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Brazilian cold chain panorama
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of relevant aspects concerning the Brazilian cold chain, such as its infrastructure, energy sources and expenditures, legislation and technology. Some refrigerated products with nationwide relevance were selected to assess the cold chain. Their production and consumption is presented based on available data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). An overview of the cold chain infrastructure is presented and described, followed by the estimation of its required storage capacity and the associated refrigerated fleet size. Energy consumption and system efficiency are assessed for livestock products based on both the Final and Useful Energy, based on the Brazilian Useful Energy Balance. An overview of the country legislation and government ordinances are presented, followed by R&D actions and industrial structure. Data assessment shows an expanding of the volumetric capacity, from 5.7 Mm³ in 2010 to 16 .0 Mm³ in 2014, but still below the required capacity of 54.6 Mm³, calculated in this paper. The 38.5 Mm³ deficit is an opportunity for new industrial investment followed by an effort in quality improvement of the installed infrastructure. Refrigerated vehicle fleet is estimated to be around 7500 vehicles for internal distribution, with a 43% share for long-haul trunks and 57% for short-haul trunks. Electricity drives the cold chain, with 24.5 TJ in 2014. The energy efficiency index indicates an improvement on the cold chain quality due to replacement of old refrigerated systems by new ones. An overview of the Brazilian legislation, composed by a set of laws and ordinances, shows a relation between different actors, as regulation agencies, heath ministry, industrial and civil sectors, regarding different aspects of the cold chain. Legislation in some cases extends from international restrictions, which can be more rigorous in some cases than the national one.
... Cold storage energy consumption is a crucial metric for evaluating performance, and numerous studies have compared the actual operational energy consumption of cold storage facilities [3,[13][14][15]. In 2002, the IIR estimated that cold stores used between 30 and 50 kWh/(m 3 /year) [16]. ...
... An analysis of zonal temperature stabilization provides a deeper understanding of the spatial distribution of temperatures within the facility. The sensors were categorized into three vertical layers: upper (Sensors 1-6), middle (Sensors 7, [14][15][16][17][18], and lower (Sensors 8-13) layers. The upper layer recorded slightly higher median temperatures, ranging from −17.8 °C to −18.0 °C, which is attributable to the natural upward movement of warmer air. ...
... The parameters for the four cases are summarized in Table 4. Cases 1 and 2 refer to the Changchun and Changsha cold storage facilities, while Case 3 corresponds to the cold storage facility mentioned in [13], with the power consumption calculated using Equation (6). Case 4 assumes the lowest power consumption reported in [15]. Both cold storage facilities in this comparison are assumed to use the conventional R410A refrigerant. ...
To address the high energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with cold storage operations, a novel refrigeration system is proposed, which utilizes the natural refrigerant CO2 and integrates an innovative control strategy. Experimental validations were conducted in Changsha (a subtropical monsoon climate) and Changchun (a continental monsoon climate), which are two regions representing typical climatic zones in China, to assess the system’s energy-saving potential, temperature stability, and environmental impacts with the total equivalent warming impact and life cycle carbon performance methods. For Changchun, the total equivalent warming impact reached 78.3 kg CO2e/kg, reflecting reductions of 99.5% in direct emissions and 58.6% in indirect emissions compared with R410A systems, as mentioned in the reference. The life cycle carbon performance was reduced by 85.1% and 72.2% compared with the two experiment cases, with indirect emissions from energy consumption comprising the largest share. The system maintained exceptional temperature stability, with vertical-layer variations remaining under 1 °C. These findings demonstrate this system’s adaptability to achieve energy and emission reductions across diverse climates, providing a sustainable framework for future cold storage design aligned with global carbon neutrality goals.
... Cold chain handling systems for perishable foods are highly developed in high-income economies since the 1950s (e.g. USA and EU), but still limited in emerging economies (Kitinoja, 2014;Bresolin et al., 2018;Zhao et al., 2018). ...
... This highlights that it is important to reduce food loss and waste to assist in the prevention of global warming and climate change. There is also growing research in the production of more energy efficient refrigeration technologies with a possibility of substantially extending and improving the cold chain with minimal increase in CO 2 (James and James, 2010;Bresolin et al., 2018;Zhao et al., 2018;Akerma et al., 2020). ...
... Developments of cold chains rely on reliable and adequate electricity supply. However, there are zero energy cool storage technologies for especially tropical fruit that need temperatures 10 • C and above to prevent chilling injuries (Kitinoja, 2013), and efforts to improve energy efficiency of existing facilities are under way (Estrada-Flores and Platt, 2007;Bresolin et al., 2018;Akerma et al., 2020). There are also solar and other energy technologies apart from electricity that are under development to power cold storage facilities (Gao, 2019;Amjad et al., 2023). ...
... Unfortunately, about 30.000 tons per year are lost in Tunisia : 10% at harvest, 50% during transportation and 30% during commercialization (Masmoudi et al. 2008;Abbès et al. 2011;Bresolin et al. 2018). Losses may be in respect to the initial quantity, measured in tons of product if the original proprieties are not preserved (Bresolin et al. 2018). ...
... Unfortunately, about 30.000 tons per year are lost in Tunisia : 10% at harvest, 50% during transportation and 30% during commercialization (Masmoudi et al. 2008;Abbès et al. 2011;Bresolin et al. 2018). Losses may be in respect to the initial quantity, measured in tons of product if the original proprieties are not preserved (Bresolin et al. 2018). ...
... En esta línea de investigación Bresolin et al. (2018) en su artículo denominado "panorama de la cadena de frío brasileña" devela que, el almacenamiento, la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la circulación del aire pueden provocar cambios químicos en los alimentos. Entre ellos, el control de la temperatura es un parámetro clave que se encarga de mantener las propiedades comestibles de los alimentos y garantizar la calidad de toda la cadena de suministro. ...
El presente artículo se desarrolló con la finalidad de diseñar un cuarto frío para la conservación de 250000 plántulas de fresa para evitar su deterioro en un centro de bioproducción en la ciudad de Ambato, proncincia de Tungurahua. Se empleó un diseño experimental de corte longitudinal, la investigación fue de tipo aplicativo dado que el estudio tiene importancia práctica con el propósito de abordar cuestiones específicas relacionadas con la protección de las plántulas de fresa. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por ejemplares de fresa con un tamaño de muestra total de 250.000 plantas. Tras realizar el cálculo de la carga térmica se determinó que, la distribución de las cargas indica que la mayor parte del calor en el espacio proviene de productos o procesos internos, con un 89% de la carga térmica atribuida a estas fuentes. Las pérdidas por transmisión de calor a través de la envolvente del edificio son mínimas (2%), y las infiltraciones de aire y las cargas internas tienen una influencia menor en la carga térmica total (4% y 5%, respectivamente). Por lo expuesto se concluyó que, la simulación mostró una distribución de temperatura adecuada para la conservación de plántulas, con un rango de 4.1°C a 4.46°C.
... The demand for cold storage continues to increase and its cooling technology continues to evolve [9], many refrigeration rooms are built to maintain the required amount of frozen food to meet local market demand and for export [10]. In the supply chain of perishable good products, there are factors that cause damage to goods, where 50% occur during transportation [11]. The International Institute of Refrigeration has reported that these losses are mainly due to temperature fluctuations due to climate change and an increase in the potential for global warming [12]. ...
Indonesia as a maritime country has enormous capture fisheries potential. On the other hand, the use of technology in catching and cooling fish catches is still very limited. This study aims to design a fish hold insulation for fishing vessels 5 Gross Tonnage as a solution in maintaining the freshness of the fish caught. Fishing boat using flat hull ship design has been used as a study case with the main dimension is length overall 8.2-meter, breadth 2.6-meter, draught 0.8-meter. Based on the calculation standards used, the fish hold insulation design is obtained of 4-meter length, 2-meter width and 1.5-meter height. From all existing load calculations, the total cooling load that must be provided by the evaporator to keep the fish hold room air temperature at 0 ° C is 472.4 Watt.
... Cold chain products are common in urban distribution, and distribution providers take into consideration the perishability and short storage time of cold chain products, they have high requirements for time and infrastructure in the transportation process. Hence, substantial investment in infrastructure is a prerequisite for optimizing cold chain transportation, such as reasonable increases of the required cold storage capacity and the quantity of refrigerator trucks [1,[44][45][46][47]. At the same time, the increasing demand for refrigerated and frozen foods has led to the growth of home delivery cold chain services [48]. ...
This paper builds an evaluation index system, uses the entropy weight method (EWM) to decide the weights and, based on the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM), it systematically studies the coupling relationship between Chinese cold chain logistics and the Chinese economy from 2010 to 2019. It performs a grey relational analysis (GRE) to explore the main factors influencing the coordinated development of the two. The results show that the coupling coordination degree between the two presents a steady upward trend, and their coupling relationship has been upgraded from ‘coordination’ to ‘good coordination’. They also indicate that the added value in the tertiary industry, the per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and household consumption levels are the main factors affecting the development of cold chain logistics, while the per capita cold storage capacity, the turnover of road cold chain freight, and the volume of human-power employed in cold chain logistics are the main factors affecting economic development. This study makes suggestions to support the coordinated development of cold chain logistics and economy, and provides a scientific basis for further research.
... In this area of research, many scholars have studied continuous loss prevention and low-carbon systems for agricultural products in cold chain logistics. Since continuous loss prevention is a general demand in current cold chain practices for agricultural products [7,8], research on the effects of more efficient packaging practices for keeping agricultural products fresh in cold chain logistics is an inherent requirement of industrial development [9]. The loss and waste in the supply process directly leads to the loss of fresh agricultural products in the cold chain. ...
The of monitoring the Internet of Things (IoT) in the cold chain allows process data, including packaging data, to be more easily accessible. Proper optimization modelling is the core driving force towards the green and low-carbon operation of cold chain logistics, laying the necessary foundation for the development of a data-driven modelling system. Since efficient packaging is necessary for loss control in the cold chain, its final efficiency during circulation is important for realizing continuous loss prevention and efficient supply. Thus, it is urgent to determine how to utilize these continuously acquired data and how to formulate a more accurate packaging efficiency control methodology in the agri-products cold chain. Through continuous monitoring, we examined the feasibility of this topic by focusing on the concept of data-driven evaluation modelling and the dynamic formation mechanism of comprehensive packaging efficiency in cold chain logistics. The packaging efficiency in the table grape cold chain was used as an example to evaluate the comprehensive efficiency evaluation index system and data-driven evaluation framework proposed in this paper. Our results indicate that the established methodology can adapt to the continuity of comprehensive packaging efficiency, also reflecting the comprehensive efficiency evaluation of the packaging for different times and distances. Through the evaluation of our results, the differences and the dynamic processes between different final packaging efficiencies at different moments are effectively displayed. Thus, the continuous improvement of a low-carbon system in cold chain logistics could be realized.
... According to the literature review, a few papers proposed the infrastructures and facilities for frozen and chilled fishery products. Most papers involve the general cold chain [2,3], however, those data can be applied to analyze in this study as well. Most of the secondary data were obtained from websites and reports. ...
... The loss prevention and waste reduction of perishable foods such as fresh green vegetables is a ubiquitous problem in cold chain among current practices [1][2][3][4]. It mainly results from microbial-decay due to time-temperature abuse [5] and from biochemical and physiological loss related to micro-environmental compromises. ...
With the continuous push for improving packaging efficiency of current packaging practices to prevent losses in a real cold chain, a holistic evaluation method with improved indicators and a conceptual assessment framework to improve packaging efficiency continuously in a fresh vegetable cold chain was proposed. Based on two fresh leafy vegetables with typical packaging practices in a real cold chain in China, the evaluation method was performed and tested from a macro perspective, and then the packaging efficiency constitution with loss prevention perspective was better visualized. The results show that the method can be used for improving the performance of specific packaging efficiency in the fresh vegetable cold chain and improving the suggestions’ sustainability orientation, and systematically summarize their impacts on packaging efficiency; specifically as follows: (1) Since the correlation between the state of fresh vegetables and the environmental stress in the package, the performance of the micro-environment parameters should be given priority for packaging efficiency improvement in loss prevention. (2) Although the use of the packaging materials in current practices was relatively better, it still can improve in food safety and packaging sustainability of the packaging practices through the selection of packaging materials with better sustainability characteristics. (3) Via the visualization of targeted packaging efficiency in cold chain, the fluctuation of loss rates in the cold chain process are well perceived, and there are still room can be performed continuously to realize more efficient packaging for better loss prevention. (4) The method has drawbacks that the optimization of the weights to the given indicators and the indicators based on nutrition and quality of fresh produce was not considered in current research, and it should be strengthened in future research. (5) It is necessary that the perception of differences in targeted packaging efficiency and the consciousness to improve specific packaging efficiency in vegetable cold chain for sustainability.
... According to the main logistics activities of cold chain logistics enterprises, Chen et al. (2018) [13] take the operation ability, relationship management ability, dynamic integration ability, synergy ability and service ability as the first level index, and then set the second level indicators. Bresolin C.S. et al. (2018) [14] present an overview of relevant aspects concerning the Brazilian cold chain, and show the situation of Brazilian cold chain, including its infrastructure, energy sources and expenditures, legislation and technology. ...
Limited studies were conducted to investigate the organization’s intention to provide cold chain services. Adopting the Technology, Organization and Environmental framework the study will unearth factors toward cold transport adoption intention among logistics providers in Malaysia. The data were collected via respondents’ self-administration recruited through the purposive sampling technique, wherein a total of 184 valid responses were gathered. Applying the structural equation modelling with Smart Partial Least Squares, the findings demonstrated that all six direct hypotheses which consist of relative advantage, top management support, and organizational readiness, toward intention to adopt cold transportation services were supported. As a single mediator, all mediation hypotheses for top management support and organizational readiness were found supported. Meanwhile, only one hypothesis was supported as a sequential mediator. Additionally, the findings could serve as a foundation for potential cold transport providers to fully develop themselves, particularly in developing countries.
The laboratory's activities lead to the storage of chemicals, analysis kits, biological samples, single-use material, etc. Depending on the storage conditions of certain products, it is necessary to create storage areas at different temperatures. The objective of our work is to underline the importance of the cold chain in the medical biology laboratory by presenting the experience of the Central Laboratory of CHU Mohammed VI of Oujda. The equipment for the preservation of biological collections must be placed in lockable rooms, with air conditioning and effective alarm systems, to ensure that the required temperatures are maintained. Access to the premises and collections is regulated and restricted to authorized and trained persons, a list of whom is established and regularly updated. The equipment is regularly maintained, defrosted, and the proper functioning of alarms is tested. Temperature control is ensured continuously, recorded, checked and the recording documents kept, in order to ensure the continuous traceability of the cold chain. All cold systems and cold measurement devices are subject to regular metrological checks. The results of these controls are archived. An emergency equipment must be maintained in working order to be able to receive samples in case of technical failure. Emergency response procedures should be posted near the equipment. Product storage rooms are ideally located according to the following parameters: on an exit accessible to delivery vehicles, which can sometimes carry several pallets of products per delivery, in close proximity to the technical rooms, to limit the movement of dangerous products and the creation of “wild stocks” in technical rooms that are too far away.
Brazil is the world's largest producer of oranges and uses more than 70% of the harvested fruits in the production of juices. The amount of processed orange is growing about 10% per year, confirming the trend of the Brazilian citrus for juice production. This research aimed to investigate the Brazilian orange juice production chain from 2005 to 2009. Data from the amount of frozen juice produced and exported, international price of orange juice, and intermediate transactions were assessed in order to make possible selection of all interveners involved in the chain. The study using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) showed that the densest relationships in the network are from exporters to importers and from orange growers to the orange processing industry. No difference was found in the values of the network geodesic distance or the clustering coefficients from 2005 to 2009. The degree of centrality increased steadily throughout the years indicating that the processing industry attempts to minimize the risks by centralizing the actions. A decrease in export of orange juice from 2007 (2.07 106 t) to 2008 (2.05 106 t) was found, probably due to the world's financial crisis with recovery in 2009. Since 2004, there has been an increase of nearly 10% per year in the market preference of concentrate juice (OFCJ) when compared to the "not from concentrated" juice (NFC). Nowadays the NFC market represents nearly 50% of all Brazilian export which impacted in the logistic distribution and transportation issues.
The CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship is working towards developing an intelligent cool room controller that provides refrigerated conditions that are responsive to the demands of the National Electricity Market, without compromising food quality and safety. In collaboration with the Food Futures Flagship, an analysis of the food cold chain to detect the most electricity intensive operations was undertaken. This paper presents the results of this investigation, which encompassed five sectors of the Australian cold chain, from farmgate to consumption. The decreasing order of electricity use, was: (1) domestic refrigeration in the consumer's household; (2) retail refrigeration; (3) refrigerated distribution (warehousing); (4) cooling of raw materials in the primary industries; and (5) chilling and freezing of products during the secondary processing stage. Electricity consumption increases dramatically towards the final stages of the value chain. Therefore, energy saving technologies that target retail and domestic refrigeration are likely to maximise impact in terms of national electricity expenditure.
This research conducted on municipal solid waste management for the first time quantified food spoilage as being 8.8% weight of all officially collected household garbage in the Brazilian city under study. The unexpected size of this waste fraction gave rise to work on the causes of waste and on its distribution over the product life cycle specific to fruit and vegetables. Waste was defined as being the combination of losses and scraps. Administrative shortcomings were identified as basic reasons for waste. At the producer and consumer ends of the cycle, negligence was shown to be the single most important problem. Fruit and vegetables deteriorate during the operations of handling, transport, packaging, storage, selling and consumption. The study detailed the occurrence of waste at all of these stages. In the medium-size Brazilian city, the total waste of fruit and vegetables was shown to amount to 16.6% weight in the marketing stage of the life cycle. At the consumer level, it was measured as 3.4% weight of all household garbage. Specific reasons for this waste were identified at the levels of producer, wholesaler and retailer. Short-term remedies were pointed out that invariably corrected deficient management procedures. It was shown that very simple administrative measures can significantly reduce the spoilage of fruit and vegetables. Long-term strategies involve the creation of sample cases for administration of the fruit and vegetables life cycle at all stages.
Since 1993, the Brazilian National Program of Electricity Conservation has been developing the PROCEL Label Program, oriented towards helping consumers to buy more efficient home appliances. In this context, an energy savings of 1379 GWh and a reduction of 197 MW in the Brazilian demand in 2007 are estimated as resulting from efficiency labeling in refrigerators and freezers. This paper aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of purchasing labeled refrigerators instead of inefficient ones, from the consumer's point of view, considering actual market conditions and buying in cash or financing. The evaluation of energy saving was done for 22 different models of refrigerators and the economy was calculated considering the retail price in the Brazilian market and two actual electricity tariffs, taking into account, respectively, high and low household electricity consumption. The effect of ambient temperature on refrigerator performance was evaluated in two conditions: according to the Brazilian standard for performance tests (32 °C) and using the average temperature of Southern Brazil (18 °C), the mildest region. The benefit in buying labeled refrigerators was evaluated using the Internal Rate of Return and the Payback Time for a cash flow during the appliance life, estimated as 16 years. The results indicate that for cash purchase, for any electricity tariff and for both ambient temperatures studied, the consumers are economically benefited buying labeled refrigerators instead of less efficient models. For credit purchases, in the evaluated conditions, high-tariff consumer typically gains selecting labeled refrigerator, on the other hand, for low-tariff consumer and in colder areas, it is economically advisable to buy less efficient appliances. Sensitivity analysis of energy tariff and financing conditions are presented.
Food transport refrigeration is a critical link in the food chain not only in terms of maintaining the temperature integrity of the transported products but also its impact on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This paper provides a review of (a) current approaches in road food transport refrigeration, (b) estimates of their environmental impacts, and (c) research on the development and application of alternative technologies to vapour compression refrigeration systems that have the potential to reduce the overall energy consumption and environmental impacts. The review and analysis indicate that greenhouse gas emissions from conventional diesel engine driven vapour compression refrigeration systems commonly employed in food transport refrigeration can be as high as 40% of the greenhouse gas emissions from the vehicle’s engine. For articulated vehicles over 33 ton, which are responsible for over 80% of refrigerated food transportation in the UK, the reject heat available form the engine is sufficient to drive sorption refrigeration systems and satisfy most of the refrigeration requirements of the vehicle. Other promising technologies that can lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions are air cycle refrigeration and hybrid systems in which conventional refrigeration technologies are integrated with thermal energy storage. For these systems, however, to effectively compete with diesel driven vapour compression systems, further research and development work is needed to improve their efficiency and reduce their weight.
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