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Endocrine Reviews2009-06-01240Citations 671
Iodine Deficiency
Abstract: Abstract Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient, and iodine intakes in other industrialized countries, including the United States and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy may impair growth and neurodevelopment of the offspring and increase infant mortality. Deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth and cognitive and motor function. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. But assessment of iodine status in pregnancy is difficult, and it remains unclear whether iodine intakes are sufficient in this group, leading to calls for iodine supplementation during pregnancy in several industrialized countries. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency in populations is carefully monitored universal salt iodization, one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to economic and social development. Achieving optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt (in the range of 150–250 μg/d for adults) may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in populations. Ensuring adequate iodine status during parenteral nutrition has become important, particularly in preterm infants, as the use of povidone-iodine disinfectants has declined. Introduction of iodized salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency may transiently increase the incidence of thyroid disorders, but overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency.
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web2015-05-18630Citations 2,119
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The Accounting Review2011-01-01285Citations 1,499
Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
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Abstract: ABSTRACT: We examine a potential benefit associated with the initiation of voluntary disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities: a reduction in firms’ cost of equity capital. We find that firms with a high cost of equity capital in the previous year tend to initiate disclosure of CSR activities in the current year and that initiating firms with superior social responsibility performance enjoy a subsequent reduction in the cost of equity capital. Further, initiating firms with superior social responsibility performance attract dedicated institutional investors and analyst coverage. Moreover, these analysts achieve lower absolute forecast errors and dispersion. Finally, we find that firms exploit the benefit of a lower cost of equity capital associated with the initiation of CSR disclosure. Initiating firms are more likely than non-initiating firms to raise equity capital following the initiations; among firms raising equity capital, initiating firms raise a significantly larger amount than do non-initiating firms.
High-impact scholar
James G. Ogg (James Ogg)
James G. Ogg (James Ogg)
Purdue University;Chengdu University of Technology;China University of Geosciences Wuhan
Purdue University;Chengdu University of Technology;China University of Geosciences Wuhan
Citations15,670h-index52Papers242
Newest Paper
Astronomically forced late Paleocene-early Eocene climate variability in the Subei Basin, East China
Chemical Reviews2013-03-19748Citations 5,488
Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes: Applications in Organic Synthesis
+1
High-impact scholar
Stephen R Daniels
Stephen R Daniels
Professor, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Professor, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Citations232,529h-index169Papers1,240
Newest Paper
The association of childhood HDL cholesterol with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in adults: findings from the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort …
Science2009-02-06374Citations 5,736
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction
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Abstract: The large-scale practical application of fuel cells will be difficult to realize if the expensive platinum-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) cannot be replaced by other efficient, low-cost, and stable electrodes. Here, we report that vertically aligned nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes (VA-NCNTs) can act as a metal-free electrode with a much better electrocatalytic activity, long-term operation stability, and tolerance to crossover effect than platinum for oxygen reduction in alkaline fuel cells. In air-saturated 0.1 molar potassium hydroxide, we observed a steady-state output potential of –80 millivolts and a current density of 4.1 milliamps per square centimeter at –0.22 volts, compared with –85 millivolts and 1.1 milliamps per square centimeter at –0.20 volts for a platinum-carbon electrode. The incorporation of electron-accepting nitrogen atoms in the conjugated nanotube carbon plane appears to impart a relatively high positive charge density on adjacent carbon atoms. This effect, coupled with aligning the NCNTs, provides a four-electron pathway for the ORR on VA-NCNTs with a superb performance.
High-impact scholar
Craig R. Smith
Craig R. Smith
University of Hawaii
University of Hawaii
Citations26,310h-index89Papers397
Newest Paper
The Supreme Court’s rhetorical construction of home
2009-01-01522Citations 576
Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques
Abstract: Paves the way for an innovative approach to empirical scientific work through a strategy that integrates key strengths of both qualitative (case-oriented) and quantitative (variable-oriented) approaches. This first-of-its-kind text is ideally suited for “small-N” or “intermediate-N” research situations, which both mainstream qualitative and quantitative methods find difficult to address.
High-impact scholar
Zhen Yang
Zhen Yang
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University
Citations17,083h-index71Papers402
Newest Paper
Analysis of Three-dimensional Printing Strategies for Meniscus/Articular Disc Repair and Regeneration
Free Radical Biology and Medicine2012-01-01979Citations 1,165
Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations
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Abstract: The purpose of this position paper is to present a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of the most widely used fluorescent probes for detecting and measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Where feasible, we have made recommendations for the use of alternate probes and appropriate analytical techniques that measure the specific products formed from the reactions between fluorescent probes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We have proposed guidelines that will help present and future researchers with regard to the optimal use of selected fluorescent probes and interpretation of results.
High-impact scholar
Gavin M. Joynt
Gavin M. Joynt
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Citations17,949h-index58Papers313
Newest Paper
End-of-life practices in Hong Kong intensive care units: results from the Ethicus-2 study
European Heart Journal2015-08-29353Citations 3,317
2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension
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American Journal of Botany2009-01-01468Citations 790
Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification
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Abstract: Polyploidy has long been recognized as a major force in angiosperm evolution. Recent genomic investigations not only indicate that polyploidy is ubiquitous among angiosperms, but also suggest several ancient genome-doubling events. These include ancient whole genome duplication (WGD) events in basal angiosperm lineages, as well as a proposed paleohexaploid event that may have occurred close to the eudicot divergence. However, there is currently no evidence for WGD in Amborella, the putative sister species to other extant angiosperms. The question is no longer "What proportion of angiosperms are polyploid?", but "How many episodes of polyploidy characterize any given lineage?" New algorithms provide promise that ancestral genomes can be reconstructed for deep divergences (e.g., it may be possible to reconstruct the ancestral eudicot or even the ancestral angiosperm genome). Comparisons of diversification rates suggest that genome doubling may have led to a dramatic increase in species richness in several angiosperm lineages, including Poaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae. However, additional genomic studies are needed to pinpoint the exact phylogenetic placement of the ancient polyploidy events within these lineages and to determine when novel genes resulting from polyploidy have enabled adaptive radiations.
American Economic Review2025-02-011.9KCitations 3
Regulating Conglomerates: Evidence from an Energy Conservation Program in China
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Abstract: We study a prominent energy regulation affecting large Chinese manufacturers that are part of broader conglomerates. Using detailed firm-level data and difference-in-differences research designs, we show that regulated firms cut output and shifted some production to unregulated firms within their conglomerate instead of improving their energy efficiency. To account for conglomerate and market spillovers, we interpret these results through the lens of an industry equilibrium model featuring conglomerate production. The policy raises welfare if the per ton benefits of carbon reduction exceed $161. Alternative policies that exploit public information on business networks can increase aggregate energy savings by 10 percent. (JEL D22, L22, L51, L60, P28, P31, Q48)
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews2016-04-01283Citations 1,699
PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery
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Abstract: Coating the surface of nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol (PEG), or "PEGylation", is a commonly used approach for improving the efficiency of drug and gene delivery to target cells and tissues. Building from the success of PEGylating proteins to improve systemic circulation time and decrease immunogenicity, the impact of PEG coatings on the fate of systemically administered nanoparticle formulations has, and continues to be, widely studied. PEG coatings on nanoparticles shield the surface from aggregation, opsonization, and phagocytosis, prolonging systemic circulation time. Here, we briefly describe the history of the development of PEGylated nanoparticle formulations for systemic administration, including how factors such as PEG molecular weight, PEG surface density, nanoparticle core properties, and repeated administration impact circulation time. A less frequently discussed topic, we then describe how PEG coatings on nanoparticles have also been utilized for overcoming various biological barriers to efficient drug and gene delivery associated with other modes of administration, ranging from gastrointestinal to ocular. Finally, we describe both methods for PEGylating nanoparticles and methods for characterizing PEG surface density, a key factor in the effectiveness of the PEG surface coating for improving drug and gene delivery.
The Lancet Neurology2017-12-01771Citations 836
Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research
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BMC Physiology2009-01-01310Citations 634
MicroCT for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues
Abstract: BackgroundComparative, functional, and developmental studies of animal morphology require accurate visualization of three-dimensional structures, but few widely applicable methods exist for non-destructive whole-volume imaging of animal tissues. Quantitative studies in particular require accurately aligned and calibrated volume images of animal structures. X-ray microtomography (microCT) has the potential to produce quantitative 3D images of small biological samples, but its widespread use for non-mineralized tissues has been limited by the low x-ray contrast of soft tissues. Although osmium staining and a few other techniques have been used for contrast enhancement, generally useful methods for microCT imaging for comparative morphology are still lacking.ResultsSeveral very simple and versatile staining methods are presented for microCT imaging of animal soft tissues, along with advice on tissue fixation and sample preparation. The stains, based on inorganic iodine and phosphotungstic acid, are easier to handle and much less toxic than osmium, and they produce high-contrast x-ray images of a wide variety of soft tissues. The breadth of possible applications is illustrated with a few microCT images of model and non-model animals, including volume and section images of vertebrates, embryos, insects, and other invertebrates. Each image dataset contains x-ray absorbance values for every point in the imaged volume, and objects as small as individual muscle fibers and single blood cells can be resolved in their original locations and orientations within the sample.ConclusionWith very simple contrast staining, microCT imaging can produce quantitative, high-resolution, high-contrast volume images of animal soft tissues, without destroying the specimens and with possibilities of combining with other preparation and imaging methods. Such images are expected to be useful in comparative, developmental, functional, and quantitative studies of morphology.
Science2009-07-23502Citations 5,846
A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems
Abstract: A major problem worldwide is the potential loss of fisheries, forests, and water resources. Understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resources is limited, because scientific disciplines use different concepts and languages to describe and explain complex social-ecological systems (SESs). Without a common framework to organize findings, isolated knowledge does not cumulate. Until recently, accepted theory has assumed that resource users will never self-organize to maintain their resources and that governments must impose solutions. Research in multiple disciplines, however, has found that some government policies accelerate resource destruction, whereas some resource users have invested their time and energy to achieve sustainability. A general framework is used to identify 10 subsystem variables that affect the likelihood of self-organization in efforts to achieve a sustainable SES.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution2009-06-01385Citations 1,180
Gene tree discordance, phylogenetic inference and the multispecies coalescent
Abstract: The field of phylogenetics is entering a new era in which trees of historical relationships between species are increasingly inferred from multilocus and genomic data. A major challenge for incorporating such large amounts of data into inference of species trees is that conflicting genealogical histories often exist in different genes throughout the genome. Recent advances in genealogical modeling suggest that resolving close species relationships is not quite as simple as applying more data to the problem. Here we discuss the complexities of genealogical discordance and review the issues that new methods for multilocus species tree inference will need to address to account successfully for naturally occurring genomic variability in evolutionary histories.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences2009-10-01427Citations 830
Perceived social isolation and cognition
Abstract: Social species, from Drosophila melanogaster to Homo sapiens, fare poorly when isolated. Homo sapiens, an irrepressibly meaning-making species, are, in normal circumstances, dramatically affected by perceived social isolation. Research indicates that perceived social isolation (i.e. loneliness) is a risk factor for, and may contribute to, poorer overall cognitive performance, faster cognitive decline, poorer executive functioning, increased negativity and depressive cognition, heightened sensitivity to social threats, a confirmatory bias in social cognition that is self-protective and paradoxically self-defeating, heightened anthropomorphism and contagion that threatens social cohesion. These differences in attention and cognition impact on emotions, decisions, behaviors and interpersonal interactions that can contribute to the association between loneliness and cognitive decline and between loneliness and morbidity more generally.
Nano Today2012-10-01643Citations 1,513
Designing nanostructured Si anodes for high energy lithium ion batteries
Abstract: High energy lithium ion batteries are in demand for consumer electronics, electric-drive vehicles and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Si is of great interest since it has 10 times higher specific capacity than traditional carbon anodes. However, the poor cyclability due to the large volume change of Si upon insertion and extraction of lithium has been an impediment to its deployment. This review outlines three fundamental materials challenges associated with large volume change, and then shows how nanostructured materials design can successfully address these challenges. There have been three generations of nanostructure design, encompassing solid nanostructures such as nanowires, hollow nanostructures, and clamped hollow structures. The nanoscale design principles developed for Si can also be extended to other battery materials that undergo large volume changes.
Nature Biotechnology2011-05-15141Citations 12,110
Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome
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Abstract: Reconstructing full-length transcripts from high-throughput RNA sequencing data is difficult without a reference genome sequence. Grabherr et al. describe Trinity, an algorithm for assembling full-length transcripts from short reads without first mapping the reads to a genome sequence.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics2025-02-25735Citations 12
Liouville-type theorems for steady solutions to the Navier–Stokes system in a slab
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Abstract: Liouville-type theorems for the steady incompressible Navier–Stokes system are investigated for solutions in a three-dimensional (3-D) slab with either no-slip boundary conditions or periodic boundary conditions. When the no-slip boundary conditions are prescribed, we prove that any bounded solution is trivial if it is axisymmetric or $ru^r$ is bounded, and that general 3-D solutions must be Poiseuille flows when the velocity is not big in $L^\infty$ space. When the periodic boundary conditions are imposed on the slab boundaries, we prove that the bounded solutions must be constant vectors if either the swirl or radial velocity is independent of the angular variable, or $ru^r$ decays to zero as $r$ tends to infinity. The proofs are based on the fundamental structure of the equations and energy estimates. The key technique is to establish a Saint-Venant type estimate that characterizes the growth of the Dirichlet integral of non-trivial solutions.
Science2009-09-11972Citations 843
Ecological Dynamics Across the Arctic Associated with Recent Climate Change
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Abstract: Assessing the Arctic The Arctic is experiencing some of the most rapid climate change currently under way across the globe, but consequent ecological responses have not been widely reported. At the close of the Fourth International Polar Year, Post et al. (p. 1355 ) review observations on ecological impacts in this sensitive region. The widespread changes occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, presage changes at lower latitudes that will affect natural resources, food production, and future climate buffering.
2009-02-01868Citations 1,461
Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences2009-08-01953Citations 786
A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty
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Abstract: Although accumulating evidence highlights a crucial role of the insular cortex in feelings, empathy and processing uncertainty in the context of decision making, neuroscientific models of affective learning and decision making have mostly focused on structures such as the amygdala and the striatum. Here, we propose a unifying model in which insula cortex supports different levels of representation of current and predictive states allowing for error-based learning of both feeling states and uncertainty. This information is then integrated in a general subjective feeling state which is modulated by individual preferences such as risk aversion and contextual appraisal. Such mechanisms could facilitate affective learning and regulation of body homeostasis, and could also guide decision making in complex and uncertain environments.
The New England Journal of Medicine
2020-09-22689Citations 1,204
Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
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Abstract: Drs. Wu and Tsuboi contributed equally to this article. This article was published on September 19, 2020, at NEJM.org.
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