Rethinking bronchiectasis as an inflammatory disease
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Figure 1 The role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of bronchiectasis
Figure 2 Classifying bronchiectasis as active versus controlled, using markers of disease activity
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By extension of this concept, deterioration in exacerbations and symptoms might indicate worsening disease activity.
Figure 3 Inflammatory pathways in bronchiectasis with potential or existing therapies
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AMPK=AMP-activated protein kinase. Anti-TSLP=anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Anti-ST2= anti-suppression of tumorigenicity 2. CatC=cathepsin C. Azu1= azurocidin. CatG=cathepsin G. CXCL-8=interleukin 8. DPP1=dipeptidyl peptidase 1. IFN=interferon. IgE=immunoglobulin E. IL=interleukin. LTB-4= leukotriene B4. mAbs=monoclonal antibodies. MCP-1=monocyte chemotactic protein 1. NFkB=nuclear factor-kappa-B. NLRP3= NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3. Nrf2=nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. PDE4= phosphodiesterase-4. PI3K=phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. PR3=proteinase 3. R=receptor. Rα=receptor subunit alpha. Th=T helper cell. TNF-α=tumour necrosis factor.
