Vocal Feminization for Transgender Women: Current Strategies and Patient Perspectives

Hyung-Tae Kim (2020) Vocal Feminization for Transgender Women: Current Strategies and Patient Perspectives, International Journal of General Medicine, , 43-52, DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S205102



Abstract
์ดˆ๋ก

Voice feminization has been thought to be equal to pitch elevation. Thus, many surgical procedures have only focused on pitch raising for voice feminization. However, voice feminization should not only consider voice pitch but also consider gender differences in physical, neurophysiological, and acoustical characteristics of voice. That is why voice therapy has been the preferred choice for the feminization of the voice.

์Œ์„ฑ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™” ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์Œ์„ฑ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ยท์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ยท๋ฐœ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์  ์ฐจ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๋‹ค.


Considering gender difference of phonatory system, the method for voice feminization consists of changing the following four critical elements: fundamental frequency, resonance frequency related to vocal tract volume and length, formant tuning, and phonatory pattern. Voice feminizing process can be generally divided into non-surgical feminization and surgical feminization. (omit) Recent systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies have reported positive outcomes for both the voice therapy and voice feminization surgery.

์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(L0), ๊ณต๋ช… ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(Ln), ์Œ์„ฑ ํŠœ๋‹, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์Šต๊ด€์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค.


Morphometric Differences of the Laryngeal Framework and Vocal Tract Configuration Between Males and Females
๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ์ฐจ์ด

During puberty in males, the laryngeal framework, including vocal folds, considerably grows and downward located. It is associated with vocal tract elongation and vocal tract volumetric expansion. Studies on morphometric data of the human larynx in the literature have shown no sexual dimorphism of the larynx during childhood. Although sex differences of the larynx are not prominent in infancy, they can have significant morphometric changes of the larynx due to testosterone at puberty in males.

๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์šฉ์ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ํŠน์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.


When measurement data of vocal folds length were averaged from four studies, (omit) membranous vocal folds length of males was about 25% longer than that of females. (omit) Vocal thickness also has a morphometric difference between males and females. (omit) The width of vocal folds shows about 20% difference between genders. (omit) Thus, the length of vocal folds should be shortened over 25% in membranous portion, and thickness should be thinned over 20% in width during voice feminization surgery if the transgender women have a male fundamental frequency.

๋„ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Œ€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, (์ค‘๋žต) ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ง‰์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 25% ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ํญ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 20% ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” 25% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ง‰ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ 20% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.


In the vocal tract dimension, the oral cavity seems to grow in both length and volumetric size. However, the pharyngeal cavity only has significant volumetric increases in adolescents. This indicates that males have considerable longer oral length and more substantial volume than females. (omit) Tongue motion affects the modification of oral cavity length and volume. It also affects hyoid elevation. Thus, the focus should be on not only laryngeal elevation for decreasing vocal tract length but also on vocal tract narrowing for reducing vocal tract volume within the range of gender difference.

์„ฑ๋„ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์€ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ฒด์ ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธด ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ํฐ ์ฒด์ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ํ˜€์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์„ค๊ณจ(่ˆŒ้ชจ)์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ (์Œ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”์—๋Š”) ์„ฑ๋„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Œ€ ์œ„์น˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ฑ๋„์˜ ์ฒด์  ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๋„ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.


Strategies for Modification of Fundamental Frequency
๊ธฐ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต

The acoustic signal produced during speaking must contain at least two independently variable parameters, of which one provides information about pitch and the other provide information about the phonemic content that is characterized by resonance (vocal tract) and articulation (oral cavity). (omit) Feminine voice production requires modification of simultaneous and hierarchic sequential coordination of respiration, vibration, resonation, and articulation.

๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ์ •์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ช…(์„ฑ๋„)๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์Œ(๊ตฌ๊ฐ•)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํ˜ธํก, ์ง„๋™, ๊ณต๋ช…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋™์‹œ์ ยท๊ณ„์ธต์  ์กฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.