和訳して／members of the culture, and they are almost forced to construct claims that they themselves view as sensible, claims that they also believe will receive a receptive hearing from their audiences. Thus, cultures constrain the sorts of claims that are likely to emerge. However, cultures are complex enough, multifaceted enough, that claimsmakers still have considerable leeway in choosing and shaping the arguments they present. Although we can note similarities among claims, such as cases in which new claims seem modeled on others, and we can imagine claims (about, say, witchcraft) that seem too far-fetched to succeed in our society, it is still true that claimsmakers have a lot of flexibility in devising their arguments.
For some modern Americans, spanking is seen as harmful, even as a form of child abuse--one more way that adults inflict injuries on innocent children (Davis, 1994). の意味がよく分かりません。
Spankというのは「お尻を叩く」で間違いないですか？
Although the Puritans considered spanking a last resort, they used a variety of physical restraints and shaming devices, such as forcing a child who talked during church services to wear a wooden bit; such practices, which seem quite shocking to us, were standard ways of disciplining children, designed to teach them to be submissive and to understand God's wrath.の箇所を和訳して。
和訳しなさい。
Claims, then, draw on a society's cultural resources--the fund of words, ideas, images, and emotional reactions that most people understand to be reasonable. It is easier to arouse contemporary Americans' concern about threats to children or violence against women--two groups that are widely understood to be relatively vulnerable to victimization and therefore in need of protection--than to promote claims about endangered adult males. Nevertheless, although culture does limit the range of possible claims to some degree, it still offers a broad array of choices. For example, various segments of the U.S. population attribute different social problems to quite diverse causes--causes such as acts of God (for instance, to explain natural disasters), germs, conspiracies, belief systems (for example, particular religious or political ideologies), people's upbringing, and so on. Of course, part of being familiar with a culture is having the ability to predict which audiences will find which explanations appropriate for which problems (see Box 2.6).
「陰謀、信念体系」について、それぞれ具体例を挙げて。
あなた自身の見解を教えて
和訳して／ Note that the fund of cultural resources is large, diverse, and not necessarily logically consistent. The point is not that all social problems have to be constructed in the same way, but that any culture offers various ideas and images that might be incorporated into successful claims. Just as American culture supports values that can sometimes conflict with one another, so, too, it encompasses other competing, conflicting notions.
この箇所はよく分かりません。かみ砕いてください。
「アメリカの文化が、互いに矛盾することがある価値観を支持しているように、競合したり矛盾したりする他の概念も包含しています。」の部分をもう少しブラッシュアップして。