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June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran

Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Operation Rising Lion
Part of the Iran–Israel conflict (2024–present), Israel – Iran war and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Explosions in Tehran
Operational scopeDecapitation strike, airstrike, preemptive strike, drone attack, targeted killing
Location
 Iran
Planned by Israel
TargetSee § Locations
Date13 June 2025 – present
(2 days)
Executed by
CasualtiesPer Iran:
104+ killed
376+ injured[1][2][3]

On 13 June 2025, Israel attacked targets at more than a dozen locations and cities across Iran.[a] Under the codename Operation Rising Lion,[6][7][b] the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Mossad damaged key nuclear sites and military installations, and killed several of Iran's top military leaders. Iranian civilians, including women and children, were killed in some of the attacks.[8][9][10] The attack was the largest on Iran since the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s.[11]

In the early morning of 13 June, blasts were reported across Tehran, including near military bases and in residential neighborhoods in Tehran.[9] Iranian nuclear facilities were targeted in Natanz, Khondab, and Khorramabad.[12][13] Iran reported that the attack killed Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commander Hossein Salami,[14][15][16] Iranian Armed Forces Chief of Staff Major General Mohammad Bagheri,[17] civilians nuclear scientists Fereydoon Abbasi and Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi,[18] and civilians, including 20 children.[19][20] The attacks resumed in the afternoon and evening of 13 June, with strikes reported near Tabriz Airport and at the Natanz and Fordow nuclear sites.[21][22][23] Residential buildings in Tehran were also attacked.[24]

On the evening of 13 June 2025, Iran began launching a series of retaliatory strikes on Israel.[25]

Background

Further information: Iran–Israel proxy conflict

From the establishment of Israel in 1948 until the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Pahlavi-ruled Iran and Israel maintained close relations, cooperating on various economic, military, and diplomatic fronts.[26] During this time, Israel's Mossad maintained close relations with the Shah's SAVAK,[27] a secret agency known for torturing Iranians.[28] This relationship was abruptly severed following the revolution, which replaced the partially pro-Western absolute monarchy with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[26] Since then, the Islamic Republic's leaders have been fiercely critical of Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories,[26] and repeatedly pledged to destroy Israel.[29] Iran's government has characterized Israel as a foreign and imperialist presence in the Middle East.[30] Over the years, official Iranian rhetoric has included Holocaust denial, calls for Israel's destruction, and inflammatory statements such as threats to "wipe Israel off the map."[31][32][26][33]

In 1982, when Israel invaded Lebanon, Iran sent the revolutionary guards to help the Shi'ites of Lebanon, resulting in the formation of Hezbollah.[26] Iran also supported Hamas, the Houthis and Iraqi groups collectively known as the "Axis of Resistance".[34] all of whom repeatedly engaged in armed conflict with Israel.[30] Israel regards Iran's nuclear program to be a strategic threat, although Israel posses nuclear weapons itself.[35] Israeli officials argue that a nuclear-armed Iran would pose an existential risk, and successive governments have maintained that Israel reserves the right to take military action should Iran's nuclear program approach weapons capability.[26][30] In the mid-2000s, the United States and Israel had taken steps to sabotage the Iranian nuclear facilities as part of Operation Olympic Games.[36]

Iran's nuclear program

Further information: Iran and weapons of mass destruction

Iran has long maintained that its nuclear program is intended for peaceful energy purposes. However, during the 1980s and 1990s, it pursued a covert nuclear weapons program—Project AMAD—aimed at producing five nuclear bombs, a plan approved by senior officials including Ali Shamkhani. According to US intelligence, the weapons program was suspended in 2003.[37] In 2015, Iran agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with the United Nations Security Council and Germany to manage Iran's nuclear development at a limited level.[38] In 2018, American President Donald Trump during his first presidency suspended his country's participation in the deal and resumed economic sanctions on Iran, despite the report by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that Iran was keeping to the deal.[38] In 2019, Iran sped up its nuclear development, and by 2021, was enriching uranium to 60% purity, close to weapons-grade.[36][38]

Direct Iran–Israel conflict

Although Iran and Israel have long had a proxy conflict, 2024 saw the first time both attacked each other openly and directly. On 1 April 2024, Israel bombed the Iranian consulate in Damascus, killing several Iranian officers. Iran retaliated with the April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel. Israel then retaliated with the April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran.[30] In July 2024, Israel assassinated Ismail Haniyeh in Iran's capital of Tehran.[30] In October 2024, Iran struck Israel, and Israel struck Iran.[30] Following Hamas' October 7 attacks on Israel, Israel aimed to reshape the regional balance by targeting the "Axis of Resistance," which was significantly weakened by mid-2025 following subsequent conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon.[34][39] Hezbollah suffered major losses and growing domestic opposition, Hamas was heavily degraded, and with Syria cutting ties after Assad's fall, only the Houthis and some Iraqi militias remain active, though with reduced capabilities.[34][40] The weakening of Hamas and Syria has allowed the new Lebanese government to exercise sovereignty for the first time in forty years while the Iran backed Syrian regime fell in late 2024.[39]

2025 Iran–US negotiations

In March 2025, US director of national intelligence Tulsi Gabbard said that US agencies believed that "Iran is not building a nuclear weapon and [Iran's] Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has not authorised the nuclear weapons program that he suspended in 2003".[41]

In April 2025, US President Donald Trump announced negotiations between the United States and Iran regarding Iran's nuclear program, with the White House declaring that Iran has two months to secure a deal; the two-month deadline expired the day before Israel's strikes.[42] By May 2025, the IAEA reported that Iran had amassed 409 kg of uranium enriched to 60% (a level just below weapons-grade) enough for approximately ten nuclear bombs if further enriched.[37][38] A day before the Israeli strikes occurred, the IAEA found Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations for the first time in 20 years; Iran immediately responded by announcing a new nuclear enrichment facility (its third) and the installation of advanced centrifuges.[43]

On 12 June 2025, ABC News reported that Israel was considering taking military action against Iran;[44] hours later, U.S. officials had been told that Israel was "fully ready" for initiating an operation against Iran, according to CBS News. The Trump administration purportedly considered options to support Israel without leading the operation.[45] The Embassy of the United States in Jerusalem restricted the movement of its staffers the following day, though Mike Huckabee, the U.S. ambassador to Israel, said it was not "likely" that Israel would strike Iran without approval from the Trump administration.[46] Prior to the airstrikes, Israel told the Trump administration it would not strike without first notifying the United States.[9] President Donald Trump spoke to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on the eve of the attacks, and later admitted having known in advance of Israel's planned actions.[47] Officials in the United Kingdom's Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence were also aware of the Israeli intention to strike Iran ahead of time, but it has not been confirmed whether a formal notification was provided by Israel.[48][49]

Criticism of Gaza war

See also: Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war and Gaza genocide

In the weeks leading up to Israeli attacks on Iran, the Israeli government faced international pressure over the high risk of famine in Gaza and the killing of civilians.[50] Even Israel's closest allies in Europe had become critical of the Gaza Strip famine and the EU had announced it would reconsider its free-trade deal with Israel.[50] Political scientist Xavier Abu Eid[50] and journalists Tamara Davison[51] and and Kiomars Samadi[52] stated that the attack on Iran provided a distraction from Israel's actions in Gaza. Israeli relations with Iran were a unifying factor between left-wing and right-wing Israelis.[52] The day before the attack on Iran, Israel destroyed telecommunications infrastructure in Gaza, cutting off communications between Gaza and the rest of the world.[53]

Choice of operation name

In a speech given following the strikes, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu referred to the operation as "Operation Rising Lion".[7] According to JNS, "Rising Lion", the name of the operation, is derived from the biblical Book of Numbers (23:24): "Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion." JNS also suggested that the name referred to the revival of the Lion and Sun, which was the emblem of Iran until the 1979 Islamic revolution.[54][55]

Iranian preparedness

According to The New York Times, despite having anticipated potential hostilities in the event of stalled nuclear negotiations with the United States, Iranian leadership fundamentally miscalculated the timing of any such engagement. Officials close to the leadership revealed to the newspaper that Iran had not expected an Israeli offensive prior to the next scheduled round of talks in Oman. Consequently, early warning signs were dismissed as psychological operations aimed at securing diplomatic leverage. Per the newspaper, this misjudgment led to a failure to implement defensive protocols that had been previously discussed. High-ranking military personnel, including senior commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), ignored directives to disperse or shelter, resulting in the deaths of key figures during targeted strikes on military facilities, most notably in Tehran.[56] The Wall Street Journal's editorial board also pointed to Iran underestimating US President Donald Trump and Israeli Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The journal's editors said the Iranian regime thought it could continue to play the Americans and "pay no price" for continued stalling.[57]

The extent of Iran's unpreparedness was further demonstrated by widespread gaps in its air defense and intelligence apparatus. Israeli forces executed a complex, multi-domain operation targeting at least 15 locations nationwide, damaging critical radar systems, missile installations, and aboveground components of the Natanz nuclear facility.[56][58] The attack reportedly involved both manned aircraft and covert operatives who had infiltrated Iranian territory and facilitated internal strikes using smuggled drones and munitions. According to The New York Times, the operational reach and success of the Israeli campaign revealed significant vulnerabilities in Iran's national security infrastructure. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, internal communications among Iranian officials expressed alarm and confusion, with particular concern over the apparent absence of functioning air defense during the attack. Iran's missile response was interpreted as a sign of lack of military readiness by the NYT.[56]

International Law

The International Commission of Jurists has stressed that "Israel’s attack on Iran violates international law, threatening peace and security."[59]. Other media has also summarize the position of scholars on these attacks[60] as crime of aggression, Le Monde, meanwhile, called it "a defiance of international law"[61]. The Turkish government also commented that "constitutes a blatant violation of international law"[62]. Already in 2012 there were different positions on an attack on Iran over its nuclear programme, which are summarised by law professor Andrew Garwood-Gowers[63] although he concludes that "from an international law standpoint, a unilateral military strike against Iran would be illegal". Similar conclusions to those most recently published in the European Journal of International Law[64] by Marko Milanovic, Professor of Public International Law, in the United Kingdom. The UN Israeli Ambassador instead commented that "This was an act of national preservation. It was one we undertook alone, not because we wanted to, but because we were left no other option”, although negotiations between the US and Iran were still ongoing with a 6th round scheduled for 15 June 2025[65].

Attacks

The Israeli airstrikes against Iran's nuclear program were carried out by over 200 fighter jets, including multiple F-35I "Adir",[66] an Israeli variant of the American F-35 Lightning II stealth strike fighter. Israeli fighter jets targeted over 100 sites across Iran,[66] including the Natanz enrichment facility and other infrastructure associated with Iran’s nuclear program.[67] No nuclear accidents occurred as a result of the airstrikes, as operational nuclear reactors, such as the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant[67] and facilities in Tehran, were not attacked. Although damaged nuclear centrifuges can release low-level radiation and industrial chemicals that can threaten on-site personnel, they can neither trigger nuclear explosions nor can they cause large-scale contamination of an area.[67] On the other side, Rafael Grossi, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency commented that "nuclear facilities must never be attacked, regardless of the context or circumstances, as it could harm both people and the environment. Such attacks have serious implications for nuclear safety, security and safeguards, as well as regional and international peace and security."[68]

  Nuclear facility
  Military location
  Oil/Fuel facility
  Other location
Operation Rising Lion
Airstrike target Damage information
Natanz Nuclear Facility The Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP), a multi-story enrichment hall with 1,700 advanced centrifuges, was destroyed. The PFEP included IR-4 and IR-6 centrifuges, which was used to produce 60% enriched uranium.[69][70][71] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) stated only the "above-ground" portion of the PFEP was destroyed, and that "there is no indication of a physical attack on the underground cascade hall containing part of the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant and the main Fuel Enrichment Plant."[72]
Electrical rooms and other enrichment supporting infrastructure were damaged or destroyed[70][69][71][72]
Nuclear research equipment and material were damaged or destroyed.[70][71]
"Significant damage" occurred to the air defense systems around the nuclear facility.[73]
Esfahan Nuclear Technology Center A metallic uranium production facility at the Esfahan Nuclear Technology Center (ENTC) was damaged or destroyed.[69]
The Uranium Conversion Facility, which is used "for re-converting enriched uranium to produce nuclear fuel" was damaged.[69][73]
The Fuel Plate Fabrication Plant at the center was damaged.[73]
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) announced that a fourth "critical building" at the center was damaged, without specifying which building.[73]
Arak Nuclear Complex The Arak Heavy Water Reactor Facility, located at the Arak Nuclear Complex (IR-40) was reportedly damaged after an Israeli strike on 12 June.[70] On 14 June, the BBC reported there was no visible damage to the Arak Heavy Water Reactor Facility.[74]
Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant The Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant was struck, with an unknown amount of damage.[69][75] The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran later stated that there had been limited damage to the site.[76][77]
IRGC Headquarters Damage occurred at the headquarters of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in Tehran.[78]
Iranian Air Force 2nd Tactical Airbase Numerous buildings at the Tabriz Shahid Madani International Airport, which also serves as the 2nd Tactical Airbase for the Iranian Air Force were destroyed. The airbase houses three Iranian squadrons that fly Mikoyan MiG-29s and Northrop F-5s.[79][80][81][73] The airbase also houses SA-6 Gainful surface-to-air missile systems.[73]
The airbase runway was cratered, which "prevented aircraft from interfering with Israeli operations".[73]
Hamadan Airbase An aircraft hangar was damaged, which houses F-4 Phantom aircraft from the 31st Tactical Fighter Squadron.[73]
The radar located at the airbase was destroyed.[73]
Amand Missile Base Several buildings, which housed Ghadr-110 medium-range ballistic missiles, at the [Amand, Qazvin|Amand]] Missile Base were damaged or destroyed.[73]
IRGC Ground Forces 29th Nabi Akram Division An ammunition depot for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces's (NEZSA) 29th Nabi Akram Division was destroyed in Kermanshah province.[70][82]
Hazrat-e Masoumeh Air Defense Site The Hazrat-e Masoumeh Air Defense Site was destroyed, and a colonel in the Iranian Army was killed in the strike.[69]
Sobashi Radar Site The Sobashi radar site, located in the Khatam ol Anbia Western Air Defense Zone in Hamadan province, which served "as a command center for all of Iran's air defense systems", was destroyed.[70][83][69]
Piranshahr Military Base Damage occurred at the Piranshahr Military Base.[70]
IRGC Air Force Kermanshah Underground Missile Facility The Kermanshah Underground Missile Facility (UGF), an underground base of the IRGC Air Force which houses Qiam 1 and Fateh-110 ballistic missiles, was reportedly destroyed.[69][79][84][70][85] The airstrikes "collapsed the facilities' entry points and silo openings".[73] On 14 June, the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) reported "it is not clear if Israel damaged the underground facility", and that they could only confirm Israel struck the ground above the facility.[73]
Tehran Ballistic Missile Air Defense Base Mossad damaged the Iranian Ballistic Missile Air Defense Base located near Tehran using a drone.[70][86][87]
IRGC Tabriz missile launch sites Two Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) missile launch sites were destroyed near Tabriz, East Azerbaijan province.[79][70][88]
Abadan Naval Base The Iranian Naval base near the city of Abadan was damaged or destroyed.[79]
IRGC Ground Forces 216th Armored Brigade An ammunition depot for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces's (NEZSA) 216th Armored Brigade was destroyed in the city of Zanjan.[79]
IRGC base in Sardasht, West Azerbaijan "An unspecified Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) base in Sardasht, West Azerbaijan Province" was struck.[70][89]
Bid Ganeh Ballistic Missile Base Damage occurred at the Bid Ganeh Ballistic Missile Base, which "likely stored medium-range ballistic missiles".[73][90]
Khomein Missile Base A drive-through facility, "which allows for the efficient movement of missiles and other related equipment", at the Khomein Missile Base was destroyed.[73]
IRGC Qods Ghadir Radar The Ghadir radar operated by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) for western Tehran was damaged.[73]
South Pars Gas Field Israel struck a natural gas processing facility at the South Pars Gas Field, which triggered and explosion and fire.[73]
Fajr-e Jam Gas Refinery Israel struck the Fajr-e Jam Gas Refinery Bushehr province, causing a fire.[73]
Nobonyad Square 14-story residential building A 14-story residential building near Nobonyad Square in northeastern Tehran was destroyed and collapsed following an Israeli airstrike. The New York Times reported that a "section of the building torn in two, with apartments ripped open". Iranian state television reported that 60 people were killed, including 20 children.[91]
Farda Motors Boroujerd Factory "Extensive damage" occurred to the Farda Motors factory located in the city of Boroujerd. On 14 June, the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) stated "it remains unclear whether Farda Motors had any ties to Iranian military entities or was operating under the direction of Iran’s military-industrial organizations".[73]
One Holding Tower Damage to the One Holding Tower in northern Tehran occurred.[70][92]
Welfare Department building in Qasr-e Shirin The Welfare Department building in Qasr-e Shirin was destroyed.[70]

13 June

Early morning

Impact on buildings in Tehran
Aftermath of the Israeli strikes in Tehran

In the early hours of 13 June 2025, the IDF launched a large-scale strike targeting Iranian nuclear facilities and military infrastructure.[93] As of 6:30 a.m. (IDT), the Israeli Air Force had carried out five waves of strikes.[94] The operation reportedly focused on dozens of sites, including locations associated with Iran's nuclear program and key military commanders and bases.[93] The Mossad also conducted a coordinated set of secret sabotage missions targeting Iran's air defense systems and missile infrastructure.[95] Israel stated that it had struck targets that were not anticipated by Tehran.[93]

According to the IDF, over 200 Israeli aircraft dropped more than 330 munitions on around 100 targets during the opening strikes.[96] According to an Israeli official, Mossad established a covert drone base near Tehran, which was used to strike missile launchers aimed at Israel as part of the operation.[97] The mission, coordinated with the IDF, also involved smuggling precision weapons into Iran and deploying Mossad commandos to disable air defenses, securing air superiority for Israeli aircraft.[97]

Hamid Hosseini, a government-linked official in Tehran, said Israel's strike "completely caught the leadership by surprise." He acknowledged it revealed Iran's lack of effective air defenses and inability to stop strikes on critical sites, expressing shock at the depth of Israeli infiltration.[56] According to private messages shared with The New York Times, Iranian officials expressed anger and disbelief over the country's failure to prevent the Israeli strikes, asking, "Where is our air defense?" and "How can Israel come and attack anything it wants ... and we are incapable of stopping it?"[56]

Around 3 a.m. local time, Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz declared a nationwide state of emergency, warning of an imminent missile and drone retaliation.[98] Warning sirens were activated across Israel in anticipation of a possible Iranian counterattack, though no ballistic missiles had been launched by Iran at the time of reporting.[93] Katz further described Israel's attack on Iran as a "preemptive strike".[99] According to the IDF, the action was prompted by intelligence indicating Iran had amassed enough enriched uranium to produce up to 15 nuclear weapons within days.[93]

Explosions were reported across Tehran, including near military bases and in neighborhoods housing senior commanders. Eyewitnesses described enormous flames and repeated blasts.[9][100] Fars News Agency, which is linked to the IRGC, reported that multiple homes were struck in Shahrak-e Mahallati, a neighborhood in eastern Tehran where high-ranking Iranian military officers and their families reside.[100] The attack reportedly set on fire the IRGC headquarters in Tehran.[22] Some residential complexes were hit during the attack, including ones that housed Iranian officers and officials. Reportedly, the strength of the explosions caused some buildings[which?] to collapse.[101]

Blasts were reported in Natanz, in Isfahan province, where one of Iran's most critical nuclear facilities is located. Iranian state TV confirmed "loud explosions" near the site, which houses two enrichment plants: the large underground Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP) above ground.[102] Nuclear sites at Khondab and Khorramabad were also targeted.[13][103]

Afternoon

Israel conducted strikes in Tabriz in the early afternoon, reportedly targeting an area near Tabriz Airport.[21] Shiraz and the Natanz Nuclear Facility were struck by Israel as well.[22] Explosions also occurred at the Hamadan Airbase[104][105] and the Parchin military base.[106] Two explosions also occurred near the subterranean Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant,[107] where an Israeli drone was reportedly shot down by Iranian air defenses.[108] The IDF later confirmed striking the Hamadan and Tabriz airbases, asserting that it had "dismantled" the latter airbase and also destroyed dozens of Iranian drones and surface-to-surface missile launchers.[109]

At 18:46 GMT, the IDF confirmed striking the Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center, saying it was involved in the "reconversion of enriched uranium."[110]

Iranian media reported that at least two Israeli fighter jets were downed over Iranian airspace and a female pilot was captured.[111][112] The IDF denied this.[113]

14 June

In the early morning of 14 June, Iranian media reported an explosion at Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport, followed by reports of a large fire at the facility. According to Fars News Agency, two projectiles struck the surrounding area.[114] Iranian air defenses also engaged with Israeli projectiles above Isfahan.[115] Reportedly, Iranian military shot down multiple Israeli drones on reconnaissance missions in northwestern Iran, with both sides exchanging fire.[116] IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir and IAF Commander Tomer Bar declared in the morning that "the way to Tehran has been paved."[117] The IDF later said that it bombed an underground facility in western Iran used to store dozens of ballistic and cruise missiles.[118]

Iran confirmed the deaths of two additional senior commanders: General Gholamreza Mehrabi, deputy head of intelligence for the armed forces general staff, and General Mehdi Rabbani, deputy head of operations.[119] By this date, Iran also claimed to have downed three Israeli F-35 jets and taken two pilots into custody.[120] Iran's Ministry of Petroleum announced that two oil fields in Bushehr province were attacked: the Phase 14 platform of South Pars Gas field and the Fajr Jam gas refinery.[121][122] The attacks sparked major fires that halted the production of at least 12 million cubic meters of gas.[123] By then, according to the Red Crescent Society, Israel's attacks affected 18 out of the 31 provinces of Iran, with 1,414 of its personnel participating in relief efforts.[124]

At 23:11 local time, the IDF announced that it began a new wave of strikes on "military targets" in Tehran.[125] Oil and gasoline depots were struck in the city, cutting off electricity in the Shahran neighborhood.[126] Later in the night, Tasnim News Agency reported that Israeli attacks in the capital hit the headquarters of the Iranian Ministry of Defence as well as the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research building.[127]

15 June

The IDF warned Iranian civilians to evacuate from the areas surrounding weapon factories and military bases in Shiraz.[128][129]

Casualties

Fars News Agency reported that at least 78 people, including women and children,[130] have been killed and another 329 were injured during Israel's attacks on 13 June.[9] Iran's ambassador to the UN Amir-Saeid Iravani cited this figure in his address to the United Nations Security Council on the night of the attacks, saying that the majority of those killed were civilians.[131] Another source reported at least 90 dead.[132]

Regional sources said that at least 20 senior commanders were killed in the strikes.[133] Confirmed casualties include Iranian Armed Forces Chief of Staff, Major General Mohammad Bagheri, IRGC commander Hossein Salami, IRGC senior commander Gholam Ali Rashid, and IRGC commander Amir Ali Hajizadeh.[134][135] The IDF said that a strike on an underground command center killed most of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force's leadership after they had convened for a meeting, including IRGC air force commander Amir Ali Hajizadeh as well as the leaders of the IRGC's air defense and drone units.[136] In total, the IDF reported killing at least six senior military commanders—Bagheri, Salami, Ali Rashid, Ali Hajizadeh, IRGC air defense unit commander Davoud Shaykhian, and IRGC drone unit commander Taher Pour—and nine nuclear scientists.[137] The New York Times reported the death of Quds Force commander Esmail Qaani,[138] although Israel believes that he is still alive.[139]

Nuclear scientists Fereydoon Abbasi and Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi were also killed, according to Iranian state media.[18][140] Tasnim News Agency later added four more scientists who were killed.[141]

Civilians, including women and children, were reported by local media among the casualties.[142][19] Tasnim News Agency later reported that over 50 people were injured in Tehran's northern district of Tajrish, including 35 women and children, who were taken to Chamran Hospital.[143] The governor of Iran's north-western East Azerbaijan province said 31 people were killed during strikes in the province, including 30 soldiers and one member of the Iranian Red Crescent.[144] France24 interviewed several people inside Iran who said they personally knew the victims of the Israeli attack to be civilians.[130] Iranian hospital staff interviewed by France24reported children were killed in the Israeli attacks.[130]

The Iranian army has claimed to have downed two Israeli fighter jets, allegedly killing one pilot and capturing the other.[120] The IDF has repeatedly denied claims of air force casualties or damage.[113][145] Due to the absence of bomb shelters in Tehran, Iranians were instructed to shelter in underground parking lots.[146]

Notable deaths

Further information: Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists and Targeted killing by Israel
Name Position
Mohammad Bagheri Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Hossein Salami Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Gholam Ali Rashid Commander of the Khatam-al Anbiya Central Headquarters
Amir Ali Hajizadeh Commander-in-Chief of IRGC Aerospace Force
Ali Shamkhani Admiral, political advisor to the Supreme Leader of Iran. He oversaw the 2025 United States–Iran negotiations.[147]
Esmail Qaani Brigadier general, commander of the IRGC Quds Force
Gholamreza Mehrabi Deputy Head of Intelligence for the Armed Forces General Staff[119]
Mehdi Rabbani Deputy Head of Operations for the Armed Forces General Staff[119]
Fereydoon Abbasi Nuclear scientist
Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi

Aftermath

Tasnim News Agency reported that Iranian authorities suspended flights at Imam Khomeini International Airport, although the facility itself was not directly affected by the attacks.[148][149] Return flights were perforce canceled for pilgrims in Saudi Arabia.[150] CNN reported that Iranians as of June 15 are fleeing major cities in Iran.[146]

Flights were also suspended from Israel's airports[151] and both Iraq[152] and Jordan closed their airspace.[153] Israel declared a state of special emergency, shut down its airspace, closed schools and banned large social gatherings. Israel also called up tens of thousands of IDF reservists in preparation for an Iranian retaliation.[154] The IDF announced that all of its pilots involved in the strikes returned unharmed.[155]

The Community Security Trust would issue warnings to the Jewish communities in the United Kingdom and France. Jewish Community Protection Service would ask French Jews to be "extremely vigilant". The Jerusalem Post reported the Anti-Defamation League was monitoring the situation within the United States.[156] The NYPD said they are increasing security at Jewish sites across New York City.[157] New York governor Kathy Hochul said that the state is closely monitoring the situation, increasing security at sensitive sites and cybersecurity operations. New York City mayor Eric Adams and Police Commissioner Jessica Tisch said that they are deploying officers to Israeli embassies for protection, with Tisch saying: "That heightened deployment continued today and will continue for the next several days".[158][159]

Economy

The strikes against Iran caused oil prices to increase by 7% on 13 June, later increasing to 11%, making them the highest in a month.[160][161] The US dollar grew, bitcoin dropped to $103,000, and gold prices rose by over 1%.[162][163] The Global Futures stock market fell; Dow futures lost 600 points.[164][165] Stocks of various international airline companies significantly decreased after the attack. Stocks of Lufthansa dropped by 5%, while stocks of Air France, KLM and EasyJet fell by 3–4%. Reportedly, airlines stopped their operations over the airspace of Israel, Iran, Iraq and Jordan, diverting some flights and canceling others.[166] The New York Times reported that Iranians were waiting in lines for fuel and stocking up on basic food items.[56]

Retaliation

Main article: June 2025 Iranian strikes on Israel
Western Wall Plaza under evacuation orders on 13 June 2025

After the attack, Iran promised a "harsh response" against Israel. It said that they are going to attack Israeli and US forces stationed in military bases across the Middle East. The US later evacuated some of its soldiers in Iraq and also authorized the evacuation of family members of US soldiers across the region.[99][167] According to IDF Brigadier General Effie Defrin, roughly more than 100 Shahed drones were launched by Iran and Iraq towards Israel in retaliation.[168][169] Sirens were activated in Amman, Jordan's capital.[170][171] Some of the drones were intercepted by the Royal Jordanian Air Force over Jordanian air space and some by the Israeli Air Force over Saudi Arabia and Syria.[172] Later, various Israeli sources said that an order for Israeli civilians to seek shelter was lifted, suggesting that a majority or all of the drones were destroyed.[99] An intercepted drone wounded three people in Irbid, Jordan after it fell on their home.[173]

The Houthis also fired a ballistic missile from Yemen targeting Jerusalem,[174] with it landing in Hebron, West Bank, injuring five Palestinians.[175] Tel Aviv was targeted with Iranian missiles following the attack; while some missiles were intercepted by Israel, others were able to hit their targets in Tel Aviv,[110] including an apparent direct hit on The Kirya military headquarters near Begin Road.[176] Iran codenamed its counterattack "Operation True Promise 3", and said that it attacked dozens of targets, including military sites and airbases.[177] The IDF estimated that around 150 ballistic missiles were fired in two waves during the attack.[178] Magen David Adom reported that at least 63 Israelis were injured –one critically, one seriously, eight mildly, and the rest lightly.[179] A civilian woman critically injured later succumbed to her wounds.[180] Despite this, there were no reports of significant damage from Iran's retaliatory strikes.[181]

US President Donald Trump warned Iran that if dared strike American personnel or infrastructure “If we are attacked in any way, shape or form by Iran, the full strength and might of the US Armed Forces will come down on you at levels never seen before,”.[146] Rachel Reeves, British minister of finance told Sky News that Britain may help in Israel's protection.[182]

14 June

On the morning of 14 June, Iran launched another barrage consisting of dozens of missiles, most of which were intercepted, according to an IDF spokesperson.[183] Seven civilians were injured in the attack.[184] There were reports of a fifth missile barrage launched by Iran as Israel, with help of the US, intercepted incoming missiles.[185][168] The number of injured civilians increased over 60, as several homes were reported heavily damaged. As a result of a direct hit in, at least two civilians were killed and over 20 others injured.[186][187][185] According to reports, several Iranian missiles transited Syrian airspace en route to Israel, with at least two missiles falling in Daraa province (southern Syria), prompting Damascus to halt flights due to regional instability.[188] Reportedly, several Arab states have participated in shooting down Iranian drones, or sharing radar information to help in destroying them.[189]

15 June

In retaliation for the airstrikes on Tehran, on 15 June Iran launched two missile barrages on Israel, hitting civilian population. The first barrage hit the Arab city of Tamra in Israel's north district, killing four women and injuring 20 other people. The second barrage caused direct hits in the cities of Bat Yam, Rehovot, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. In Bat Yam three people were killed including a woman in her 60s and an 11-year-old boy and 9-year-old girl. The injury toll in Rahovot and Bat Yamm stands on 125 civilians with various degree of injuries and 35 missing people.[190][191][192]

The Weizmann Institute of Science, a postdoc scientific research center in Rehovot, was hit by Iran.[193]

Diplomacy

The United Nations Security Council meeting on 13 June concluded with statements from Iran's and Israel's respective ambassadors to the UN. The Iranian ambassador Amir-Saeid Iravani stated that Israel's attacks constituted a declaration of war, accusing Israel of premeditated aggression and of a direct violation of the UN Charter. The Israeli ambassador Danny Danon presented the attacks as "self-preservation for the state of Israel", asserted that they were prompted by a failure of diplomacy, and declared that he had come to seek "recognition that the international community has failed to stop Iran's nuclear programme".[194] Following the attack, diplomatic talks about nuclear energy between US and Iran which were scheduled to take place in Oman were indefinitely suspended.[195][189]

On June 15, Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides announced he received a message from Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian meant for for the Israeli government, which Christodoulides will discuss in a scheduled phone call with Benjamin Netanyahu.[196] Also on June 15, Israeli media reported that Iran had approached the governments of Qatar and Oman to contact the United States in order to request a cessation of Israeli attacks.[197]

Impact on civil infrastructure

A residential building in Tehran damaged during an attack, 13 June 2025

Following the Israeli airstrikes on Iranian military and nuclear sites in June 2025, widespread internet outages were reported across major Iranian cities, including Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz. These blackouts were attributed both to infrastructural damage and deliberate government-imposed restrictions aimed at controlling the spread of information.[198][199]

In response to the shutdown, Elon Musk's SpaceX reactivated its Starlink satellite internet service for Iran. According to reports, the move was intended to provide Iranian civilians with uncensored access to the internet during the conflict. Starlink terminals, which had been clandestinely smuggled into the country since late 2022, were reportedly used by journalists, activists, and tech-savvy citizens to bypass state censorship.[200] Iranian authorities condemned the use of Starlink in 2022, calling it a violation of national sovereignty and international telecommunications regulations.[201]

Responses

Domestic

Iran

The spokesman of the Iranian Armed Forces, Abolfazl Shekarchi vowed to retaliate against Israel and the United States.[9] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei released a statement following the strikes, calling the attacks a "crime" and warned that the "Zionist regime prepared for itself a bitter and painful fate".[202] The Iranian Foreign Ministry stated that Iran has the "legal and legitimate" right to respond to Israeli attacks under the UN Charter, also stating that the US will also be responsible for the "dangerous effects and consequences of the Zionist regime's adventure".[203] The IRGC stated that it is ready to respond even after the death of its chief, Hossein Salami.[204] Ahmad Vahidi was appointed as a temporary IRGC commander[205] until Ali Khamenei appointed Major General Mohammad Pakpour.[206] MP Alaeddin Boroujerdi said that "Iran will not participate in the sixth round of nuclear talks with the United States on [15 June] and until further notice."[207][195]

Former President Mohammad Khatami called for condemnation of this "criminal act" and said that the UN should be at the "forefront" in the effort "to prevent further tragedies by seriously and comprehensively" condemning Israel.[172] Iran warned the United States, United Kingdom, and France that any assistance to Israel will result in their regional bases and ships being targeted.[208]

Protesters in Qom and Tehran called for retaliation.[209][172] Protesters waved the flags of Iran and Palestine and carried portraits of slain IRGC general Qasem Soleimani.[210] Reports from within Iran have claimed that some Iranians (via Iran International) praised the strikes. Iran International also reported that bystanders thanked "Uncle Netanyahu" and urged protests to overthrow the government, and called for Israel to continue the strikes and even target Khamenei.[211]

Iran's communications ministry announced nationwide internet restrictions.[212]

Israel

Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated in a televised interview: "We are at a decisive moment in Israel's history" and added: "We are defending the free world from the terrorism and barbarism that Iran fosters and exports across the globe." He also said that Iran already possessed enough enriched uranium for nine nuclear bombs.[213] He thanked Donald Trump for his support and said the attack was an immediate operational necessity to roll back uranium enrichment threat.[214][215][216] He further said the attacks would continue for "as long as is needed to complete the task of fending off the threat of annihilation against us."[217][213] In a speech following the attacks, Netanyahu stated that Israel's war was against the Iranian form of government and not against the Iranian people.[54] Netanyahu convened the security cabinet as the situation unfolded.[93]

IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir stated in a televised address that the Israeli Army is "mobilizing tens of thousands of soldiers and preparing across all borders," as he warned that "anyone who tries to challenge us will pay a heavy price" and that "it was at point of no return".[218]

Opposition Yesh Atid leader Yair Lapid offered his "full support" for the operations against Iran.[219]

Israel's Defense Minister Israel Katz said Iran has crossed red lines by targeting civilians, and added that they will pay very heavy prices for that.[220][168] Katz warned that "Tehran will burn" if Iran continues to fire missiles at Israel.[221]

The city of Tel Aviv canceled its annual Pride Parade, which typically attracts tens of thousands of participants.[22]

International reactions

International organizations

  •  UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged both sides to show maximum restraint.[222] His spokesperson Farhan Haq stated that "the Secretary-General condemns any military escalation in the Middle East".[223]
  •  AU called for end to the attacks and warned of threat to international peace.[224]
  •  EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas said she stands ready in support of peace and end of hostilities.[225]
  •  GCC condemned the attack and called it a threat to peace.[226]
  •  IAEA said they are monitoring the situation.[227] The Director General Rafael Grossi commented: "I have repeatedly stated that nuclear facilities must never be attacked, regardless of the context or circumstances, as it could harm both people and the environment" and warned against "radioactive releases with grave consequences within and beyond the boundaries of the State which has been attacked".[72]
  •  NATO called it crucial for Israel's allies to help de-escalate tensions.[225]
  •  OIC strongly condemned Israel's attack on Iran, calling it a "flagrant violation" of Iranian sovereignty and international law. It urged the UN and global community to act decisively to stop the aggression and prevent further regional destabilization.[228]

Foreign nations

  •  Afghanistan: The Taliban condemned the attack while expressing concern about Israel's ongoing campaign in Gaza.[229]
  •  Algeria: Algeria denounced the attacks and urged the international community, especially the UN Security Council, to take full responsibility for defending global peace and security and ending Israeli policies that jeopardize regional security and stability.[230]
  •  Argentina: President Javier Milei backed Israel's military actions against Iran, saying that "Israel accepts that other countries exist, but Iran doesn't accept that Israel exist."[231]
  •  Armenia: The Foreign Ministry condemned the "unilateral attack against Iran [that] endanger[s] the peaceful efforts as well as overall regional stability & global peace."[232]
  •  Australia: Prime Minister Anthony Albanese stated that although he is aware of the "threat that Iran becoming a nuclear state would represent to peace and security in the region", he cautioned against greater escalation, where he called for US-led dialogue to discontinue further destabilization in the region.[233] Foreign minister Penny Wong said that she was "alarmed" by the rising tensions between Israel and Iran, while also stating that "This risks further destabilising a region that is already volatile."[234]
  •  Azerbaijan: The Foreign Ministry conveyed its profound concern over the attacks and urged all sides to settle their issues amicably and in conformity with international legal norms and principles.[235]
  •  Bahrain: Bahrain denounced the attacks and warned of the serious consequences for regional stability and security. It demanded restraint, de-escalation, and a lowering of tensions.[236]
  •  Bangladesh: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has strongly condemned Israel's military attack on Iran, calling it a violation of international law and a threat to global peace. The country urged all sides to show restraint and stressed that "diplomacy and mutual respect remain the only viable path to lasting peace."[237]
  •  Belarus: Belarus expressed serious alarm over the attacks. It claimed that using force in the war might have unpredicted worldwide repercussions, endanger regional stability and security, and spark a humanitarian crisis.[238]
  •  Belgium: Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot expressed his concern about any action that contributes to additional instability in the region and said that the Israeli assault on Iran and the Iranian response represent a hazardous turning point.[239]
  •  Bolivia: President Luis Arce denounced the attacks and cautioned about the unpredictable repercussions of these incidents. Arce wished for a speedy return to peace and conveyed his "deep solidarity with the brotherly people and the Government of Iran (...)".[240]
  •  Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing its "firm condemnation" of the Israeli strikes, calling them a "clear violation" of Iranian sovereignty and of international law.[241]
  •  Bulgaria: The Foreign Ministry declared that it was closely monitoring the situation with great concern. It urged everyone to be extremely restrained and to defuse the situation right away.[242]
  •  Canada: Prime Minister Mark Carney called for "maximum restraint" while reaffirming "Israel's right to defend itself and ensure its security."[243]
  •  Chile: The Foreign Ministry stated that the Chilean government is deeply concerned about the recent escalation of violence between Israel and Iran, which resulted from the former's preemptive strike against Iranian military installations, a crisis that jeopardizes regional and international peace and stability.[244]
  •  China: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian called for "ways conducive to regional peace and stability."[172] China's ambassador to the UN, Fu Cong, condemned the strikes.[245] China's embassy in Iran described the situation as "severe and complex," advising its citizens to stay alert and avoid sensitive or crowded locations[168] as did its embassy in Tel Aviv.[246]
  •  Colombia: The Foreign Ministry stated that the Colombian government has called for moderation, respect for diplomatic channels, and the use of multilateral institutions to assist prevent the conflict from escalating and to allow progress toward a peaceful and long-term solution in the region.[247]
  •  Croatia: The Foreign Ministry issued a statement expressing significant worry over the Middle East's escalating security situation.[248]
  •  Cuba: President and Communist Party First Secretary Miguel Díaz-Canel vehemently denounced the attacks, demanded a halt to the violence, and urged adherence to international law.[249]
  •  Cyprus: President Nikos Christodoulides stated that Cyprus "is not involved in any way, and its role, as always, is stabilizing and humanitarian." He hoped that no additional escalation in the region would occur because it "does not help in any situation whatsoever".[250]
  •  Czech Republic: Foreign Minister Jan Lipavský called the strikes a "reasonable reaction" to Iran's threat of a nuclear bomb and support for Hamas and Hezbollah. He said he has "a great deal of understanding for ... military action aimed at preventing the production of a nuclear bomb," adding that "Iran has long failed to fulfill its obligations to the international community, is building up its nuclear program and, at the same time, uses rhetoric aimed at destroying the state of Israel".[251]
  •  Egypt: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared that Egypt is closely monitoring the current situation. It condemned the strikes, claiming they would worsen the situation and spark a wider regional conflict with unheard-of repercussions for stability and security in the area.[252]
  •  Finland: Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen expressed grave concern over the situation, saying the cycle of military escalation must be stopped.[253]
  •  France: President Emmanuel Macron called for "maximum restraint" while reaffirming "Israel's right to defend itself and ensure its security."[254]
  •  Georgia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed grave worry about the rising threat to regional and international security posed by the developing tensions between Iran and Israel. It made clear how crucial diplomatic efforts are to achieving de-escalation and maintaining stability.[255]
  •  Germany: Chancellor Friedrich Merz urged both Israel and Iran to "refrain from steps that could lead to a further escalation and destabilize the whole region." He confirmed that Netanyahu had informed him of the operation in a phone call and stated that Germany is prepared to use "all available diplomatic means" to help de-escalate the conflict. Merz also stressed that "the aim must remain that Iran not develop any nuclear weapons", and reaffirmed Israel's "right to protect its existence and the security of its citizens." He added that German security services will step up protection for Jewish and Israeli sites domestically.[256][257]
  •  Greece: Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis emphasized how urgently the area needs to de-escalate. He stressed that diplomacy is the only realistic way to move forward while accepting that Iran must not get a nuclear capability. He also cautioned against creating new fronts in the Middle East conflict.[258]
  •  India: Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said India was "closely monitoring the evolving situation, including reports related to attacks on nuclear sites."[168]
  •  Indonesia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned Israel's large-scale strike on Tehran, warning that the attack could heighten regional tensions.[259] Spokesman Rolliansyah Soemirat stated that all countries are obligated to resolve disputes peacefully and in line with international law.[260]
  •  Iraq: The Iraqi government lamented the failure of diplomatic efforts amid the US–Iran negotiations and denounced Israel's use of force against Iran as a "flagrant violation of international law and the United Nations Charter", and called on the UNSC to convene immediately.[261]
  •  Ireland: Tánaiste Simon Harris called the attacks as "extraordinarily dangerous" and could not have been more terrible. In a televised speech, he also urged all parties to "step back from the brink" and stated that there must be an immediate "de-escalation" in the area.[262]
  •  Italy: Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani said during meetings with his Iranian counterpart Abbas Araghchi that he wants Iran to avoid a military escalation in the confrontation with Israel, which would be exceedingly harmful for the entire area.[263]
  •  Japan: Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi said that the government would "continue all-out diplomatic efforts to prevent the situation from worsening further," and would "take every possible measure" to protect Japanese expatriates.[264]
  •  Jordan: Jordan denounced the strikes as a flagrant breach of international law and the UN Charter, as well as a violation of a United Nations member state's sovereignty. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Sufian Qudah cautioned that the incident jeopardizes regional security and stability and heightens regional tensions.[265]
  •  Kenya: Foreign Affairs Principal Secretary Korir Sing'oei called on Iran and Israel to use moderation and look for a peaceful solution to the current problem that led to the current escalation in accordance with the UN Charter.[266]
  •  Kuwait: Kuwait denounced the attacks, calling them a threat to regional security, a flagrant violation of Iranian sovereignty, and a breach of all international rules.[267]
  •  Kyrgyzstan: The Foreign Ministry expressed deep concern over the escalation of tensions between Israel and Iran. It urged both parties to use their utmost caution and to abstain from any acts that would worsen the situation in the area in order to find a peaceful solution to the current one.[268]
  •  Lebanon: President Joseph Aoun issued a statement that read the attacks "targeted not only the Iranian people, but also all international efforts to maintain stability in the Middle East and neighboring countries" and "undermine ongoing mediation initiatives that had made significant progress toward achieving realistic and just solutions to avert the threat of war in the region." He also called for "swift and effective action to prevent Israel from advancing its objectives, which he described as increasingly transparent and highly dangerous if allowed to persist."[269]
  •  Libya: The Government of National Unity strongly criticized the strikes, calling them a "blatant violation" of Iranian sovereignty. It emphasized its complete support for diplomatic activities aimed at de-escalating tensions and stressed that such acts undercut ongoing efforts to maintain stability in the region.[270]
  •  Luxembourg: Foreign Minister Xavier Bettel criticized the timing of the airstrikes, saying they came at a time "when the USA and Iran are negotiating over the latter's nuclear program," and emphasized that disagreements should be settled diplomatically.[271]
  •  Malaysia: Malaysia denounced the attacks, stating that they were a major threat to global peace and security and a blatant breach of international law, particularly the UN Charter. It further stated that every effort must be done to stop the situation from getting worse because doing so could destabilize the area and have far-reaching effects on the entire world.[272]
  •  Maldives: President Mohamed Muizzu condemned the strikes and stressed that such aggression violates international law.[273]
  •  Mexico: The Secretariat of Foreign Affairs voiced a strong condemnation of the strikes, stating that they pose a major threat to the civilian population and regional stability. It also highlighted Mexico's peaceful vocation and underlined that its foreign policy is grounded in its constitutional foundations.[274]
  •    Nepal: Nepal voiced serious concerns about the latest increase of confrontations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised both Iran and Israel to avoid further escalation and instead engage in conversation through diplomatic channels to promote peace and regional stability.[275]
  •  Netherlands: The Dutch cabinet expressed concern for the attacks, with Prime Minister Dick Schoof calling it "alarming" and encouraging everyone involved to "maintain calm and refrain from further attacks and reprisals".[276]
  •  New Zealand: Prime Minister Christopher Luxon said the strikes were "a huge concern", while Foreign Minister Winston Peters called for de-escalation.[22]
  •  Nicaragua: Co-president Rosario Murillo condemned the attacks as unfortunate events. She stressed that "it is a cowardly attack" and that "it violates all laws and norms of coexistence as well as international treaties".[277]
  •  Nigeria: Nigeria denounced the attacks, stating that they have severely increased Middle East tensions and pose a threat to international peace and stability. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Kimiebi Ebienfa conveyed Nigeria's profound worry and asked all sides to use extreme caution for the sake of regional and international peace.[278]
  •  Norway: Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide criticized the attacks, saying they violate international law, exacerbate regional tensions, and endanger global security.[279]
  •  Oman: Oman blamed Israel for the attacks and its consequences.[280]
  •  Pakistan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned Israel's attack and affirmed Iran's right to self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter.[281] Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif also said that he condemns the attacks and supports Iran's right for self-defence, he called on United Nations to take "urgent steps" to prevent any further escalations. Deputy prime minister and foreign minister[282] Ishaq Dar reiterated Sharif's statement.[283]
  •  Paraguay: The Foreign Ministry issued a statement urging regional peace while reaffirming its strong support for Israel and its right to self-defense.[284]
  •  Peru: The Peruvian government voiced profound worry over the attacks, which imperil international peace and violate international law. It urged all sides to refrain from more escalation, which might have unanticipated effects on regional stability and global security.[285]
  •  Philippines: The Department of Foreign Affairs voiced "grave concern" on the attacks. Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Maria Teresita Daza urged involved countries to deescalate and seek peace. New warnings were released by the Philippine embassies in Iran, Iraq, and Israel, asking Filipinos to stay vigilant and stay out of public areas.[286]
  •  Poland: Interior Minister Tomasz Siemoniak said Poland was monitoring Israel's military action in cooperation with its allies "primarily from the standpoint of Poland's security interests and Polish citizens residing in the Middle East".[287] Minister of National Defence Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz did not foresee any action by the Polish troop contingents in Lebanon and Turkey.[288] Prime Minister Donald Tusk referred to the attacks to justify scaling up domestic arms production.[289]
  •  Portugal: Presidential candidate Luís Marques Mendes urged Europe to take decisive action to prevent such attacks, which he described as "a completely gratuitous, profoundly unnecessary, and above all, very dangerous intervention in a very sensitive area of the world".[290]
  •  Qatar: Qatar strongly condemned the Israeli strike on Iran, stating that it was a blatant infringement of Iran's security and sovereignty as well as a blatant violation of international law. It reaffirmed its unwavering stance against all forms of violence and urged moderation in order to prevent escalation, which would broaden the conflict's scope and jeopardize regional peace and stability.[291]
  •  Russia: Presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said: "Russia is concerned by and condemns the sharp escalation in tensions".[292]
  •  Saudi Arabia: The Foreign Ministry condemned the "heinous" attacks, calling it a violation of international laws and norms.[293]
  •  Serbia: President Aleksandar Vučić expressed concern that the attacks may lead to economic instability, political volatility, and global unease. "All I want is for this to be over as quickly as possible," he added.[248]
  •  Singapore: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing great worry about the region's escalating tensions. It called on all parties to the confrontation between Iran and Israel to use moderation and to defuse the situation.[294]
  •  Slovenia: President Nataša Pirc Musar blamed Israel for "escalating" the situation.[248] Deputy ambassador to the UN, Ondina Blokar Drobič, voiced her profound concern about the Israeli strike on Iran and the country's response during a Security Council meeting on Friday.[295]
  •  South Africa: The Department of International Relations and Cooperation stated that South Africa is deeply concerned about the attacks, which raise serious concerns under international law, including the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and civilian protection enshrined in the UN Charter and international humanitarian law. Additionally, it called for the immediate escalation of diplomatic efforts to defuse tensions and advance stability in the Middle East and asks all parties to exercise the utmost moderation.[296]
  •  South Korea: A Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated that the government expressed its deep worry over the attacks and denounced any actions that worsened the situation. It called on all involved parties to use the utmost caution and reduce regional tensions.[297]
  •  Spain: The Spanish government denounced the attacks and called on the parties to exercise restraint and put an end to the violence right away. It reaffirmed Spain's dedication to Middle Eastern stability and its intention to keep collaborating with its allies to bring about enduring peace in the area.[298]
  •  Sri Lanka: The Sri Lankan government called on both countries to put diplomacy and communication first in order to defuse the growing tensions between Iran and Israel.[299]
  •  Sweden: Foreign Minister Maria Malmer Stenergard stated, "It is a very serious situation in a region that is already tense and unstable and we are now following the rapid development very closely and like many others, we are now urging all parties to de-escalate."[300]
  •   Switzerland: Federal Counciller Ignazio Cassis remarked that Switzerland is profoundly worried about the attacks, and urged all sides to use extreme caution and abstain from any behavior that would exacerbate tensions.[301]
  •  Tajikistan: The Foreign Ministry criticized Israel's military operations against Iran and expressed grave concern over the situation's escalation. It underlined that the only legitimate means of resolving any disputes and problems in the area is through conversation and negotiations.[302]
  •  Thailand: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Nikorndej Balankura voiced Thailand's deep concerns about the growing scope and consequences of the conflict. "Thailand urges all parties to exercise maximum restraint to prevent further deterioration of the situation, which would inevitably harm innocent civilians," he stated.[303]
  •  Tunisia: Tunisia vehemently denounced the attacks and the egregious assault on its security and sovereignty, which violated the UN Charter and all international rules and standards and threatened the foundations of peace, security, and stability not just in the region but globally.[304]
  •  Turkey: The Foreign Ministry condemned the attacks "in the strongest possible terms" saying that "Israel does not want issues to be resolved through diplomatic means."[305]
  •  Ukraine: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed alarm over the attacks, warning that the continuance of hostilities could have a negative impact on international security and global financial stability, particularly in the oil markets. It reminded that the Iranian government arms Moscow to murder Ukrainians and backs Russia in its war against Ukraine.[306]
  •  United Arab Emirates: The United Arab Emirates denounced the strikes, expressing great worry about the current escalation and its implications for regional security and stability. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs emphasized in a statement the significance of using the highest level of self-control and discernment to reduce risks and stop the conflict from getting worse.[307]
  •  United Kingdom: Prime Minister Keir Starmer urged "all parties to step back" and "return to diplomacy."[308] Foreign Secretary David Lammy called the attacks a "very dangerous moment." According to reports, the UK has no plans to defend Israel from retaliation by Iran.[309] Later the same day, Starmer said the UK has "long held concerns" about Iran's nuclear programme, and that he "absolutely recognize[s] Israel's right to self-defence." At the same time, he stressed the need for "de-escalation."[110] Starmer reiterated those messages during a phone call with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu.[310] On 14 June, the UK began relocating fighter jets to the Middle East as a "contingency" measure, according to PM Starmer, who also hinted it could involve defensive support for Israel.[311]
    • Conservative leader of the opposition Kemi Badenoch declined to condemn the attacks, emphasizing that "Iran is an enemy of the UK" and had attempted terrorist attacks "on UK soil." She added, "If Israel is stopping Iran from getting nuclear weapons they should not be condemned for that."[49]
    • Reform UK leader Nigel Farage supported the Israeli strikes, calling them a response to "the total failure of the deal struck a decade ago." He said the Iranian regime is close to developing nuclear weapons and aims to "wipe Israel and its people off the map," asking, "who can blame Israel for trying to stop this?" He added that the Iranian people "deserve better than the current brutal regime," indicating his support for the Iranian opposition.[312]
    • Speaking on behalf of the Green Party, MP Ellie Chowns expressed alarm at Israel's "targeted assassinations and widespread bombing of Iran" and denounced Israel as "a rogue state operating outside international law". She demanded that the government clarify whether it knew of the attacks in advance, and cease all military support of Israel, while calling for "a multilateral diplomatic process to look to address Iran's growing nuclear threat".[313]
  •  United States: President Donald Trump praised the Israeli strikes as "excellent" and "very successful,"[314] and warned that Iran must "make a deal now" over its nuclear program or face "even more destructive and deadly military action." He said there had already been "great death and destruction" and cautioned that future strikes would be "even more brutal." Trump criticized Iran for refusing multiple chances to reach an agreement, saying he told them to "just do it," but they "just couldn't get it done." He pledged continued military support for Israel, stating, "Israel has a lot of it, with much more to come – and they know how to use it."[315] He suggested that the attacks were coordinated with the talks he was conducting: "we gave Iran 60 days to make a deal and today is 61, right?".[316]
    • Secretary of State Marco Rubio said that Israel acted independently, stating the U.S. was not involved. He said that Israel informed the U.S. it viewed the attack as an act of self-defense. Rubio warned: "Iran should not target US interests or personnel" and also said the administration was taking all necessary steps and maintaining communication with regional partners.[22][317]
    • Senator Jim Risch warned Iran not to attack the US, saying: "Iran would be foolish to attack the United States."[318] Senator Jack Reed said: "Israel's alarming decision to launch airstrikes on Iran is a reckless escalation that risks igniting regional violence".[319]
    • US representative at the UN McCoy Pitt admitted that the US had had prior knowledge of the attack and had received Israel's justification of "necessary ... self-defence", stating that "Every sovereign nation has the right to defend itself, and Israel is no exception".[320]
    • Following the attack, US forces moved closer to the Middle East.[321]
  •  Uruguay: The Ministry of Foreign Relations expressed concern about the military escalation, which threatens to exacerbate an already delicate regional situation.[322]
  •  Uzbekistan: The Foreign Ministry published a statement expressing "serious concern" about the strikes. It urged all sides to use the utmost caution, stop all military operations right away, and turn to diplomatic and political means of resolution.[323]
  •  Vatican City: Pope Leo XIV urged the countries to engage in discussion and urged Iranian and Israeli authorities to act with "reason." "Great concern" was how he described his monitoring of the situation.[324]
  •  Venezuela: The Venezuelan government strongly condemned the strikes calling it a violation of international law and expressed its backing of its Middle Eastern ally.[citation needed] President Nicolás Maduro has condemned the attacks describing it as a "criminal assault" that "violates international law and the United Nations Charter", he further said "No to war, no to fascism, no to neo-Nazi Zionism" and accuses France, Germany, Britain and the US of supporting "the 21st-century Hitler" against the "noble and peaceful Iranian people".[325]
  •  Vietnam: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Pham Thu Hang stated that Vietnam is deeply concerned about the attacks and strongly condemns dangerous acts of escalation, the use of force, and violations of international law, the United Nations Charter, and national sovereignty. She noted the need to advocate for the creation of favorable conditions for continued peace talks in order to promote regional and global security, safety, peace, and stability.[326]

Other organizations

Hamas condemned the attack as a "brutal aggression that constitutes a flagrant violation of international norms and conventions," accusing the Netanyahu government of seeking to drag the region into open confrontations. They called for a unified stance to deter Israel and "put an end to its crimes."[327] Hezbollah also condemned the attacks but stated that it would not retaliate against Israel.[328] The Houthis expressed support for Iran's right to defend itself,[329] while the US-based Democracy for the Arab World Now denounced the attack as "unlawful" and "unprovoked," urging the United States to decouple its interests from Israel.[330] The US Council of Muslim Organizations warned that Israel's "illegal and unprovoked" war with Iran would entangle the US and calls for Trump to condemn the strikes.[331]

Iranian diaspora

Exiled opposition figures Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, activist Masih Alinejad, Dutch-Iranian legal scholar Afshin Ellian, Dutch, Swedish, and Canadian politicians Ulysse Ellian, Alireza Akhondi, and Goldie Ghamari, and actress Nazanin Boniadi, expressed support for an overthrow of the Iranian regime amidst the fighting with Israel, with some also supporting the strikes from Israel.[54][332][333]

The US-based National Iranian American Council condemned Israel's attack, writing that it "lacked legal justification under international law" and "unnecessarily endangered the lives of many innocent people".[334]

Protests

On 14 June, several pro-Palestine demonstrators marched through the streets in London and gathered in Parliament Square waving Palestinian and Iranian flags as well as chanted "stop bombing Iran". Protestors demanded an end of the bombing in Iran and Gaza and urged the government to halt military support to Israel.[335]

Analysis

The Jerusalem Post suggested Iran's possible retaliation could entail proxy attacks, ballistic missiles and drones, naval and "asymmetric" threats, attacks on targets based outside the country, conventional armed forces or diplomatic attacks.[336]

According to Foreign Policy, most of the American allied countries have failed to recognize the danger posed by the Iranian regime which seeks to "leverage American gullibility and caution to Tehran's advantage". Israel, according to the paper, decided to resolve the Iranian threat, deemed "existential" by Israelis and strike the "head of the snake" and end the Iranian threat.[39]

Mohammad Eslami, a researcher at the University of Tehran, suggested that a retaliatory attack was supported by most of Iran's domestic political parties, a near unanimity not seen since the Iran–Iraq War.[337]

According to the Atlantic Council's Daniel B. Shapiro, the attacks by Israel laid bare the weakness of Iran in the aftermath of the October 7 attacks, claiming that Israel has achieved full penetration of Iran and has demonstrated capabilities to strike at targets across much of the country. "Iran has never looked weaker, and its ability to respond meaningfully will be tested," he concluded.[338]

Hamish de Bretton-Gordon of The Telegraph described Israel's offensive as a "preemptive, precise, and combined strike" that has "absolutely hammered" Iran and may shatter its nuclear ambitions. He praised the operation's scale and sophistication, calling it "an attack on senior military and political decision-makers" with a level of intensity "not seen in living memory."[339]

Military analyst Richard Kemp argued that Israel "had no choice but to attack," describing Iran as a "desperate" regime that has long pursued nuclear weapons and supported global terrorism. With diplomacy exhausted, Kemp warned that failing to act would have meant allowing "a regime that has repeatedly proven its capacity for unlimited violence" to acquire nuclear arms. He urged continued support for Israel to "finish the job," cautioning that any renewed negotiations would be a mistake, as Iran "would not honour" any deal.[340]

Writing for Al Jazeera English, Imad El-Anis, an international relations expert on the Middle East, pointed to Israel's capability of smuggling drones into Iran and to operate in Iranian airspace signals a marked shift in the balance of power. According to El-Anis, Israel exploitation of these weaknesses is unprecedented in the history of the conflict between the two nations.[341] Al Jazeera's senior political analyst Marwan Bishara argued that Israel was obliterating the recent pragmatic turn in Iran's foreign policy and suggested that Netanyahu had pursued the narrative of Iran as an "existential threat" to Israel since his first cabinet position in the early 1990s.[342]

US diplomat and former Department of State official Thomas M. Countryman called Donald Trump's apparent use of Israeli attacks as a negotiating strategy with Iran "profoundly misguided" and alleged that Netanyahu was hoping for Iran to target American positions in the Middle East and thereby provoke the United States to enter the conflict.[343] According to US nuclear expert Jim Walsh, Israel's attacks could produce the opposite effect to the stated intention in forcing Tehran to pursue nuclear weapons.[344]

In his analysis, Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham argues that Israel's strikes reflect a hard-learned lesson from the 7 October Hamas attacks: never again be caught off guard. He describes Iran as posing a "targeted, active existential threat" to Israel, unlike the more abstract dangers faced by most nations. Backing Netanyahu's decision, Moore writes that "Israel knew very well how to respond," and suggests that the Prime Minister may be emerging as "their Churchill". While controversial at home, Netanyahu enjoys broad consensus in Israel on the threat posed by Iran, a threat Moore says the West fails to fully grasp.[345]

Muhanad Seloom of the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies suggested that, while "bruised severely", Iran was unwilling to risk a wider conflict with the U.S. and its European allies, saying its limited response to date was "below the threshold" of all-out war and indicated a willingness to reenter nuclear negotiations; he also noted that Israeli airstrikes had failed to eliminate Iranian nuclear facilities.[346]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The strikes targeted over 100 sites, including the Natanz nuclear facility.[5]
  2. ^ Hebrew: מבצע עם כלביא.

References

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