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The Ganglia of the Head and Neck: Clinical Relevance for the Interventional Pain Physician

  • Anesthetic Techniques in Pain Management (D Wang, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Pain and Headache Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the ganglia of the head and neck and their role in the interventional management of chronic headaches and facial pain disorders.

Recent Findings

Interventions targeting the sphenopalatine, stellate and gasserian ganglia are well described in the literature for headaches and facial pain disorders. There is a growing body of evidence supporting use of these techniques for clinical conditions outside of pain such as post-traumatic stress disorder and Long COVID symptoms. These findings increase the potential applications of such procedures, making them more relevant to the interventional physician tasked with managing symptoms in difficult to treat medical conditions.

Summary

Nerve blocks of the head and neck are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the management of headaches and facial pain disorders. Headaches, whether acute or chronic, are common pain conditions with a wide-range of etiologies and are often difficult to treat. Chronic facial pain can have a variety of underlying causes, including direct or indirect nerve damage, infection, inflammation, and muscle dysfunction. Traditional pain management strategies such as medications and physical therapy often fail or are associated with significant adverse effects. Interventions such as nerve blocks and neuroablative procedures have shown promise in managing headaches and facial pain by directly targeting the underlying causes. This review article summarizes the most recent evidence regarding the efficacy, safety, applications and limitations of these interventional pain management techniques.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 25 S. 9th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA

    Paul W. Millhouse & Kristofer J. Feeko

  2. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA

    Robert W. Bloom, Jason N. Beckstrand, Matthew L. McClure, Maxim S. Eckmann & Jeffrey J. Mojica

  3. Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Suite 8290 Gibbon Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA

    Jeffrey J. Mojica

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PM, JB, MM, ME, KF and JF wrote the main manuscript or portions thereof. PM, KF and JF also edited the manuscript for content. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jeffrey J. Mojica.

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Millhouse, P.W., Bloom, R.W., Beckstrand, J.N. et al. The Ganglia of the Head and Neck: Clinical Relevance for the Interventional Pain Physician. Curr Pain Headache Rep 29, 80 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-025-01387-y

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