Vocal Feminization for Transgender Women: Current Strategies and Patient Perspectives

Hyung-Tae Kim (2020) Vocal Feminization for Transgender Women: Current Strategies and Patient Perspectives, International Journal of General Medicine, , 43-52, DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S205102



Voice Therapy for Modification of Fundamental Frequency
๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑํ›ˆ๋ จ

Pitch is the most important feature of voice femininity, and it is reported that a minimum F0 value of 180 Hz required for a voice to be perceived as feminine. (omit) Resonance is another vocal characteristic that contributes to the perception of gender, and maybe the second most important acoustic cue. In resonance, an increase in the second formant frequency (F2) results in the perception of a feminine voice. And another meaningful feminine perception of the voice is associated with increased breathiness.

์Œ์ •์€ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”์ธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ตœ์†Œ 180Hz๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ธ์‹์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์ œ2๊ณต๋ช…์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(F2)์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์  ํŠน์งˆ์€ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.


A large load of literature regarding feminizing voice therapy is often nonstandardized and analyzed unreliably. (omit) One article identified these variations are in part due to the complex nature of an individualโ€™s baseline and voice goals as well as a lack of standardized treatment among speech language pathologists. (omit)  the initial result is that about 50.8% of the subjects are recognized as women, but the long-term result is lowered to 33.1%. (omit)  The standard treatment protocols for voice therapy would improve evidence-based treatment strategy for voice feminization of transgender women.

๋งŽ์€ ์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™” ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต)  ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์Œ์„ฑ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 50.8%์˜ ํ™˜์žใ…‡๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” 33.1%์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์€ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.


Strategy for Modification of Resonance
๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต

Feminization Voice Therapy
์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ

Voice therapy refers to the process of changing a male phonatory organ as a female phonatory organ. However, if the patient has vast morpho metric characteristics of the larynx and vocal tract, voice therapy may fail to achieve feminine voice. (omit) In our experience, in patients with relatively high fundamental frequency range above 140 Hz in natural relaxed voice with wide vocal range, small membranous vocal fold at length less than 12 mm, and strong motivation for transitioning, voice therapy alone were able to obtain satisfactory results of voice feminization.

์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์™€ ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์Œ์ •์ด ์•ฝ 140Hz ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋„“์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ง‰์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 12mm ์ดํ•˜์ด๊ณ , ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.


Oral cavity volume and length are mainly controlled by tongue motion that also affects hyoid motion with modification of laryngeal movement. Tongue motion is crucial to muscle action to modify oral and pharyngeal resonant frequency. Generally, oral resonance therapy is thought to be very beneficial in increasing forward resonance and femininity of voice. In this physiological aspect of resonance of phonatory organ, voice therapy should be undertaken to improve oral resonance and reduce the volume of the pharynx for pharyngeal resonance.

๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” ํ˜€ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ›„๋‘ ์šด๋™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์„ค๊ณจ ์›€์ง์ž„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ˜€์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ›„๋‘์˜ ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก ์›€์ง์ž„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ช… ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์ „๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๋ช…๊ณผ ์Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ณต๋ช…์„ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๊ณต๋ช…์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๋‘ ๊ณต๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๋‘์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.


Postoperative Voice Therapy for Formant Tuning and Pattern Memorization
์Œํ˜•๋Œ€ ํŠœ๋‹๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ด ์•”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ

Pitch-raising surgery is unable to modify vocal tract volume, although it can change the dimension of the vocal fold. (omit) To resonate the elevated glottal sound appropriately, formants that are resonance frequencies should match F0. In addition, the oral cavity must be made with small space to increase second formant frequency. Formants' frequencies are altered by changes in the spatial shape of the vocal tract that includes location of the primary tongue constriction, opening or closing the jaw, rounding or spreading of lips, and raising or lowering the larynx.

์Œ์ • ์ƒ์Šน ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์„ฑ๋„์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ๋†’์•„์ง„ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๊ณต๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ์Œํ˜•๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๋ช…์Œ์ด ๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋งž์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ2๊ณต๋ช…์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์•„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Œํ˜•๋Œ€ ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ํ„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์ž…์ˆ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ๋†’๋‚ฎ์ด ์กฐ์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋„์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.


The first formant (R1) is most responsive to changes in mouth opening. The second formant (R2) is most reactive to changes in the size of oral cavity. Tongue forwarding or spreading the lip may increase the frequency of this formant. The third formant (R3) is altered by front versus back constriction of low pharyngeal area. (omit) Postsurgical voice therapy techniques to induce such resonance changes include tongue and lips relaxation, oral and pharynx resonance exercise, laryngeal relaxation, and vowel modification.

์ œ1ํฌ๋จผํŠธ(R1)๋Š” ์ž…์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—, ์ œ2ํฌ๋จผํŠธ(R2)๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. R2๋Š” ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ3ํฌ๋จผํŠธ(R3)๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ธ๋‘ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์•ž๋’ค ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋ช…์Œ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜€์™€ ์ž…์ˆ  ์ด์™„, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ์ธ๋‘ ๊ณต๋ช… ์—ฐ์Šต, ํ›„๋‘ ์ด์™„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์Œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.


Another importance of postoperative voice therapy is to prevent reverse adaptation of resonance frequency. (omit)  After the surgery, the fundamental frequency rises but phonatory pattern for resonance remains the same, thus creating a mismatch between postoperative increased fundamental frequency and old formant frequency. (omit) Occasionally, this might be misdiagnosed for a result of an imperfect operation or a lack of surgical effect. Therefore, long-term postoperative voice therapy is necessary to maintain proper phonatory pattern and suppress the generation of inappropriate patterns as well as acoustic improvement of voice.

์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์—ญ์ ์‘์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ช… ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋†’์•„์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์Œํ˜•๋Œ€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์ด๋Š” ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์˜ˆํ›„๋กœ ์˜ค์ง„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.


Conclusion
๊ฒฐ๋ก 

Voice feminization is a long transition journey that changes a male phonatory system including phonatory organs and pattern to a female phonatory system. From the patientโ€™s perspective, treatment modality and direction should be selected considering the order of the transition process, economic aspect, and social role. From a medical providerโ€™s perspective, the course of treatment should be determined as a method that can maximize the safety of patientโ€™s voice and minimize side effects while feminizing the voice.

์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๋“ฑ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธด ์—ฌ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์…˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ฌ๊ฑด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ• ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.