Female Genital Mutilation as a Social Norm: Examining the Beliefs and Attitudes of Women in This Diaspora
Abstract
In this article, we explore the beliefs, values and attitudes about female genital mutilation in the diaspora of sub-Saharan women and how the migration process has influenced these beliefs. Our qualitative analysis of the life stories and lifelines of 10 women in the sub-Saharan diaspora in light of the Social Convention Theory indicated that making public statements about the topic is complex and that the taboo permeating the practice remains intact even outside of Africa. Furthermore, we discovered that, in our context, this practice was not a requirement and did not improve the chances of marriage, with female behaviours considered ‘appropriate’ instead gaining value. Any interventions based on this theory must consider the broad networks that help shape marriages in this diaspora. This work opened new lines of research regarding the situation of the diaspora of sub-Saharan women and the relationship of the practice of female genital mutilation with marriage.
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Biographies
Ana Isabel Gutiérrez García is an assistant lecturer in the Department of Nursing, she graduated in Nursing in 2009 from the University of Alicante. Her healthcare activity was developed from 2009 to 2017 and was related to her specialisation studies. Her work activity was focused on critical patient care units, both in haemodynamic and intensive care units while she studied postgraduate and specialist studies in Haemodynamic and Vascular Interventional and Intensive Care Nursing in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands respectively. Her research activity began with the Master's Degree in Nursing Science Research at the University of Alicante in 2017. That same year she began her teaching activity as an assistant in the Department of Nursing in the subject of Adult Nursing Care I, where she is the coordinator, and in other subjects related to her work profile such as Nursing Care in Specialised Units. Her participation in the subject Culture of Care, Education for Development and Critical Thinking is closely linked to her work as a member of the Nursing and Culture of Care Research Group and to the subject of her thesis. From a qualitative approach her main area of interest interrelates the anthropology of care, transcultural nursing and the influence of culture on women's health by addressing the experiences of women who have undergone female genital mutilation as a sensitising factor in the care offered by health professionals. In this line, she has participated in international conferences and congresses on traditional practices harmful to women's health, the gender perspective in social and health systems and gender violence and has published in international journals of impact related to qualitative research and care. She has also raised awareness through workshops for health professionals, social workers and students on female genital mutilation and its culturally competent approach as part of the transfer of research to society.
Carmen Solano Ruiz Professor of Nursing in the area of Nursing in the Critical Patient at the University of Alicante. Graduate in Nursing from the University of Alicante in 1991 and Graduate in Social and Cultural Anthropology from the Miguel Hernández University in 2001. In 2007 she completed her doctoral thesis on the experiences of people who have experienced a myocardial infarction. Obtaining the maximum qualification of "Cum Laude". Awarded the prize for the best research work by the San Juan de Dios Foundation. Her nursing activity as a nurse was developed in the area of Critical Care during the period 1991-1997 in the General University Hospital of Elche (Alicante) Spain. Her university teaching activity has been developed since 1997 in the Nursing Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Alicante, teaching various subjects in the Nursing Degree, such as Advanced Clinical Nursing, Nursing Care in Special Units and Medical-Surgical Nursing. Her training as an anthropologist has allowed her to teach subjects related to qualitative research. Since 2006 she has taught on the Master's programme in Nursing Sciences in subjects such as Educational Anthropology of Care, Applied Qualitative Research in Health Sciences and Phenomenology. Her doctoral courses are on Data Analysis in Qualitative Research and Applied Phenomenology in the Doctoral Programme Nursing and Culture of Care and in the Practical Nursing and Education programme. Her areas of research in Nursing are focused on two lines: on the one hand, educational anthropology applied to the clinical practices of nursing students and another line of research linked to the experiences of health and illness. Her most outstanding works have been published in international journals of great impact, such as Nursing Education Today, Nursing Ethics, Journal Advances of Nursing, or Journal of Clinical Nursing, among others. She has supervised a total of 11 doctoral theses, all of them obtaining the highest marks. He has 2 six-year research periods endorsed by the CNEAI. In the field of management, she has been Vice-Dean of Academic Organisation of the Faculty of Health Sciences, secretary to the Director of the Department of Nursing and currently holds the position of Director of the Department of Nursing.
Juana Perpiñá Galvañ holds a Diploma in Nursing (1990), Bachelor of Nursing (Hogeschool Zeeland, 2003), Master's Degree in Nursing Sciences (2008) and PhD from the University of Alicante (2012). She has been Deputy Director of the UA Department of Nursing (2018-2021) and is currently Coordinator of the UA University Master's Degree in Emergencies and Disasters. She is a full-time lecturer in the UA Department of Nursing. Regarding her research career, she has belonged to the Quality of Life, Psychological Wellbeing and Health Research Group (2015 to 2019) and the Person-centred Care and Health Outcomes Innovation group (PCC-HOY-2019 to present) of the University of Alicante, as well as the Research Group on Innovation in Nursing Care (Group 23) located in Area 3: Area of Translational Research in Medicine, Chronicity and Health Care of the Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL-2017- to present). She has participated in research projects funded by national entities (1 of them as PI and two as collaborator), mainly linked to the Evaluation of Health Outcomes, End of Life Care and Innovation and Improvement of Clinical Practice. Author of several articles related to the evaluation of health outcomes and end-of-life care, published nationally and internationally, mostly in journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports (JRC). Specifically, 12 articles in journals indexed in Journal Citation Reports and 3 more in journals indexed in IN-RECS and LILACS. She has tutored more than 10 Master's theses and more than 20 Bachelor's theses in Nursing at the University of Alicante. In addition, she is currently co-directing 4 doctoral theses. She has more than 20 contributions to national and international conferences and has published 5 book chapters in health publishers (Elsevier and Doyma).
José Siles González Care activity in public institutions: Cartagena, Murcia, Cordoba, Cabra, Almeria and Alicante (1980-1991). Academic qualifications: degree and doctorate in history, degree in pedagogy and diploma in nursing. Teaching and research experience (1989-2022...): Teaching qualitative research subjects (phenomenology, anthropology), pedagogy of care, nursing fundamentals and culture of care. Coordination of the doctoral programme: Nursing and Culture of Care and the UA research group of the same name (1999-2022). Supervision of 39 theses. Research awards: Cano Iborra, Castilla la Mancha, San Juan de Dios, Ciudad de Sevilla and Vicente Mojica. 4 six-year research awards. Management experience: Management of the Department of Nursing, completing the cycle according to current regulations (2000-2003), coordinator of various undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programme subjects. Dissemination of research results: Publication of several monographs, book chapters and more than a hundred articles. Creator and editor of the journal "Cultura de los Cuidados" 1997-present (FECYT quality seal: Excellent journal, Q1 in Scopus and indexed in ESCI). University Professor. Department of Nursing. University of Alicante. Cultural extension: He has published several books (novels, short stories). He has won literary prizes: Iruña de Bilbao novel with La última noche de Erik Bikarbonato (Editorial Aguaclara); Ciudad de Villajoyosa short story with El hermeneuta insepulto and finalist in the Ciudad de Barbastro with El Latigazo Editorial Huerga & Fierro. Other narrative works: His poetic work is made up of publications in specialised magazines: Perito en Luna (Spain), Artquitrave (Colombia); Baquiana (United States), Letralia (Venezuela), etc. He has published 5 collections of poems: Protocolo del Hastío, Vitruvio (1995), El Sentido del Navegante Instituto de Estudios Modernistas (2002), La Sal del Tiempo, Huerga & Fierro (2008), Los Tripulantes del Líricus (2015), La Estructura del Aire, Verbum (2019). He has also been included in several narrative and poetry anthologies.
Ismael Jiménez Ruiz completed his degree in Nursing in 2011. In 2012 she complements her studies with the program of adaptation to the Degree in Nursing and the Master in Health, Women and Care at the University of Murcia. In June 2015 she finishes her PhD with the thesis: Nursing and Culture: the frontiers of androcentrism in female genital mutilation/cutting, for which she receives the extraordinary doctoral award from the Faculty of Nursing at the University of Murcia. He focuses his research in three basic lines that he has developed until today: Research in social and cultural determinants that affect women's health, mainly working on prevention and approach of female genital mutilation and the study of gender violence in our context; research in nursing methodology and methodological foundations; and research in active learning methodologies. The publications co-authored by Ismael autor total 39 of which 19 are located in JCR journals and the rest in journals indexed in the SJR or Cuiden Citation. These publications have been made in the context of the research groups: Nursing, Women and Care of the Faculty of Nursing, Advanced Nursing Care of the Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca and Prevention of Gender Violence (E-previo) of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Ismael develops his teaching activity in the Nursing Department of the University of Murcia where he teaches in the Degree in Nursing and in the Master in Health, Women and Care. He currently holds the position of Vice-Dean of Innovation, Quality, Research, Postgraduate and Academic Coordination. Previously, he was coordinator of the Master in Health, Women and Care from 2018 to 2021.
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