Abstract

A brief description and comparison of all known algorithms for enumerating all circuits of a graph is provided, and upper bounds on computation time of many algorithms are derived. The vector space method of circuit enumeration is discussed. It is proved that K3,K4,K4x and K3,3 are the only undirected and reduced graphs which do not have any edge-disjoint unions of circuits.

Keywords

  1. algorithms
  2. graph theory
  3. circuits
  4. dicircuits
  5. cycles
  6. circuit vector space
  7. circuit-graph
  8. adjacency matrix
  9. graph search
  10. backtrack

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References

1.
M. T. Ardon, N. R. Malik, A recursive algorithm for generating circuits and related subgraphs, 5th Asilomar Conf, on Circuits and Systems 5, Pacific Grove, Calif., 1971, 279–284, Nov.
2.
A. T. Berztiss, Data structures. Theory and practice, Academic Press, New York, 1971xiii+442
3.
A. T. Berztiss, A K -tree algorithm for simple cycles of a directed graph, Tech. Rep., 73-6, Dept. of Com-puter Sci., Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1973
4.
Dorwin Cartwright, Terry C. Gleason, The number of paths and cycles in a digraph, Psychometrika, 31 (1966), 179–199
5.
S. G. Chan, W. T. Chang, On the determination of dicircuits and dipaths, Proc. 2nd Hawaii Internat. Conf. System Sci., Honolulu, Hawaii, 1969, 155–158
6.
J. P. Char, Master circuit matrix, Proc. IEE (London), 115 (1968), 762–770
7.
J. P. Char, Master circuit matrix, Proc. IEE (London), 117 (1970), 1655–1656
8.
S. M. Chase, Analysis of algorithms for finding all spanning trees of a graph, Rep., 401, Dept. of Computer Sci., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., 1970, Ph.D. thesis
9.
G. H. Danielson, On finding the simple paths and circuits in a graph, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-15 (1968), 294–295
10.
Narsingh Deo, Graph theory with applications to engineering and computer science, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974xvii+478
11.
A. Ehrenfeucht, L. D. Fosdick, L. J. Osterweil, An algorithm for finding the elementary circuits of a directed graph, Tech. Rep., CU-CS-024-73, Dept, of Computer Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 1973
12.
R. W. Floyd, Nondeterministic algorithms, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 14 (1967), 636–644
13.
Norman E. Gibbs, A cycle generation algorithm for finite undirected linear graphs, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 16 (1969), 564–568
14.
J. Hopcroft, R. Tarjan, Efficient algorithms for graph manipulation, Comm. ACM, 16 (1973), 372–378
15.
H. T. Hsu, P. A. Honkanen, A fast minimal storage algorithm for determining all the elementary cycles of a graph, Computer Sci. Dept., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, 1972
16.
Donald B. Johnson, Finding all the elementary circuits of a directed graph, SIAM J. Comput., 4 (1975), 77–84
17.
Takahiko Kamae, A systematic method of finding all directed circuits and enumerating all directed paths, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-14 (1967), 166–172
18.
J. W. Lapatra, B. R. Myers, Algorithms for circuit enumeration, IEEE Internat. Convention Record, 1964 (1964), 368–373
19.
Prabhaker Mateti, Narsingh Deo, On algorithms for finding all circuits of a graph, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., 1973iii+41, UIUCDCD-R-73-585 (revised)
20.
L. M. Maxwell, G. B. Reed, Subgraph identification—Segs, circuits and paths, 8th Midwest Symp. on Circuit Theory, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., 1965, 13-0–13-10, June
21.
R. L. Norman, A matrix method for location of cycles of a directed graph, Amer. Inst. Chem. Engrs. J., 11 (1965), 450–452
22.
K. Paton, An algorithm for finding a fundamental set of cycles for an undirected linear graph, Comm. ACM, 12 (1969), 514–518
23.
Keith Paton, An algorithm for the blocks and cutnodes of a graph, Comm. ACM, 14 (1971), 468–475
24.
M. Prabhaker, Masters Thesis, Analysis of algorithms for finding all circuits of a graph, Master's tech. thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engrg., Indian Inst. of Tech., Kanpur, India, 1972
25.
J. Ponstein, Self-avoiding paths and the adjacency matrix of a graph, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 14 (1966), 600–609
26.
V. V. B. Rao, V. G. K Murti, Enumeration of all circuits of a graph, Proc. IEEE, 57 (1969), 700–701
27.
V. V. Bapeswara Rao, K. Sankara Rao, P. Sankaran, V. G. K. Murti, Planar graphs and circuits, Matrix Tensor Quart., 18 (1968), 88–91
28.
R. C. Read, R. E. Tarjan, Bounds on backtrack algorithms for listing cycles, paths, and spanning trees, Networks, 5 (1975), 237–252
29.
S. M. Roberts, Benito Flores, Systematic generation of Hamiltonian circuits, Comm. ACM, 9 (1966), 690–694
30.
M. M. Syslo, The elementary circuits of a graph, Algorithm 459, Comm. ACM, 16 (1973), 632–633, Errata: Ibid., 18 (1975), pp. 119.
31.
J. L. Szwarcfiter, P. E. Lauer, Finding the elementary cycles of a directed graph in O(n+m) per cycle, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1974, no. 60, May
32.
Robert Tarjan, Enumeration of the elementary circuits of a directed graph, SIAM J. Comput., 2 (1973), 211–216
33.
James C. Tiernan, An efficient search algorithm to find the elementary circuits of a graph, Comm. ACM, 13 (1970), 722–726
34.
Herbert Weinblatt, A new search algorithm for finding the simple cycles of a finite directed graph, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 19 (1972), 43–56
35.
J. T. Welch, Cycle algorithms for undirected linear graphs some immediate applications, Proc. 1965 ACM Nat. Conf., P-65, 296–301
36.
John T. Welch, Jr., A mechanical analysis of the cyclic structure of undirected linear graphs, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 13 (1966), 205–210
37.
S. S. Yau, Generation of all Hamiltonian circuits, paths, and centers of a graph, and related problems, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-14 (1967), 79–81

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cover image SIAM Journal on Computing
SIAM Journal on Computing
Pages: 90 - 99
ISSN (online): 1095-7111

History

Submitted: 13 August 1973
Accepted: 2 April 1975
Published online: 17 February 2012

Keywords

  1. algorithms
  2. graph theory
  3. circuits
  4. dicircuits
  5. cycles
  6. circuit vector space
  7. circuit-graph
  8. adjacency matrix
  9. graph search
  10. backtrack

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References

References

1.
M. T. Ardon, N. R. Malik, A recursive algorithm for generating circuits and related subgraphs, 5th Asilomar Conf, on Circuits and Systems 5, Pacific Grove, Calif., 1971, 279–284, Nov.
2.
A. T. Berztiss, Data structures. Theory and practice, Academic Press, New York, 1971xiii+442
3.
A. T. Berztiss, A K -tree algorithm for simple cycles of a directed graph, Tech. Rep., 73-6, Dept. of Com-puter Sci., Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1973
4.
Dorwin Cartwright, Terry C. Gleason, The number of paths and cycles in a digraph, Psychometrika, 31 (1966), 179–199
5.
S. G. Chan, W. T. Chang, On the determination of dicircuits and dipaths, Proc. 2nd Hawaii Internat. Conf. System Sci., Honolulu, Hawaii, 1969, 155–158
6.
J. P. Char, Master circuit matrix, Proc. IEE (London), 115 (1968), 762–770
7.
J. P. Char, Master circuit matrix, Proc. IEE (London), 117 (1970), 1655–1656
8.
S. M. Chase, Analysis of algorithms for finding all spanning trees of a graph, Rep., 401, Dept. of Computer Sci., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., 1970, Ph.D. thesis
9.
G. H. Danielson, On finding the simple paths and circuits in a graph, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-15 (1968), 294–295
10.
Narsingh Deo, Graph theory with applications to engineering and computer science, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974xvii+478
11.
A. Ehrenfeucht, L. D. Fosdick, L. J. Osterweil, An algorithm for finding the elementary circuits of a directed graph, Tech. Rep., CU-CS-024-73, Dept, of Computer Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 1973
12.
R. W. Floyd, Nondeterministic algorithms, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 14 (1967), 636–644
13.
Norman E. Gibbs, A cycle generation algorithm for finite undirected linear graphs, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 16 (1969), 564–568
14.
J. Hopcroft, R. Tarjan, Efficient algorithms for graph manipulation, Comm. ACM, 16 (1973), 372–378
15.
H. T. Hsu, P. A. Honkanen, A fast minimal storage algorithm for determining all the elementary cycles of a graph, Computer Sci. Dept., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, 1972
16.
Donald B. Johnson, Finding all the elementary circuits of a directed graph, SIAM J. Comput., 4 (1975), 77–84
17.
Takahiko Kamae, A systematic method of finding all directed circuits and enumerating all directed paths, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-14 (1967), 166–172
18.
J. W. Lapatra, B. R. Myers, Algorithms for circuit enumeration, IEEE Internat. Convention Record, 1964 (1964), 368–373
19.
Prabhaker Mateti, Narsingh Deo, On algorithms for finding all circuits of a graph, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., 1973iii+41, UIUCDCD-R-73-585 (revised)
20.
L. M. Maxwell, G. B. Reed, Subgraph identification—Segs, circuits and paths, 8th Midwest Symp. on Circuit Theory, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., 1965, 13-0–13-10, June
21.
R. L. Norman, A matrix method for location of cycles of a directed graph, Amer. Inst. Chem. Engrs. J., 11 (1965), 450–452
22.
K. Paton, An algorithm for finding a fundamental set of cycles for an undirected linear graph, Comm. ACM, 12 (1969), 514–518
23.
Keith Paton, An algorithm for the blocks and cutnodes of a graph, Comm. ACM, 14 (1971), 468–475
24.
M. Prabhaker, Masters Thesis, Analysis of algorithms for finding all circuits of a graph, Master's tech. thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engrg., Indian Inst. of Tech., Kanpur, India, 1972
25.
J. Ponstein, Self-avoiding paths and the adjacency matrix of a graph, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 14 (1966), 600–609
26.
V. V. B. Rao, V. G. K Murti, Enumeration of all circuits of a graph, Proc. IEEE, 57 (1969), 700–701
27.
V. V. Bapeswara Rao, K. Sankara Rao, P. Sankaran, V. G. K. Murti, Planar graphs and circuits, Matrix Tensor Quart., 18 (1968), 88–91
28.
R. C. Read, R. E. Tarjan, Bounds on backtrack algorithms for listing cycles, paths, and spanning trees, Networks, 5 (1975), 237–252
29.
S. M. Roberts, Benito Flores, Systematic generation of Hamiltonian circuits, Comm. ACM, 9 (1966), 690–694
30.
M. M. Syslo, The elementary circuits of a graph, Algorithm 459, Comm. ACM, 16 (1973), 632–633, Errata: Ibid., 18 (1975), pp. 119.
31.
J. L. Szwarcfiter, P. E. Lauer, Finding the elementary cycles of a directed graph in O(n+m) per cycle, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1974, no. 60, May
32.
Robert Tarjan, Enumeration of the elementary circuits of a directed graph, SIAM J. Comput., 2 (1973), 211–216
33.
James C. Tiernan, An efficient search algorithm to find the elementary circuits of a graph, Comm. ACM, 13 (1970), 722–726
34.
Herbert Weinblatt, A new search algorithm for finding the simple cycles of a finite directed graph, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 19 (1972), 43–56
35.
J. T. Welch, Cycle algorithms for undirected linear graphs some immediate applications, Proc. 1965 ACM Nat. Conf., P-65, 296–301
36.
John T. Welch, Jr., A mechanical analysis of the cyclic structure of undirected linear graphs, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 13 (1966), 205–210
37.
S. S. Yau, Generation of all Hamiltonian circuits, paths, and centers of a graph, and related problems, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-14 (1967), 79–81