and issmokier. So people that live in cities where it is burned get black all over themselves when they go out on the street.""Yes," interposed Sam. "When my father took me to Chicago with him,there was one day that it was so thick in the air you couldn't see anydistance at all, and when I went back to the hotel to dinner, my nose was allcovered with black streaks.""I know how that is," said Bess. "But go on, Phil.""We burn the hard coal here. Then they divide it up by the size it is broken into, and call it pea-coal and nut-coal, and so on. I guess that's all Iknow, Miss Bess."
"Very good, Phil. Bert, can you tell us something more?""Not very much. Phil's told a good share of what I had found out. I think I know where some of the best coal-beds are, though."Sam and Ted between them added a description of coal mining; Fredgave, as his share, a vivid account of the primeval forests, and the way thecoal-beds were formed; while Rob contributed a few words about the fossilsmet with in the coal. Bess made a running commentary on the whole, andended with a short account of the more common kindred substances: petroleum, illuminating gas, and the diamond. Then she looked at her watch."Half-past eight. Only half an hour for our games, boys.""Is it really so late?" asked Ted incredulously. "This has been immense.What are we going to take next?""Well, Sam, that is for you to say." And Bess turned to the boy who waslounging in his chair, with one foot stretched in front of him, the other toehooked around the leg of his chair."George Washington," he replied promptly, with a modest pride in thewisdom and novelty of his choice."You all hear it?" asked President Bess. "Rob, as secretary, I want youto keep a list of the subjects and their dates. Then, six months from now, wewill have an evening when each one of you may take some one of thesesubjects and write all you have learned about it; and we will have theseessays read before a small and select audience. That will be about the last of October. And one thing more I have to say before our games. I want my boys to be careful about their positions, to sit up straight like gentlemen,and not curl up like a set of small caterpillars."The sudden effect of this last remark was comical to behold. Feet werefirmly planted, backs straightened, shoulders squared, and coats pulled into place; while Teddy vainly tried to conceal a yawning chasm in the knee of his stocking, which had mysteriously appeared since his arrival.
Promptly as the clock struck nine, Bess sent her guests away, but not before Ted, from the front steps, led off in a rousing: "Rah! Rah! Rah! for the Inquisitive Investigators." They then departed, chanting at the top of their lungs, as an appropriate serenade:— "The owl and the pussy-cat went to sea, In a beautiful pea-green boat.They took some honey and plenty of money, Wrapped up in a five-pound note."
CHAPTER X.ROB AND FRED ENTERTAIN CALLERS.
"I say, cousin Bess," said Rob, coming into the library one evening,"why weren't you at church last night?""Father and mother went to Boston Saturday afternoon, to stay tillWednesday, and it was going to be rather dismal for Fred to stay alone here,so we spent the evening reading," answered Bess, moving to let Rob perchhimself on the arm of her great easy-chair."I tried to make her go, but she just wouldn't," remarked Fred, in aremorseful parenthesis."Well, you'd better have been there, both of you," responded Rob, as heslyly drew a long shell pin from his cousin's hair, and tucked it into his side pocket. "Do you remember that friend of Mr. Washburn that sang here onenight in January, that New York tenor? He was here again last night, andsang splendidly. We had the worst time in the recessional. It was 'Howsweet the name,' and just as we were coming down the steps,—I don't knowwhat made him do it, but Phil dropped his book right whack down on his
own toes. We both got to laughing so we couldn't sing any coming out.Wasn't it mean, when we wanted to do our best? And Mr. Washburn wasawfully cross about it.""I don't know that I wonder, Rob," said Bess."What did Phil do?" asked Fred. "Did he pick up his hymnal?""Course not," answered Rob, as he secured another hairpin; "he couldn'tstop and stoop down for it. We just had to go ahead and leave the others tohop over it best way they could. Say, cousin Bessie, did you ever notice thatold woman in the front seat, the one in the great big black bonnet, with thewreath of purple flowers?"Bess nodded assent, and then turned her head to watch her little cousin,as he still sat on her chair-arm, steadying himself with a hand on her shoulder, while he talked animatedly, with his dimples coming and going,and his eyes sparkling with fun. At her other side sat Fred, with both elbowson the table, and his chin in his hands, as he listened to Rob's merry chatter,and occasionally threw in a word or two of his own."Well," pursued Rob, with a chuckle, "she hasn't as much breath as sheused to have, but she always will sing in the hymns, and sometimes it's pretty hard work for her to keep up. Last night she lost her breath more thancommon; and once, after she had stopped to puff a minute, she struck inagain, full tilt, about an octave and a half higher than we were, and it madea most awful noise.""Poor old woman!" said Bess, trying to speak soberly, while Fred'sshoulders shook. "You shouldn't laugh at such old people, Robin. Where'syour chivalry?""I can't help it, cousin Bess. It was too funny to hear her go '
peep
,' wayup high."Bess felt her dignity fast collapsing at Rob's, imitation of the high,quavering voice, and, to change the subject, she said,—
"Fred and I went to the shore this afternoon.""Did you?" asked Rob. "Why didn't you wait till after school and let mego, too? I haven't had a drive with you for ever so long.""You couldn't have had one to-day," replied Fred. "We walked.""Well, you might have waited for me, anyhow.""How do you know we wanted you?" asked Fred teasingly.Rob frowned for a moment, and then, determined not to be thrown outfrom his jolly mood, answered with a laugh,— "What's the difference, so long as I wanted you?""Of course we always do want you, Bob. We will go again nextSaturday, that is, if Miss Bess can, and take our time about it," said Fred,moved to gentleness by his friend's unexpected meekness."Certainly I will go," said Bess heartily. "Oh, there's the bell! Rob, willyou go to the door, dear?"Rob vanished on his errand, and soon reappeared, saying disconsolately, — "It's Mr. Washburn and that tenor, to see you. Mean old things! Whatdid they come for?" And both the boys scowled darkly in the direction of the parlor, as Bess rose to leave them, saying laughingly,— "Take good care of each other, and don't get into mischief. Rob, you'd better stay with Fred until they go." And taking a Jacqueminot rose from avase on the table, she put it in the buttonhole of her new gray gown, andwas gone, leaving the boys in solitary possession of the room, except for thegreat black cat that was slumbering peacefully on one end of the sofa."I want you to see Miss Carter, Muir," Mr. Washburn had said, as theywere putting on their hats, preparatory to starting; "she is quite an unusualyoung woman. She is not only attractive and rather pretty, but she knows a
thing or two; and then she has a great gift for managing small boys, andmaking the best of them. That little dark-eyed fellow that leads the choir isher cousin, and her influence over him and two or three of the others helpsout my discipline wonderfully. I don't know how I should get along withouther.""Bring on your paragon," laughed Frank Muir. "It passes mycomprehension how any woman can manage to keep small boys in order, but I'll take your word for it."But when he rose to meet Bess as she came into the parlor, he felt atonce that she might easily deserve his friend's praise, and that her pleasant,cordial manner would win the heart of the most cross-grained little urchinin existence. He was rather critical in his judgment of young women, perhaps because they usually courted his attentions in a most unblushingfashion; but this one was quite to his taste, and he settled himself for a long,enjoyable call, exerting himself to be as entertaining as possible, while therector sat by, reflecting how well they were suited to each other.But as Bessie sat there, talking so easily of one thing and another, with afrank pleasure in the young man's society, she gradually became consciousof the fact that her hair was fast slipping from its usual smooth coils on topof her head, and dropping towards her neck. Cautiously putting up her handto investigate the cause, she discovered that, of the four long pins thatusually held it in place, two were missing, and of course they were the morecritical ones."It is that wretch of a Rob!" she thought. "Well, fortunately, it all growson. But what can I do?"Warned by the increasing looseness that any attempt to move from theroom would result in a general ruin, she sat as motionless as possible, whileshe tried to talk away as if nothing were amiss. Her guests were watchingthe impending catastrophe, the older man, who had a wife and sisters of hisown, with sympathy, and the younger one with unmixed amusement."How I wish they would go home!" meditated Bess, as she smiled brightly in answer to some sally of Mr. Muir. "Time is precious, for this
won't hold five minutes longer, and the least move I make will bring it alldown."And at the moment, the last pin slipped from its place, and a mass of bright, wavy hair fell on the girl's shoulders. It was a trying moment, but,determined to make the best of a bad matter, she said,— "I shall have to be excused for a moment. My mischievous little cousinhas been experimenting with my hairpins, without my knowing it. Pleaseexcuse me a minute." And with flaming cheeks she fled to her room.She was back almost immediately, but not before the gentlemen hadenjoyed a hearty though smothered laugh, and Mr. Muir had inquired,— "Is this a sample of the fine influence she has on small boys?"The conversation was once more running smoothly, and Bess was justlosing the recollection of her mortifying experience, when a little soundcaught her ears, a light, stealthy footstep that cautiously advanced to thedrawn portière, and then retreated. Five minutes later they all gave a suddenstart of surprise, as the vigorous, clattering alarm attached to a noisy littlenickel clock gradually unwound the entire length of its spring. It wasdifficult to talk away composedly, but Bess managed to do it; and while her guests were inwardly shaking over the too palpable hint, she was longing togive the boys an outward shaking for their annoying pranks.Another half-hour passed by, a long one to Bess, who momentarilyfeared a fresh outbreak. But quiet seemed to be restored, and she was just beginning to breathe freely again, when once more she heard the quietfootfall. Turning, she gazed towards the doorway in an agony of apprehension. What now? The portière trembled, slightly parted, andthrough the opening was pushed the old house cat, a great black animal of staid demeanor and unimpeachable dignity. But at this moment theunfortunate creature's dignity was not so manifest as it might have been.Each one of her four paws was wrapped in a neat casing of heavy paper,while securely lashed to her glossy tail was the mate to the rose that Besswas wearing.
As if overpowered by her unwonted decorations, the poor animal stoodmotionless for a moment, and then attempted to walk across the room.However, this usually simple operation was attended with unforeseendifficulties. Pussy's toes, in their smooth envelopes, slipped this way andthat as her weight was thrown first on one foot, then on the other; and as shelifted each foot, she gave it a hasty but energetic shake to free it, before she put it down on the carpet again; and in the meantime she was angrilysnapping her insulted tail from side to side. It was too much to be passedover in silence, and, to Bessie's great relief, Frank Muir burst into a heartylaugh, as he rose to rescue the unoffending cat, who, at sight of the stranger,fled under the sofa, and was only dragged out with some difficulty. Bessand the rector joined in the laugh, and for a few moments no one of thethree could speak. When she could control her voice:"I am sorry, Mr. Muir," Bess said, "to be forced to apologize for suchmischief. The truth of the matter is, that I left two small boys alone in thelibrary, with nothing to do. This is only one more proof that; Satan findssome mischief still."
"FRANK MUIR BURST INTO A HEARTY LAUGHAS HE ROSE TO RESCUE THE UNOFFENDING CAT."
"Who are they?" asked Mr. Washburn, wiping the tears of mirth fromhis eyes, while Mr. Muir put the cat, now barefooted again, down on thefloor, and fastened the rose into his own buttonhole."Rob and Fred," answered Bess. "I am sorry to confess that my smallcousin is such an imp.""I had no idea of it," said Mr. Washburn. "He is always so demure in thechoir, and I fancied that Fred was very quiet, too.""He usually is, but Rob is in one of his wild moods to-night, and Isuspect they set each other on, for it isn't like either one of them, alone.Please excuse them, for I know it was simple thoughtlessness, and they hadno idea of being rude."Bess spoke with such a pretty air of earnestness that Mr. Muir wouldhave excused her boys twice over, even if he had been annoyed by their mischief, instead of thoroughly amused."Who are these boys?" he asked. "Is one the darker of the choir-leaders,the one with the high soprano voice? I think Mr. Washburn said he was your cousin. And who is the other? I think you ought to make them appear now."Bess hesitated for a moment."If Mr. Washburn will tell you about Fred while I am gone, I will go tocall them," she said.Rob had prudently gone home, and Fred was on the sofa, apparentlyasleep, but Bess knew better than that."Come, Fred," she said seriously, as she bent over him, "I want you tocome into the parlor now. Mr. Washburn and Mr. Muir have asked to seeyou. I am sorry my boy should have forgotten himself and been so rude toguests.""Oh, Miss Bessie," said Fred penitently, for he read from Bessie's tonethat she was really displeased, "we truly didn't mean any harm, only they
stayed so long that we thought perhaps they'd forgotten the time, and wouldhurry a little if they knew it, so as to give us a chance to have some fun. I'mso sorry!""I don't think you did mean to be quite so ungentlemanly," answeredBess quietly. "But we will talk it over by and by. Now come with me.""Oh, no! Must I?" And the child drew back."Yes, Fred."Frank Muir glanced up as they entered the parlor. He had beeninterested in his friend's account of the child, and was curious to see the impwho had caused so much embarrassment and amusement for them all. Butwhen he caught sight of the strong, finely formed little figure, the head setso proudly on his shoulders, the refined, sensitive face that showed so plainly every thought and feeling, and the great, pleading brown eyes, as the boy came shyly into the room, his own eyes grew strangely misty, and hisface was very tender and pitiful as he went forward, saying heartily,— "So this is the small friend that has been giving us a good laugh." And,drawing the child to the sofa, he sat down by his side."I didn't mean to be rude," said Fred slowly. "It sounded like such fun.Please excuse us.""Excuse you," said Mr. Muir, laughing, though he watched the boyclosely, attracted by his grace of manner and gentle face; "it doesn't need to be excused, for we enjoyed it as much as you did; and then I have a vividrecollection of some of my own performances in that line, that makes meappreciate yours all the more. And so your friend went home, did he? Ishould have liked to see him, for I enjoyed his singing last night.""Rob told me about your being there," said Fred, completely won fromhis shyness by the kind, genial manner of his new friend. "I wish I'd gone,for I heard you sing last January, and I don't believe I shall ever forget that."
Frank Muir had received many a compliment for his singing, but never had one pleased him more than this, so innocently given."Do you like music?" he asked pleasantly."Yes, ever so much," Fred answered. "I was going into the choir, if Ihadn't been—sick; and that night you sang, it was the first time I had heardany music for 'most a year. Some people put too much flourish into their singing. I don't know whether you'll know what I mean, but, anyway, yousang just as if you meant it."Bess, in the midst of her chat with the rector, wondered to see the boytalking so freely with a stranger. She wondered yet more when to Mr. Muir'sfrank, sympathizing question,— "Have you been—sick long?"Fred answered bravely, with no trace of his usual sensitiveness,— "More than a year. I studied too much, and was sick ever so long. Then Iwent to Boston, and there I grew blind, about six months ago.""Poor Fred!" said Mr. Muir, gently stroking the firm little hand that lay by his side."Yes, it was pretty bad at first, but since I came here," and Fred loweredhis voice to a confidential murmur, "I've had such good times. You see,Miss Bess is no end good to me, and she's more fun than half the boys. Shereads to me and plays games with me, and we go to walk together, and,really, we do have lots of fun.""You are a real hero, my boy," said Mr. Muir warmly. "A brave boy willmake a brave man.""Yes," said Fred, nodding soberly; "that's what Miss Bess said shewanted me to be. But it's kind of hard work sometimes, for I do get awfullymad at the boys when they do things I can't."
Frank Muir smiled to himself at the confession so artlessly made. The boy interested him greatly, for he seemed so shy, yet had responded soquickly to his attentions. And what a picture he made there, sitting on onefoot on the sofa, with the other foot in its dainty slipper dangling towardsthe floor, while, in his earnest talking, his color came and went, and hissmile and frown succeeded each other by turns."As long as you were not at church last night," the young man proposed,"suppose I sing something to you now. That is, of course, if Miss Carter willexcuse us." And he looked to her for her consent."That isn't much like Muir," said Mr. Washburn in a low tone, as hisfriend seated himself at the piano. "He isn't given to singing, except whenhe has to. He seems to have taken a fancy to your charge there.""Fred surely returns the compliment," said Bess, as the boy followed tothe piano. "I don't see what has come over him to talk so much to a stranger,for he is usually so shy.""Muir is irresistible to nearly everybody, I find," replied the rector quietly.Then they were silent, as Mr. Muir played a little prelude, light, rocking,swinging, with an occasional dash like the breaking of a tiny wave on a pebbly shore. Then, in the same clear, sweet tenor that had fascinated thechild before, he began to sing the quaint little lullaby,— "Wynken, Blynken, and Nod one night Sailed off in a wooden shoe— Sailed on a river of misty light, Into a sea of dew.'Where are you going, and what do you wish?' The old moon asked the three.'We have come to fish for the herring-fish That live in this beautiful sea; Nets of silver and gold have we,' Said Wynken,
Blynken, And Nod."When he had finished, he turned away from the piano with a laugh."There!" he said, as he rested his hand on Fred's shoulder. "I know boyslike nonsense songs, and what could be more appropriate than thischarming little Dutch one, after the hint you gave us with that alarm clock?Washburn, we've made a disgracefully long call, and we ought to have leftMiss Carter in peace long ago.""Oh, Mr. Muir, don't stop!" urged Bess. "Please sing something more, just one." And she motioned him back to the piano.The young man demurred a little, but, as she insisted,— "Well," said he, "I sang to Fred before, now I will sing to you."And, after a few random chords, he gradually drifted into the prelude toSchubert's "Serenade," a song that had always won the enthusiasticapplause of the impressionable young ladies whom he met in society. Withall its intense sentimentality, it had never been a favorite with practicalBess; but there was no resisting the influence of such a voice, and before hehad finished a dozen notes, Bess was held by the same charm which she hadfelt that other evening in the church. She was fast losing all consciousnessof everything but the passionate beauty of the music, when a long, gustyhowl brought her back to herself, and made them all turn their heads to seewhence the sound proceeded. There on the floor sat Fuzz, erect on hishaunches, his paws in the air and his curls dejectedly flattened over one eye,while, with his nose pointed skyward, he was giving expression to hisfeelings in wail after wail, each one longer and louder than the last. Besssprang to catch the dog, but with a quick movement he dodged away, andran to the other side of Mr. Muir, where he again sat up, and, at the nexthigh note, chimed in with another discordant shriek, while his furiouslywagging tail expressed his pleasure in this novel duet. It was useless to tryto go on, and the singer rose from the piano, while Bess said,—
"This is too much, Mr. Muir! What must you think of such a household?Between the boys and the dog, your evening has been a remarkable one."And not even the young man's laughing assurance of his enjoyment of itall, could entirely restore her ease of manner while the good-nights were being said.After Mr. Muir was at the door, he came back to shake hands once morewith Fred, and say,— "Good-night, my brave boy. I am glad I have seen you, and I hope weshall meet again some day.""I say," he remarked to his friend, as they walked away from the house,"I think your paragon is an uncommonly attractive girl, but if this is aspecimen of her wonderful influence over boys, I shudder to think whatyour discipline would be without her help." Then, as he pulled up the lapelof his coat to sniff at the rose, he added, "That boy is a wonderfully lovablechild. Some one is giving him splendid training, and, from what you tell of his parents, I dimly suspect that Miss Carter is the one. And, Washburn, thatdog would be an invaluable addition to your choir."
CHAPTER XI.THE DISADVANTAGES OF SCIENCE.
"I am sorry, Miss Bess. I was sorry the minute I'd said so, but Ted's bragging about his lessons always makes me mad.""He didn't 'brag,' dear. I had asked him about school, and you weretelling what your class did. You can't blame him for standing up for his ownclass, can you?""No," admitted Fred, "but he needn't go to crowing over ours.""True. But you needn't have resented it as quickly as you did. If youcould have seen Teddy's face, Fred, and how hard he tried to keep fromanswering you sharply, I don't think you would have been so angry for alittle inconsiderate word.""That's just it!" said the boy forlornly. "Things seem so different nowfrom what they used to, and I never know just how they are going. 'Tisn'tmuch use for me to try to be good, Miss Bess! I go along well enough for alittle while, and then all of a sudden I spoil it all." And Fred gave the carpetan impatient kick, as he sat on the floor at Bessie's feet. Then, reaching upfor her hand, he pulled it down and laid his cheek against it."You see," he went on in the comically wise, old-mannish tone of explanation that his voice took on at times, "I believe I wish I'd had some brothers and sisters. Till I came here, I didn't see so much of the boys,except at school, for mother didn't like to have them round the house, and Iguess, being the only one, I did get sort of cranky, and now I'm here, even, Idon't get over it."There was silence for a few moments, and then Fred continuedconfidentially,—
"Do you know, Miss Bessie, I don't think my father and mother care for me just the same way Rob's and Ted's do for them.""Why, Fred!" said Bess, with a start of surprise. "What can have givenyou such an idea?""Well, lots of things; their going off and leaving me—but I'm awfullyglad they did that, because it's more fun to be here than at home, and theydon't write often, nor care to hear from me, only once a month. I've thoughtit all out, and it's reasonable enough. You see, I can't do things much now,or by and by when I am a man, and they want somebody that can. Father used to say that he hoped I would study to go into his office; and mother wanted me to take dancing lessons, so I could go to parties and things; butof course I can't do that, and I s'pose they are sorry. I don't wonder a bit. Idon't mean that they don't care anything about me. Mother said to me oneday not long before she went, 'I love you just as well, Fred, as if you weren't blind.' That was the first I'd thought much about it, and then I began to think it over. I don't suppose she does, quite; do you, Miss Bessie?" And heturned his face wistfully up to hers."Why, of course, Fred. If anything, my boy, we all love you more thanever, and it is just because we care for you so much that we want you to bea man we can feel proud of.""Do you honestly like me just as well?" persisted the boy. "I am suremother doesn't, for she doesn't like to have me round very much, and shenever pets me the way she used to do. I heard her tell father once that sheused to wish I'd hurry and grow up, but now she never did, because shecouldn't see what they'd do with me. It's horrid to feel you're in the way,Miss Bessie!""I wish I could keep you always, Fred," said Bess seriously, for she feltthe pain in the child's voice and face, as he spoke of his absent mother."I just wish you could! You are as good as a mother and sister and brother, all at once. But you said that night, ever so long ago, that I mustn'twish I was dead, or out of the way, or anything, because that's cowardly; butwhat can I do, when I know I'm going to be in everybody's way?"
"But you aren't, Fred. We all need you and want you with us. You helpfill up this house now and make it brighter for us, so we couldn't get alongat all without you. And, wherever you go and whatever you do in the future,I want you always to remember that you have this one friend who is lookingfor the time when her Fred will be a good and true man, and she knows thatit will come some day. And always, Fred, when things go wrong, comestraight to me, and we will talk it all over together, and see if we can't findthe right of it. But don't for a moment think that just because you can't see,we care for you any less, instead of a great deal more than ever.""More than before I went to Boston?" asked Fred wonderingly. "Andyou aren't ashamed to take me round with you?""Fred!" exclaimed Bess, shocked at the idea. "What could ever suggestsuch a thing to you?""Nothing, only I know mother was. She never took me anywhere withher, and I heard her say so one day, when she didn't know I was there; andso I just thought I'd ask you about it. I'm glad you don't mind. And I'll tellTed to-morrow night that I'm sorry. Good-night."As was her usual habit, Bess went up-stairs a little later to say good-night, and see that the boy needed nothing. When she came downstairsagain, tempted by the warm June moonlight, she went out to the piazza anddropped into a hammock. The tall trees on the lawn threw dark patches of shade on the grass, that came and went as the evening wind moved the leafy branches, or vanished in one dull, uniform shadow as the full moon went behind some fleecy bit of cloud. A distant whippoorwill, singing his sadnight song, was the only sound that broke the stillness. Bess swung therewith her hands clasped above her head, and one toe resting on the floor,enjoying the quiet beauty of the night."How lovely it all is!" she thought. "And Fred has none of it to enjoy.Poor child! And with such a mother!"The next evening was Saturday, and with it came the boys, all in highglee, for their school had closed the day before, and the endless vista of thelong vacation and its prospective good times was stretching before their
