Fig. 1: Archaic fragment statistics distributions around the world and in ancient samples.

a World map (Methods) showing as circles the samples from SGDP used in this study coloured according to the mean archaic fragment length. b Mean archaic fragment length of extant geographical regions and ancient samples. Ust’-Ishim, Yana1, Sunghir3, Kolyma, Loschbour and Stuttgart mean archaic fragment lengths are shown as black points with specific shapes with their corresponding 95%CI as error bars. The sample sizes of fragments for which summary statistics are derived, together with other statistics, are indicated in Supplementary Table 3. The average of the mean archaic fragment length among all individuals in each of the five main regions are shown as points (colour-coded). The zoom-in shows the mean archaic fragment length distribution per region (colour coded) as a violin plot. Individual values are shown as dots. The median is shown as a horizontal line in each violin plot. The mean and its 95%CI of each distribution are shown as a coloured square with their corresponding error bars. The sample sizes of individuals for each region for which summary statistics are derived, together with other statistics, are indicated in Supplementary Table 2. Kolyma, Loschbour and Stuttgart mean fragment lengths are also shown for comparison. c, d The number of archaic fragments and the archaic sequence distributions, respectively, per region (colour coded) as violin plot. Individual values are shown as dots. The median is shown as a horizontal line in each violin plot. The mean and its 95%CI of each distribution are shown as a coloured square with their corresponding error bars. The sample sizes of individuals for each region for which summary statistics are derived, together with other statistics, are indicated in Supplementary Table 2.