本書第3版の概要を教えて。
「クレームズ・メイキング」は「クレイム申し立て」と表記してください（以後）。
以下の内容を解説して／
Chapter 3: Activists as Claimsmakers
Claims cannot exist by themselves; people–claimsmakers–must advance them. It's tempting to equate claimsmakers with activists–people like Martin Luther King Jr.—who become passionately involved with an issue, dedicate their lives to a cause, and march and demonstrate until their claims receive attention. Indeed, this is part--but only part--of the story.
When we think of activists, we envision people who stand outside the halls of power. Because they do not hold powerful political offices or have strong ties with those who do, it is fairly difficult for these outsider claimsmakers to get others—the media, the general
public, and particularly the officials who can make policies that might actually do something about the troubling social condition–pay attention to their claims (J. Best, 1990). This is why activists so often resort to attention-grabbing tactics: demonstrations, sit-ins, and so on. Activists hope that these activities will lead to media coverage and that attracting publicity for their cause will bring their claims to the attention of the public so that, in turn, both the media and the public will press policymakers to take action. That is, activists envision the claimsmaking process as shown in Figure 3.1a, where the thicker arrow between the claimsmakers and the media identifies the media as the most important audience for outsiders' claims.
では、和訳してください。
では、お言葉に甘えて。以下のように訳出してください。・
claimsmakers→クレイム申し立て者
stand outside the halls of power→権力を持たない人々（権力の中枢の外側に立つ人々）
political offices→ 政治的地位
outsider claimsmakers→外部クレイム申し立て者
troubling social condition→社会的なトラブル状態
This is why activists so often resort to attention-grabbing tactics: demonstrations, sit-ins, and so on.→そのため活動家たちは、デモや座り込みなど、注目を集める戦術に頼ることが多い。
attracting publicity→関心を集める
outsiders' claims→外部クレイム申し立て者
今度は以下の和訳をお願いします／
However, there is an alternative, more direct route to successful claimsmaking. Some people already have contacts with policymakers. Such people include lobbyists, major political contributors, government officials, and well-established interest groups such as
the National Rifle Association (NRA), which is concerned with protecting the rights of gun owners, or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which is concerned with advancing the rights of African Americans. Those who are already
well connected to policymakers form what is sometimes called the polity (Useem & Zald, 1982); the polity consists of those groups whose interests are routinely taken into account by policymakers, so they are often able to influence policymaking. People with such connections can act as insider claimsmakers; often they pursue their claims outside the glare of the media spotlight, without arousing much public attention. The activities of insider claimsmakers are depicted in Figure 3.1b, where the thicker arrow runs directly
from claimsmakers to policymakers.
polity→政治的実体
insider claimsmakers→内部クレイム申し立て者
とした上で和訳してください。
なるほど。OKです。分かりました！
以下の文章を和訳してください／
The activities of insider claimsmakers will be considered in Chapter 4; this chapter will focus on outsider claimsmakers–in particular, activists such as Dr. King. Activists often belong to broad social movements, general causes such as the civil rights movement or environmentalism. Each social movement may contain several distinct social movement organizations (SMOs), such as the civil rights movement's SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), or the environmentalist movement's Greenpeace and Sierra Club. As we shall see, although the larger society may view a movement's SMOs as allies that share a common cause, activists frequently think of
other SMOs within the same social movement as rivals.
smoは社会運動団体と訳してください。
以下の解説をお願いします／ Social movements frequently face opposition. Movements seek to promote change, and the status quo inevitably has its defenders. The most vigorous defenses usually come from those who have vested interests in the status quo; these opponents benefit from existing social arrangements in ways that would be threatened if the changes promoted by the movement were to occur. For example, some white Southerners, who saw themselves as benefiting from legal segregation, opposed the civil rights movement. Moreover, it takes effort to change social arrangements, and even when people may not strongly oppose activists' claims, they may see no good reason to exert the effort that change requires; sociologists refer to such reluctance to alter existing social arrangements as inertia (Becker, 1995).
inertiaは「無気力」と訳して。Segregationは「隔離」と訳して。
「既得権益を持つ人々から来ます。」は「既得権益を持つ人々によってなされる。」の方が良いですね。
以下の和訳をお願いします／
Chapter 2 described position issues—that is, topics that evoke controversy, inciting active disagreements about whether a particular condition should be considered troubling, or what that condition's causes might be, or what should be done to address the condition. In such position issues, claims inspire counterclaims, and countermovements may arise to promote these counterclaims.
具体的な論争型の社会問題を例に挙げながら、さらに議論を深めてみませんか？ お願いします。
和訳してください／
Some sociologists associate the term social movement with liberal or progressive causes and prefer to restrict the term countermovement to more conservative causes. However, it makes better analytic sense to speak of social movements as calling for change, and of
countermovements as resisting change. When abortion was generally illegal, there was a movement of abortion rights advocates, which was opposed by a countermovement that favored restricting abortion. Once abortion became widely legal, however, it became more reasonable to speak of a pro-life movement calling for change, and a pro-choice countermovement trying to defend the existing right to abortion. This example illustrates that countermovements are conservative in the sense that they seek to preserve the status quo; when political liberals support existing social arrangements (such as laws protecting the right to abortions), they may organize countermovements to oppose claimsmaking by political conservatives (such as the pro-life movement).
和訳して／ Because most social movements–and countermovements–promote claims about social problems, and because images of activists tend to come to mind when we think of claimsmakers, this chapter will focus on key aspects of social movements and the
role of activists as claimsmakers. (Chapter 4 will consider other sorts of claimsmakers.) We will begin this chapter's discussion of activist claimsmakers by examining three recent approaches adopted by sociologists to study social movements: framing, resource mobilization, and opportunity structures.
カウンタームーブメント→対抗運動；クレイムズメーカー→クレイム申し立て者；リソース・モビライゼーション→資源動員 にそれぞれ置換してください。
和訳して／FRAMING
Most social movements present claims; they identify a troubling condition and call for social changes to address the problem (Benford & Hunt, 2003). These claims can, of course, be studied in terms of their rhetoric—that is, by using the concepts developed in Chapter 2. Social movement scholars, however, often adopt a slightly different vocabulary: they speak of framing to describe how activists construct their claims.
和訳してください。／ Like the frame around a picture, activists' frames place a social movement within a larger context; frames locate the key issues and set them off so that they are easily understood. Like the wooden frame of a house, activists' frames also provide a structure, a framework around which elaborate claims can be assembled.
「木製の枠組み」とは、家の柱などのことですか？
和訳して／ The same issue might be framed in many different ways. Some frames emphasize morality, appealing to people's sense of right and wrong. Some frames elicit outrage or other powerful emotions that lead people to join and stick with a cause (Gould, 2009; Whittier, 2009). Other frames evoke particular ideologies or political philosophies, such as Marxism or libertarianism. Still other frames emphasize political struggles between groups with competing interests. What may seem to be a single social movement–the civil rights movement, the environmental movement, and so on--can be composed of activists who frame the issue in very different ways.
和訳して
Frames encourage viewing the world from a particular perspective; they give meaning to what might otherwise seem confusing, so that once someone adopts a given frame, everything seems to be clearer, to make sense. For example, the feminist movement calls attention to the various ways in which social arrangements disadvantage women; a feminist frame gives activists a particular vantage point from which they can view women's place in the world (see Box 3.1).