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BIO095 LAB Report 4

Lab Report 4 - Cardiovascular Physiology and Blood Aglutination

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Foundation Biology (BIO091)

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BIO

LAB REPORT

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY & BLOOD AGGLUTINATION

PREPARED FOR:

DR MAZHANI BINTI MUHAMAD

PREPARED BY:

NO NAME STUDENT ID GROUP

1 2 3 4 5 6

DATE OF SUBMISSION

April 2022

Introduction

The cardiovascular system assists in ensuring that blood has enough pressure to go throughout the body. The system is divided into two circulations: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Blood is transported between the lungs and the heart in pulmonary circulation, whereas blood is transported between the heart and all other regions of the body save the lungs in systemic circulation. To ensure good circulation, the cardiovascular system has developed with several unique features. The left ventricle, for example, is the thickest muscular part in our human heart, which is split into four chambers. The thickest layer of the muscle segment aids in the production of a high enough pressure to deliver blood to the body's cells. The arteries are also thicker than the veins and capillaries in thebody. The objective of the layer's different thicknesses is to keep the structure togetherwhen it is subjected to extreme pressure. This cardiovascular system aids in maintaining a healthy blood flow in our bodies so that they may perform at their best.

As our cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting multiple biological components in our body, the rate by which it operates also varies depending on the condition. In order to measure the rate easily, the term used will bw heart rate rate is defined as the number of ventricular contractions per minute. Multiplication of heart rate and the stroke volume would give you a cardiac output. Despite that, it is easier to measurethe heart rate by using physical sensors. Heart rate can be either increased or decreased depending on the situation. If an individual were to be doing vigorous activity then the heart complimented the action by inducing more concentration and relaxation. This is because the body requires more volume of blood to be transported to the cell to maintain a relatively optimal homeostasis level.

Objectives

To study the structure and function of the cardiovascular system.
To measure heart rate at rest.
To investigate the effect of exercise towards heart rate.
To observe different types of blood cells in prepared slides.
To identify different types of leukocytes in blood smear.

Results

HUMAN HEART MODEL

ARTERY AND VEIN

Discussion

4.1 Human Heart Model

Cardiovascular system consists of three parts which are heart, blood and blood vessels. It is a part of the circulatory system which circulates blood in our body. The function of the heart is as a pump of blood through a closed system which is called as blood vessels. In plasma, the blood acts as a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments. The human heart is located in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum. It is slightly to theleft of the middle of the chest, the heart is found between two lungs. In addition, humans have a closed circulatory system in which the blood travels in the vessel and is different from interstitial fluid. Humans have double circulation which are two different separate circuits (pulmonary and systemic circuit) and the blood will pass through the heart twice. In short, the pulmonary circuit is between lungs and heart while systemic circuit is between body cells and heart.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary arteries in pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary artery is the only artery that transports deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. From the lungs’ pulmonary arteries to capillary vessels, the deoxygenated blood flows. The alveolus in the lungs and the capillaries that envelop the alveolus share respiratory gaseous. Oxygenated blood returns to the bloodstream via pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood to the heart. Then the oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium contraction of the left atrium carries the blood to the left ventricle and passes through the mitral valve. The left ventricle pumps high-pressure blood to the aorta, then passes through the aortic semilunar valve and brings blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

According to the human heart model above, the left septum is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle. Since the left ventricle pumps oxygenatedblood, it requires more force and pressure to ensure the blood can be transferred across thebody. The blood from arteries enters the capillary in tissue and organs of the body in systemic circulation. The gasses exchanged between the cells and the capillaries. Then, the deoxygenated blood will return to the heart by superior vena cava (deoxygenated blood from upperbody) and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood from lower body). Blood eventually enters the right atrium and the blood will be carried to the right ventricles and pass through the tricuspidvalve when the contraction of the right atrium happens.

4.1 Artery and Veins

Arteries are blood veins that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Veins, on the other hand, are blood channels that transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries and veins are the two primary kinds of blood vessels in the body. The cardiovascular system provides constant oxygen to the body by pumping blood via the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The pulmonary circuit links the heart to the lung, while the systemic circuit connects the heart to all body organs save the lungs and is a larger loop.

Under high pressure, arteries transport oxygenated blood fromthe heart. Arteries have thick and elastic walls to handle this pressure. Arteries contain lowerlumens that serve to keep the blood pressure in the system stable. It also lacks valves, excluding the semilunar valve in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The vessels in veins, on the other hand, are thin-walled and contain a big lumen. This is because veins carry deoxygenated blood out from tissues at low pressure, resulting in a wide lumen. Because blood travels against gravity more slowly and often, valves and a wider lumen guarantee that it is carried effectively. As the volume of blood in the veins rises, they might widen. Veins also feature valves to prevent low-pressure blood from flowing back and to ensure unidirectional blood flow.

The tunica intima, tunica medium, and tunica adventitia/externa arethe three layers that make up the blood vessels. Tunica intima is an inner lining made up of endothelium and basal lamina, a thin layer of connective tissue. The purpose of this layer is to offer a smooth inner surface that reduces blood flow resistance. The tunica medium is the intermediate muscular and elastic layer. Smooth muscle and elastic fiber make up this structure. The smooth muscle enables blood vessels to constrict and dilate, as well as control blood flow, while the elastic fiber allows blood vessels to stretch and rebound in order to keep blood pressure stable. The tunica adventitia/externa layer, often known as the outer layer, is madeup of collagen and connective tissues. Collagen's primary role is to make blood vessel walls robust and durable so that blood may flow freely.

essential for the immune system, can be formed from monocytes. While lymphocytes are responsible for generating immune responses against foreign substances in the body as well as antibodies to combat foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses, they are also responsible for producing immune responses against bacteria and viruses.

Conclusion

To conclude, the cardiovascular system has three important parts which are the heart, blood and the blood vessels. The cardiovascular system is one of themost important systems in the human body that transport blood across all parts of the body. In this experiment, we could identify the structure and the function of the cardiovascular system based on the human heart model and the pictures of arteries and veins along with the smear ofblood. The types of the blood cells and the leukocytes have been discovered as well in this experiment. The structure and the function of every part or element has been observed and identified. Based on the experiment, we could conclude that every element and cell has theirown structure, type and function that are all necessary for the cardiovascular system.

4 Measurement of Heart Rate

Materials and Apparatus

● Six (6) subjects (participating students) ● Stopwatch

Procedure

4.2 Heart Rate Before Exercise 1. The artery (radial artery) in the wrist was found. 2. The tips of the first two fingers of one hand were placed on the palm side of the wrist. 3. The wrist was pressed quite firmly to feel the pulse of blood which each heartbeat sends through the artery. 4. The pulse was counted for 15 seconds and recorded the result. 5. The amount was multiplied by four to get beats per minute (heart rate). 6. The same procedure was repeated twice. 7. The procedure was replicated for another five subjects. 8. The heart rate was recorded and calculated to get the mean values.

4.2 Heart Rate After Exercise 1. The subject was engaged in a physical activity for 3 minutes. 2. The heart rate was immediately measured following the steps in experiment 4.2. 3. Data was collected and recorded. 4. Results of heart rate before and after exercise were compared for all six subjects.

Discussion

Based on the result conducted by 6 students, we find out that theaverage impulse of every student before exercise is around 80. compared with the pulse after exercise, the contrasts are quite large. This is because during exercise, the body's oxygen demand increases, and a variety of physiological changes occur, including an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Two fundamentalchanges in blood flow are made to fulfill the need for oxygen which is an increase in the amount of blood pumped each minute by the heart, or cardiac output, and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active skeletal muscle. The heart must pump blood at a sufficient velocity to maintain an adequate and continuous supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the brain and other critical organs for the body to function properly. The word "cardiac output" refers to the amount of blood your heart pumps each minute.

During activity, they breathe quickly to absorb more oxygen, and their oxygen levels in the body quickly recover to normal. The wrist artery has a pulse that can be felt. In this experiment, we measured the heart rate using the tips of our first two fingers, which equals every beat per minute. We don't use our thumbs since we can tell they have their own beat. In this trial, the radial artery was the artery that was felt. Because the transport of oxygen increases during activity, so does the pulse rate.

Conclusion

We were able to locate our radial artery, which we could utilize to check our pulse. We discovered that when the subjects completed the exercise, their heart rates increased because their hearts required pumping more blood so that oxygen could diffuse into the cell body faster and be used in cell respiration. During this experiment, we discovered that everyone's heart rate is different, and that when we exercise intensively, our heart rate rises.

References

1. MyHealth.Alberta. (2019). Alberta. myhealth.alberta/ 2. Health Engine (2006 June 26), Cardiovascular system (heart) anatomy, Retrieved healthengine.com/info/cardiovascular-system-heart#:~:text=The%20cardiovas cular%20syst em%20can%20be,are%20like%20the%20delivery%20routes

3. Solomon, E, at al (2018) Biology (11th ed), Cengage Learning

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BIO095 LAB Report 4

Module:
Foundation Biology (BIO091)

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BIO095

LAB REPORT

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY & BLOOD AGGLUTINATION

PREPARED FOR:

DR MAZHANI BINTI MUHAMAD

PREPARED BY:

NAME

STUDENT ID

GROUP

DATE OF SUBMISSION

April 2022

Introduction

The cardiovascular system assists in ensuring that blood has enough pressure to go

throughout the body. The system is divided into two circulations: pulmonary circulation and

systemic circulation. Blood is transported between the lungs and the heart in pulmonary

circulation, whereas blood is transported between the heart and all other regions of the body

save the lungs in systemic circulation. To ensure good circulation, the cardiovascular system

has developed with several unique features. The left ventricle, for example, is the thickest

muscular part in our human heart, which is split into four chambers. The thickest layer of the

muscle segment aids in the production of a high enough pressure to deliver blood to the body's

cells. The arteries are also thicker than the veins and capillaries in the body. The objective of the

layer's different thicknesses is to keep the structure together when it is subjected to extreme

pressure. This cardiovascular system aids in maintaining a healthy blood flow in our bodies so

that they may perform at their best.

As our cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting multiple biological

components in our body, the rate by which it operates also varies depending on the condition. In

order to measure the rate easily, the term used will bw heart rate. Heart rate is defined as the

number of ventricular contractions per minute. Multiplication of heart rate and the stroke volume

would give you a cardiac output. Despite that, it is easier to measure the heart rate by using

physical sensors. Heart rate can be either increased or decreased depending on the situation. If

an individual were to be doing vigorous activity then the heart complimented the action by

inducing more concentration and relaxation. This is because the body requires more volume of

blood to be transported to the cell to maintain a relatively optimal homeostasis level.

Objectives

1. To study the structure and function of the cardiovascular system.

2. To measure heart rate at rest.

3. To investigate the effect of exercise towards heart rate.

4. To observe different types of blood cells in prepared slides.

5. To identify different types of leukocytes in blood smear.

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Discussion

4.1.1 Human Heart Model

Cardiovascular system consists of three parts which are heart, blood and blood vessels.

It is a part of the circulatory system which circulates blood in our body. The function of the heart

is as a pump of blood through a closed system which is called as blood vessels. In plasma, the

blood acts as a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments. The human heart is

located in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum. It is slightly to the left of the middle of the

chest, the heart is found between two lungs. In addition, humans have a closed circulatory

system in which the blood travels in the vessel and is different from interstitial fluid. Humans

have double circulation which are two different separate circuits (pulmonary and systemic

circuit) and the blood will pass through the heart twice. In short, the pulmonary circuit is between

lungs and heart while systemic circuit is between body cells and heart.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve

and into the pulmonary arteries in pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary artery is the only artery that

transports deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. From the lungs’ pulmonary arteries to

capillary vessels, the deoxygenated blood flows. The alveolus in the lungs and the capillaries

that envelop the alveolus share respiratory gaseous. Oxygenated blood returns to the

bloodstream via pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood

to the heart. Then the oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium. The contraction of the left

atrium carries the blood to the left ventricle and passes through the mitral valve. The left

ventricle pumps high-pressure blood to the aorta, then passes through the aortic semilunar

valve and brings blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

According to the human heart model above, the left septum is thicker and more muscular

than the right ventricle. Since the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood, it requires more force

and pressure to ensure the blood can be transferred across the body. The blood from arteries

enters the capillary in tissue and organs of the body in systemic circulation. The gasses

exchanged between the cells and the capillaries. Then, the deoxygenated blood will return to

the heart by superior vena cava (deoxygenated blood from upper body) and inferior vena cava

(deoxygenated blood from lower body). Blood eventually enters the right atrium and the blood

will be carried to the right ventricles and pass through the tricuspid valve when the contraction of

the right atrium happens.

4.1.2 Artery and Veins

Arteries are blood veins that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the

body. Veins, on the other hand, are blood channels that transport deoxygenated blood back to

the heart. Arteries and veins are the two primary kinds of blood vessels in the body. The

cardiovascular system provides constant oxygen to the body by pumping blood via the

pulmonary and systemic circuits. The pulmonary circuit links the heart to the lung, while the

systemic circuit connects the heart to all body organs save the lungs and is a larger loop.

Under high pressure, arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart. Arteries have

thick and elastic walls to handle this pressure. Arteries contain lower lumens that serve to keep

the blood pressure in the system stable. It also lacks valves, excluding the semilunar valve in

the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The vessels in veins, on the other hand, are thin-walled and

contain a big lumen. This is because veins carry deoxygenated blood out from tissues at low

pressure, resulting in a wide lumen. Because blood travels against gravity more slowly and

often, valves and a wider lumen guarantee that it is carried effectively. As the volume of blood in

the veins rises, they might widen. Veins also feature valves to prevent low-pressure blood from

flowing back and to ensure unidirectional blood flow.

The tunica intima, tunica medium, and tunica adventitia/externa are the three layers that

make up the blood vessels. Tunica intima is an inner lining made up of endothelium and basal

lamina, a thin layer of connective tissue. The purpose of this layer is to offer a smooth inner

surface that reduces blood flow resistance. The tunica medium is the intermediate muscular and

elastic layer. Smooth muscle and elastic fiber make up this structure. The smooth muscle

enables blood vessels to constrict and dilate, as well as control blood flow, while the elastic fiber

allows blood vessels to stretch and rebound in order to keep blood pressure stable. The tunica

adventitia/externa layer, often known as the outer layer, is made up of collagen and connective

tissues. Collagen's primary role is to make blood vessel walls robust and durable so that blood

may flow freely.

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BIO095 LAB Report 4

Foundation Biology (BIO091)

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Recommended for you

Comments

Students also viewed

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Related Studylists

Preview text

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BIO

LAB REPORT

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY & BLOOD AGGLUTINATION

PREPARED FOR:

DR MAZHANI BINTI MUHAMAD

PREPARED BY:

NO NAME STUDENT ID GROUP

1 2 3 4 5 6

DATE OF SUBMISSION

April 2022

Introduction

Objectives

Results

HUMAN HEART MODEL

ARTERY AND VEIN

Discussion

Conclusion

4 Measurement of Heart Rate

Materials and Apparatus

Procedure

Discussion

Conclusion

References

BIO095 LAB Report 4

Module: Foundation Biology (BIO091)

University: Universiti Teknologi MARA

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Module:
Foundation Biology (BIO091)

University:
Universiti Teknologi MARA