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Stress: Hirn unter Druck
Psychische Belastung ist nicht immer schädlich – kurzfristig kann sie unseren Geist sogar beflügeln. Doch wo verläuft die Grenze zwischen gutem und bösem Stress?
Stress hat heutzutage ein Imageproblem. Er schade nicht nur der Gesundheit, sondern zehre auch an den mentalen Kräften. Konzentration, Denk- und Urteilsvermögen würden bei Stress enorm leiden. Doch entgegen dieser verbreiteten Ansicht sind die Folgen psychischer Beanspruchung keineswegs so eindeutig. Je mehr Puzzleteile Forscher zusammentragen, desto klarer wird: Stress kann manche geistigen Leistungen sogar fördern.
Zunächst einmal ist die natürliche Stressreaktion des Körpers eine sehr sinnvolle Erfindung der Evolution. Geraten wir in eine brenzlige Lage, reagiert der Organismus mit zwei bewährten Programmen. Zum einen setzt die Nebenniere, angeregt durch das sympathische Nervensystem, vermehrt Adrenalin und Noradrenalin in die Blutbahn frei. Zum anderen kurbelt mit kurzer zeitlicher Verzögerung die so genannte Stresshormonachse – bestehend aus dem Hypothalamus, der Hypophyse und der Nebennierenrinde – die Ausschüttung von Glucocorticoiden wie dem Stresshormon Cortisol an. In der Folge steigen Herzfrequenz und Blutdruck, so dass mehr Nährstoffe zu den Muskeln gelangen. Auf diese Weise gewinnen wir Energie für den Kampf oder für die Flucht.
Diese archaischen Programme laufen immer noch genauso im menschlichen Organismus ab wie vor Tausenden von Jahren, auch wenn uns inzwischen meist keine echte Lebensgefahr mehr droht. Der Säbelzahntiger von einst ist dem cholerischen Chef oder dem dringend zu erledigenden Aktenberg gewichen.
Wenn Forscher ihre Probanden im Labor unter Stress setzen, präsentieren sie ihnen meist auch keine Schlange oder Spinne. Vielmehr zielen sie auf eine Angst, die ebenfalls tief in uns wurzelt: die vor dem Urteil der anderen. Oft verwenden Psychologen dazu den Trier-Sozial-Stress-Test. Der Versuchsteilnehmer muss dabei etwa einen freien Vortrag halten, der zudem per Kamera mitgeschnitten wird. "Bitte schildern Sie uns Ihre persönlichen Eigenschaften", lautet beispielsweise der Auftrag. Der Kandidat steht dabei einer Riege von Interviewern mit gestrengen Mienen gegenüber ...
Unsere Fettpolster sind wichtige Energiespeicher, wie kommunizieren Gehirn und Fettgewebe? In »Spektrum - Die Woche« informiert Frank Luerweg über die komplexen Vorgänge des Fettstoffwechsels und somatosensorische Nervenfasern. Die Forschung könnte Ansätze zur Behandlung von Übergewicht bieten.
Gehirn&Geist – Neuroplastizität im Alter: Klares Denken bewahren
Bei manchen Menschen scheint das Gehirn altersbedingte Schäden besonders gut ausgleichen zu können. »Neuronale Kompensation« nennt sich ein Mechanismus, der dabei hilft, im Alter trotz neuronalem Abbau klares Denken zu bewahren. Wir stellen die drei bisher bekannten Wege einer solchen »neuronalen Kompensation« vor. Daneben berichten wir, welche Verfahren sich in der Psychotherapie bewährt haben und welche Richtlinien es hierzu in Deutschland gibt. Der dritte Teil der Serie »Kognition im Tierreich« behandelt die Kognition von Walen sowie Delfinen und geht der Frage nach, inwieweit sie menschliches Verhalten verstehen. Außerdem informieren wir, wie das Fettgewebe mit dem Gehirn kommuniziert und so Einfluss auf das Körpergewicht und die Gewichtsregulierung nimmt.
Spektrum - Die Woche – Die geothermische Revolution hat begonnen
Unter unseren Füßen brodelt eine Energiequelle unfassbaren Ausmaßes: das heiße Erdinnere. Erfahren Sie in »Spektrum - Die Woche«, wie sich das geotechnische Wissen und die Verfahren weiterentwickelt haben und wie Strategien aus der Fossilindustrie zu klimafreundlicher Geothermie beitragen können.
Spektrum - Die Woche – Hüftgold an Hirn
Unsere Fettpolster sind wichtige Energiespeicher, wie kommunizieren Gehirn und Fettgewebe? In »Spektrum - Die Woche« informiert Frank Luerweg über die komplexen Vorgänge des Fettstoffwechsels und somatosensorische Nervenfasern. Die Forschung könnte Ansätze zur Behandlung von Übergewicht bieten.
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