1.На каком уровне перерезка спинного мозга ведет к моментальной смерти? a) II грудной сегмент; b) I-II шейный сегмент; c) V - VI шейный сегмент; d) VIII грудной сегмент; e) VII шейный сегмент; 2. У какого животного симптомы спинальный шока сохраняются дольше? a) у лягушки; b) у змеи; c) у кролика; d) у кошки; e) у обезьяны 3. Децеребрационная ригидность возникает при перерезки ствола головного мозга на уровне: a) выше зрительных бугров; b)тотчас ниже красных ядер; c) ниже продолговатого мозга; d) выше гипоталамуса; e) выше базальных ганглиев; 4. Разрушение каких ядер устраняет децеребрационную ригидность: a) ядер диафрагмальных нервов; b) ядер лицевого нерва; c) ядер тройничного нерва; d) ядер Дейтерса в продолговатом мозге; e) ядер блуждающего нерва; 5. Какие ядра гипоталамуса вызывают симпатический эффект? a) вентромедиальные; b) передние; c)задние; d) вентролатеральные; e) супраоптическое и паравентрикулярное; 6. МК. Какие отделы головного мозга участвуют в эмоциональных реакциях? a)гипоталамус; b) кора больших полушарий; c) таламус ; d)лимбическая система; e) базальные ганглии; 7. МК. В каких отделах головного мозга расположены преганглионарные нейроны парасимпатической системы? a) в промежуточном мозге; b) в продолговатом мозге; c) в Варольевом мосту; d) в среднем мозге; e) в мозжечке; 8. ПК. В каких отделах спинного мозга расположены преганглионарные нейроны парасимпатической нервной системы? a) в крестцовом; b) в грудном;
c) в поясничном; d) в верхнем шейном; e) в нижнем шейном; 9. МК. Где расположены тела преганглионарных нейронов симпатической нервной системы? a) в передних рогах спинного мозга; b) в задних рогах спинного мозга; c) в боковых рогах поясничных сегментов; d) в боковых рогах I-XII грудных сегментов; e) в шейном отделе спинного мозга; 10. ПК. Симпатические преганглионарные нейроны являются: a) адренэргическими; b) холинэргическими; c) дофаминэргическими; d) серотонинэргическими; e) гистаминэргическими; 11. ПК. Симпатические постганглионарные нейроны преимущественно являются: a) адренэргическими; b) холинэргическими; c) дофаминэргическими; d) серотонинэргическими; e) пуринэргическими; 12. МК. Холинэргическими рецепторами являются: a) альфа; b) мускариновые; c) бета; d) никотиновые; e) опиоидные; 13. МК. Адренэргическими рецепторами являются: a) мускариновые; b) альфа; c) никотиновые; d) бета; e) опиоидные; 14. МК. Мускариновые рецепторы находятся: a) во всех эффекторных клетках, возбуждаемых постганглионарными нейронами парасимпатической нервной системой; b) в синапсах между пре- и постганглионарными нейронами симпатической нервной системы; c) на уровне скелетных мышечных волокон в нервно-мышечных синапсах; d) в клетках, возбуждаемых постганглионарными холинэргическими нейронами симпатической нервной системы; e) в стенках периферических кровеносных сосудов;
15.МК. Раздражение симпатического нерва: a) увеличивает силу и частоту сокращения сердца; b) уменьшает силу и частоту сокращения сердца; c) суживает кровеносные сосуды внутренних органов и кожи; d) расширяет кровеносные сосуды внутренних органов и кожи; e) увеличивает сердечный выброс и сопротивление кровотоку; 16. МК. Стимуляция симпатического нерва вызывает: a) снижение потовыделения; b) обильное потовыделение; c) расширение бронхов; d) сужение бронхов; e) снижение тонуса и перистальтики кишечника; 17. МК. Стимуляция симпатического нерва вызывает: a) сужение сфинктеров (пилорического, желчного пузыря, мочевого пузыря); b) расслабление сфинктеров (пилорического, желчного пузыря, мочевого пузыря); c) повышение скорости свертывания крови; d) повышение основного обмена; e) снижение основного обмена; 18. МК. Раздражение парасимпатического нерва вызывает: a) сужение зрачка (миоз); b) расширение зрачка (мидриаз); c) обильную секрецию пищеварительных соков; d) уменьшение секреции пищеварительных соков; e) сужение бронхов; 19. МК. Стимуляция парасимпатического нерва: a) усиливает перистальтику и тонус кишечника; b) ослабляет перистальтику и тонус кишечника; c) расслабляет сфинктеры (пилорический, желчного пузыря, мочевого пузыря); d) сокращает мышцу мочевого пузыря; e) расслабляет мышцу мочевого пузыря; 20. МК. Какие вегетативные рефлексы используются в медицине для установления состояния ВНС? a) рефлекс Данини-Ашнера; b) кардио-респираторный рефлекс (дыхательная аритмия); c) ортостатическая реакция; d) рефлекс Гольца; e) рефлекс Геринга-Брейера; 21. ПК. Какой конец перерезанного нерва дегенерирует ? a) периферический; b) центральный; c) одновременно оба; d) сначала центральный, затем периферический; e) сначала периферический, затем центральный; 22. МК. Какое вещество является парасимпатомиметиком/парасимпатолитиком? a) ацетилхолин - парасимпатолитик; b) атропин - парасимпатолитик; c) атропин - парасимпатомиметик;
d) ацетилхолин - парасимпатомиметик; e) аминазин - парасимпатомиметик; 23. МК. Какое вещество является симпатомиметиком? a) ацетилхолин; b) аминазин; c) адреналин; d) норадреналин; e) атропин; 24. МК. Хемозависимыми ионными каналами постсинаптической мембраны являются: a) каналы для натрия; b) каналы для кальция; c) каналы для калия; d) каналы для хлора; e) каналы для водорода; 25. МК. Аксоны преганглионарных нейронов относят к волокнам типа: a) А; b) В; c) С; d) амиелиновые; e)миелиновые; 26. МК. Аксоны постганглионарных нейронов относят к волокнам типа: a) А; b) В; c)С; d) миелиновые; e)амиелиновые; 27. ПК. Все перечисленные процессы возникают при раздражении симпатической нервной системы, за ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЕМ: a) торможение перистальтики; b) сокращение радиальной мышцы радужной оболочки; c) секреция ренина; d)секреция инсулина; e) расширение сосудов скелетных мышц; 28. МК. Раздражение симпатической нервной системы вызывает: a) сокращение радиальных мышечных волокон радужной оболочки и расширение зрачка (мидриаз); b) сокращение циркулярной мышцы радужной оболочки и сужение зрачка (миоз); c) концентрированную секрецию железистых клеток; d) сокращение кровеносных сосудов, которые кровоснабжают железы; e) обильную секрецию железистых клеток; 29. МК. Симпатические реакции, сопровождающие физический или интеллектуальный стресс: a) повышение кровяного давления; b) повышение гликолиза в печени и мышцах; c) снижение гликолиза в печени и мышцах;
This document contains a set of past exam questions on the functioning of the nervous system, including topics about the spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamic nuclei, and emotional reactions. The questions cover a range of physiological processes related to the nervous system.
Full Transcript
## Questions about nervous system functioning
1. On which level of the spinal cord transection leads to instant death?
* II thoracic segment;
* I-II cervical segment;
* V-VI cervical segment;
* VIII thoracic segment;
* VII cervical segment;
2. In what animal, the sy...
## Questions about nervous system functioning
1. On which level of the spinal cord transection leads to instant death?
* II thoracic segment;
* I-II cervical segment;
* V-VI cervical segment;
* VIII thoracic segment;
* VII cervical segment;
2. In what animal, the symptoms of spinal shock persist longer?
* frog;
* snake;
* rabbit;
* cat;
* monkey
3. Decerebrate rigidity occurs when the brainstem is transected at the level of:
* above the thalamus;
* immediately below the red nuclei;
* below the medulla oblongata;
* above the hypothalamus;
* above the basal ganglia;
4. The destruction of which nuclei eliminates decerebrate rigidity?
* nuclei of the phrenic nerves;
* nuclei of the facial nerves;
* nuclei of the trigeminal nerve;
* Deiters' nuclei in the medulla oblongata;
* nuclei of the vagus nerve;
5. What hypothalamic nuclei induce sympathetic effects?
* ventromedial;
* anterior;
* posterior;
* ventrolateral;
* supraoptic and paraventricular;
6. What brain regions participate in emotional reactions?
* hypothalamus;
* cerebral cortex;
* thalamus;
* limbic system;
* basal ganglia;
7. Where are preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system located in the brain?
* in the diencephalon;
* in the medulla oblongata;
* in the pons;
* in the midbrain;
* in the cerebellum;
8. Where are preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located in the spinal cord?
* in the sacral;
* in the thoracic;
9. Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located?
* in the anterior horns of the spinal cord;
* in the posterior horns of the spinal cord;
* in the lateral horns of the lumbar segments;
* in the lateral horns of the I-XII thoracic segments;
* in the cervical part of the spinal cord;
10. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are:
* adrenergic;
* cholinergic;
* dopaminergic;
* serotoninergic;
* histaminergic;
11. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are predominantly:
* adrenergic;
* cholinergic;
* dopaminergic;
* serotoninergic;
* purinergic;
12. Cholinergic receptors are:
* alpha;
* muscarinic;
* beta;
* nicotinic;
* opioid;
13. Adrenergic receptors are:
* muscarinic;
* alpha;
* nicotinic;
* beta;
* opioid;
14. Muscarinic receptors are located:
* in all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system;
* in synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system;
* at the level of skeletal muscle fibers in neuromuscular synapses;
* in cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system;
* in the walls of peripheral blood vessels;
15. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve:
* increases the strength and frequency of heart contractions;
* decreases the strength and frequency of heart contractions;
* constricts blood vessels of internal organs and skin;
* dilates blood vessels of internal organs and skin;
* increases cardiac output and vascular resistance;
16. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve causes:
* decreased sweating;
* abundant sweating;
* bronchodilation;
* bronchoconstriction;
* decreased intestinal tone and peristalsis;
17. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve causes:
* constriction of sphincters (pyloric, gallbladder, bladder);
* relaxation of sphincters (pyloric, gallbladder, bladder);
* increased coagulation rate;
* increased basal metabolism;
* decreased basal metabolism;
18. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve causes:
* pupil constriction (miosis);
* pupil dilation (mydriasis);
* abundant secretion of digestive juices;
* decreased secretion of digestive juices;
* bronchoconstriction;
19. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve:
* increases peristalsis and intestinal tone;
* reduces peristalsis and intestinal tone;
* relaxes sphincters (pyloric, gallbladder, bladder);
* contracts the bladder muscle;
* relaxes the bladder muscle;
20. What autonomic reflexes are used in medicine to assess the condition of the ANS?
* Danini-Ashner reflex;
* cardio-respiratory reflex (respiratory arrhythmia);
* orthostatic reaction;
* Goltz reflex;
* Hering-Breuer reflex;
21. Which end of a severed nerve degenerates?
* peripheral;
* central;
* both at the same time;
* first central, then peripheral;
* first peripheral, then central;
22. What substance is a parasympathomimetic/parasympatholytic?
* acetylcholine - parasympatholytic;
* atropine - parasympatholytic;
* atropine - parasympathomimetic;
* acetylcholine - parasympathomimetic;
* aminazine - parasympathomimetic;
23. What substance is a sympathomimetic?
* acetylcholine;
* aminazine;
* adrenaline;
* noradrenaline;
* atropine;
24. Chem-dependent ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane are:
* channels for sodium;
* channels for calcium;
* channels for potassium;
* channels for chlorine;
* channels for hydrogen;
25. The axons of preganglionic neurons belong to type A fibers:
* A;
* B;
* C;
* unmyelinated;
* myelinated;
26. The axons of postganglionic neurons belong to type A fibers:
* A;
* B;
* C;
* myelinated;
* unmyelinated;
27. All listed processes occur when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, EXCEPT:
* inhibition of peristalsis;
* contraction of the radial muscle of the iris;
* renin secretion;
* insulin secretion;
* dilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscles;
28. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes:
* contraction of the radial muscle fibers of the iris and pupil dilation (mydriasis);
* contraction of the circular muscle of the iris and pupil constriction (miosis);
* concentrated secretion of glandular cells;
* constriction of blood vessels supplying glands;
* abundant secretion of glandular cells;
29. Sympathetic reactions accompanying physical or mental stress:
* increased blood pressure;
* increased glycolysis in the liver and muscles;
* decreased glycolysis in the liver and muscles;
* increased blood clotting speed;
* decreased intensity of intracellular metabolism;
30. Nicotinic receptors are located:
* at the level of autonomic sympathetic ganglia;
* at the level of autonomic parasympathetic ganglia;
* in effector organs innervated by the somatic nervous system;
* in visceral effector organs;
* in brain synapses;
31. Synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia:
* is electrical;
* involves acetylcholine release;
* is exclusively mediated by adrenergic receptors;
* involves muscarinic receptors;
* involves nicotinic receptors;
32. Which of the following receptors are activated by acetylcholine:
* alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors;
* beta-1 adrenergic receptors;
* beta-2 adrenergic receptors;
* nicotinic receptors;
* muscarinic receptors;
33. Which of the following hormones is not involved in regulating carbohydrate metabolism?
* adrenaline;
* insulin;
* glucagon;
* intermedin;
* thyroxine;
34. A decrease in body temperature occurs when:
* chemical thermoregulation is inhibited;
* heat receptors in the skin are stimulated;
* sympathetic centers in the posterior part of the hypothalamus are inhibited;
* secretion of the thyroid-stimulating hormone is decreased;
* sweating is inhibited;
35. Hypothalamic thermoregulation centers:
* are represented by the lateral and medial nuclei of the hypothalamus;
* have close connections with the reticular formation and the limbic system;
* are represented by heat production and heat dissipation centers;
* are represented by a hypothalamic thermostat;
* are represented by the middle hypothalamus;
36. The effect of ADH on the kidneys is as follows:
* increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts for water;
* increases the glomerular filtration rate;
* increases sodium excretion;
37. All of the following is caused by vasopressin, EXCEPT:
* increased diuresis;
* decreased diuresis;
* increased plasma volume;
* increased urine concentration;
* decreased plasma concentration;
38. Which symptom, from the following list, is NOT typical of Basedow's disease?
* increased alveolar ventilation;
* increased heart rate;
* increased thermogenesis;
* increased body weight;
* increased appetite;
39. Indicate the way mechanoreceptors are excited:
* exposure to electromagnetic waves;
* mechanical deformation of the receptor;
* increased temperature of the receptor membrane;
* exposure of the receptor membrane to a chemical substance;
* decreased temperature of the receptor membrane;
40. Specify the correct answer regarding the regulation of fat metabolism. Lipid regulation does not involve:
* pituitary gland;
* pancreas;
* parathyroid glands;
* gonads;
* thyroid gland;
41. Choose the correct answers regarding basal metabolism:
* basal metabolism is the energy released as a result of the activity of internal organs in a complete state of rest and in the absence of external stimuli;
* basal metabolism can only be measured under conditions of comfort (standard conditions);
* basal metabolism is the energy released during physical activity of the organism;
* basal metabolism does not depend on mental or physical stimuli;
* basal metabolism of an adult is about 70 kcal/hour;
42. Indicate the correct answer regarding the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the intensity of metabolism:
* sympathetic stimulation increases the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 15%;
* sympathetic stimulation increases the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 50%;
* sympathetic stimulation reduces the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 15%;
* sympathetic stimulation reduces the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 50%;
* sympathetic stimulation does not change the intensity of metabolic processes in the organism;
43. Choose the correct answers regarding the ways of heat dissipation:
* through radiation, a person loses 60% of all heat;
* through conduction, giving 15% of all heat to the air;
* through conduction, giving 25% of all heat to surrounding objects;
* through conduction to the air, then by convection, a person loses 50% of all heat;
* through convection, a person loses 50% of all heat;
44. Choose the correct answers regarding heat dissipation through evaporation:
* when 1 gram of water evaporates from the body surface, 0.5 kcal or 12-16 kcal/hour is lost;
* evaporation occurs through the diffusion of water molecules, regardless of body temperature;
* additional heat removal by evaporation cannot be controlled by sweating;
* most of the heat is lost through evaporation;
* evaporation is not the main mechanism of decreasing body temperature;
45. Choose the correct answers regarding the effect of aldosterone on sweating:
* aldosterone increases active reabsorption of sodium in sweat ducts;
* aldosterone reduces sodium losses with sweating;
* aldosterone reduces active reabsorption of sodium in sweat ducts;
* aldosterone reduces chlorine reabsorption in sweat ducts;
* aldosterone increases sodium losses with sweating;
46. Choose the correct answer regarding the thermoregulation center:
* the thermoregulation center is located in the hypothalamus;
* the thermoregulation center is located in the medulla oblongata;
* spinal cord thermoreceptors cannot transmit impulses to the thermoregulation center;
* abdominal thermoreceptors do not transmit impulses to the thermoregulation center;
* the thermoregulation center controls only the body temperature in cases of increased temperature;
47. Choose the correct answers regarding the mechanisms of increasing heat loss during overheating:
* by stimulating sweat glands;
* by inhibiting sweat glands;
* by exciting the sympathetic center of the hypothalamus;
* by narrowing subcutaneous vessels;
* by inhibiting the sympathetic center of the hypothalamus
48. Choose the correct answers regarding the mechanisms of heat conservation when the body temperature drops:
* narrowing of subcutaneous vessels;
* piloerection and reduced sweating;
* chemical irritation of sympathetic centers;
* increased thyroxine secretion;
* muscle tremor;
49. Choose the correct answers regarding the mechanisms of increased heat generation when the body temperature drops:
* muscle tremors;
* increased thyroxine secretion;
* narrowing of subcutaneous vessels;
* piloerection;
* decreased sweating;
50. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT):
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus;
* during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism decreases;
* during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex decreases;
51. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT):
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is excited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus;
* during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism decreases;
* during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex decreases;
52. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT):
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is excited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus;
* during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism increases;
* during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex increases;
53. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT):
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors;
* the primary motor center of muscle tremor is excited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus;
* during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism decreases;
* during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex increases;
54. Increased tone of sympathetic nerves does NOT cause:
* increased strength of heart contractions;
* increased heart rate;
* decreased heart rate;
* decreased heart conduction;
* decreased heart excitability
55. The main vascular reflexogenic zones, where baroreceptors are concentrated, are located:
* in the brain;
* in the heart;
* in the carotid sinus;
* in the aortic arch;
* at the mouth of the vena cava
56. The first sensory neuron is located in:
* the anterior horns of the spinal cord;
* the posterior horns of the spinal cord;
* the lateral horns of the spinal cord;
* in the ganglia located on both sides of the spinal cord;
* in the sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves;
57. Basedow-Graves disease is confirmed by the following laboratory results:
* T3 and T4 are increased;
58. Which of the following hormone-corresponding action pairs is incorrect?
* glucagon - increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle;
* glucagon - increased glycogenolysis in the liver
* cortisol - increased gluconeogenesis
59. The table below shows the level of hormones in plasma. Which are the ovulation times on the time axis?
* C
60. Choose the correct statement about the location of N-cholinergic receptors:
* They are located in sympathetic autonomic ganglia.
* They are located in parasympathetic nerve ganglia
* They are located in smooth muscle
* They are located in skeletal muscles
* They are located in exocrine glands
61. Choose the correct statement about the effects of the autonomic nervous system:
* Sympathetic nervous system on the level of adipocytes stimulates lipolysis
* Parasympathetic nervous system does not affect adipocytes
* Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes
* Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the synthesis of lipids in adipocytes
* Parasympathetic nervous system (NS) reduces coagulation
62. Which of the following factors increase cortisol secretion:
* physical exertion;
* morning hours,
* deep inhalation,
* emotions;
* parasympathetic stimulation;
63. ADH has the following effects:
* Regulates osmotic homeostasis
* Controls extracellular sodium concentration
* Controls water absorption in the kidneys
* Controls volemia
* Controls extracellular potassium concentration
64. Which of the following changes occurs in type 1 diabetes?
* Reduced plasma osmolality
* Increased plasma pH
* Increased rate of lipolysis
65. Metabolic changes that occur during exercise:
* Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes
* Increased glucose uptake by muscles
* Inhibition of liver glycogenolysis
* Glucagon secretion is suppressed
* Insulin secretion is suppressed
66. Reduced cortisol secretion leads to:
* Reduced ACTH secretion
* Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis
* Increased lipogenesis
* Decreased somatomedin concentration in plasma
* Increased blood glucose
67. Active vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and parathyroid hormone have the following effects:
* Reduce the concentration of Ca2+ in plasma
* Increase the concentration of phosphates in plasma
* Reduce calcium excretion by the kidneys
* Increase calcium absorption in the intestines
* Reduce phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
68. After abundant carbohydrate intake, the following can be observed in the body:
* Increased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis;
* Increased glycogenolysis;
* Increased glycogenesis;
* ACTH secretion
* Decreased cortisol concentration in the blood;
69. The figure shows the pathway of the sympathetic nervous system. Indicate the neurotransmitter secreted by neuron number 2:
* Noradrenaline
70. Choose the correct statement:
* Parathyroid hormone reduces the concentration of Ca2+ and P3+ in saliva;
* Thyroxine increases salivation;
* Aldosterone reduces sodium absorption at the level of salivary gland ducts;
* Salivation decreases during pregnancy;
* Testosterone reduces salivation;
71. The effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system are:
* Pupil dilation
* Vascular constriction
* Bronchodilation mediated by α-adrenergic receptors
* Bronchoconstriction mediated by M-cholinergic receptors
* Pupil constriction
72. Somatomedin C:
* has insulin-like effects
* inhibits insulin secretion
* secretion is stimulated by STG
* is synthesized in the adenohypophysis
* is synthesized in the liver and cartilage
73. On the 14th day of a normal menstrual cycle:
* the regeneration of the functional endometrium begins;
* the concentration of circulating progesterone reaches its maximum;
* the amount of endometrial glycogen is optimal for implantation;
* the concentration of circulating prolactin reaches its maximum;
* the spiral arteries of the endometrium begin to constrict;
74. A large dose of insulin is administered intravenously to a patient. Which of the following sets of hormonal changes occurs in the plasma?
* growth hormone^ glucagon^ adrenaline^
75. Which of the following sets of physiological changes should be expected in a non-diabetic patient with Basedow's disease?
* aldosterone^ cortisol^ insulin^
76. Choose the incorrect statements:
* vasopressin - vasoconstrictor hormone;
* hydrogen ions and CO2 have a vasoconstrictor function;
* Acetylcholine - mediator that causes vasodilation;
* Hydrogen ions and CO2 have a vasodilating function;
* Acetylcholine - mediator that causes vasoconstriction;
77. The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus synthesizes:
* ADH
* STH
* FSH
* ACTH
* oxytocin
78. Choose the correct answers from the "hormone-effect" phrases:
* GH - negative nitrogen balance
* Inhibin - inactivation of testosterone
* Cortisol - hyperglycemia
* Thyroxine - positive chronotropic and inotropic effects
* Insulin - catabolizes fats
79. Hypersecretion of STH in an adult can lead to:
* Inhibition of amino acid transport
* Hypoglycemia
* Acromegaly
* Atrophy of the gonads
* Stimulates urea formation
80. Metabolic changes that DO NOT occur during the postprandial state (vegetative, general symptoms after 1 hour after eating)
* Increased glucose uptake rate
* Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes
* Activation of glycogenolysis in muscles and liver
* Reduced lipolysis
* Increased glucose uptake rate by muscles
81. The effect of the interaction of norepinephrine with α-adrenergic receptors:
* relaxation of the intestinal muscles
* relaxation of the diaphragm
* contraction of intestinal muscles
* vasoconstriction;
* pupil constriction
82. Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) is associated with:
* hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity;
* hypoglycemia;
* reduced ACTH secretion;
* hyperkalemia;
* hyperpigmentation;
83. Which glands respond to parasympathetic stimulation:
* salivary glands
* apocrine glands of the armpits
* lacrimal glands
* nasal glands
* adrenal medulla
84. On the 14th day of a normal menstrual cycle:
* the functional endometrium begins to restore;
* the concentration of circulating progesterone reaches its maximum;
* the amount of endometrial glycogen is optimal for implantation;
* spiral arteries in the endometrium begin to contract;
* the concentration of circulating LH reaches its maximum;
85. Adrenal diabetes (steroid) is caused by:
* hypersecretion of glucocorticoids !!
* hypersecretion of adrenaline and norepinephrine;
* insufficient insulin;
* hyposecretion of glucocorticoids;
* deficiency of antidiuretic hormone;
86. Prolactin:
* initiates ovulation;
* is the main lactogenic hormone
* inhibits the growth of mammary glands
* its secretion is inhibited by dopamine
* its secretion is controlled by TRH
87. Which of the following changes will occur in response to an insulin injection?
* Increased calcitonin secretion
* Increased growth hormone secretion
* Decreased growth hormone secretion
* Increased glucagon secretion
* Decreased glucagon secretion
88. Choose the correct statement regarding the effects of the sympathetic nervous system:
* Inhibits intestinal activity
* Inhibits stomach activity
* Inhibits heart function
* Increases intestinal and stomach activity
* Increases heart function
89. Choose the correct statement regarding parasympathetic nerve fibers:
* Represented by the facial nerve
* Represented by the glossopharyngeal nerve
* Represented by the oculomotor nerve
* Nerves originate from the thoracic region of the spinal cord
* Represented by the trigeminal nerve
90. Metabolic changes that occur during exercise:
* Glucagon secretion is suppressed
* Inhibition of liver glycogenolysis
* Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes
* Increased glucose uptake by muscles
91. Insulin regulates glucose transport in the following ways:
* It carries out transport against the concentration gradient
* It increases trans-epithelial transport in renal tubules
* It increases transport at the brain level
* It increases facilitated transmembrane diffusion with the help of GLUT-4
* It increases transport through the intestinal mucosa
92. Segmental distribution of sympathetic nerve fibers
* Sympathetic fibers from segment T2 - in the cervical region
* From segment T1 - end in the head
93. Bronchoconstriction is mediated by:
* Muscarinic receptors
94. Adrenaline on α-receptors determines:
* Erection
* Vascular constriction
* Vascular dilation
* Pupil constriction
* Pupil dilation
95. High parathyroid hormone levels in the blood can lead to an increase in:
* Collagen synthesis
* Number of active osteoblasts
* Calcium absorption at the level of renal tubules
* Inorganic phosphorus concentration in plasma
* Synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol in plasma
96. Which of the following substances can dilate the pupil:
* Nicotine
* Adrenaline
* Metacholine
* Atropine
* Acetylcholine
97. The effects of the parasympathetic nervous system:
* The ANS has no effect on metabolism
* The ANS reduces basal metabolic rate by 50%
* The ANS has no effect on lipodemia
* The ANS increases basal metabolic rate by 100%
* The ANS increases lipodemia
98. Choose the correct hormone-effect pairs:
* Cortisol - hyperglycemia
* Insulin - anabolic effect
* Oxytocin - uterine contraction and childbirth
* STH - neuronal differentiation
99. Which of the following changes occurs in the absence of insulin?
* Amino acid uptake into cells is stimulated
* Enzymes of the liver that contribute to gluconeogenesis are inhibited
* Protein catabolism is inhibited
* Protein catabolism is increased
* Enzymes of the liver that contribute to gluconeogenesis are activated
100. STH has the following properties, except for one:
* Supports a positive nitrogen balance
* Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue
* Stimulates ketogenesis
* Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver
* Controls hypothalamic secretion of somatotropin
101. Choose the most active iodothyronine:
* Triiodothyroacetic acid TRIAC
* Tetraiodothyronine T4
* Troglobulin
* Reverse triiodothyronine RT3
* Triiodothyronine T3
102. The caloric effect of thyroid hormones is manifested in the following:
* Stimulation of neuro-psychological activity
* Interaction with the receptor system of the target cell
* Increased activity of the membrane Na+-K+-ATP-phase
* Increased number of mitochondria in target cells
* Increased number of adrenergic receptors
103. When the sympathetic nerve in the cervical region of a rabbit is severed in Claude Bernard's experiment, the following occurs:
* The ear turns pale
* The ear warms up
* The ear turns cold
* The vessels constrict
* The ear turns red
104. Choose the correct (Yes) or incorrect (No) statements (about PTH)
* PTH receptors are located in osteoclasts - NO
105. Choose the correct answer regarding glucose metabolism:
* Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are functions of the liver;
* Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from glycogen;
* Glucose can be stored in the form of glycogen or fat;
* Gluconeogenesis is activated during hypoglycemia;
* Glycogenesis increases when cellular ATP is depleted;
106. Which of the following substances can constrict the pupil:
* Acetylcholine
* Norepinephrine
* Adrenaline
* Atropine
107. The heroine of a play, at the height of stress, exclaimed: “You can consider me immoral, but I want to eat!”. This state can be explained:
* Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system
* Increased concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood
* Excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system
* Reduced adrenaline concentration in the blood
* Increased concentration of endorphins in the blood
108. Select the factors that increase insulin secretion:
* Alpha-adrenergic stimulation
* Leptin
* Somatotropin
* Somatostatin
* Beta-adrenergic stimulation
109. Choose the correct answer:
* Cortisol has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects;
* Thyroid hormones increase oxygen consumption and also basal metabolism;
* Cortisol reduces lipolysis;
* Cortisol reduces the amount of AA;
* Increased AA levels in the blood determine increased CT release.
110. Choose the correct answer:
* Normally, parathyroid hormone increases osteoblast activity.
111. Calcium absorption is increased with:
* Iron overload.
* Vitamin D3 presence;
* Increased sodium absorption;
* Hypercalcemia;
* Presence of oxalates and phosphates in the diet
112. Choose the correct answer:
* The secretion of oxytocin and ADH are regulated by hypothalamic releasing factors;
* ADH deficiency leads to increased diuresis;
* ADH exerts its effect after attaching to membrane receptors of the epithelial cells of the renal tubules;
* Oxytocin and ADH are released as a result of neuroendocrine reflexes;
* Oxytocin stimulates milk synthesis in the mammary glands.
113. The bladder muscle can contract:
* Norepinephrine
* Adrenaline
* Parasympathetic system
* Acetylcholine
114. Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis:
* Cortisol
* Somatotropin
* Glucagon
* Thyroxine
* Insulin
115. Which of the following changes DOES NOT occur in type 1 diabetes?
* Osmotic diuresis
* Insulin resistance
* Increased blood pH
* Formation of a large amount of ketone bodies
* Increased rate of lipolysis
116. During protein metabolism, cortisol (glucocorticoid) causes:
* Increased protein accumulation in the liver and plasma
* Increased protein breakdown
117. Primary hyperthyroidism is characterized by:
* T4 and T3 are elevated and TSH is decreased;
* Primary changes in thyroid hormone levels with negative feedback effects on TSH secretion;
* T4 and T3 are elevated and TSH unchanged;
* T3 and T4 are elevated and TSH elevated;
* Primary changes in the level of thyroid hormones with a positive feedback effect on TSH secretion;
118. Beta-receptors activate G-proteins, which, in turn, activate:
* Adenylate cyclase
* Protein kinase A
* Phospholipase C
* Protein kinase C
* Calmodulin
119. How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect iris muscles and pupil diameter?
* Decreases pupil diameter
* Has no effect
* Causes contraction of the circular muscles of the iris
* Increases pupil diameter
120. What neurotransmitter is released in the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
* Acetylcholine
121. How do sympathetic nerves affect the heart rate and force of heart contractions?
* Have no effect
* Reduce the strength and frequency
* Cause positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
* Cause negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
122. How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect oxygen consumption by the body?
* It has no effect
* Increases
123. How does stimulation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system affect energy processes in the body?
* Activates processes associated with energy expenditure
* Activates processes of energy accumulation in the body
* Has no effect
124. How does intense stimulation of the vagus nerve affect the heart?
* Increases the strength and frequency of contractions
