In einer Band spielt jede und jeder etwas Unterschiedliches und muss doch mit den anderen verschmelzen. Manchmal gelingt eine solche wortlose Kommunikation gespenstisch gut.
Wie machen die das nur? Wer erfahrenen Musikerinnen und Musikern beim Improvisieren zuhört und zuschaut, kommt um diese Frage kaum herum. Ohne Worte synchronisieren sie ihre Bewegungen auf Millisekunden genau. Sie scheinen vorherzusehen, was die anderen planen, und greifen blitzschnell Impulse auf. Sie wissen, wer an der Reihe ist, ein Solo zu spielen, oder mit welchem Schlag das Stück vorbei ist. Von außen betrachtet wirkt es fast wie Magie.
»Wenn man frei in der Improvisation sein will, braucht man Erfahrung und muss viel über Rhythmik, Harmonielehre und Musik im Allgemeinen wissen«, sagt der Bassist und Jazzmusiker Oliver Lutz. »Aber manche haben all das und sind trotzdem zu sehr mit sich selbst beschäftigt.«
Der Kölner ist vor allem in seinen Bands RE:CALAMARI und SALOMEA aktiv. Doch er spielt auch regelmäßig mit Menschen, die er kaum kennt. Mitunter finden die erste Probe und das Konzert am selben Tag statt. Sich menschlich und musikalisch immer wieder auf neue Personen einzustellen, ist Teil seiner Arbeit. Wenn es »klickt« und alle in die gleiche Richtung denken, ohne sich abgesprochen zu haben – dann entsteht ein Gefühl von tiefer Verbundenheit. »Dieses Gefühl, deswegen bin ich Musiker geworden«, sagt Lutz. »Das kriege ich sonst nirgendwo im Leben.«
Gemeinschaft durch Musik ist aber keineswegs Profis vorbehalten. Es ist ein universelles Phänomen, das sich durch alle Kulturen und Zeitalter zieht. In Kirchen und Tempeln, in Fußballstadien, an Lagerfeuern und auf Demos singen und trommeln Menschen zusammen, um sich zu verbinden.
»Dieses Gefühl, deswegen bin ich Musiker geworden«Oliver Lutz, Musiker
Fachleute aus der Psychologie, Neuro- und Musikwissenschaft wollen dieses Phänomen verstehen. Dafür untersuchen sie die physiologischen und neuronalen Prozesse, die beim gemeinsamen Musizieren ablaufen. Ein Pionier auf dem Gebiet ist Viktor Müller vom Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung in Berlin. Er erforscht seit 20 Jahren, wie sich Körperfunktionen synchronisieren, wenn Menschen miteinander Musik machen. In einer der ersten Studien dazu experimentierten Müller und sein Kollege Ulman Lindenberger mit dem Chor ihres Instituts. Sie überwachten mehrere biologische Parameter von elf Sängerinnen und Sängern sowie der Dirigentin, während diese ein irisches Volkslied und den Kanon »Signor Abate« von Beethoven sangen.
Ihre 2011 und 2018 veröffentlichten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich Atmung und Herzrate der Chormitglieder während des Singens – verglichen mit den Pausen dazwischen – aneinander anglichen. Die Darbietenden atmeten zu ähnlichen Momenten ein, ihr Herzschlag beschleunigte und verlangsamte sich im Gleichtakt, und beides war an ihren Gesang und die Handbewegungen der Dirigentin gekoppelt. Die Effekte fielen besonders stark aus, wenn der Chor einstimmig sang.
Chor als Superorganismus
»Es ist offensichtlich, dass sich beim Singen die Atmung synchronisiert«, sagt Müller. Denn bestimmte Stellen in einem Stück, etwa das Ende einer Phrase, bieten sich zum Einatmen an. Laut früheren Studien schlägt zudem...
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Aabalde, S. F. et al., Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024, 2024
Gugnowska, K. et al., Cerebral Cortex 10.1093/cercor/bhab469, 2022
Lindenberger, U. et al., BMC Neuroscience 10.1186/1471–2202–10–22, 2009
Müller, V., Lindenberger, U., Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 10.1111/nyas.14987, 2023
Novembre, G. et al., Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10.1093/scan/nsw172, 2017
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