Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering

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Handbook

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Control Engineering

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© 2012

ASHRAE

(www.ashrae.org). For personal

use

only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission

in


form

is

not permitted without

ASHRAE's


ABOUT

THE AUTHORS

John H.

Klote

Dr.

John

Klote

is known throughout the

world

as

an expert

in

smoke

control

due

to his many books on

the

topic

and

his

19

years

of re

research

conducted

at

the

US.

National Institute of

Standards

and Tech-

nology (NIST) in

Gaithersburg,

Maryland. For 11

years,

he

Operated

his own consulting

company

Spe-

cializing in

analysis

of

smoke

control

systems.

Klote

developed a

series

of

smoke

control

seminars

that he

teaches

for

the

Society

of Fire Protection

Engineers.

The

primary

author

of

the

2007

ICC

book/1

Guide

to

Smoke

Control in

the

2006 [BC

and the

2002 ASHRAE book Principles of

Smoke

Management, Dr.

Klote

is

also

the primary

author

of two

other

ASHRAE books

about

smoke

control,

and

he

has

written

chapters

about

smoke

control in

a

number of books,

as

well

as

over 80

papers

and articles on

smoke

control,

smoke

movement, CFD re simulations, and

other

aspects

of re protection. He is

a

licensed professional engi-

neer

in

Washington,

DC.

Klote

earned

his

doctorate

in mechanical engineering from

George

Washington University.

Klote

is

a

member

of NFPA,

a

fellow of

SFPE

and

a

fellow of ASHRAE. He is

a

member

and

past

chair

of

ASHRAE

Technical

Committee

5.6,

Fire

and Smoke

Control,

and a

member

of the

NFPA

Smoke

Management

Committee. James A.

Milke

Professor

Milke

is

the

chairman of

the

Department of Fire Protection Engineering

at

the

University of Maryland. He

earned

his

doctorate

in

aerospace

engineering from the University of Maryland.

Milke

is

an author

of

the

ASHRAE book Principles of

Smoke

Management, and 0f

the

chapters

“Smoke Movement in

Buildings”

and

“Fundamentals of Fire Detection” in

the 2008

NFPA

Fire

Protection Handbook. He is

also

an

author

of

the

chapters

“Analytical Methods for Determining Fire

Resistance

of

Steel

Members,” “Smoke

Management

in Covered

Malls

and

Atria,”

and “Conduction of Heat in Solids” in

the 2008

SFPE Handbook.

Milke

is

a

licensed professional

engineer

in Delaware,

21

member

of NFPA and American Society of

Civil

Engineers

(ASCE),

a

fellow of

SF

PE, and

a past

chairman of

the

NF PA

Smoke

Manage- ment Committee.

Paul

G.

Turnbull

Paul Tumbull

has

been

actively involved in

the development

of

codes

and

standards

for

smoke

control

systems

for

over

24

years.

He

began

his

career

as

a hardware developer,

designing RFI power line lters, and later moved into

development

of control products and

accessories

for building control

systems.

He then

spent

10

years

responsible

for

safety

certi

cations of building controls, HVAC, re alarm, and

smoke

control equipment. For

the past

15

years,

he

has

specialized in

the development

and application of

gateways

that

enable

re alarm,

security,

and

lighting

control

systems to

be

integrated

with

building

controls in order to provide coordinated

operations

between

these

systems.

He is an

active

member

in

several

professional

associations

focused

on control of re and

smoke.

Tumbull

has

a baccalaureate

degree

in electrical engineering and

a

master's

degree

in

computer

science.

He is

a

member

OfASHRAE Technical

Committee

5.6,

Fire

and Smoke

Control,

and the NF PA Smoke

Management

Committee.

He is an

instructor for

the

SF

PE

smoke

control

seminars.

Ahmed Kashef Dr. Kashef is

a

group

leader

of Fire

Resistance

and Risk

Management

in

the

Fire

Research

Program

at the

Institute

for Research in

Construction,

National

Research

Council

of Canada. He

holds

a

PhD

in

civil

engineering and

has

more than 20

years

research

and practical

experience.

Dr. Kashef’s

expertise

involves applying numerical and experimental

techniques

in

a

wide

range

of engineering applications including re risk

analysis,

re dynamics, tenability,

heat transfer,

and

smoke

transport

in the

built

environment and transportation

systems.

He

has

authored

and

co-authored

more than

180

publications. He

has

managed a

broad

range

of projects involving modeling

and

full-scale re

experiments

to

address

re related

issues.

This includes projects that investigated

the

ventilation

strategies

and detection

systems

in road

and subway tunnels.

He is

the

technical

secretary

of

the

ASHRAE Technical Committee

5.6,

Fire

or

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© 2012

ASHRAE


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ASHRAE‘s


and

Smoke

Control,

and the

chair of the

research subprogram

of ASHRAE Technical Committee 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities. Dr. Kashef is

a

registered professional

engineer

in

the

province of Ontario, and

a

member of

the

NFPA Technical Committee

502

on Road Tunnel

and

Highway Fire Protection. He

is

an

associate

member

of

the

World Road Association (PIARC), Working Group 4, Ventilation and Fire Control

and a

corresponding member of

the

Technical Committee

4

Road Tunnel

Operations.

Michael

J.

Ferreira

Michael Ferreira is

a

senior

re protection

engineer

and project

manager at Hughes Associates,

a

re

science

and engineering consulting

company.

He

has

been

primarily

involved

with

smoke management system design

projects

for

the past 17

years

and

has

published

several

articles on

the

innovative

use

of

computer

models for

these

systems.

Ferreira

has

extensive experience

in performing

smoke

control commissioning testing and calibrating

computer

models using eld

data.

He

was

the

lead investigator

responsi-

ble for evaluating

smoke

control

system

performance in NIST’S investigation of the World

Trade Center

disaster.

He

has also

conducted

a performance-based analysis

of the

smoke

control

system

at

the

Statue

of Liberty. Ferreira is

a

professional

engineer and

holds

a

BS

in Mechanical Engineering and

an

MS in Fire Protection Engineering from

Worcester

Polytechnic Institute. He is

a

member

of

the

NFPA

Smoke

Man-

agement Systems

Committee,

and

is an instructor for

the

NFPA and

SF

PE

smoke

control

seminars.

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Handbook of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

J ohn H.

Klote

James A.

Milke

Paul G.

Tumbull

Ahmed

Kashef

Michael J. F erreira

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


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is


ASHRAE's


ISBN

978-1-936504-24-4

© 2012 John H.

Klote.

Published by

ASHRAE.

All

ights reserved. Published in cooperation

with

nternational Code

Council,

Inc.,

National

Fire

Protection Association,

and Society

of

Fire

Protection

Engineers.

ASHRAE

1791

Tullie Circle,

N.E.

Atlanta, GA 30329

WWW.ashrae.org

Printed in the

United

States

of America

Printed

on

30%

post-consumer

waste

using

soy-based

inks.

Illustrations by John H.

Klote,

unless otherwise credited.

ASHRAE

has

compiled this publication

with

care,

but ASHRAE

and

ts

publishing

partners have

not

investigated,

and

ASHRAE

and

ts

publishing

partners expressly

disclaim

any duty to investigate, any product, service,

process,

procedure, design, or the

like

that may

be

described herein. The

appearance

of any technical

data

or

editorial

material in this

publication

does

not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by

ASHRAE

and its

publishing

partners of any product, service,

process,

procedure, design, or the

like.

ASHRAE

and its

publishing

partners do not warrant that the

information

in the

publication

s free of errors, and

ASHME

and its

publishing

partners do not necessarily

agree

with

any statement or

opinion

in this

publication.

The entire

risk

of the

use

of any

information

n this

publication

s assumed by the user.

No part of this book may

be

reproduced

without

permission in

writing

from ASHRAE,

except by

a

reviewer who may quote

brief

passages

or repro- duce illustrations in

a

review

with

appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book

be

reproduced, stored in

a

retrieval system, or transmitted in

any

way

or

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or

other—without

permission

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Requests

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permission

should

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submitted

at

WWW.ashrae.org/permissions.

Library

of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of smoke control engineering / John H.

Klote,

editor and

chief

;

James

A.

Milke,

Paul G.

Tumbull.

p. cm.

Includes

bibliographical

references

and

index.

ISBN

978-1-93

65

04-24-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1.

Buildings--

Smoke

control

systems--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Smoke

prevention--Hand—

books, manuals,

etc.

3.

Ventilation--Handbooks, manuals,

etc.

4. Fire testing--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I.

Klote,

John H. II.

Milke,

J.

A.

(James

A.)

III.

Tumbull,

Paul

G., 196]

- IV.

American

Society

of Heating, Refrigerating

and

Air-Conditioning

Engineers.

TH1088.5.H36 2012

693.8--d023

2012009054

ASHRAE

STAFF

PUBLISHING

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SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

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Editor/Group Manager

and Electronic

Communications

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Handbook

and

Special

Publications

Jayne Jackson

Cindy

Shef

eld

Michaels

Publication T q

ic Administrator

Managing

Editor

PUBLISHER James

Madison Walker

w, Stephen Comstock Associate

Editor

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Assistant

Editor

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Editorial

Assistant

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Editorial

Coordinator

Any updates/errata to this publication

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be

posted on the ASHRAE Web

site

at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.

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DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to the memory of

Harold

(Bud) Nelson.

Because

of his many signi

cant contributions when

he

worked

at the

General

Services

Administration (GSA) and

the


Standards

and Technology

(NIST),

Bud Nelson

was

recognized

as

one

of

the great

pioneers of re protection engineering. Bud Nelson

also was the

rst chairman of the NFPA

Smoke

Management Committee.

Vii

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HOW

TO USE

THIS BOOK

This book is organized in the

classic

handbook format

to

help

engineers

and other professionals who need to

get

information

about

a

topic

quickly.

The Table of Contents and the Index can be used

so

readers

can go

directly

to

their topic of interest. The handbook format

has

no introductory chapter, and the most fundamental material is in the rst

chapters

and applied material is in later

chapters.

To

help

readers get

information quickly,

the

chapters

do not include derivations of equations.

Unlike

textbooks,

some

redundancy is

needed

in handbooks

so

that the chap-

ters

can be relatively independent. This redundancy is minimized, and in

some

places

readers

are

referred

to

another section or chapter for more information. This book includes all the

information

in my earlier

smoke

con-

trol

books plus

a

number of other topics, and there

are

many example calculations. This handbook can

be

used

as

a

textbook

with

the

teacher

selecting the

chapters

and parts of

chapters

to

be

taught. The only departure

from

the handbook format is that derivations of equations

are

in an appendix included

to

make the book more useful to scholars,

teachers,

and

students.

John

H.

Klote

Viii

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TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Dedication Vii How to Use This Book

viii

Preface

xxi Acknowledgments

XXii

Note on Sustainability

xxiii

CHAPTER

l—UNITS

AND

PROPERTIES 1 Dual

Units

1 The SI

System

1

Chapters in SI

Only

2

Temperature

Conversion

3

Temperature

Difference

3

Soft

and

Hard

Conversions

3

Unit

Conversions for Equations

3

Physical Data

8

US.

Standard

Atmosphere

8

Nomenclature

12

References 12

CHAPTER

2—CLIMATIC

DESIGN

DATA

13

Climatic

Data

13

Standard

Barometric

Pressure

14

Winter Design

Temperature

14

Summer

Design

Temperature

14

Design

Wind

14

References

1

05

CHAPTER 3—FLOW OF AIR

AND

SMOKE

107

Flow

Equations

107

Ori

ce Flow

Equation

107

Density of

Gases

108

Exponential

Flow

108

Gap

Method

109

Bidirectional

Flow

1

12

Pressure

Difference

112

Continuous Opening 1

13

Two Openings 1

13 Pressure Losses

in

Shafts

114

Ducts and

Shafts 114

Stairwell

Flow

1 16

Flow

Areas

Coef

cients

116

ix

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Effective

Areas 122

Symmetry

124

Driving

Forces

125

Buoyancy of Combustion

Gases

125

Expansion of Combustion

Gases

125

Fan-Powered Ventilation

Systems

126

Elevator Piston Effect

126 Stack

Effect

128

Wind

13

1

Nomenclature

134

References

1

35

CHAPTER

4—TIMED

EGRESS

ANALYSIS

137

Timeline

137

Analysis

Approaches

13 8

Algebraic Equation-Based Methods

138

Velocity

139

Density

139

Speci

c

Flow

140

Flow

141

Simpli

ed

Method

142

Individual

Component Analysis

142

Computer-Based Evacuation Models

143 Egress

system

145

Human Behavior Modeling

145

Individual

tracking

145

Uncertainty

Reference

145

Summary

145

Human Behavior

146

Premovement

146

Nomenclature

146

References 147

CHAPTER 5—FIRE SCIENCE

AND

DESIGN

FIRES

149

Design Fires

149

Avoid

Wishful

Thinking

149

Transient Fuels

149

Decision

Tree 150

HRR per

Unit

Area

150

Stages

of Fire Development

151

Fire Growth 1

5

1 Flashover

153

Fully

Developed Fire

154

Fire Decay

154

Sprinklers 1

5

4 HRR

decay 155

Sprinkler Actuation

155

Shielded Fires

156

Measurement of HRR

158

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Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry

158

HRR of Objects

159

Radiant

Ignition

165

Fuel

Packages

166

Nomenclature

168 References

1

69

CHAPTER

6—HUMAN

EXPOSURE TO SMOKE 171

Time Exposure 171 Exposure to Toxic

Gases

171

CO and C02 171

Gas

Exposure Models

172

Animal

Tests

& the FED

Model

172

N-Gas

Model

173

Exposure to Heat

174

Exposure to Thermal Radiation

176

Smoke

Obscuration

177

Reduced

Visibility

178

Calculating Reduced

Visibility

179

Nonuniform

Smoke

1

81

Tenability

1

84

Exposure

Approaches

185

Heat Exposure

186

Thermal Radiation Exposure

186

Reduced

Visibility

186

Toxic

Gases

Exposure

186

Nomenclature 1

88

References

1

88

CHAPTER

7—AIR-MOVING

SYSTEMS

AND

EQUIPMENT

191

Residential

Systems

191 Perimeter and

Core Zones 191

Individual

Room Units

192

F Greed-Air

Systems

1 92

Types

of

Systems 193

Other

Special-Purpose

Systems 195

Fans

196

Centrifugal

Fans

196

Axial

Fans 197

Dampers

198

Fire Dampers

198

Smoke

Dampers

199

Combination Fire/

Smoke

Dampers 200

References

200

CHAPTER 8—CONTROLS 201 Control

Systems

201

Listings 201 Activation of

Smoke

Control

202

Automatic 202

Xi

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Manual

203

Fire

ghter’s

Smoke

Control Station (FSCS)

203

Control Priorities 204

Control of

System

Outputs

205

Activation

Schedules 205

Response

Times 206 Interface to Other

Building

Systems

207

Hardwired

207

Gateway

208

Shared

Network

Wiring

208

Example Control

Circuit

Diagrams

209

Nondedicated Fan

with

Shared

ON/OFF

Control

209

Nondedicated Fan

with

Separate

ON/

OFF

Controls for

Smoke

Control and Normal Operation

210

Dedicated Stairwell Pressurization Fan 210 Dedicated

Smoke

Damper 211

System

Reliability

211

Normal

Operation

as

a

Method of

Veri

cation

211 Electrical Supervision 212 End-to-End Veri

cation

212

Automatic Testing

213

Manual Testing

213 Sensing

Devices

213

Best

Practices

214 Use of

a

Single Control

System

to Coordinate

Smoke

Control 214 Control of Devices that

are

Not Part of

the Smoke

Control

System

216

References

216 CHAPTER 9—BASICS OF PASSIVE

AND

PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS

217

Passive

Smoke

Control

217

Pressurization

Concept 218

Opening and Closing Doors

218

Validation Experiments

218

Henry Grady

Hotel

Tests

218

30

Church

Street Tests

219

Plaza

Hotel

Tests

220

The NRCC Experimental Fire Tower 220

Smoke Feedback

221

Wind

221

Design

Pressure

Differences 221

Minimum

Pressure

Difference 222

Maximum

Pressure

Difference

223

Analysis Approach for Pressurization

Systems

224 Nomenclature

225 References 225

CHAPTER IO—PRESSURIZED STAIRWELLS

227

Design and Analysis

227

Simple

Systems

in Simple Buildings

227

Systems

in Complicated Buildings

228

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Pressurization

Systems

228

Single and

Multiple

Injection

229

Compartmentation

230

Vestibules

230 System

with

Fire Floor Exhaust

230

Stairwell

Temperature

23

1 Untreated Pressurization Air

231

Analysis by Algebraic Equations

231

Pressure

Differences

232

Average

Pressure

Differences

234

Stairwell Supply Air

234

Height

Limit

237

Example Calculations

238

Rule of Thumb

238

Systems

with

Open Doors

239

Doors Propped Open

239

Need for

Compensated

Systems

239

Compensated

and

the

Wind

242

Compensated Systems

242

Nomenclature

245 References 245

CHAPTER

ll—PRESSURIZED

ELEVATORS

247

Design and Analysis

247

Design

Pressure

Differences

248

Shaft Temperature 548

Elevator Top Vent

248

Piston Effect

249

Volumetric

Flow

249

Pressurization

Systems

249

Basic

System 249

Exterior Vent (EV)

System 254

Floor Exhaust (FE)

System 256

Ground Floor Lobby (GFL)

System 259 References

264 CHAPTER 12—ELEVATOR

EVACUATION

SYSTEMS

265

Elevator Evacuation Concept

265

Availability

265

Elevator Control 266

Human Considerations 266

EEES Protection

267

Heat and Flame

267 Smoke 267

Water

267

Overheating of Elevator Room Equipment

267

Electrical Power

267

Earthquakes

267

Fire Inside

the

EEES

268

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Elevator

Smoke

Control

268

Design

Pressure

Differences

268

Analysis

268

Piston Effect

268

Top Vent

268

Pressurization

Systems

268

Elevator Evacuation Time

269

Evacuation Time

269

Start-Up Time 270 Elevator Round Trip Time 270

Standing Time 271

Travel Time 274 Nomenclature

276 References 277

CHAPTER 13—ZONED SMOKE CONTROL

279

Zoned

Smoke

Control

Concept 279

Smoke

Zone

Size

and Arrangement

279

Interaction

with

Pressurized Stairs 281

Analysis

282

Use

of

HVAC

System

282

Separate

HVAC

Systems

for Each Floor

282

HVAC

System

for Many Floors

284

Dedicated Equipment

285

Zoned

Smoke

Control by Pressurization and Exhaust

285

Zoned

Smoke

Control by Exhaust Only

286

Exhaust Fan

Temperature 286

Exterior

Wall

Vents

287

Smoke

Shafts

288

Nomenclature

289

References

289

CHAPTER 14—NETWORK

MODELING AND CONTAM

291

Purpose

of Network Modeling 291 Early Network Models 291 Network

Model

293

Mass

Flow

Equations

293

Contaminant

Flow

294

CONTAM

Features

294 Zone

Pressures

294

Wind

294

CONTAM

Output

295

CONTAM

User Information

295

CONTAM

Representation of

21

Floor 296

CONTAM

Window

297

Pop-Up

Menu

299

Speeding

up Data Input

301

Check for

Missing

Items

301

Paste

Groups of Levels Quickly

301

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Use

the

Multiplier with

Leakages 301

Use Dummy

Wind

Data

301

Use

Temperature Schedule 301

CONTAM

Examples

302

Nomenclature

3

13

References

3

13

CHAPTER 15—BASICS OF AT

RIUM

SMOKE CONTROL

315

Design

Scenarios

315

Design

Approaches

3

16 Natural

Smoke

Filling

317

Steady

Mechanical

Smoke

Exhaust

317

Unsteady Mechanical

Smoke

Exhaust

317

Steady

Natural Venting

3

17

Unsteady Natural Venting

3

17

Methods of Analysis

317

Algebraic Equations

3

17

Zone Fire Modeling

318

CFD Modeling

3

1

8

Scale

Modeling

318

Atrium

Temperature

3

1

9

Minimum

Smoke

Layer Depth

319

Makeup Air

3

19

Wind

320

Plugholing

320

Control and Operation

321

Strati

cation

321

Smoke

Filling

Equations

321

Steady

Filling

323

Unsteady

Filling

324

Irregular Geometry

324

Slightly Irregular Ceilings

324

Sensitivity Analysis

325

Natural Venting Equation

325

Air

ow

Equations

327

Time Lag

329

Steady

Fires

329

T-Squared Fires

330

Smoke

Layer With Sprinkler

Action

331

Nomenclature

33

1

References 33

1

CHAPTER 16—EQUATIONS FOR STEADY

ATRIUM

SMOKE

EXHAUST

333

Smoke

Production

333

Axisymmetric Plume

333

Simpli

ed

Axisymmetric Plume

336

Plume Diameter

337

Wall

and Comer Plumes

337

Balcony

Spill

Plume

338

Window Plume

340

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Average Plume

Temperature 341

Smoke

Layer

Temperature

341

Plugholing

342

Volumetric

Flow

Rate

343

Density of

Smoke 343

Case

Study

343

Nomenclature

348 References 349

CHAPTER 17—F RE

AND

SMOKE CONTROL IN TRANSPORT TUNNELS

351

Fire

Safety

Issues

in Tunnels

351

Fire Protection

Matrix

352

Fire Development in Tunnels

352

Backlayering

354 Smoke

Layer

Speed

and Depth

354

Methods of

Smoke

Management

354

Visibility

355

Exits and Other Safety Facilities

356

Road Tunnels

356

Rail

and Subway Tunnels

356

Smoke

Management

Systems

in Tunnels

356

Natural Ventilation

Systems

356

Mechanical Ventilation

Systems

357

On-Site Evaluation of Ventilation

Systems

Performance

364

Design Fire

365

Design Fire

Scenarios 366

Numerical Modeling

367

One-Dimensional models (1 D)

367

Zone Models (2D Models)

367

Computational

Fluid

Dynamics (CFD) (3D)

367

Detection

368

Performance Criteria

369

Available Detection Technologies

369

Nomenclature

369 References 370

CHAPTER 18—ZONE

FIRE

MODELING

373

Zone

Model

Concept

373

Sprinkler Actuation

374

Model

Evaluation

374

Algebraic Equation Approach

374

Plume

Flow

376

Differential

Equation Approach

376

CFAST

378

Example Input File

379

Menus

380

Fires

380

Examples

384

Nomenclature

385

References 385

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CHAPTER

19—TENABILIT

Y

ANALYSIS AND CONTAM

387

Near Fire

Limitation

387

The Two

Field

Approach

387

Zone Fire Modeling of

the

Near

Field

388

Adapting Zone Fire

Model

Results

390

Modeling

with

CONTAM

390

Two-Way F

10w

Paths

391

Contaminant Generation and

Flow

391

Tenability Calculations

392

Use of

CONTAM

394

CONTAM

nput

394

Examining Results

397

Tenability Examples

399

Nomenclature 402

References

402

CHAPTER

20—COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID

DYNAMICS

405

Tenability Analysis

405

CFD Concept

405

Example Applications 406

Boundary Conditions 406

Realism 406 Model Evaluation 407 Governing Equations 407 Turbulence

Modeling

408

Fire Modeling

408

Fuel Mixtures 409

Modeling the

Space

409 Nonrectangular Geometry 410 Visualization 410 Modeling Technique 41 1

Atrium

Smoke

Control 412 Natural Venting

413

Stairwell Ventilation

Systems

413

Nomenclature 41

5

References

41 6 CHAPTER 21—SCALE

MODELING

417

Dimensionless Groups

417

Similitude 419 Froude Modeling

419

Reynolds Number 420 Heat Transfer 42] Construction of

Model

421 Instrumentation 421 Example 421

Nomenclature

422

References 423

CHAPTER 22—FULL-SCALE

FIRE

TESTING

425 Research

and Testing

425

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Documentation 426 Project Plan 426

Safety Plan 426

Final

Report 426

Test

Facility

426

Fire

Test

Setup

427

Fire Hardening 429 Video 429 Fires and Fuels 429 Instrumentation

430

Instrument

Wiring

431

Pre

re Check

431 Temperature 432

Heat

Flux

435

Pressure

Difference

435

Velocity

438

Gas

Concentration

438 Smoke

Obscuration 440

Load Cells and Load Platforms 440

Non

re

Measurements

440

Pressure

Difference 441 Velocity 442 Volumetric

Flow

442 Data Reduction and Analysis

443

Data Smoothing 444 Nomenclature 446

References

446 CHAPTER 23—COMMISSIONING

AND

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 449 Commissioning

Processes

449 Roles and Responsibilities 449 Recommended Documentation

450

Special Inspection

Phases

450

Installation and Component Veri

cation

450

Inspection and Equipment Functional Testing

451

Sequence

of Operations Testing

454

System

Performance Testing

455

Measuring Performance

457

Door-Opening

Forces 457

Automatic

Sensors

457

Chemical

Smoke 457

Zoned

Smoke

Control

458

Atrium

Demonstration Testing

458

Other

Uses

of

Smoke

Bombs 460

References

460

CHAPTER 24—PERIODIC TESTING 46]

Factors Impacting Testing 461 Architectural

Changes

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Equipment Maintenance 462

Sensors

and Instrumentation

462

Environmental Factors 462 Recommended Testing

463

Manual Testing

463

Automatic Testing

465

Roles and Responsibilities 469

Manual Testing 469 Automatic Testing 469

References

469 Appendix A—Derivations of Equations 471 Index

481

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ASHRAE's


PREFACE

In

1983,

ASHRAE published Design of

Smoke

Control

Systems

for

Buildings by John Fothergill and me. This book

was

the rst attempt to consolidate and

present

practical information

about smoke

control

design.

Judging by

the

many favorable

comments and

suggestions

about

this rst book, I feel that it

was

a

success.

The

rst publication

was

limited

to

systems

that control

smoke

by

means

of

the

physical

mechanisms

of pressurization

and

air

ow. In 1992, ASHRAE and

SFPE

jointly

published Design of

Smoke

Management

Systems

by

James

Milke

and me. The term

smoke

management

was

used

in

the

title

of this publication to indicate that

the

physical

mechanisms were expanded

from

pressurization and

air

ow

to include compartmentation,

dilution,

and

buoyancy.

Based

on heightened

concerns

about supplying combustion air to the re,

a

caution

was

added

about the

use

of

air

ow

for

smoke manage-

ment.

In 2002, ASHRAE and

SFPE

jointly

published Principles of

Smoke

Management by

James

Milke

and me. This publication included the material of

the

two earlier books plus people movement in re, hazard analysis,

scale

model-

ing, and computational

uid

dynamics.

This new publication is in handbook form that is intended to make

the

book more useful to practicing

engineers.

The earlier books

were

aimed

at

both practicing

engineers

and

students,

and

derivations of

equations were

included in many of

the

chapters.

To

make

the

handbook

easier

to

use

for

engineers

who want information on

a

speci

c topic quickly, the derivations

are

not included in the

chapters.

However, to make

the

book useful to

students

and

teachers,

the

derivations

are

in

an

appendix. This new book

addresses

the

material of

the

earlier

books

plus (1) controls, (2) re and

smoke

control in

trans-

port tunnels, and

(3)

full

scale

re testing. For

those

getting

started

with

the

computer models

CONTAM

and CFAST,

there

are

simpli

ed instructions

with

examples.

As

with

the other

books, this new book is

primarily

intended for

designers,

but it is

expected

that it

will

be

of interest to other professionals (architects,

code

of

cials,

researchers,

etc.). In this book, the term

smoke

control

system

is used

to

mean an

engineered system

that includes all

methods

that

can

be

used

singly or in combination

to

modify

smoke

movement. This

usage

is

consistent

with

that of

the

2009

NFPA 92A, 2012 NFPA 92, and most

codes

including

the

International

Building

Code.

This

usage

is

a

departure

from

the

earlier ASHRAE

smoke

control books

and

earlier

versions

of NFPA 92A. The meaning of

the

term

smoke

man-

agement

system was

completely

changed

in

the

2009 NFPA 92A, and this term is almost

never used

in this handbook.

Because

these

terms have

different

meanings

in many publications,

readers

are

cautioned to

be

careful about this ter- minology when reading different books,

research papers,

and articles. This book and its

predecessors

are

different from other design books in

a

number of

respects.

This book is

writ-

ten in both English units (also called I-P for inch-pound) and SI units

so

that it can

be

used by

a

Wide

audience.

Phys- ical descriptions

are

worked into

the text

as

simple explanations of how particular

mechanisms,

processes

or

events

happen.

Many

example

calculations

are

included.

As

with

the

earlier book, I hope that this book is of value to

the

engineering community. Further, I invite

readers

to

mail

their

suggestions

and

comments

to me

at

the

address

below. John H.

Klote,

D.Sc., RE.

19355 Cypress

Ridge

Terrace

Unit

502

Leesburg,

VA 22101

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project would not

have

been possible without

the support

of ASHRAE. In addition to publishing books

about smoke

control, ASHRAE

has

funded

a

considerable

body of

smoke

control

research

from

the

1980s

to the present

time. A

debt

is

owed

to my

coauthors:

James

A.

Milke,

Paul G. Tumbull, Ahmed Kashef,

and

Michael

J.

Ferreira. Each of them

has

authored

a chapter

or more, and they

have

provided valuable advice during

development

of this

handbook.

Acknowledgement is

made

to the

members

of

the

ASHRAE

Smoke

Control

Monitoring

Committee for their

generous

support

and constructive criticism. The

members

of this subcommittee

are:

William

A.

Webb

(Chair), Jeffrey

S.

Tubbs, and Douglas

Evans.

Gary D. Lougheed, Paul G. Tumbull, John A. Clark, John Breen, and W.

Stuart

Dols

also

provided constructive criticism. Special thanks

are

due to

Gary Lougheed for his

insightful

comments regarding

uid

ow, design res, and

full

scale

re testing. Paul Turnbull

made

valuable comments about

practically

every

aspect

of the book. John Clark provided

helpful

comments in

a

number of

areas.

John Breen, who is

a student at

the Department of Fire Protection Engineering

at

the

University

of Maryland, made valuable comments regarding the computer program

CONTAM.

W. Stuart

Dols,

who is in

charge

of the development of

CONTAM

at

NIST,

made

helpful

comments about

a

number of

aspects

of

CONTAM.

In addition to chairing the review subcommittee,

Bill

Webb

made practical comments on subjects in every chapter of the book. Acknowledgement must

be made

to the many

engineers

and

scientists

who

have

conducted the

research

that is

the

foundation of modem

smoke

control technology.

These researchers are

too many to mention here, but many of their efforts

are

referenced in the text. It should

be

mentioned that I personally

owe

much to

the


Standards

and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD for

the

opportunity of being

able

to

do re

research

there

for nineteen

years.

The content of this book is heavily

dependent

on

extensive smoke

control

research

conducted

at

the National

Research

Council of

Canada

(NRCC).

Much

of this

research

has

been

conducted

at

NRCC’S Experimental Fire

Tower

near

Ottawa.

John

H.

Klote

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ASHRAE's


NOTE

ON

SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability

has

attracted

considerable

attention in recent

years,

and

the

design of

green

buildings requires ingenuity and understanding of

the

technology. This handbook

does

not

explicitly

address

sustainability, but it can

be

thought of

as

a treatment

of sustainability to

the extent

that

designers

can

develop sustainable smoke

control

systems

based

on information provided herein. In

one

sense,

smoke

control

systems

can

be

thought of

as

sustainable

systems

in that they can minimize

the extent

of

smoke

damage

to

building

components

during res. However, the amount of materials

used

in

some

smoke

control

systems

can be

minimized or

even

eliminated. The

use

of natural

smoke

venting for

smoke

control in atria and other large volume

spaces

eliminates the

fans

and ductwork

used

in conventional

smoke

exhaust systems.

The only equipment

needed

for this

kind

of venting is

a

roof vent that

opens

in the

event

of

a

re. Natural

smoke

venting

has

been used for many

decades

in

the

United

Kingdom, Australia, and

Japan.

An algebraic equation in

Chapter

15

can

be

used

as

a

starting

point

for

analysis

of

a

natural venting

system.

Wind

effects

are

a

special concern

with

natural

smoke

venting,

and

these

systems

should

be

analyzed

with

computational

uid

dynamic (CFD) modeling (Chapter 20).

Smoke

lling

s

the

simplest form of

smoke

control for atria

and other

large volume

Spaces,

because

it eliminates

the

need for

any

equipment. This

approach consists

of allowing

smoke

to ll

the

large volume

space

Without

any smoke

exhaust

or

other smoke

removal. For very large

spaces,

the smoke

lling

time can

be

long enough for

evacua-

tion.

Smoke

lling

time can

be

calculated by

algebraic equations

or With

the

use

of computer models

as

discussed

in

Chapter 15.

It is

essential

that calculations of evacuation time include

the

times

needed

for recognition, validation,

and premovement

as

discussed

in

Chapter

4.

For

some

applications,

passive

smoke

control using

smoke

barriers

has

the

potential to

be used

in place of pressurization

smoke

control

systems.

This can

reduce

or eliminate

the

fans

and ductwork 0f

the

pressurization

systems.

Such

systems

need

to

provide equivalent life-safety protection

as

that of

the

pressurization

systems.

The tenability of

such passive

systems

can be analyzed

with

CFD modeling or

with

a

combination of

CONTAM

and

zone

re model-

ing

as

discussed

in

Chapter

19.

Stairwell ventilation

systems

have

the potential

to

maintain tenability in stairwells

at

reduced fan capacity compared to stairwell pressurization. The idea of

these

ventilation

systems

is

to

supply air to and

exhaust

air

from

the stairwell

so

that any

smoke

leaking

into

the stairwell is diluted to maintain tenable conditions in the stairwell. The amount of air needed for stairwell pressurization is proportional to the number of oors

served

by the stair-

well,

but the amount of air needed for stairwell ventilation, is almost independent of the number of oors. This

means

that the

greatest savings

in fan capacity

are

for stairwells in very

tall

buildings. For stairwell

ventilation

the most important location is the landing of the re

oor,

and tenability here can be analyzed by CFD modeling

as

discussed

in Chapter 20. The

extent to

which

smoke

control

systems

can

be

more

sustainable

depends

on

the

ingenuity, creativity, and knowledge of

the

design

team.

Some

old

ideas

(such

as

smoke shafts

and

smoke

venting

with

exterior

wall

vents)

may

be

reevaluated

and revised to

become

sustainable systems

or parts of

sustainable

systems.

It is

essential

that the alter-

nate smoke

control

systems

provide protection that is equivalent to that of conventional

systems.

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CHAPTER

1

Units

and

Properties

John H.

Klote

The international

system

(SI) of units is used for almost all applications outside

the

US.

and for many applications inside the

US.

In the U.S.,

a

collection of mostly old English units

are

used for many applications.

These

old style units

are

referred

to here

as

inch-pound (I-P) units. This

chapter

deals

with

units of

measure-

ment and physical properties.

DUAL

UNITS

Most

equations

in this handbook

are

presented

in

dual units, but

exceptions

are

noted

at

the beginning of

some chapters.

The equation below for the Reynolds

number is an

example

of

these

dual units.

1.39

x10—3DhU

V

(1

1)

D

h

U

R = for SI

12

Where

Re

Reynolds number,

dimensionless,

Dh = hydraulic

diameter

of ow path, in. (m),

U

average

velocity in ow path, fpm (In/s),

v kinematic

Viscosity,

ftZ/s

(mZ/s).

This equation

consists

of an I-P version followed by an SI version. The “Where” list below the equation con- tains

the

variable

names,

followed by

the

I-P units

with

the

SI units in

parentheses.

For example,

the

I-P units of

average

velocity in ow path

are

fpm,

and the

SI units for this

variable

are

m/s. The I-P units

are

used

in

the

following

systems:

(1)

the

pound-mass

and pound-force

system,

(2)

the

slug

and pound

system,

and (3) the

pound-mass and

poundal

system.

Each version

has

its own rules for dealing

with

units, but

these

are

not

discussed

here.

The

approach

taken

here

is to

focus

on

the

SI

system,

and

to

provide

conversions

between

the

I-P units and SI units.

THE

SI

SYSTEM

Today’s SI

system

is

based

on

the

metric

system

that

was

rst

adopted

in

France

in

1791.

This section is

a

general

discussion of

the

SI

system.

More detailed information is available from

NIST

(Thompson and

Taylor

2008) and

IEEE/ASTM

(IEEE/ASTM

2002).

The

NIST

publication

can

be

downloaded over

the

Inter-

net

at

no

cost.

The

S1

system consists

of

base

units and derived

units which together form what is called

a coherent

sys-

tem of SI units.

Such a coherent system

needs

no addi-

tional

factors

in

equations

to adjust for the units, and

the

advantage

of this is illustrated later. The

seven base

quantities upon which

the

SI

system

is founded

are

length,

mass,

time, thermodynamic

temperature,

electric current, amount of

substance,

and luminous intensity.

Table

1.1 lists

the

names

and symbols of

the

units for

these base

quantities.

Derived units

are expressed

algebraically in

terms

of

base

units or other derived units. The symbols for derived units

are

obtained by

means

of the mathematical

operations

of

multiplication

and division. For example, the derived unit for the derived quantity

mass

ow

(mass

divided by time) is the kilogram per

second,

and the symbol for

mass

ow is kg/s. Other

examples

of derived units

expressed

in

terms

of SI

base

units

are

given

in

Table 1.2.

There

are

a

number of

coherent

derived units

that

have special

names

and symbols.

For

example, the pascal

or

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Chapter

l—Units

and Properties

is

the special

unit for

pressure,

and

the

symbol

Pa

is

the

special

symbol for

the pascal.

Table

1.3

lists

some

of

these

units

with

special

names

and

symbols.

When it is

stated

that an equation

is valid for

the

SI

system,

it is

meant that

the

equation

is valid for

variables that

are the coherent

units of

the

SI

system.

Pre

xes

are

listed in

Table 1.4.

For

example,

the

pre- x

kilo

(k)

means a

multiplication

factor

of

one thousand,

and a

kilometer (km) is

a thousand

meters

(m).

Conver-

sions

between

I-P and SI units

are

listed in

Table

1.5.

Chapters in SI

Only

Some

of

the

chapters

in this handbook

are

only in

SI units. This

was done

because

the

equations

in

these

chapters are

intended

primarily

for explanation.

These

equations

can

also

be

used to write computer programs, and most computer programs

are

written in SI units

because

they

are

based

on

equations

from

research done

in SI units.

All

of

the variables

in

an

SI equation

are

in

base

units or

coherent

derived units

(Tables

1.1 to 1.3). Table 1.1:

Base

Units

of the SI

System

Base

Quantity

Unit

Symbol Length meter

111

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

3

Thermodynamic

temperature1

kelvin K

Electric current

ampere

A Amount of

substance

mole mole

Luminous intensity

candela

cd

lThis

is also

called

absolute temperature.

Kelvin

s also the

unit

for

temperature

difference and

temperature

rise.

Care

needs

to

be

taken

because

units

with

a

pre

x

are

not

coherent except

for

the

kilogram, which is an

excep-

tion. For example, the

following

s

an

SI equation for the

pressure

difference between two

nodes:

Spy :

pi—pj+pl-g(zl-—Zj:

(1-2)

where

As

=

pressure di

‘erence

from

node

i to

node

,

pl-

=

pressure

at node

i,

pj =

pressure at

node

j,

rl-

=

density

of

gas

at

node

i,

21-

=

elevation

of

node

i,

zj

=

elevation

of

node

, g =

acceleration

of gravity.

It can

be

seen

from

Table

1.3

that

the

pressures

and the

pressure

difference

are

in

the

units of

pascals (Pa).

Elevations

are

quantities of length, and they

are

in

meters

(m)

as

can be

seen

from

Table

1.1. From

Table

1.2, it

can

be

seen

that

the

acceleration term

has

units of meter per

second squared

(III/$2).

Table 1.2:

Some

Coherent

Derived Units

Quantity

Name

Symbol

Acceleration meter per

second

squared m/s2

Area

square

meter

m2

Density

kilogram

per cubic

meter kg/m3

Mass ow

mass

per

second

kg/s Velocity meter per

second

m/s

Volume

cubic

meter

m3

Volumetric

flow

cubic

meter

per

second m3/s

Table 1.3:

Some

Coherent Derived

Units

With Special Names and Symbols

.

S

ecial

Quantlty

13ame

Electrical

charge

coulomb

Electric potential difference volt

Energy, heat, and

work

joule

Force newton Frequency hertz Power, heat

release

rate watt

Pressure, pressure

difference pascal Special Expression in

other

Expression in SI

Symbol

SI

Units

Base

Units

C

—

s

A V W/A m2 kg

5—3

A—1

J

N m m2 kg

3-3

N

-

m kg

5—2

Hz

—

3-1

W

J/s

1112

kg

5—3

Pa

N/m2

m‘

kg

5—2

or

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TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

The SI unit of

absolute temperature

is

kelvin,

and

the

LP unit of

absolute temperature

is

Rankine. In addi-

tion,

temperature

is frequently

measured

in

the

Celsius

or

the

Fahrenheit

scale.

The

following

equations

can

be

used

to

convert between temperature

scales:

TF

=

TR—459.67

TR

=

TF+459.67

TC

=

TK—273.15

TK =

TC+273.15

TF

=

1.8TC+32

(1.3)

_ T F

32

C

1.8

where

TF

=

temperature

in

degrees

Fahrenheit,

T

R

=

temperature

in

degrees

Rankin, T

C

=

temperature

in

degrees

Celsius,

T K =

temperature

in kelvin.

Temperature Difference

This

section

deals

with

temperature

difference, tem-

perature

rise, and

temperature

drop.

All of

these

are

han-

dled

the

same

way, and

they

are

referred to

here

in

a

generic

sense

as

temperature difference.

The

following

equations

can

be

used

for

temperature difference conver-

Slons:

ATF =

1.8ATC

ATF =

ATR

AT

_

ATF

(1-4)

C 1—.8

AT

C

= ATK

where

ATF =

temperature

difference

in

degrees

Fahrenheit,

AT

C

=

temperature

difference

in

degrees

Celsius, ATK

=

temperature

difference

in kelvin,

ATR

=

temperature

difference

in

degrees

Rankine.

SOFT AND

HARD

CONVERSIONS

Many

people

are

confused

by

the

terms

soft

conver-

sion

and

hard

conversion,

because

the terms

seem

back-

wards.

Regarding

conversions,

soft

means

exact

or nearly

so,

and

hard

means

approximate.

An

example

of

a

soft

conversion

is

810 ft

equals

exactly

246.888

m. What is

Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

hard

about

a

hard

conversion

is deciding how many digits should

be

kept in

the

rounded

number.

Should

810

ft

be

rounded to

250

m,

247

In, or

something

else?

The

answer

depends

on

numerous considerations,

some

of

Which

are

unique to

speci

c

areas

of

engineering.

In this handbook, hard conversions

are

used.

Often,

values

are

rounded to three signi

cant digits

because

calculations

based

on

such

rounding

are

equivalent for engineering purposes in

both

systems.

Rounding is

sometimes based

on accuracy considerations of the

original

value.

With

most research work and

some

standards,

the

original

value is in SI units. For consistency in this handbook, I-P units

are

listed

rst,

followed

by SI units in

parentheses, regardless

of the

source

of the

data.

UNIT

CONVERSIONS FOR

EQUATIONS

Because

almost all

research

is conducted in SI units,

there

is

a

need to convert SI

equations

to I-P

equa-

tions. This section

discusses

a

method that can be used for

such conversions.

For SI

equations

with

temperature

in

degrees

Celsius, the equation

needs

to

be

converted to

one

With

temperature

in kelvin. The

following

s an equation in mctional form:

(1.5)

:

.f(x13

x29

"-9

x”)

where

y is

a

dependent

variable,

and xi from i= 1 to n

are

independent variables.

Equation

1.5

is in SI units, and t is

desired

to

convert

it to LP units.

The variables

in this

equation

are

related to

the

ones

in

the

other

unit

system

as

follows:

: a r

y

_

y

,

(1.6)

Table

1.4:

SI

Pre

xes

Pre

x

Symbol

Multiplication

Factor

giga

G

109

=

1 000

000

000 mega

M

106

=

1

000 000

kilo

k

103

=

1

000

centil

C

10—2

=

0.01

milli m

10—3

=

0.001

micro

10—6

=

0.000

001

nano

n

10—9

=

0.000 000

001

1The

pre

x

centi

is

to be avoided

Where

possible.

or

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Chapter

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and Properties

Table

1.5: Factors

for

Unit

Conversions

TO

CONVERT

FROM

Acceleration

foot per

second

squared

(ft/s2) meter per

second squared

(m/sz)

standard

gravity (g)

standard

gravity (g)

Area

foot

squared

(ftz) foot

squared

(ftz)

meter

squared

(m2) meter

squared

(m2) meter

squared

(m2)

yard

squared

(ydz) yard

squared

(ydz)

yard

squared

(ydz) Density gram per cubic meter (g/m3)

kilogram

per cubic meter (kg/m3) gram per cubic meter (g/m3)

kilogram

per cubic meter (kg/m3) pound per cubic foot

(1b/ft3)

pound per cubic foot

(1b/ft3)

Energy

(also

Heat

and

Work) British

thermal

unit

(Btu)

British

thermal

unit

(Btu)

erg foot pound (ft lb) joule (J)

Flow,

Mass

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s)

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s)

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s)

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s) pound per hour (lb/ h) pound per minute

(lb/min)

pound per

second

(lb/s) pound per

second

(lb/s)

standard

cubic feet per min (scfm) at 68°F

standard

cubic feet per min (scfm) at 68°F TO meter per

second squared (In/$2)

foot per

second squared

(ft/52) meter per

second2

(m/sz) foot per

second

(ft/32)

meter2

(m2)

inch

squared

(in?)

foot

squared

(ftz)

inch

squared

(inz)

yard

squared

(ydz)

meter2

(m2) foot

squared

(ft2)

inch

squared

(in?)

kilogram

per cubic meter (kg/m3) gram per cubic meter (g/m3) pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)

kilogram

per cubic meter (kg/m3) gram per cubic meter (g/m3) j oule (J) foot pound (ft lb) j oule (J) j oule (J)

British

thermal

unit

(Btu)

pound per hour

(lb/h)

pound per minute

(lb/min)

pound per

second

(lb/s) standard cubic feet per min (scfm)

at

68°F

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s)

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s)

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s) standard cubic

feet

per min (scfm)

at

68°F

kilogram

per

second

(kg/s) pound per

second

(lb/s)

MULTIPLY

BY

0.3048 3.2808 9.80665 32.174

0.09290

144

10.76

1550

1.196

0.8361

9

1296

0.001

1000 6.2428E-5 0.062428 16.018 16,018

1055

778

1.000E-7

1.356

9.479E-4

7937 132.3

2.205 1760 0.0001260 0.007560

0.4536 798.5

0.005680 0.0012523

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Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 1.5: Factors for

Unit

Conversions (Continued)

TO

CONVERT

FROM

Flow, Volumetric

foot cubed per minute (ft3/min or cfm) foot cubed per

second

(ft3/s) gallon per minute (gal/min or gpm) meter cubed per

second

(1113/3)

meter cubed per

second (mB/s)

meter cubed per

second

(1113/5)

gallon per minute (gal/min or gpm) foot cubed per minute (ft3/min or cfm) Force kilogram-force (at

sea

level) pound-force

(1b)

newton (N)

Heat

(See

Energy) Heat

Release

Density

Btu/s

1°:2

kW/m2

Heat

Release

Rate

(see

Power)

Length

foot (ft) foot (ft)

inch (in.) inch (in.) inch (in.)

meter

(111)

meter (m) meter (m) meter

(111)

meter

(111)

mile mile

nautical

mile

(U.S.) yard yard yard

Light

footcandle luX

(1X)

Mass

gram

(9)

TO meter cubed per

second

(m3/s) meter cubed per

second

(m3/s) meter cubed per

second

(1113/8)

foot cubed per minute (ft3/min or cfm) foot cubed per

second

(ft3/s) gallon per minute (gal/min or gpm) foot cubed per minute (ft3/min or cfm) gallon per minute (gal/min or gpm) newton (N) newton (N) pound-force (lb)

kW/m2

Btu/s ft2

meter

(111)

inch

(in.) meter (m) centimeter (cm) foot (ft) foot (ft)

inch

(in) nautical

mile

(U.S.)

mile

yard meter

(111)

foot (ft) meter

(111)

meter

(111)

foot (ft) meter

(111)

lux

(1x)

footcandle

kilogram

(kg)

MULTIPLY

BY

4.719E-O4

0.02832 6.309E-05 2119

35.31

15850 0.1337

7.481

9.80665 4.448 0.2248

11.36

0.08806

0.3048

12

0.02540

2.54

0.08333 3.2808

39.3701

0.0005 6.214E-4 1.0936

1609.3

5280 1852 0.9144

3

0.9144 10.764 0.0929

0.001

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ASHRAE‘s


Chapter

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and Properties


Unit


TO

CONVERT

FROM

gram

(g)

kilogram

(kg)

kilogram

(kg)

ounce

(avoirdupois) pound (lb) pound (lb) pound (lb) slug slug ton (long, 2240 lb) ton (metric) ton (short, 2000 lb) Mass

Flow

(see

Flow,

Mass) Temperature

(see

equations in the

text)

Power (also

Heat

Release

Rate)

British

thermal

unit

per hour (Btu/h)

British

thermal

unit

per hour (Btu/h)

British

thermal

unit

per minute

(Btu/min)

British

thermal

unit

per minute

(Btu/min)

British

thermal

unit

per

second

(Btu/s)

British

thermal

unit

per

second

(Btu/s) horsepower horsepower horsepower ton (refrigeration) ton (refrigeration) Pressure

atmosphere,

standard (atm)

atmosphere,

standard (atm)

atmosphere,

standard (atm)

atmosphere,

standard (atm)

atmosphere,

standard (atm) centimeter of mercury (cm Hg) at 0°C

centimeter

of

water

(cm

H20)

60°C

foot

of

water

(ft

H20)

at

60°F

inch

of mercury (in. Hg)

inch

of water (in. H20)

at

60°F pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

TO pound

(1b)

gram

(g)

pound

(1b)

kilogram

(kg)

kilogram

(kg)

gram

(g)

slug

kilogram

(kg) pound

(1b)

kilogram

(kg)

kilogram

(kg)

kilogram

(kg)

kilowatt (kW)

watt (W) watt (W)

kilowatt (kW)

watt (W)

kilowatt (kW)

watt (W) foot pound per

second

(ft lb/s)

kilowatt (kW)

watt (W)

kilowatt (kW)

pascal

(Pa)

pound per

square

inch

(lb/in.2 or psi)

pound per

square

foot

(lb/ftz)

inch

of

water

(in.

H20)

at

60

°F

foot

of

water

(ft

H20)

at 60

°F

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

inch

of mercury (in. Hg)

inch

of water (in. H20)

at

60°F foot of water (ft H20) at 60°F centimeter of mercury (cm Hg)

at

0°C

MULTIPLY

BY 0.002205 1000 2.205 0.03110

0.4536 453.6 0.03108 14.60 32.174

1016 1000 907.2

2.931E-O4

0.293 17.58 0.01758

1055

1.055 745.7 550.0 0.7457 3517 3.517 101325

14.696 2116.2

407.19

33.932 1333.22

97.97

2986 3386 248.84

2.953E-04 0.004019

3.349E-O4

7.501E-O4

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TO CONVERT FROM

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal (Pa)

pound per

square

foot

(lbf/ftz)

pound per

square

inch (lbf/in.2 0r psi)

Velocity (also Speed)

foot

per

hour

(ft/h)

foot

per

minute

(ft/min

or

fpm)

foot per

second

ft/s)

kilometer per hour (km/h)

knot

meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s)

mile

per hour

(mi/h

or mph) Volume

foot

cubed

(ft3)

foot cubed (ft3) foot cubed (ft3) foot cubed (ft3)

gallon (U.S.) gallon (U.S.)

inch cubed (in.3) inch cubed (in.3)

liter liter

meter cubed (m3) meter cubed (m3) meter cubed (m3) meter cubed (m3) meter cubed (m3)

yard

cubed

(yd3)

yard

cubed

(yd3)

Volumetric Flow

(see

Flow, Volumetric)

Work

(see

Energy)


Unit


TO centimeter of water (cm

H20)

60° C pound per

square

foot

(lbf/ftz)

pound per

square

inch

(lbf/in2

or psi)

pascal

(Pa)

pascal

(Pa)

meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s) meter per

second

(m/s)

foot per minute

(ft/min

or fpm)

foot per

second

(ft/s)

foot per hour

(ft/h)

kilometer per hour (km/h)

knot

mile

per hour

(mi/h

or mph)

kilometer

per

hour (km/h)

meter cubed (m3)

inch cubed (in.3)

gallon (U.S.)

yard

cubed (yd3)

meter cubed (m3)

foot cubed (ft3)

meter cubed (m3)

foot

cubed

(ft3)

meter cubed (m3)

gallon (U.S.)

foot cubed (ft3) inch cubed (in.3)

gallon (U.S.)

liter

yard

cubed (yd3)

meter cubed (m3)

foot

cubed

(ft3)

Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

MULTIPLY

BY

0.0 102

1

0.02089

1

450E-O4

47.88

6895

8.467E-05 0.005080

0.3048 0.2778 0.5144

196.9

3.281

11811

3.600 1.944

2.237

1.609

0.02832

1728

7.4805428

0 03704

0.003785412

0.1337

1.639x10'5

0.0005787

0.001

0.2642

35.31

61013

264.2

1000

1.308

0.7646

27

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not

permitted

without

ASHRAE's


Chapter 1—Units and Properties

where y'and x;

are

corresponding

variables

in I-P

units,

and

a

and

bl-

are

conversion

constants. Table 1.5

lists

some

conversion factors. Substituting Equations

1.6

into Equation

1.5

results in

:zy’

=

f(b1x1’

,

b2x2'

, ..., bnxl; ). (1.7) This equation is equivalent to Equation 1.6, but it is in I- P units. Equation

1.7 demonstrates

that an

alternate

form of

any

equation can

be developed.

In practice, the

coef

cients of

a

function in

the

form of Equation

1.7

would

be

rearranged and rounded off. The resulting

equation can

be

written

as

y'

=

f’(x1',x2',...,x,;)

(1.8)

where f 'is

a

new function

with

rounded off coef

-

cients.

The level of

agreement

between Equations

1.7

and

1.8

can

be

expressed

as

_

af’(x1',

x2'

,

“'9e

)—f(x1, x2,

"'9a

(19)

f(x1,x2,

...,xn) ' where

8

is

the

error in

the

function, f ',

due

to rounding. A positive

value

of

8 means

that

f 'is overpredict- ing in comparison

to

the

predictions

off

When rounding off

the

coef

cients, the temptation

of using

a

simple rule

based

on

the

accuracy

of

the

orig-

inal

research

needs

to

be avoided.

For example,

a

person might mistakenly

think

that

because

the

original

Table 1.6:

Some

Physical Constants

Acceleration of gravity

at

sea

level, g

9.80665 m/s2

32.174

ft/s2

287.0

J/kg

K

53.34

ft

bf/lbm/OR

1716.

ft

1bf/slug/°R

Gas

constant of air, R

0.06858 Btu/lbm/OR

Standard

atmospheric

101,325 Pa pressure,

Pat,”

14.696 psi

2116.2

1b/ft2

407.19

in. H20

(60°F)

33.932

ft

H20

(60°F)

1033.3

cm

H20

(4°C)

30.006

inch

mercury (60°F)

760.00 mm mercury (0°C)

research

has

an accuracy

of only two signi

cant g- ures, all the coef

cients should

be

rounded to two places.

Some

constants

in

a

function can

have a

much

greater

impact than others, and using

such a

simple approach can result in error

values 8

, that

are

unaccept- ably high. A more appropriate rule is

to

round coef

cients

to

the

smallest values

that

will

esult in

values

of

8

that

are

within

a

predetermined

limit.

For many engineering applications,

a

value

8

of 1% would

be reasonable,

and this value is used in Example

1.1.

PHYSICAL DATA

The

values

of

some

physical

constants are

listed in

Table 1.6. The

properties of air

are

listed in

Tables

1.7 and 1.8. The thermal properties of

a

number of materials

are

listed in

Tables

1.9

and 1.10.

U.S.

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

The barometric

pressure

and temperature of the air vary

with

altitude,

local

geographic conditions, and weather conditions.

Altitude

is the elevation

above

sea

level. The standard

atmosphere

is

a

standard of refer-

ence

for properties

at

various altitudes. At

sea

level,

the standard temperature

is 59°F (15°C) and the standard barometric

pressure

is 14.6959 psi (101.325 kPa). The barometric

pressure

and temperature

decrease

with

increasing altitude. The

temperature

is considered

to

decrease

linearly

throughout the troposphere, Which is the lowest

portion

of the earth’s

atmosphere.

The

stan-

dard barometric

pressure

varies

with

altitude

as

p =

14.6959(1— 6.87559

><

10-6z)5-2559

(1.10)

p =

101.325(1—2.25577

><10_52)5 2559

for

1.

The

standard temperature varies

With altitude

as

T =

59—

0.003572

1.11)

T =

15

—

0.00652 for SI

where

p =

baromet

c

pressure,

psi

(kPa),

T

=

temperature,

°F

(0C),

2

= altitude, ft (m).

Example

1.2 shows

how

to

calculate the standard

barometric

pressure.

The climatic

data

listed

in

Chapter 2 lists the standard barometric

pressure

calculated

from

Equation 1.10 for locations throughout the world. The

above

equations for barometric

pressure

and temperature

are

accurate

from

—16,400

to

36,000

ft

(—5000

to 11,000 m). For higher altitudes,

see

NASA

(1976).

or

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Handbook

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Smoke

Control

Engineering

Example 1.1.

Equivalent

I-P

Equation

For the

following

SI equation, develop an equivalent I-P version. The SI equation

is

m

=

0'59Qc1/3W1/5(Zb+

0.17W7/15H+

10.35W7/15—

15)

Where

m =

mass

ow rate in plume (kg/sec),

QC

=

convective heat

release

rate

of

the

re

(kW),

W = length of the

spill

(m),

Zb

= height of the plume

above

the

balcony

edge

(In),

H = height of balcony

above

fuel (m).

This equation is applicable for

zb

<

15

m and

W<

10 m. It is desired to convert this equation to

another

one

with

mass

ow in

pounds

per

second,

heat

release

in

Btu/s, and length

in

feet. The variables

are

related

between the

two

systems

as

m = 0.4536m';Qc =

1.055Qé

;W

= 0.3048W';zp = 0.30482]; ;H = 0.3048H'. Substituting the relations between the

two

unit

systems

into the SI version of the equation, rearranging, and rounding coef

- cients to four places yields

0.4536m'

=

0.59(1.055Q(;

)1/3(0,3048W')1/5

[0.30482];

+

0.17(0.3048

W’)7/150.3048H’

+

10.35(0.3048

W')7/

15

—

15]

.

Next,

the coef

cients in this equation were rearranged and calculated to four

places

m’

=

0.3182(QC'

)1/3(W')1/5[zb'

+

0.09764(W')7/15H'+19.50(W')7/15

—

49.21].

These

coef

cients need to

be

rounded down further. The rst attempt

Will

be

to

round

the

coef

cients

to

two places and calculate the error. A

spread

sheet

program

was

used

to

evaluate

a

version of the equation

with

coef

cients rounded

to

two places. Errors were calculated over

a

range of useful

values

which is:

350

Btu/s <

QC

< 1400 Btu/s,

3

ft <

2,,

<

50

ft, 7 ft < W <

32.8

ft,

8

ft < H <

18

ft. It

was

found that

8

is independent of

QC,

but it

depends

on the other variables. Over this range, the error,

8

, varied

from

0.8% to 5.9%.

On inspection, the last coef

cient in

the

equation

appears

to

have the

most impact on the predicted results. The

spread sheet

data

was

modi

ed

so

that this last coef

cient

was

to three places and the

others

unchanged.

With

these

coef

cients, 8 varied

from

0.6% to 0.8%.

Because

these

errors

are

less

than the predetermined

limit

of 1%, the coef

cients

are

acceptable.

Based on this analysis, the equation in I-P units can be

written

Without

the

prime notation

as

m

=

0.32c/3

W1/5(zb

+

0.098

W7/15H

+

19.5

W7/15

—

49.2)

where

m =

mass

ow rate in plume (lb/s), Q = heat

release

rate of the re (Btu/s), W = length of the

spill

(ft),

21,

= height of the plume

above

the

balcony

edge

(ft),

H = height of balcony

above

fuel

(ft).

or

ad

Chapter

l—Units

and Properties

1;

°F

0

32

100

200

300 400 500 600

700

800 900 1000

1500

2000 2500

3000

Notation:

T

=

temperature,

p =

density,

C =

constant pressure

speci

c

heat,

9

lbm/ft3

0.086 0.081

0.071

0.060 0.052 0.046

0.0412

0.0373

0.0341

0.0314

0.0291 0.0271

0.0202

0.0161

0.0133

0.0114

Cp

,

Btu/lbm'°F

0.239 0.240 0.240 0.241

0.243 0.245

0.247 0.250

0.253 0.256

0.259 0.262 0.276 0.286

0.292

0.297

Table 1.7: Properties of air in I-P

units

u

lbm/ft-s

1.110><10—5

1.165x10—5

1.285x10—5

1.440x10—5

1.610x10-5

1.750x10—5

1.890x10—5 2.000x10—5

2.14><10—5

2.25><10—5

2.36x10-5

2.47x10—5

3.00x10—5 3.45x10—5

3.69x10—5 3.86x10—5

u = dynamic (absolute) viscosity,

V

=

kinematic

Viscosity (v = u/ p), k =

thermal conductivity

7;

Ii

200

250

300 350

400

500

600 700

800

900 1000 1200

1400 1600

1800 2000

Note:

Notation isted

at

bottom

of Table 1.7.

P

kg/m3 1.7684

1.4128

1.1774 0.9980

0.8826

0.7048

0.5879 0.5030

0.4405

0.3925

0.3524 0.3204

0.2515

0.2211

0.1970 0.1762

Cp,

J/kg-K

Table 1.8: Properties of

Air

n SI

Units

H , kg/m-s

L006IXI03

L0053X103

1.0057x103

L0090X103

1.0140x103 L0295X103

LOSSIXIO3

1.0752x103

L0978X103 L1212X103

1.1417x103

1.160x103

1.214x103

L248X103

1.287x103

L338X103

1.3289x10—5

1.488x10—5

1.983x10-5

2.075x10—5

2.286x10—5

2.671><10_5

3.018x10-5

3.332x10—5

3.625x10—5

3.899x10—5 4.152><10-5

4.44><10—5

5.17><10—5

5.63x10—5

6.07x10-5

6.50x10—5

10

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


v,

ftZ/s)

0.130><10—3 0.145><10—3

0.180x10—3 0.239x10—3

0.306x10-3

0.378x10—3

0.455x10—3

0.540><10—3

0.625x10—3 0.717x10—3

0.815x10-3

0.917x10—3

1.47x10—3

2.14x10—3

2.80x10—3

3.39x10—3

v

,

mzls

7.514x104

10.5><10—6

16.8x10-6

20.8x10—6

25.9x10—6

37.9x10—6

51.3x10-6

66.3x10—6

82.3x10—6 99.3mm—6

117.8><10‘6

138.6X10‘6

205.5x104

254.5x104

308.1><10‘6

369.0X10‘6

k,

Btu/h-ft-°F

0.0133

0.0140

0.0154

0.0174

0.0193

0.0212

0.0231

0.0250 0.0268

0.0286

0.0303

0.0319 0.0400

0.0471

0.051

0.054

k,

W/m-K

0.01809 0.02227 0.02624

0.03003

0.03365 0.04038 0.04659 0.05230 0.05779 0.06279 0.06752 0.0732

0.0891

0.100

0.111

0.124

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Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 1.9:

Thermal

Properties of Solid Materials in I-P

Units

Density

Speci

c

Thermfll.

ThernTal

Material

[3

’

Izeat

C0nduct1v1ty

Inertla

p,

k,

kpc,

“m3

Btu/lb'°F

Btu/h°ft-°F

Btuzlft4-h-°F

Aluminum

(pure) 169 0.2 1 1 19

43

00 Steel (0.5% carbon)

490

0.1 1

31

1700 Copper (pure)

558

0.091 169 8490 Concrete

150 0.18

0.92 25

Brick

162 0.19 0.46 14

Glass,

plate

169

0.19 0.44 14

Brick/concrete

block

1

19

0.20 0.42 10 Gypsum wallboard

59.9

0.26 0.10

1.5

Plywood

33.7

0.60 0.07 1.4 Fiber insulation board

15.0

0.30

0.31

1.4 Chipboard 49.9 0.30

0.087

1.3

Aerated concrete 31.2

0.23

O.

15

1.1 Plasterboard

59.3

0.20 0.092 1.1 Calcium silicate board

43.7

0.27

0.064—0.081

0.74—0.95

Alumina

silicate

block

16.2

0.24 0.081

0.31

Glass

ber insulation

3.75

0.19 0.021

0.015

Expanded polystyrene

1

25

0.36

0.020

0.0088

Table 1.10:

Thermal

Properties of Solid Materials in SI

Units

.

Density

Speci

c

Heat

Cilgigi:lity

1111:1333]

Materlal

p ’

3

Cp

’ k

X

10,3

kpC,

kg/m

kJ/kg

K

kW/m

K

s

/m4'K2-s

Aluminum

(pure) 2710

0.895

206

500 Steel

(0.5% carbon)

7850

0.465

54 197

Copper (pure)

8940 0.381 293 998

Concrete 2400

0.75

1.6 2.9

Brick

2600 0.8 0.8 1.7

Glass, plate 2710

0.8

0.76 1.6 Brick/concrete

block

1900

0.84 0.73 1.2 Gypsum wallboard

960

1.1 0.17

0.18

Plywood

540

2.5 0.12 0.16 Fiber insulation board 240

1.25

0.53 0.16 Chipboard

800 1.25 0.15

0.15 Aerated concrete

500

0.96 0.26 0.12 Plasterboard

950

0.84 0.16 0.12

Calcium silicate board 700 1.12

0.11—0.14 0.086—0.11

Alumina

silicate

block

260 1 0.14 0.036

Glass

ber insulation

60 0.8 0.037

0.0018

Expanded

polystyrene

20

1

.5

0.034 0.0010

11

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Chapter

l—Units

and Properties

Example 1.2. Standard

Barometric

Pressure

What is

the standard barometn'c

pressure at

Pikes

Peak,

Colorado?

The

elevation

there

is z =

14,115 ft

(4302 m).

p

=

14.6959[1— 6.87559 x

(10-614,

115)]52559

=

8.59

psi

(59.3 kPa)

standard

barometric

pressure

NOMENCLATURE

hydraulic

diameter

of ow path, in (In)

acceleration

of gravity

barometric

pressure,

psi

(kPa)

pressure

at

node

1'

pressure at

node

Reynolds number,

dimensionless

temperature,

°F

(0C) temperature

in

degrees

Celsius

temperature

in kelvin

temperature

in

degrees

Fahrenheit

temperature

in

degrees

Rankine

average

velocity in ow path, fpm (m/s)

altitude,

ft

(m)

elevation

of

node

i

elevation

of

node

temperature

difference

in

degrees

Celsius temperature

difference

in

degrees

Fahrenheit

12

AT

K =

temperature

difference

in

kelvin

ATR

=

temperature difference

in

degrees

Rankine

v = kinematic

Viscosity, ftz/s

(mz/s)

7’1

=

density

of

gas

at

node

1

Apt)-

=

pressure

difference

from

node

i to

nodej

REFERENCES

lEEE/ASTM.

2002. Standard

for

Use

of

the

Interna-

tional

System

of Units

(S1):

The

Modern

Metric

Sys-

tem.

New York: Institute of Electrical and

Electronic Engineers.

NASA.

1976. US.

Standard

Atmosphere. National

Oce-

anic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and

Space

Administration, and

the

United

States

Air Force. Available from

the

National Geophysical Data

Center,

Bolder CO.

Thompson, A.,

and

EN.

Taylor.

2008.

Guide

for

the

Use

of

the

International

System

of Units (SI),

NIST

Special Publication

811,

2nd

ed.

Gaithersburg,

MD:


Standards

and Technol- ogy.

or

ad

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CHAPTER

2

Climatic

Design

Data

John

H.

Klote

Outdoor

temperature

and

wind

data are

needed

for

the

design and

analysis

of

smoke

control

systems,

and this

chapter

provides

such data

for locations in

the

US,

Canada,

and many

other

countries.

Standard

barometric

pressures are

also

provided.

CLIMATIC

DATA

Climatic

data

in IP and SI units for Winter and

summer design temperatures plus extreme

wind

speeds

are

listed

in

Tables 2.1

and 2.2. This climatic

data

was

from

a

study by Thevenard (2009),

which

was

funded

by ASHRAE. For information

about

the

source

data

used for

Thevenard’s

project,

see

Lott,

Baldwin,

and

Jones

(2001) and Data Documentation

for

Data

Set

3505

(NCDC

2003).

The design

values

of extreme

wind

speed are

based

on work of Lamming and Salmon (1998). The

data

in

Tables

2.1 and 2.2

are

the

same

as

corresponding temperature and Wind data in

ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals

(ASHRAE

2009).

Thevenard’s study

was

for the period

from

1982

to

2006. This 25-year

period

of weather data

was

a

com-

promise between

trying

to derive design conditions

from

the longest possible

period

and using the most

recent data to capture the effects of climate

change.

The actual amount of

data

used for

a

station

depended

on the amount of missing

data.

While

most stations

had

25

years

of

usable data,

some

stations

had

as

few

as

eight years. Earlier climatic design

data

were compiled by Hub- bard

et

a1.

(2004)

based

on

weather

data

from

1972 to 2001.

For most

weather stations,

the more

recent data

of Thevenard had small

increases

in

temperatures

as

compared to that of Hubbard

et

211.

For example,

the

99.6%

13

winter design

temperatures increased

0.20°F

(O.11°C)

on

average,

and

the summer

design

temperatures

increased 0.25

°F

(014°C)

on

average.

Tables

2.1 and 2.2

have data

for

1663 weather

sta-

tions around

the

world. Of

these

stations, 726

are

in

the

US. and

136

are

in

Canada. These stations

include all

North

American cities and towns in of

Thevenard’s

study that

have

populations of 10,000 or more plus locations of

special

interest,

such

as

resorts.

For climatic design

data

for locations not included in

Table

2.1,

see

the CD-ROM that

accompanies

the 2009

ASHRAE

Handbook—Fundamentals.

As a convenience, the

station

names

used

in

Table

2.1

and 2.2

are

the

commonly

used

names

of

the

locations and not

the

World Meteorological Organization

(WMO)

station identi

ers.

The

WMO

station

identi

ers

are:

(1) all capital

letters,

(2) of

inconsistent

format,

and

(3)

do

not

always correspond to current station

names.

For

these

reasons, the

WMO

identi

ers

are

not

used

in

Table

2.1.

Most of the

stations

in

Tables

2.1 and

2.2

are

airports, and most of

these

stations have a

term

such

as

airport, eld, or air

eld

in their

name

to

identify

them.

Stations

at

many

military

sites are

also

airports, and many of

these

have

abbreviations

such

as

AAF

(Army Air

eld),

AFB

(Air

Force Base),

ANGB

(Air

National Guard Base), ARB

(Air

Reserve

Base),

MCAS

(Marine Corps Air Station), NAS (Naval Air Station), and

RAAF

(Royal Australian Air Force). The

names

of many of the

civilian

airports and

military

airports indicate their geographical location.

For other airports, the name

is

not indicative of loca-

tion,

and for

these

the

stations

name in the table con-

sists

of the name of

a

nearby city

followed

by the

or

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© 2012

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Chapter 2—Climatic Design Data

airport name. For example, Andrews AFB is located in Maryland, but it is part of the Washington, DC metro-

politan

area.

The station name used in the table for this

airport is

Washington,

DC, Andrews AFB.

Some

weather stations

are

not

at

airports, and the

names

of such stations

are

those

of the cities they

are

in or

near.

Standard

Barometric

Pressure

As

a

convenience, standard

barometric

pressures

are

included in

Table 2.1.

These pressures

were calculated

om

the

station elevation

using

the

equation

for

pressure

of

the

US.

Standard

Atmosphere (Chapter

1) (NASA

1976).

For

example,

the

elevation

of Denver

Stapleton

International Airport in Colorado is

5285

ft (1611 m),

and

the standard

barometric

pressure at

this altitude is 12.1 psi

(83.4 kPa).

This differs from

the standard

barometric

pressure

at

sea

level, which is

14.696

psi

(101.325

kPa).

Winter

Design Temperature

Tables

2.1

and

2.2

list winter

design temperatures.

These are

the

dry bulb

temperatures

corresponding to

99.6%

annual

cumulative

frequency

of

occurrence.

For

example,

the

99.6% winter

design

temperature

for

Wash-

ington Dulles International Airport in Virginia is

10.7°F

(—11.8°C).

This

means

that the

temperature

at

Dulles

Air-

port can be thought of

as

being

above

10.7°F

(—11.8°C)

for 99.6% of

the

year.

Summer Design Temperature

Tables

2.1

and

2.2 list

summer

design

temperatures,

which

are

the

dry bulb

temperatures

corresponding to 0.4% annual cumulative frequency of

occurrence.

For

example, the 0.4%

summer

design

value

at

Dulles

Air-

port is 93.5°F

(341°C).

The

temperature at

Dulles

Air-

port

can be

thought of

as

being

above 93.50F

(34.1°C)

for only 0.4% of the

year.

Design

Wind

Tables

2.1 and

2.2

list

extreme

wind

speeds

corre-

sponding

to 1%

annual

cumulative

frequency

of

occurrence.

This is

the

same

as

the

1%

extreme Wind

speed

in ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (2009). For

exam-

ple,

the

1%

extreme

wind

at

Dulles Airport is

20.5

mph (9.2 m/s), which

means

that the Wind

at

Dulles Airport is

above

20.5

mph (9.2 m/s) for only 1% of

the

year.

NCAA

(1998) provides

data

regarding prevailing

Winds

for

a

number of locations in

the

US.

Some readers

may notice that the design

wind

speed

for

smoke

control

systems

is much lower than that for

structures.

This is

because

smoke

control

systems

need to withstand the

wind

for the relatively

short

duration of

system

operation, but

structures need

to

withstand the

wind

over

the

entire

life

of the structure.

Table

2.1:

Climatic

Data

n

I-P

Units

Station

Latitude, Longitude, Elevation,

St.

Br. Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft Pressure, psi

Temp.,

°F

Temp.,

°F mph

United

States

of

America

Alabama

Anniston

Metropolitan

Airport

33.59N

85

86W

600

14.38

20.1

94.5 16.8

Auburn Opelika

Airport

32.62N

85.43W

774 14.29 23.7 93.0

17.5

Birmingham

Municipal Airport

33.56N

86.75W 630 14.36

19.6

95.0

18.3

Cairns

AAF/Ozark

31.28N 85.72W

299 14.54 26.9 95.4 16.9

Dothan

Municipal Airport

31.32N

85.45W

322

14.53 27.3 95.3

19.2

Gadsen

Municipal Airport

33.97N

86.08W 568

14.40

18.6 93.4

16.7

Huntsville

Intl,

Jones

Field

34.64N

86.79W

643

14.36 17.0 94.6 21.5

Mobile

Regional

Airport

30.69N

88.25W 220

14.58

26.9

93.5

20.6

Montgomery, Dannelly

Field

32.30N

86.39W

203

14.59 23.7

96.2 18.6 Montgomery,

Maxwell

AFB

32.3

8N

86.3

7W 174 14.60 27.9 97.2 18.0

Muscle

Shoals

Regional

Airport

34.75N

87.61W

561

14.40

17.8 95.5 18.7

Tuscaloosa

Municipal Airport

33.21N 87.62W 187 14.60 20.6

95.7 17.5

Alaska

Anchorage International

Airport

61.18N 149.99W 131

14.63

—8.9

71.4 20.7 Anchorage,

ElmendorfAFB

61

25N

149.80W

194 14.59

—14.8

73.7 18.8

14

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,

Longitude, Elevation,

St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,

psi Temp., °F Temp.,

°F

mph

Anchorage, Lake Hood

Seaplane

61.18N 149.96W

131

14.63

—8.7

74.5 18.7

Bethel

Airport

60.79N 161.83W 151 14.62

—27.1

72.4

30.6

Fairbanks International

Airport

64. 82N 147. 86W

453

14.46

—43

3

81

2 17.7

Fort Richardson 61.27N 149.65W

377

14.50

—18.6

73.9

19.0

Juneau

International

Airport

58.36N 134.58W

23

14.68

3

8

73

5

26.6

Kenai

Municipal Airport

60.58N

151

24W 92

14.65

—22.3

69.9

24.1 Ketchikan International

Airport

55

.36N

131.71W

95

14.65 12.6 71.4 24.6 Kodiak

Airport

57.75N 152.49W 112 14.64

8.6 68.9 33.4

Nome

Municipal Airport

64.51N 165.44W

23

14.68

—29.0

68.5 28.1

Palmer

Municipal Airport

61

60N

149.09W 249 14.56

—16.4

74.7

31.3

Sitka, Japonski

Airport

57.05N

135.36W 66

14.66 16.4

66.7 24.5

Arizona

Casa

Granda

Municipal Airport

32.95N

11

1.77W

1463 13.94 32.0 108.5

20.3

Douglas, Bisbee

Intl

Airport

31.47N 109.60W 4101 12.64 22.6

99.5

23

9

Flagstaff,

Pulliam Airport

35.13N 11 1.67W 7005 1

1.34 3.9 85.5

20.9

Nogales

International

Airport

31.42N 110.85W

4055 12.67 26.9 99.9 19.4

Phoenix Sky Harbor

Intl

Airport

33.44N 111.99W 1106 14.12

38.6

110.2

18.3

Phoenix,

Luke

AFB 33.53N 112.38W

1086 14.13 35.3

110.8 19.7

Prescott, Love

Field

34.65N 112.42W

5052

12.20

17.5 94.3 20.8

Safford 32.82N 109.68W

3117

13.11 25.4

104.3

22.2

Tucson International

Airport

32.13N 110.96W

2556 13.39 31.7

105.9 21.4 Tucson, Davis Monthan AFB 32.17N 110.88W

2654 13.34

32.9 105.4 19.6 Winslow

Municipal Airport

35.02N 1 10.72W

4882 12.28

1 1.1

97.3

27.2 Yuma International

Airport

32.65N 114.60W 207 14.59 41.8 110.8 20.7

Yuma

MCAS

32.65N 114.62W

213 14.58

41.7 110.9

20.8

Arkansas Bentonville

Municipal Airport

36.35N 94.22W 1296 14.02 10.1

93.5 19.5

Blytheville

Eaker AFB 35.97N 89.95W 262

14.56

11.7 97.0

22.8

El Dorado, Goodwin

Field

33.22N 92.81W

285

14.54 21.7

98.8

17.0

Fayetteville, Drake

Field

36.01N 94.17W 1260 14.04 8.0

95.2 20.5

Flippin

36.30N 92.47W 1148 14.10 12.1 97.2

16.8

Fort Smith Regional

Airport

35.33N

94.3

7W

463 14.45

14.7

99.1

20.4

Harrison

Airport

36.26N 93.16W

1385 13.98 9.8

94.4

20.5

J

onesboro

Municipal Airport

35.83N 90.63W 269

14.55

12.4

96.4

20.9

Little

Rock AFB 34.92N 92.15W

338 14.52

15.3

99.3

17.6

Little

Rock, Adams

Field

34.75N 92.23W

256

14.56 17.2

98.0

18.6

North

Little

Rock

Municipal Airport

34.83N 92.25W 1 152 14.09 16.4

95.2

18.4 Pine

BluffAirport

34.18N 91.94W 213

14.58

21.1 97.1

18.5

Rogers

Field

36.37N 94.10W 1362

13.99

10.0

93.4 20.8

Siloam Spring 36.18N 94.48W

1194 14.07

10.3

95.5 22.8 Texarkana

Municipal Airport

3

3

.45N

94.01W 400 14.48 21.6

98.5 18.8

15

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ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


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Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

California

Alameda NAS 37.73N 122.32W

13

14.69

40.3 83.4

20.6 Bakers

eld, Meadows

Field

35.43N 119.06W

492

14.44 32.2 103.1 18.2

Marysville,

Beale AFB 39.13N 121.43W

125

14.63

32.1 100.7 21.4

Blythe Airport

33.62N 114.72W

394

14.49

36.3

112.7

24.3

Burbank Glendale

Pasadena

Apt 34.20N

1

18.36W 732 14.31 39.0 98.3 18.4

Oxnard AFB 34.22N 119.08W

75

14.66

37.3

84.6 24.9 Camp Pendleton MCAS

33.3ON

117.35W 79

14.65 32.8

92.0 16.9 Carlsbad, Palomar

Airport

33.13N 117.28W

328

14.52

43.0 81.7

14.1 Merced, Castle AFB 37.38N 120.57W 197 14.59

30.6 99.5

18.2

Crescent

City, McNamara

Field

41

78N 124.24W

56 14.67 35.6

68.1

28.1

El Toro

MCAS

33.68N 117.73W

384

14.49

40.3

92.1 14.4

Eureka 40.80N 124.17W

59

14.66

34.2

68.2 21.9

Fresno Air Terminal 36.78N 119.72W

328

14.52

31.5

103.6 18.1

Fullerton

Municipal Airport

33.87N 117.98W

95 14.65

39.2 92.7 13.4

Victorville,

George

AFB

34.58N 117.38W

2874 13.23 27.6 100.7 22.7

Hayward Executive

Airport

37.66N 122.12W 46 14.67 37.1

87.6 19.8

Imperial

County

Airport

32.83N

115.58W

—56

14.73 35.6

111.1

25.9

Hawthorne

Municipal Airport

33.92N 118.33W

69

14.66 44.7

85.9

16.3

Lancaster, Gen Wm Fox

Field

34.74N 1 18.22W

2339 13.50 21.5 102.3

29.7 Lemoore NAS 36.33N 119.95W

233 14.57

29.7 103.0 19.0 Livermore

Municipal Airport

37.69N 121.82W

397

14.49

30.3 98.8

19.6

Lompoc

Airport

34.67N 120.47W

89 14.65 32.4 81.4

20.3

Long Beach

Municipal Airport

33.83N 118.16W

39

14.68

41.2 91.2

17.5

Los Angeles

Intl

Airport

33.94N 118.41W

325

14.52 44.4

83.7

20.0

Riverside,

March

AFB

33.88N

117.27W

1516

13.91 34.2 100.6 17.9

Sacramento,

McClellan

AFB 38.67N 121 40W

82 14.65

31.7 101.9

20.5

Modesto

Municipal

Airport

37.63N 120.95W

98

14.64

31.0 101.1 18.9

Monterey Peninsula 36.58N 121.85W 164 14.61

36.7 77.3

17.0

Mount

Shasta

41.33N

122.33W

3537

12.91

17.5

90.8

12.8

Mountain

View,

Moffett

NAS 37.42N 122.05W

33

14.68 36.4 88.2 18.8

Napa County

Airport

38.21N 122.28W

56

14.67

30.0

91.2

21.3

San

Bernardino, Norton AFB 34.10N

117.23W 1158 14.09 33.9

102.9

16.7

Oakland International

Airport

37.76N 122.22W

89 14.65

37.2

81.8 23.1

Ontario 34.07N 117.65W

997 14.17 36.0

100.6

23.1

Palm Springs

Intl

Airport

33.83N 116.50W

476

14.44 42.7 111.2 22.9 Palm Springs, Thermal

Airpo

33.63N 116.16W

—1

18

14.76 31.0

111.3

19.2

Paso

Robles

Municipal Airport

35

67N 120.63W

817

14.27 26.7 102.1 21.8 Point Arguello 34.57N 120.63W 112 14.64 45.6 71.2 42.4

Point

Mugu

NAS 34.12N 119.12W

13

14.69

38.9 82.0 22.8

Porterville

Airport

36.03N 119.07W

443

14.46

30.4

100.4

12.8

16

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Redding

Municipal

Airport

40.52N

122.31W

502

14.43

28.4

105

9

24.9

Riverside

Municipal Airport

33.95N

117.43W

840 14.26 36.0 99.8 20.7

Sacramento

Executive

Airport

3

8.51N 121.49W 26

14.68

31.4 100.1 20.4

Sacramento,

Mather

Airport

38.55N 121.29W

95 14.65 29.8

101.3

20.4

Sacramento

Metropolitan

Airport

3

8.7ON

121.59W

33

14.68 31.5

100.4

23 3

Salinas

Municipal

Airport

36.66N

121

61W

79

14.65 33.8

82.9

20.9

San

Diego International

Airport

32.74N 1 17.17W

30

14.68 44.8

84.1 17.6

San

Diego, Miramar

MCAS

32.87N

117.15W

479 14.44 38.9

90.3

14.6

San

Diego,

North

Island NAS 32.70N 117.20W 26

14.68

44.6

82.3

18.8

San

Diego,

Brown

Field

32.57N

116.98W 522 14.42 38.9

88.3

16.4

San

Diego,

Montgomery

Field

32.82N 117.13W

423 14.47 40.9

88.3

15.9

San

Francisco

Intl

Airport

37.62N 122.40W 20 14.69

38.8 83.0 28.6

San

Jose

International

Airport

37.36N 121.93W 49 14.67

35.7 92.3 19.8

San

Luis

Obispo County

Airport

35

23N

120.63W

217 14.58 34.0

88.3

25.7

Santa

Barbara

Municipal Airport

34.43N

119.84W 20

14.69 34.7

82.9

19.4

Santa

Maria

Public

Airport

34.92N 120.47W

240 14.57 32.2 84.2

23.8

Sonoma County

Airport

38.51N 122.81W

148

14.62 29.7

95.3

17.0 Stockton Metropolitan

Airport

37.89N 121.24W

26

14.68 30.5 100.8

22.3

Fair

eld,

Travis

AFB

38.27N

121.93W

59 14.66 31.8 98.8

28.3

Truckee

Tahoe

Airport

39.32N 120.13W

5899

11.82 0.9

88.5

22.0

Tustin

MCAF

33.7ON

117.83W

56 14.67 38.9

93.5

17.0

Ukiah Municipal Airport

39.13N

123.20W 627

14.37

29.6 99.9

16.0

Visalia

Municipal Airport

36.32N 119.40W 292

14.54

29.9

99.8

14.7 Colorado

Alamosa

Municipal Airport

37.44N 105.87W

7543

11.11

—15.4

85.2

27.0

Aspen-Pitkin

County

Airport

3

9.22N 106.87W

8018

10.91

—2.4

84.3 18.3

Colorado

Springs

Airport

38.81N

104.71W 6171

11.70

—0.7

90.3

27.7 Cortez

Montezuma Co

Airport

37.30N 108.63W

5915 11.81

3.3

93.2 23.0

Craig

Moffat Airport

40.50N

107.53W

6283

11.65

—15.4

90.1

24.8

Denver International

Airport

39.83N 104.66W

5430 12.03

0.7

94.3

26.7

Denver Stapleton

Intl

Airport

39.77N 104.87W

5285

12.10

—4.0

93.5 24.3

Denver,

Buckley

AFB

39.72N

104.75W

5663

1

1.93

—0.2

93.0 23.4 Denver, Centennial

Airport

39.57N 104.85W

5883 1 1.83

—1.8

91.4

24.8

Fort

Collins 40.58N

105.08W

5003 12.23

—4.8

89.8

20.8

Fort Collins

Loveland

Airport

40.45N

105.02W 5016 12.22

0.1

93.5

25.6

Grand Junction, Walker

Field

39.13N

108.54W

4839 12.30 6.0 97.4

23.1

Greeley,

Weld

County

Airport

40.43N

104.63W

4659 12.38

—5

.5 95.4 27.7

Lamar

Municipal Airport

38.07N 102.68W

3704 12.83

2.6

99.8 28.4

Montrose County

Airport

3

8.50N 107.90W

575

8

11.88 6.7 93.4

22.6

Pueblo Memorial

Airport

38.29N 104.50W 4721

12.36

—2.0

98.4

28.8

Ri

e,

Gar

eld

County

Airport

39.53N

107

72W

5548 11.98 1.4 96.6 22.5

17

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ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


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ASHRAE's



Station

Trinidad, Las Animas C0

Airport

Connecticut Bridgeport, Sikorsky

Airport

Hartford,

Bradley

Int] Airport

Hartford

Brainard

Field

Waterbury,

Oxford

Airport

Willimantic

Delaware

Dover AFB

Greater

Wilmington Airport

Florida

Crestview, Bob

Sikes

Airport

Daytona Beach

Intl

Airport

Destin—Fort

Walton Beach Apt

Fort

Lauderdale—Hollywood

Apt

Fort Myers Metropolitan

Airport

Fort Myers, SW

Florida Airport

Gainesville Regional

Airport

Homestead AFB

Hurlburt

Field

Jacksonville International

Airport

Jacksonville NAS Jacksonville, Cecil

Field

Jacksonville, Craig

Airport

Jacksonville,

Mayport

NS Kennedy

Space

Center Key

West

International

Airport

Marathon

Airport

Melbourne International

Airport

Miami

nternational

Airport

Miami,

Kendall

Tamiami

Airport

Naples

Municipal Airport

Ocala

Municipal

Airport

Orlando Executive

Airport

Orlando International

Airport

Orlando, Central

Florida Airport

Panama

City Bay County

Airport

Pensacola

NAS

Pensacola

Regional

Airport

Sarasota

Bradenton

Airport

St

Petersburg Clearwater

Airport

37.26N 41.18N 41.94N 41.74N 41.48N 41.73N 39.13N 39.67N 30.78N 29.18N 30.40N 26.07N

26.59N

26.53N

29.69N

25.48N 30.43N 30.49N 30.23N

30.22N

30.34N

30.4ON

28.62N 24.55N

24.73N

28.10N 25.82N 25.65N 26.15N

29.] 7N

28.55N

28.43N

28.78N 30.20N 30.35N 30.47N

27.3

8N

27.9ON degrees

104.34W

73.15W 72.68W 72.65W 73.13W 72.18W

75

47W

75

60W 86.52W 81.06W 86.47W 80.15W

81.86W

81.75W 82.27W

80.3

8W

86.68W 81.69W 81.68W

81.87W

81.52W 81.42W 80.72W

81.75W

81.05W 80.65W 80.30W 80.43W 81.78W 82.22W

81.33W 81.33W

81.24W

85.68W

87.32W 87.19W

82.55W

82.68W

18


ft

5745

16

180 20

728

249

23

79

184

43

23

10 20

30

164 16

39 33 23

89

43

13

10 20 26

30

10

23

89

112

105

56

20

30

118

33

10

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

degrees

St. Br.

Winter

11.89

1.3

14.69 10.7

14.60

3.1

14.69 6.4

14.31 3.1

14.56

3.1

14.68

13.9

14.65

11.7

14.60 24.1

14.67

34.7

14.68 34.1

14.69 46.7

14.69 42.4

14.68

41.2

14.61 29.7

14.69 46.4

14.68

29.2

14.68

29.2

14.68

32.2

14.65 29.8

14.67 31.6 14.69

34.4

14.69

38.4

14.69

54.9

14.69

54.0

14.68 39.0

14.68

47.7

14.69 45.4

14.68 43.8 14.65

29.7

14.64 40.0

14.64

37.7

14.67

38.6

14.69 32.1

14.68 28.3 14.63 29.5

14.68 39.3

14.69 42.6

Summer

Pressure,


°F

92.9

87.4

91.5 90.5 87.7 89.9

92.1

91.9

95.3

92.7 91.0 91.8 93.7 93.8 93.5 91.2

92.1

94.5 95.5

96.3

93.4 94.5 91.9

90.6 91.4

92.6 91.8 92.4 90.9

93.2

93.6 93.7 94.9 92.7 93.2 93.7

92.2

93.2

Wind,

mph

27.3

24.5

22.3

20.0

19.7

19.6 24.2 24.4

17.5

20.3

18.8

22.4

18.9

20.7

18.5

18.9

18.9

20.0 20.4

18.7

18.9 20.1 19.0

23.0

19.6

20.9

20.6

20.6

18.8 17.8

19.0 20.1 20.4

18.8

23.5

20.0

21.7

20.9

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Tallahassee

Municipal Airport

30.39N

84.35W 69 14.66

25.4

95.5

17.9

Tampa

International

Airport

27.96N 82.54W 10 14.69

38.4

92.4 18.1

Tampa,

MacDill

AFB 27.85N 82.52W 26

14.68 40.3 93.1 18.7

Tyndall AFB 30.07N

85.58W

23

14.68

31.9 91.2

19.8

Valparaiso,

Eglin

AFB 30.48N

86.53W 66

14.66

28.4 92.6

20.0 Venice

Municipal Airport

27.07N 82.45W 16 14.69

42.3 87.6 28.2

Vero Beach

Municipal Airport

27.66N 80.42W

30

14.68 38.9

91.7 20.2

West

Palm Beach

Intl

Airport

26.69N 80.10W

20

14.69 44.2 91.4

23.1

Georgia Albany, Dougherty

Co

Airport

31.54N 84.19W

194 14.59

26.4

96.7 18.6

Athens, Ben

Epps

Airport

33.95N

83.33W 801 14.28 21.8 95.2 18.4

Atlanta 33.37N 84.55W 971 14.19 19.1

92.8

17.6

Atlanta, Dekalb

Peachtree

Apt 33.87N 84.30W 1027 14.16 22.6

93.3

18.3

Atlanta.

Harts

eld

Intl

Airport

33.64N 84.43W 1027 14.16 20.7

93.8

22.0

Augusta, Bush

Field

33.37N 81.97W

148

14.62 22.2 97.1

18.8

Augusta, Daniel

Field

33.47N 82.03W 420

14.47 27.5 96.8 16.8

Brunswick, M

McKinnon Airport

31.25N 81.39W

23

14.68 30.1 92.7

18.6 Columbus Metropolitan

Airport

32.52N 84.94W

394

14.49

25.1 96.3 18.2

Fort Benning, Lawson

AAF

32.33N 85.00W 289 14.54

23.0 96.7

16.6

Fulton

County

Airport Brown

33.77N 84.52W

863

14.24

19.8 93.6

18.0 Gainesville, Lee Gilmer

Airport

34.27N

83.83W

1276

14.03 23.0 91.3

19.1 Macon,

Middle

Georgia Reg Apt 32.69N

83.65W

361

14.51

23.5 96.7

18.2

Mariett

Dobbins AFB 33.92N 84.52W

1083

14.13 19.5 93.5 18.7

Rome, R B Russell

Airport

34.35N 85.16W

643 14.36

17.2

96.4

15.1

Savannah

International

Airport

32.12N 81.20W

52

14.67 27.1

95 5

18.8

Savannah,

Hunter

AAF

32.00N 81.13W

43

14.67

28.0 95.4 18.8

Valdosta Regional

Airport

30.78N

83.28W

197

14.59 27.5 95.4

17.1

Valdosta,

Moody AFB 30.97N 83.20W

233 14.57

29.9

95.7

16.2

Warner Robins AFB 32.63N 83.60W

302

14.54 25.0

97.3

19.0

Waycross Ware

County

Airport

31.25N 82.40W 141 14.62 27.9

96.2

16.7

Hawaii

Hilo

International

Airport

19.72N

155.05W

36

14.68

61.5

85.6

17.6

Honolulu

International

Airport

21.33N 157.94W

16 14.69 61.2

89.9 21.8

Kahului Airport

20.90N 156.43W 49 14.67

58.8 89.7

26.7

Kalaeloa

Airport

(Barbers Point)

21

3ON

158.07W

33

14.68 59.4

90.9 19.6

Kaneohe Bay MCAS 21.45N 157.77W 20 14.69

64.3

85.3 19.3

Keahol, Kona

Int] Airpo

19.73N 156.03W 49 14.67

65.7 88.2 19.8

Lihue

Airport

21.98N 159.34W

148

14.62

60.3

85.3

26.1

Idaho

Boise Air Terminal 43.57N 116.22W

2867 13.24 2.7 98.1 21.8

Caldwell 43.63N 116.63W 2428

13.45

11.6 97.0 21.4

19

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Station

Coeur d'Alene

Airport

Idaho Falls, Fanning

Field

Lewiston Nez

Perce

C0

Airport

Mountain

Home

AFB

Pocatello Regional

Airport

Salmon

Airport Twin

Falls, Magic Valley

Airport

Illinois

Aurora

Municipal Airport Belleville,

Scott AFB Cahokia/

St.

Louis

Airport

Charleston/Mattoon, Coles Apt Chicago

Midway Airport

Chicago O'Hare

Intl

Airport

Decatur

Airport

Glenview

NAS

Lawrenceville

Municipal Airport

Moline,

Quad City

Airport

Mount

Vernon

Airport

Peoria,

Greater

Peoria

Airport

Quincy

Municipal Airport

Rockford, Greater Rockford Apt

Spring

eld,

Capital

Airport

Urbana/Champaign,

Willard

Apt

W Chicago, Du

Page

Airport

Indiana

Bloomington, Monroe C0 Apt

Evansville Regional

Airport

Fort Wayne

Municipal Airport

Grissom

ARB

Indianapolis International

Airport

Lafayette,

Purdue

Univ Airport

South

Bend,

Michiana

Airport

Terre Haute, Hulman

Airport

Iowa

Ames

Municipal Airport

Ankeny Regional

Airport

Boone

Municipal Airport Burlington Municipal Airport

Carroll, Neu

Airport

Cedar

Rapids

Municipal Airport

degrees

47.77N

43

.52N

46.3

SN

43

OSN

42.92N 45.12N 42.48N 41.77N 38.55N 38.57N 39.48N

41

79N

41.99N

39.83N

42.08N

38.77N

41

47N

38.32N 40.67N 39.94N 42.20N 39.85N 40.03N

41.92N

39.13N

38.04N

41.01N

40.65N

39.71N 40.41N

41.71N

39.45N 42.00N

41.68N

42.05N 40.78N

42.05N

41.88N


degrees

116.82W

112.07W

117.01W

115.87W

112.57W

113.88W

114.48W

88.47W

89.85W

90.15W

88.28W

87.75W 87.91W

88.87W

87.82W 87.60W 90.52W

88.87W

89.68W 91.19W 89.09W

89.68W

88.27W

88.25W

86.62W

87.54W

85.21W 86.15W 86.27W 86.94W

86.33W

87.32W 93.62W 93.55W

93.85W

91.13W 94.78W 91.71W

20

ft

2320

4744

1437

2992

4478

4045

4255 705 443

413

722

617 673 699 653 430

5

94

479

663 768 745

614

774 758 866 387 827 830 807 636

774

574 955

902

1161 702

1230

873

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

St. Br.

Winter

13.50 6.7

12.35

—8.7

13.95

10.2

13.17

2.0 12.47

—4.9

12.67

—5.5

12.57 9.4

14.33

—2.0

14.46

4.5

14.48 9.5

14.32

3.2

14.37

—1.6

14.34

—4.0

14.33

—0.4

14.35

—4.6

14.47

6.8 14.38

—6.2

14.44 4.6

14.35

—3.6

14.29

—2.0

14.30

—8.4

14.37

—2.1

14.29

—1.0

14.30

—5.4

14.24

4.8

14.49

5.6

14.26

—2.6

14.26

—3.9

14.27

—0.5

14.36

—2.3

14.29

—1.5

14.39

—0.3

14.20

—5.8

14.22

—5.4

14.09

—5.8

14.33

—3.5

14.05

—6.1

14.24

—9.6

Summer

Pressure,


°F

91.4

91.7

97.8 99.5

94.4

90.4

94.5

90.8

95.1

93.5

91.1

92.1

91.9 93.0

93.2

93.0

93.5 93.3

92.7

93.3 91.5

92.9

92.5 90.5

90.6

93.9

91.1

92.4

91.1

92.4

90.9 92.1

90.5

94.9

91.3

93.2 93.0 91.6

Wind,

mph 22.4 27.2

20.6

25.4

28.1

20.1

27.5

25.9

21.5

20.6

24.2 24.4

24.8

24.8

21.0

24.3

24.6

20.5

23.8

24.7 24.6

24.9

27.4

24.5

19.5

20.7

24.6

24.9

24.5 23.1

24.1 22.8

26.5

20.7

26.4 21.4

28.9

26.3

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ASHRAE


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ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Clinton Municipal

Airport

41

83N

90.33W

709 14.32

—6.3

90.5

28.0

Davenport

Municipal Airport

41.62N 90.5

8W

850

14.25

—3.4

90.3

26.4

Des

Moines International

Airport

41.54N 93.67W

965

14.19

—6 9

93.4 25.6

Dubuque

Regional

Airport

42.40N 90.70W

1079 14.13

—8.2

89.3

25.6

Fort

Dodge Regional

Airport

42.55N

94.18W

1

165

14.09

—1

1.0 91.0

25.1 Keokuk

Municipal Airport

40.47N 91

43W

673

14.34

1.7

94.7 22.0

Marshalltown

Municipal Airport

42.10N 92.92W 971 14.19

—7.7

90.2 27.6

Mason

City Municipal Airport

43.16N 93.33W

1224 14.06

—13 8

91.0

28.3

Ottumwa

Industrial Airport

41.11N 92.45W

846 14.25

—4.7

93.3

28.0

Sioux

City,

Sioux

Gateway

Apt

42.39N

96.3 SW

1102 14.12

—8.8

93.4 28.7

Spencer

43.17N 95.15W

1339 14.00

—13.6

91.2 28.2

Storm Lake

Municipal Airport

42.6ON 95

23W 1490

13.92

—8.4

91.4 29.6 Waterloo

Municipal Airport

42.55N 92.40W

879

14.24

—12.7

91.8 26.2 Kansas

Coffeyville

Municipal Airport

37.10N

95 5

7W

755 14.30

10.3

99.6 24.5

Dodge

City

Regional

Airport

37.77N 99.97W

2592

13.37

2.0 100.1 30.9

Fort Riley,

Marshall

Airport

39.05N

96.77W

1063

14.14

—1.4

99.6 20.7 Garden

City

Municipal

Airport

37.93N

100.73W 2881

13.23

—0.1

99.4 29.9 Great

Bend

Municipal

Airport

38.35N

98.87W

1886 13.72

3.1

99.8

30.1

Hays

Municipal Airport

38.85N 99.27W

1998 13.67

2.6 100.4 29.7

Lawrence

Municipal Airport

39.00N

95

22W

833

14.26

5.1

99.1

25.0

Liberal

Municipal Airport

37.03N

100.95W

2956 13.19 7 2 99.7 31.8

Manhattan

Municipal Airport

39.13N 96.67W

1083 14.13 2.5 99.9

24.2 Newton City County

Airport

3

8.05N 97.28W

1532

13

.90

3

.4 99.0

28.7

Olathe,

Johnson

County

Airport

3

8.85N 94.73W 1096 14.12

5

.2

96.7

23

4

Salina

Municipal Airport

38.81N 97.66W

1283

14.03 0.9

101.3

27.6 Topeka,

Billard Muni Airport

39.07N

95

63W

886

14.23

0.6

97.1

23.8 Topeka,

Forbes

Field

38.95N 95.66W

1079 14.13 1.0 96.7 25.4

Wichita

Mid

Continent

Airport

37.65N

97

43W

1339 14.00 4.0 100.4 28.0

Wichita,

C01.

Jabara

Airport

37.75N 97.22W 1421

13

.96

6.9 99.7

27.3

Wichita, McConnel

AFB

37.62N

97.27W

1358

13

99

5.2 99.9 26.4

Win

eld

37.30N 97.00W

1158

14.09

9.8 100.3

26.2

Kentucky

Bowling

Green Warren Co Apt 36.98N 86.44W

538

14.41

8.5 93.2

20.1 Cincinnati International

Airport

39.04N 84.67W

883

14.23 3.1 91

4

22.3

Fort

Campbell

AAF

36.67N

87

50W

568 14.40 9.9 94.4 19.0

Fort

Knox,

Godman

AAF

37.90N

85.97W 784

14.28 7.3

93.0

17.8

Frankfort, Capital

City Airport

3

8.18N

84.9OW

804 14.27 9.6

91.3

18.8 Henderson

City Airport

37.82N

87.68W

384 14.49

7.3

92.9 21.0

Lexington, Blue

Grass

Airport

38.04N 84.61W

988 14.18

6.0

91.7

20.1

Louisville,

Bowman

Field

3

8.23N 85.66W

558

14.40

7.1 93.3

18.9

21

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Station

Louisville,

Standiford

Field

Paducah,

Barkley Reg

Airport Louisiana

Alexandria International

Airport

Alexandria, Esler Reg

Airport

Baton Rouge Metropolitan Apt

Fort

Polk,

Polk

AAF Lafayette Regional

Airport

Lake Charles Regional

Airport

Monroe Regional

Airport

New Orleans Lakefront

Airport

New Orleans

NAS,

Callender Fld New Orleans, Armstrong Int] Apt Patterson, H P

Williams

Airport

Shreveport Downtown

Airport

Shreveport Regional

Airport

Shreveport, Barksdale AFB

Maine

Auburn/Lewiston

Muni

Airport

Augusta

State

Airport

Bangor International

Airport

Brunswick NAS

Portland International

J

etport

Presque

Isle

Municipal Airport

Sanford

Municipal Airport

Waterville

Airport

alfyland

Baltimore Washington Int] Apt

Salisbury-Ocean City

Airport

Washington DC, Andrews AFB

Massachusetts Bamstable

Airport

Boston, Logan International

Apt

Chatham

Municipal Airport

Lawrence

Municipal Airport

Marthas Vineyard

Airport

New Bedford

Municipal Airport

Norwood

Memorial Airport

Plymouth

Municipal Airport

Provincetown

Municipal Airport

South Weymouth NAS 38.18N 37.06N 31.33N 31.40N

30.54N

31.05N 30.21N 30.13N 32.51N

30.04N

29.83N 29.99N 29.72N

32.54N

32.45N 32.50N 44.05N 44.32N 44.81N

43

.90N

43

64N 46.69N

43 4ON

44.53N 39.17N 38.34N

38.82N

41.67N

42.36N

41.68N

42.72N

41.4ON

41.67N

42.18N 41.92N

42.07N

42.15N

degrees 85.73W 88.77W

92.55W

92.3OW

91

15W 93.20W 91.99W 93.23W 92.04W 90.03W 90.03W 90.25W 91.33W 93.74W 93.82W 93.67W 70.28W 69.80W 68.82W 69.93W 70.30W 68.03W 70.72W 69.68W 76.68W 75.51W 76.87W 70.27W

71.01W

70.00W

71

12W 70.62W 70.95W 71.18W 70.73W

70.22W

70.93W

22


ft

489

413 89 118 75 335

43

10

82

10

0

20

10

180

259

177 289

361

194 75

62

535

243

331

154 59

282

56

30

62

151 69

82

49

148

161

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

degrees

St. Br.

Winter

14.44 8.0

14.48 8.6

14.65 26.7

14.63 26.5

14.66 27.6

14.52 26.7

14.67

28.6

14.69 29.6

14.65 23.6

14.69

35.6

14.70

30.1

14.69

31.5

14.69 31.0

14.60 27.0

14.56 23.8

14.60

22.5

14.54

—6.8

14.51

—3.9

14.59

—7.4

14.66

—2.5

14.66

—O.3

14.41

—18.8

14.57

—6.8

14.52

—6.6

14.61

12.9

14.66 13.7

14.55 13.9

14.67

9.6

14.68

7.4 14.66 10.4

14.62

2.8

14.66

8.9 14.65

7.4 14.67 2.6 14.62 4.6 14.69 12.4 14.61

5.9

Summer

Pressure,


°F

93.4

94.6

96.6

97.3

94.2

95.8

94.2

94.1

96.9

93.4

92.5 93.6 93.2

99.3

97.8

97.3 87.9

87.0

87.8

86.4

86.8 84.7

88.4

86.1

93.9 92.8

94.0

84.0 90.8

81.8

90.2

82.4

88.1

90.4 88.4

82.3

91.2

Wind,

mph

21.0

20.3 18.5 16.5

18.7

17.3

20.5

20.7

18.9

24.0

17.7

20.6

19.0

18.7

19.6

19.0 20.9

23.5

23.5

22.2

23.2 23.4

20.9

20.5

22.4

20.8

23.5 24.8 26.8

23.3

20.2 26.1 23.2

20.5 23.3

30.2

18.5

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Worcester

Municipal Airport

42.27N

71 88W

1017

14.16

1.6 85.7 25.8

Michigan

Alpena County

Airport

45.07N

83.58W 692 14.33

—5.6

88.1

20.0 Battle Creek

Intl

Airport

42.23N

85

55W

896 14.23 3.0

90.1 21.7 Benton Harbor,

Ross

Field

42.13N 86.43W

643 14.36 7.1 89.9

23.2 Cadillac, Wexford

C0

Airport

44.28N

85

42W

1306

14.02

—9.0

87.9

20.6

Detroit

City

Airport

42.41N 83.01W 627

14.37

4.1 90.8 20.4

Detroit

Metropolitan

Airport

42.22N

83.35W 663 14.35 1.4 90.3 25.6

Detroit Willow

Run

Airport

42.23N

83.5 SW 715

14.32 0.8 90.4 24.6

Flint,

Bishop

Intl

Airport

42.97N

83.75W 768

14.29

—1.0

89.4

24.2 Grand Rapids, Kent C0

Intl

Apt 42.88N

85

52W

804

14.27 1.4

89.3

24.8

Grosse

Ile,

Municipal Airport

42.10N 83.15W

577 14.39

7.3

89.8 20.8

Holland Tulip

City

Airport

42.75N 86.10W

689 14.33

7.4

88.3

25.9

Howell,

Livingston

C0

Airport

42.63N

83.98W 961

14.19 1.2 90.4

20.3 Jackson

Reynolds

Muni

Airport

42.26N 84.46W 1020 14.16

—1.0

88.5

20.3

Lansing, Capital

City

Airport

42.78N

84.5 SW 873

14.24

—2.5

89.4 24.7

Mackinac Island

Airport

45

.87N

84.63W

984

14.18

—10.8

84.6

23

4

Marquette, Sawyer

Intl

Airport

46.53N

87.5 SW

1414

13

96

—14.4

84.9

21.3

Menominee

Airport

45.13N 87.63W 627

14.37

—7.6

86.1 21.3

Muskegon County

Airport

43.17N 86.24W

633 14.36

4.0

86.2

25.6

Oakland Pontiac

Airport

42.67N 83.42W 1004 14.17 1.1

89.6 24.5

Saginaw,

Tri City

Intl

Airport

43.53N 84.08W 669

14.34

0.0

89.9

24.2

Saint

Clair

County

Intl

Airport

42.92N

82.53W 650 14.35

0.6

90.3 18.7

Sault

Ste

Marie

Muni

Airport

46.47N

84.3

7W

725

14.31

—11.3

83.7

21.6 Selfridge

ANGB

42.62N

82.83W

581

14.39 2.7 90.3

21.0 Sturgis,

Kirsch Municipal

41.82N

85

43W

925

14.21 1.4

89.9

21.1

Traverse

City

Airport

44.74N

85

5 SW 630 14.36

—0.4

89.3

20.7

Minnesota

Albert

Lea

Municipal Airport

43.68N

93.3

7W 1257 14.04

—12.3

88.8

24.6

Alexandria, Chandler

Field

45

88N

95

39W

1430 13.95

—19.8

89.1 25.8

Austin

Municipal Airport

43.67N 92.93W

1230

14.05

—12.4

89.4 24.5

Bemidji

Beltrami

County

Airport

47.50N 94.93W

1378

13

98

—22.7

87.7

24.2

Brainerd, Crow Wing C0

Airport

46.40N 94.13W

1227 14.06

—18.4

88.3

19.8

Cloquet, Carlton County

Airport

46.70N 92.5 0W

1280 14.03

—18.1

84.4 20.9

Duluth

Harbor 46.77N 92.08W

610 14.37

—12.1

86.1

27.7

Duluth

nternational

Airport

46.84N 92.19W 1417

13.96

—19.5

84.5

24.8

Fairmont

Municipal Airport

43.65N 94.42W 1 161 14.09

—1

1.1

89.8 30.9

Faribault

Municipal Airport

44.33N 93.32W 1056 14.14

—14.6

90.0

23.5

Fergus Falls

Municipal Airport

46.28N 96.15W 1

184 14.08

—18.7

90.0 27.9

Hibbing

Chisholm-Hibbing Apt 47.39N 92.84W

1358

13

99

—24.7

85.5

20.5

Hutchinson

Municipal Airport

44.87N

94.3 8W

1060 14.14

—16.5

90.2 24.9

23

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ASHRAE


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Station

Mankato

Municipal Airport

Marshall, Ryan

Field

Minneapolis

St

Paul

Intl

Airport

Minneapolis, Anoka

C0

Airport

Minneapolis, Crystal

Airport

Minneapolis,

Flying

Cloud Apt

New

Ulm

Municipal Airport

Owatonna

Municipal Airport

Red Wing

Municipal Airport

Rochester

Municipal Airport

South

St

Paul

Municipal Airport

St

Cloud

Municipal Airport

St

Paul Downtown

Airport Willmar Municipal Airport

Winona

Municipal Airport

Worthington

Municipal

Airport

Mississippi

Biloxi,

Keesler AFB Columbus AFB

Golden Triangle Reg

Airport

Greenwood

Le

ore Airport

Hattiesburg/Laurel, Pine

Belt

Apt

Jackson

International

Airport Meridian

NAS

Meridian

Regional

Airport

Natchez, Hardy Anders

Field

Tupelo

Municipal Airport

Missouri

Cape

Girardeau

Muni

Airport

Columbia Regional

Airport

Jefferson City

Memorial Airport

Joplin Regional

Airport

Kansas

City

Downtown

Airport

Kansas City International

Airport

Kirksville

Municipal Airport

Poplar

Bluff

Sedalia

Memorial

Airport

Spring

eld Regional

Airport

St

Louis,

Lambert Int]

Airport

St

Louis, Spirit of

St

Louis Apt

Montana

degrees

44.22N

44.45N 44.88N 45.15N 45.07N 44.82N 44.32N

44.12N

44.58N 43.90N

44.85N

45.55N

44.93N

45.12N 44.08N

43.65N

30.42N 33.65N

33.45N

33.50N 31.47N

32.32N

32.55N 32.33N 31.62N 34.26N 37.23N

38.82N

38.58N

37.15N

39.]2N 39.30N

40.10N

36.77N 38.70N 37.24N 38.75N 38.66N

degrees

93.92W

95

82W 93.23W 93.22W

93.35W

93.45W 94.50W 93.25W 92.48W 92.49W 93.15W 94.05W 93.05W

95

08W

91.7OW 95 5

8W

88.92W

88.45W 88.58W

90.08W

89.33W

90.08W

88.57W 88.75W 91.3OW

88.77W

89.57W

92.22W 92.15W 94.50W 94.59W 94.72W 92.54W 90.47W 93.18W

93.39W

90.37W 90.66W

24


ft

1020

1178

837

912

869 928

1010

1148

784

1319

820

1024

712

1129

656

1575

26

223 262

135

305

331

318

312

272

361 351

899 548

984

751

1024

965

479 909 1270 709

463

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

St. Br.

Winter

14.16

—13.2

14.08

—12.8

14.26

—13.4

14.22

—8.7

14.24

—8.6

14.21

—8.6

14.17

—13.3

14.10

—14.5

14.28

—12.8

14.01

—15.2

14.27

—9.3

14.16

—19.3

14.32

—12.0

14.11

—19.1

14.35

—9.5

13.88

—11.4

14.68 30.3

14.58 20.3

14.56 20.5

14.62

20.5 14.53 25.3

14.52

22.0

14.53 20.8

14.53

21.9

14.55

25.4 14.51

18.3

14.51 7.4

14.22

1.3

14.41

7.4

14.18 5.8 14.30

2.6

14.16

—0.1

14.19

—3.5

14.44

9.5

14.22

6.9

14.03

4.3

14.32

4.1

14.45 5.1

Summer

Pressure,


°F

89.8

90.2 91.0

90.3

90.6 90.8

90.3 89.7 90.5 88.2

90.7 90.0

90.4

88.5

91.0

88.4

93.5

96.8 97.0

96.1

95.8 95.6 97.2 95.7 93.2 95.9

94.8 94.7

95.2

96.6

97.2

96.2

94.1

93.8 96.9 95.0 95.6

95.2

Wind,

mph

26.7

31.5

24.8

23.0 21.5

22.2 27.4

26.5

24.9

28.9 18.3

22.7

22.9

25.7

18.6

31.4

17.6

18.6

17.8

18.9 15.4

18.9

15.4 18.4

18.5

18.9

21.2 24.2 20.9

24.6 22.6

25.8

24.4 19.0

23.3

22.8 24.1

20.7

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ASHRAE


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ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Billings

Logan

Intl

Airport

45.81N

108.54W 3570

12.90

—11.6

94.9

26.8

Bozeman,

Gallatin

Field

45.7 9N 111.15W 4449 12.48

—18.1

91.3

20.7 Butte, Mooney

Airport

45.95N 112.51W

5535

11.98

—20.4

87.8 23.0

Great Falls 47.45N 111.38W

3707 12.83

—12.5

90.5

N/A

Great Falls International

Airport

47.47N 1 1 1.38W

3658 12.85

—l7.7

92.1

31.3

Great Falls, Malmstrom AFB 47.52N

111.18W 3465

12.95

—16.9

92.9

29.0 Helena Regional

Aiort

46.61N 111.96W

3868

12.75

—15.4

92.7

24.3

Kalispell

Glacier Park Int] Apt

48.3ON

1 14.26W 2972

13.18

—8.6

89.8 20.5

Missoula International

Airport

46.92N 1 14.09W

3189

13

08

—6.0

92.5

21.6

Nebraska

Beatrice

Municipal Airport

40.30N 96.75W

1322 14.01

—1.0

97.3

27.9

Bellevue,

Offutt

AFB 41.12N 95.92W 1047 14.15

—3.2

95.0

24.4 Columbus

Municipal Airport

41

45N

97.33W

1480 13.93

—5

.6

93.0

27.0 Fremont

Municipal Airport

41.45N 96.52W

1243

14.05

—2.1

93.2 26.8

Grand Island, Central NE

Airport

40.96N 98.31W

1857 13.74

—6.1

96.2

28.3

Hastings

Municipal

Airport

40.60N 98.43W

1955 13.69

—2.0

96.8 28.0

Kearney

Municipal Airport

40.73N 99.00W 2129

13

.60

—2.0

93.5

31.1

Lincoln Municipal Airport

40.83N 96.76W

1188 14.08

—5

.4 97.2 26.9

Norfolk,

Karl

Stefan

Airport

41

98N

97 44W

1552 13.89

—8.5

94.6

28.1

North

Platte, Lee

Bird

Field

41.12N 100.67W

2789 13.27

—7.7

96.3 27.8

Omaha, Eppley

Air

eld

41.31N

95

90W

981

14.18

—6.3

95.0

25.9

Omaha,

North

Omaha

Airport

41.37N 96.02W

1309

14.01

—7

8 93.4

23

5

Scotts

Bluff

County

Airport

41.87N 103.60W

3957

12.71

—9.3

96.5 28.9

Nevada

Elko Municipal Airport

40.83N 1 15.79W

5075

12.19

—3

.9 94.6 20.6

Las

Vegas,

McCarran

Intl

Apt 36.08N 115.16W 2182

13.57 30.5 108.3

26.9 Las

Vegas,

Nellis

AFB 36.23N 115.03W

1880 13.72

28.2 109.2 26.2

Reno /

Tahoe

Int]

Airport

39.48N 119.77W 4400

12.50

11.9

95.7 25.9

New

Hampshire

Concord

Municipal Airport

43

.20N

71

50W

348 14.51

—4.8

89.8

20.9 Keene,

Dillant

Hopkins

Airport

42.90N 72.27W

502 14.43

—6.4

88.3

18.4

Laconia

Municipal Airport

43.57N 71.42W

545

14.41

—4.2

88.1 19.8

Lebanon Regional

Airport

43.63N 72.30W

597 14.38

—8.6

88.6

17.9

Manchester

Municipal Airport

42.93N 71.44W

233 14.57

1.0 91.2 19.0

Portsmout,

Pease

AFB 43.08N 70.82W 102 14.64 2.6

89.3

22.6

New

Jersey

Atlantic City

ntl

Airport

39.46N 74.46W

66

14.66

9.9 92.3 24.8

Belmar/Farmingdale

Airport

40.18N 74.13W

85

14.65 10.7 90.7 25.4

Cape

May County

Airport

39.00N 74.90W

23

14.68

15.7

89.6 23.1

Lakehurst, McGuire AFB 40.02N 74.60W

148

14.62

10.3

92.9

23.3

MillVille

Municipal Airport

39.37N 75.08W

75

14.66

10.3

91.9

19.8

25

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Station

Newark International

Airport

Teterboro

Airport

Trenton, Mercer County

Airport

New

Mexico

Alamogordo White

Sands

Apt Alamogordo, Holloman AFB Albuquerque

Intl

Airport

Carlsbad

Airport

Clovis

Municipal Airport

Clovis, Cannon AFB

Farmington

Municipal Airport

Gallup

Municipal Airport

Roswell International Air Center New York Albany International

Airport

Binghamton,

Greater

Airport

Buffalo,

Greater

Buffalo Airport Dunkirk

Elmira/Coming Regional

Airport

Farmingdale, Republic

Airport

Glens Falls, Bennett

Airport

Islip,

Long

Island

MacArthur

Apt

Jamestown

Airport

New York, Kennedy

Intl

Airport

New York, Laguardia

Airport

Newburgh, Stewart

Intl

Airport

Niagara Falls

Intl

Airport

Plattsburgh

AFB

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess C0 Apt

Rochester, Monroe Co

Airport

Rome,

Grif

ss

AFB

Syracuse

Hancock

Intl

Airport

Utica,

Oneida County

Airport

Watertown International

Airport

White Plains,

Westchester

Apt

North

Carolina

Asheville Regional

Airport

Charlotte Douglas

Intl

Airport

Fayetteville

Municipal Airport

Fayetteville, Simmons AAF Fayetteville,

Pope

AFB

degrees

40.72N

40.85N 40.28N 32.83N 32.85N 35.04N 32.34N 34.43N

34.3

8N

36.74N

35.51N

33.31N

42.75N

42.21N

42.94N

42.48N

42.16N 40.72N 43.34N 40.79N 42.15N 40.66N

40.78N

41.50N 43.11N

44.65N

41.63N 43.12N 43.23N 43.11N

43.]

SN

43.99N

41.07N

35.43N 35.21N 34.98N 35.13N 35.17N


degrees

74.17W 74.06W 74.81W

105.98W 106.10W

106.62W

104.26W

103.08W

103.32W

108.23W

108.79W

104.54W

73.80W 75.98W 78.74W 79.35W 76.89W

73.4OW

73.61W 73.10W 79.27W 73.80W

73.88W

74.10W 78.95W 73.47W

73.88W

77.68W 75.40W 76.10W

75.3

8W

76.02W 73.71W

82.54W

80.94W

78.88W 78.93W

79.02W

26

ft

30

7

213

4308

4094

5315

3261

4213

4295

5502

6467 3668

292

1637

705 646 955

85

335 108

1722

23 30 581

587 236

161

554

518

417

745 335 397

2169

768 194 305

217

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

St. Br.

Winter

14.68

11.0

14.69

9.9

14.58 9.8

12.55

21.1

12.65 19.0

12.08 17.7

13.04 20.3

12.59

13.8 12.55 11.8

12.00

7.5

11.57 0.6

12.85

16.3

14.54

—1.9

13.85

—1.0

14.33

2.7

14.36

7.4 14.20

—1.8

14.65

11.9

14.52

—10.2

14.64 10.6

13.80

1.0

14.68 12.8

14.68

12.6

14.39 3.5 14.39 2.5

14.57

—9.6

14.61 0.5 14.40

2.1

14.42

—6.0

14.48

—2.7

14.30

—5.0

14.52

—13.0

14.49

7.7 13.58 13.6

14.29

20.5 14.59

21.4

14.53

21.7

14.58

21.2

Summer

Pressure,


°F

94.0 92.4 92.6 100.0

99.1

95.2

102.3

97.1

97.4

94.9

91.3 99.8 89.0

85.5 86.5

81.7 89.9

90.2

88.0 88.4

82.4

89.7

92.2

89.8

87.9

86.5

91.4

88.4

88.7 88.9

87.5

85.2

90.0

88.1

94.1

95.5

96.6 97.0

Wind,

mph

25.0

20.6

23.5

21.5

22.9

28.2

26.8

31.7

27.9 24.7

24.7

25.0 23.9 21.5

28.1

44.1

20.5

24.9

18.3

23.7

21.5

27.3

27.3

24.4 26.2

20.6

18.4 25.2 22.1 24.2

20.7

22.4 20.4 23.2 18.7

19.8

17.8

18.4

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© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Goldsboro,

S

Johnson

AFB 35.33N 77.97W

108 14.64

21.7

96.5

18.3

Greensboro, Piedmont Triad Apt 36.10N 7 9.94W

886 14.23

17.1 92.2

19.3

Greenville

(Pitt

County)

Airport

35.63N 77.40W 26

14.68

20.9

95.2 18.8

Havelock, Cherry Point MCAS 34.90N 7

6.88W

30

14.68 23.6 93.2

20.9

Hickory

Regional

Airport

35.74N 81.39W

1188 14.08 18.9 92.5

17.6 Jacksonville, Albert

J

Ellis

Apt 34.83N 77.62W

95 14.65

20.0

93.5

20.0 Jacksonville, New River

MCAF

34.70N 7 7.43W 26

14.68

22.9

93.2 19.8

New Bern, Craven Co Reg Apt 35.07N 77.05W

23

14.68

22.4

93.7 18.6

Raleigh Durham Int]

Airport

3

5.87N 7 8.79W

436

14.47

18.8

94.1 18.9 Southern Pines, Moore C0 Apt 35.23N 79.40W

463 14.45 18.9

94.6 17.9 Wilmington International

Airport

34.27N 77.91 W

39

14.68

24.0

93.3

20.7 Winston-Salem, Reynolds Apt

3

6.13N 80.22W 971 14.19 18.2 92.4 18.7

North

Dakota

Bismarck

Municipal Airport

46.77N 100.75W 1660

13.84

—20.0

93.9 27.3

Dickinson

Municipal Airport

46.80N 102.80W

2582

13

38

—18.3

93.2

29.1

Fargo,

Hector

Int]

Airport

46.93N

96.81

W

899

14.22

—20 4

91.0

28.3

Grand Forks AFB 47.97N 97 40W

906

14.22

—20.4

90.8

28.3

Grand Forks Int]

Airport

47.95N 97.18W

833

14.26

—22.2

90.0 26.9

Jamestown

Municipal Airport

46.93N 98.68W

1493

13

.92

—19.9

91.6

28.5

Minot

AFB 48.42N 101.35W

1631 13.85

—22.2

93.2 28.9

Minot

International

Airport

48.26N 101.28W

1713 13.81

—19.9

91.4

27.5

Williston, Sloulin

ntl

Airport

48.20N 103.64W 1906

13

71

—23.5

94.9 27.1

Ohio

Akron

Canton Regional

Airport

40.92N 81.44W

1237

14.05

1.8

88.7

23

4 Cincinnati

Muni

Lunken

Airpo

39.

ON 84.42W

499 14.43

6.3

92.8 20.2 Cleveland Hopkins Int]

Airport

41 41N

81.85W 804

14.27

2.5 89.4

24.7 Columbus, Ohio

State

Univ

Apt 40.07N

83.07W 928

14.21

6.9

90.4 21.6 Columbus, Port Columbus Apt 39.99N

82.88W 817

14.27

3.2 91.1

21.9 Columbus, Rickenbacker

Airport

39.82N 82.93W

755 14.30

4.3

92.5

22.1 Dayton International

Airport

39.91N 84.22W 1004 14.17 0.6

90.3

24.4 Dayton,

Wright

Paterson

AFB

3

9.83N 84.05W

820

14.27 1.4

91.3 21.5

Findlay

Airport

41.01N

83.67W 814

14.27

—0.4

90.4 24.4

Lancaster,

Fair

eld

Co

Airport

39.75N 82.65W

866

14.24

3.1 90.5

20.2 Mans

eld

Lahm

Muni

Airport

40.82N 82.52W 1312 14.01 0.1

88.0

24.6

Toledo Express

Airport

41

59N

83.80W 692 14.33

—O 3

91.2

24.3

Youngstown

Municipal Airport

41.25N 80.67W

1188 14.08

1.8

88.5

21.9 Zanesville

Municipal Airport

3

9.94N 81.89W 902 14.22

2.8

90.2 19.4 Oklahoma

Enid,

Vance

AFB 36.33N 97.92W

1339

14.00

6.5

100.6 26.7

Lawton

Municipal Airport

34.57N 98.42W 1

109

14.12 17.9 102.4 26.0

Lawton, Fort

Sill

34.65N 98.40W 1211 14.06 12.6

100.5 24.8

27

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Station

McAlester Regional

Airport

Midwest

City, Tinker AFB Oklahoma City, Wiley

Post

Apt

Oklahoma

City,

Will

Rogers

Apt

Ponca City

Municipal Airport

Stillwater

Municipal Airport

Tulsa International

Airport

Tulsa, R L

Jones

Airport

Oregon Astoria, Port of Astoria

Airport

Canby, Aurora

State

Airport

Corvallis

Municipal Airport

Eugene,

Mahlon

Sweet

Field

Klamath

Falls, Kingsley

Field

La Grande

Union

County

Airport

McMinnville Municipal Airport

Medford

Jackson

County

Airport

Newport

State

Beach

North

Bend

Municipal Airport

Pendleton

Municipal Airport

Portland

Hillsboro Airport

Portland International

Airport

Redmond, Roberts

Field

Salem,

McNary Field

Pennsylvania

Allentown,

Lehigh

Valley Apt Altoona

Blair

County

Airport

Butler, Butler

County

Airport

Erie International

Airport

Harrisburg International

Airport

Harrisburg, Capital City

Airport

J ohnstown Cambria C0

Airport

Philadelphia

Int]

Airport

Philadelphia, NE

Phil

Apt

Pittsburgh International

Airport

Pittsburgh, Allegheny

Co

Airport

Reading

Spaatz

Field

Washington

Airport

Wilkes-Barre Scranton

Intl

Apt

Williamsport Lycoming C0 Apt

Willow

Grove NAS

degrees

34.90N

35

.42N

35

53N

35

39N 36.73N 36.15N 36.20N 36.03N 46.16N 45.25N 44.48N 44.13N 42.15N 45.29N

45.18N

42.39N

44.62N

43.42N 45.70N 45.53N 45.59N 44.25N 44.91N 40.65N 40.30N

40.78N

42.08N 40.19N 40.22N 40.30N 39.87N 40.08N

40.50N

40.36N

40.37N

40.13N 41.34N 41.24N 40.20N


degrees 95

7

8W

97

3

SW

97.65W 97 60W 97.10W 97 08W

95

89W

95

98W

123.88W

122.77W

123.28W

123.21W

121.72W

118.01W

123.13W

122.87W

124.07W

124.25W

118.83W

122.95W

122.60W

121

1

SW

123.00W 75.45W 78.32W 79.95W 80.18W 76.76W 76.85W

78.83W

75.23W 75.01W 80.23W 79.92W 75.96W 80.28W 75.73W

76.92W

75.15W

28

ft

771

1260

1299

1306 997

1010

676 633

23

197

253

374

4091

2717

167

1329

36

16

1516

203

108

3084

200

384

1470

1247

738

312

348

2283

30

118

1204

1273

354

1184 961

525

361

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

St. Br.

Winter

14.29

13.0

14.04 12.1 14.02 12.1 14.02 11.4 14.17

9.5

14.17 13.6

14.34

10.9

14.36 15.8

14.68 26.8

14.59 27.5

14.56

25.0

14.50

22.4 12.65 6.2

13.31

9.4

14.61

27.6

14.00 22.9

14.68 30.9

14.69

30.6

13.91

7.0

14.59 21.8 14.64

23.9 13.13 5.4

14.59 21.9 14.49 7.0

13.93

4.7

14.05 3.1

14.31

5.2

14.53

10.7

14.51

8.7

13.52 2.5 14.68

12.6

14.63

11.0

14.07 3.7

14.03

4.3

14.51 9.4

14.08

2.7 14.19

3.5

14.42

4.5

14.51 10.2

Summer

Pressure,


°F

99.3 99.3 99.5 99.5 100.3

101.8

99.4 100.1

76.7

91.2

92.9

91.4

91.1

93.0

91.4

98.9 65.7

71.5

96.4

91.8 91.2 92.8 92.0 91.0

88.5

88.0 86.4 92.6 92.4

85.1

93.2

93.1

89.5 89.9

92.4

88.4

88.9

90.8 92.7

Wind,

mph 20.4

25.5

26.4 27.2

22.3

24.6

24.5

19.8

24.6

18.2

19.7

19.6

24.7

27.0 20.9

18.4

41.0

26.6 26.0 18.9

23.8

20.6

20.8

24.2

21.9

17.8

24.7

25.3

20.5

23.8

24.4 21.1

23.4 20.3

22.6

19.5 20.3

21.6

18.3

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Rhode

Island

Pawtucket,

North

Central

Airport

41.92N 71 50W 440 14.46

3.1

88.1 19.5

Providence, T F Green

State

Apt 41.72N 71.43W 62 14.66 7.2 90.1 24.4 South

Carolina

Anderson County

Airport

34.50N 82.71W

774

14.29 22.0 94.9

18.9

Beaufort MCAS 32.48N 80.72W

39

14.68

27.6 94.9

18.2

Charleston International

Airport

32.90N 80.04W 49 14.67 26.9

94.3 20.3

Columbia Metropolitan

Airport

33

.94N

8

1 12W

226 14.5

8

22.0 97.0 19.1 Florence Regional

Airport

34.19N 79.73W 151 14.62

23.4 95.9

19.1 Greenville Spartanburg

Airport

34.90N 82.22W 971 14.19

20.5

94.0

19.5

Myrtle

Beach AFB 33.68N 78.92W 26

14.68

25.3

92.4

19.8

Sumter,

Shaw

AFB

33

.97N

80.47W

243 14.57

24.2

95

4 18.9 South

Dakota

Aberdeen Regional

Airport

45.45N 98.42W 1299 14.02

—17.9

92.2 28.2

Brookings

Municipal Airport

44.30N 96.82W 1647

13.84

—15.2

89.5

26.5

Huron

Regional

Airport

44.39N 98.23W

1289 14.02

—15.0

94.5

27.4

Mitchell

Municipal Airport

43.77N 98.03W 1302 14.02

—1

1.0 93.4

28.2

Pierre

Municipal Airport

44.3

8N 100.29W 1726

13.80

—11.8

99.3 28.7

Rapid City Regional

Airport

44.05N

103

05W

3169

13

.09

—10.5

96.9 34.7

Rapid City,

Ellsworth

AFB 44.15N 103.10W

3215 13.07

—9.2

96.5 34.3

Sioux Falls,

Joe

Foss

Field

43.58N 96.75W 1427

13.95

—13.7

92.8 27.6 Watertown

Municipal Airport

44.93N 97.15W

1739 13.80

—1

6.9

90.2 28.2

Yankton, Chan Gurney

Airport

42.92N

97.3

SW

1339

14.00

—8.2

92.7

29.8

Tennessee

Bristol

Tri City

Airport

36.48N 82.40W

1526 13.90

11.4

89.8 18.9

Chattanooga,

Lovell

Field

35.03N 85.20W

689 14.33

17.7

94.5

17.9 Dyersburg

Municipal Airport

36.02N 89.32W

338

14.52 14.6

93.4 18.9

Jackson,

McKellar

Sipes

Airport

35.59N 88.92W

423 14.47 13.5

94.7 19.6

Knoxville,

McGhee Tyson Apt 35.82N

83.99W 981

14.18 15.0 92.6 20.2

Memphis International

Airport

35

.06N

89.99W

331

14.52

17.0 96.0

20.3

Millington

Municipal Airport

35.35N

89.87W 322 14.53

14.0

97.3

18.6

Nashville International

Airport

36.12N 86.69W

604 14.38

12.9 94.4 19.9

Texas

Abilene Regional

Airport

32.41N 99.68W 1791

13

.77 17.9

99.3

25.9 Abilene,

Dyess

AFB 32.43N 99.85W

1788 13.77

16.2 101.4 24.0

Alice

International

Airport

27.74N 98.03W 180 14.60

34.3 99.7

21.9

Amarillo

International

Airport

35

.22N

101 71W

3606 12.88

7.2

97.3 28.8

Austin, Camp

Mabry

30.32N 97.77W

659 14.35

26.7 99.4 20.2 Austin-Bergstrom Int]

Airport

30.18N 97.68W

495 14.43

25.2

99.7

20.9

Beeville,

Chase

Field

NAS 28.37N 97.67W

190

14.60 27.9 100.2

23.3

Brownsville,

South

Padre

Is. Apt

25

.91N

97.43W

23

14.68 36.4 95.5

26.2

29

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


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is


ASHRAE's



Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

College Station, Easterwood Fld 30.59N 96.36W

328 14.52

26.0 99.2 20.0

Corpus

Christi

Intl Airport

27

77N

97

5

1W

43

14.67 32.6 95.8 26.9 Corpus

Christi

NAS

27.70N

97.28W 20

14.69 35.6 93.2 24.8

Dallas Love

Field

32.85N 96.85W

489 14.44 21.6

100.3

21.9

Dallas

NAS

32.73N

96.97W

495 14.43 18.5

99.7 20.8

Dallas, Redbird

Airport

32.68N 96.87W

659

14.35 26.5

100.2 22.6

Dallas/Fort Worth

Int] Airport

32.90N

97.04W

597

14.3

8

20.3

100.4

26.1

Del Rio International

Airport

29.37N 100.92W 1027 14.16

30.7 101.5

20.6

Del Rio,

Laughlin

AFB

29.37N 100.78W

1073

14.13 29.4 104.2

22.1

El

Paso

International

Airport

31.81N

106.38W

3917

12.73

22.6 100.6 25.4

Fort Hood,

Robert Gray

AAF

31.07N 97.83W

1024 14.16 23.7 99.9 22.0

Fort

Worth Alliance

Airport

32.98N

97.32W 741 14.31

21.5 101.6 24.0

Fort

Worth

Meacham

Airport

32.82N 97.36W

705 14.33 19.9

100.9

21.8

Fort

Worth

NAS

32.77N

97.44W

650 14.35 18.8 100.2 23.5 Galveston,

Scholes

Field

29.27N

94.86W

10 14.69 33.0 91.4 25.6

Georgetown

Municipal

Airport

30.68N 97.68W 787

14.28 26.5 99.1

21.0 Harlingen, Rio Grande Apt 26.23N 97.65W

36

14.68 36.6 98.8 27.8

Houston,

Bush

Int]

Airport

29.99N

95.36W

105

14.64

29.1

96.8 19.2

Houston, D W Hooks

Airport

30.07N 95.55W 151 14.62 30.2

98.7

17.6

Houston,

Ellington Field

29.60N

95

17W

39

14.68

32.0 96.1

19.8

Houston,

W

P Hobby

Airport

29.65N

95

28W

46

14.67

31.3

95.1

20.9

Killeen Municipal Airport

31.08N

97.68W

846

14.25

25.9

99.5

22.0

Kingsville

NAS

27.50N 97.82W

59 14.66 32.0 97.7

23.8

Laredo International

Airport

27.55N 99.47W

509 14.43

33

9

102.5

24.7

LongVieW,

Gregg County

Airport

32.39N 94.71W

374

14.50 21.6

99.1

19.4 Lubbock International

Airport

33.67N 101.82W

3241

13

05

13.3

98.8 28.9

Lubbock,

Reese

AFB

33.6ON

102.05W

3327

13.01 12.1

100.0

27.1

Lufkin,

Angelina County

Airport

31.23N 94.75W

315 14.53

25.4

97.5 17.8

McAllen, Miller Intl

Airport

26.18N

98.24W

1

12

14.64 36.5

100.1

24.7

McGregor

Municipal Airport

31.48N 97.32W

591

14.38

25.2

99.9

22.7

McKinney Municipal

Airport

33.18N

96.58W

5

7

7

14.39 21.4

100.3

22.5

Midland

International

Airport

31.93N

102.21W

2861

13

.24

18.3 100.3

26.7

Nacogdoches,

Man

gham

Airport

31.58N 94.72W

354

14.5]

25.3

97.4 18.2

Paris,

Cox

Field

33.63N

95

45W

561

14.40 20.7 99.2

24.3

Port

Aransas

27.82N

97.05W 20

14.69 36.6

85.9

39.4

Port Arthur, Jefferson

Co

Airport

29.95N 94.02W 16 14.69

30.5

94.2

21.3

Rockport,

Aransas

C0

Airport

28.08N 97.05W 26

14.68 36.4

92.8 22.4

Sabine

29.67N 94.05W 20

14.69 32.2 88.4 35.8

San

Angelo,

Mathis

Field

31.35N

100.49W

1893

13.72

20.1

100.2

24.8

San

Antonio

Intl

Airport

29.53N 98.46W

810

14.27 27.4

98.5

20.2

San

Antonio,

Kelly

AFB

29.3

8N

98.5

8W

682 14.34 28.4 100.2 19.9

30

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

San

Antonio,

Stinson

Muni Apt

29.34N

98.47

W

577 14.39 30.5 100.0

18.8

San

Marcos

Municipal Airport

29.88N 97

87W 597 14.38

27.9

99.1 24.3

Stephenville, Clark

Muni

Airport

32.22N 98.18W 1322 14.01

18.8

97.6 19.0

Temple,

D Miller Muni Airport

31.15N 97

40W

699 14.33 24.9 99.5 24.8

Universal

City,

Randolph

AFB

29.53N 98.28W 761

14.30

27.5

99.4 20.6

Victoria Regional

Airport

28.86N 96.93W 1

18 14.63 29.8

96.6

24.3

Waco

Municipal Airport

31.61N

97.23W

509 14.43 22.9 100.8 24.7

Wichita Falls

Municipal Airport

33.98N 98.49W

1030

14.16

15.3

102.5 26.9

Utah

Cedar

City Municipal Airport

3

7.70N

113.10W

5617

1

1.95

3

4

93

4

26.0

Logan-Cache

Airport

41.79N

111.85W

4455

12.48

—6.3

95.0 19.6

Ogden,

Hill

AFB

41.12N

111.97W

4787 12.33 8.6

93.3

22.8

Price, Carbon County

Airport

39.62N 1 10.75W

5902 11.82

4.1 92.6

22.5

Provo

Municipal Airport

40.22N

11 1.72W 4491

12.46 9.0 94.6

24.1

Salt

Lake

City Intl Airport

40.79N

111.97W

4226 12.59

9.3

97.4 25.0

St George

Municipal

Airport

37.08N

113.60W

2940

13.20 26.8

106.2 26.7

Vernal

Airport

40.43N

109.52W

5276 12.10 1.0

93.1

20.3

Vermont

Burlington

International

Airport

44.47N

73

1

SW

341

14.52

—8.3

88.3 23

8

Montpelier, Knapp

State

Airport

44.20N 72.58W l 122 14.11

—10.7

85.1

20.4

Virginia

Abington, VA Highlands

Airport

36.68N

82.03W

2070

13

63 11.8

89.6 17.4

Blacksburg,

Virginia

Tech

Apt

37.22N

80.42W

2133

13

.60

10.3

88.4 20.7

Chesapeake

36.90N

75.72W

75 14.66 22.9 84.1

50.3

Danville Regional

Airport

36.57N 79.34W

591 14.3

8

18.4

93

2

18.5

Fort Belvoir,

Davison

AAF

38.72N 77.18W

89 14.65 12.6 96.2 20.5

Fredericksburg,

Shannon

Airport

3

8.27N 77.45W

85

14.65 15.5

95

2

18.9

Hampton, Langley AFB 37.08N 76.37W

10

14.69 20.6 92.9

23.4

Leesburg Executive

Airport

39.08N 77.57W

390

14.49 14.2

94.8 22.3

Lynchburg

Municipal Airport

37.34N 79.21W

938

14.20 14.4

92.1

18.3

Manassas

Municipal Airport

38.72N 7 7.52W

194

14.59 11.9

92.8 21.5

Martinsville,

Blue

Ridge

Airport

36.63N

80.02W 942 14.20

14.6

93.4

16.9

Newport

News,

P

Henry

Int]

Apt

37.13N 76.49W

52 14.67 18.7 94.5 19.9

Norfolk

International

Airport

36.90N 76.19W

30

14.68

21.7

93.7

25.0

Norfolk NAS

36.93N

76.28W

16 14.69 22.7 93.8

25.3

Petersburg

Municipal Airport

37.18N 77 50W 197 14.59 15.9 97.4 18.1

Quantico

MCAS

38.50N 77.30W

13

14.69 16.2 92.6 19.1

Richmond International

Airport

37.51N 77 32W 164 14.61

16.8 94.8

20.7 Roanoke Regional

Airport

37.32N 79.97W

1175 14.08

14.2 92.1

22.5

Staunton,

Shenandoah

Reg Apt 38.27N 78.90W

1201

14.07 12.1

93.3

17.6

Virginia

Beach,

Oceana

NAS 36.82N 76.03W

23

14.68

21.1

92.9

24.0

31

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


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is


ASHRAE's



Station

Washington DC,

Reagan

Airport

Washington Dulles

Intl

Airport

Winchester Regional

Airport

Washington

Arlington Municipal Airport

Bellingham International

Airport

Bremerton

National

Airport

Fort Lewis, Gray AAF Hoquiam, Bowerman

Airport

Kelso LongvieW

Airport

Olympia

Airport

Paine

Field

Pasco,

Tri Cities

Airport

Port Angeles,

Fairchild Airport

Pullman-Moscow Reg

Airport

Seattle Tacoma

Int]

Airport

Seattle,

Boeing

Field

Spokane

International

Airport

Spokane,

Fairchild

AFB

Spokane,

Felts

Field

Tacoma

Narrows

Airport

Tacoma,

MCChord AFB

Vancouver,

Pearson

Airpark

Walla Walla City County

Airport

Wenatchee,

Pangbom

Airport

Whidbey Island NAS Yakima Air Terminal

West

Virginia

Beckley

Airport

Blue

eld,

Mercer County

Airport

Bridgeport, Benedum

Airport

Charleston,

Yeager

Airport

Huntington, Tri-

State

Airport

Martinsburg,

Shepherd

Field

Morgantown

Municipal Airport

Parkersburg, Wood Co

Airport

Wisconsin

Appleton, Outagamie

Co

Airport

Eau Claire County

Airport

Fond Du Lac County

Airport

Green Bay,

Austin

Straubel

Field

degrees

38.87N 38.94N

39.15N

48.17N

48.79N

47.48N

47.08N

46.97N 46.12N

46.97N

47.9ON

46.27N 48.12N 46.75N

47.46N

47.53N

47.62N

47.62N 47.68N 47.27N 47.13N 45.62N 46.10N

47.40N

48.35N 46.56N 37.80N

37.3ON

39.28N

38.38N

38.3

8N 39.40N 39.64N 39.35N 44.25N 44.87N

43.77N

44.51N


degrees

77 03W 77 45W

78.15W

122.17W 122.54W

122.75W

122.58W

123.94W

122.89W

122.90W

122.28W

119.12W

123.50W

117.12W 122.31W

122.30W

117.53W

117.65W

117.32W

122.57W

122.48W

122.65W

118.29W

120.21W

122.65W

120.53W

81.13W 81.21W 80.22W 81.59W 82.56W 77.98W 79.92W 81.44W

88.52W

91.49W

88.49W

88.12W

32

ft

66 325 728 138 151

449

302

16 20

200

620 404 299

2552

433

30

2365

2438

2001 299 289

26

1204

1230

46 1066

2513

2867

1247

981

837 535

1253

863

919 896 807 702

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Latitude,

St. Br.

Winter

Pressure,


°F

14.66

16.3

14.52 10.7

14.31

14.3

14.62 20.8

14.62 18.0

14.46 23.7

14.54

19.3

14.69

28.1

14.69 21.6 14.59

20.1

14.37 27.7

14.48 6.8

14.54 24.2 13.39

9.1

14.47 24.5

14.68 24.0

13.48 2.9

13.45 4.6

13.66

6.9

14.54 29.5 14.54 20.6

14.68 25.3

14.07

8.1

14.05

6.1

14.67

22.1

14.14

6.3

13.41

5.5

13.24 6.0

14.05 9.4

14.18 8.5

14.26 8.4

14.41

9.7

14.04

5.9

14.24 5.4

14.21

—5.8

14.23

—15.6

14.27

—3.9

14.33

—9.9

Summer

94.3 93.5

93.2

82.1

79.4

85.6

86.4

77.6

88.0

87.3

79.4

99.5 79.4 92.5 84.9 86.1 92.8

91.4 94.7

83.7 86.2

90.7

98.9 95.3 72.3 95.7

84.6

84.4

89.8 91.3

91.9

93.3 89.5

90.8

88.5

90.8

88.5

88.4

Wind,

mph

23.2 20.5

22.4 20.9

25.0

18.7

17.5

25.9

17.7

18.8

24.2

24.6

17.9

23.5

20.2 18.7

25.6

23.6

19.7

19.6 19.7

16.9

23.7 23.2 28.6 23.5

19.7 17.4 19.2

17.3

17.1

21.0

17.0

18.2 24.7

19.8

23.7

23.9

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Juneau,

Dodge County

Airport

43.43N 88.70W

935

14.21

—1.9

88.1 23.7

Kenosha

Municipal Airport

42.58N

87

92W 761

14.30 0.5 90.3

24.9

La

Crosse

Municipal Airport

43

75N 91

26W

656

14.35

—12.3

92.1

23

0

Madison,

Dane County

Airport

43.14N 89.35W

866 14.24

—9.1

89.8

23.6

Manitowoc

Municipal Airport

44.13N 87.68W

650 14.35

—4.2

84.5

24.2 Marsh

eld

Municipal Airport

44.63N 90.18W 1276

14.03

—12.9

88.1

22.7

Milwaukee,

Mitchell Intl Airport

42.95N

87.90W

692 14.33

—4.0

90.3 25

7

Rice Lake

Municipal Airport

45.48N

91

72W

1138

14.10

—11.3

89.6

19.9

Sheboygan

43.75N 87.68W

620 14.37

—2.2

83.2 41.8

Sheboygan

County

Airport

43.78N

87.85W

748

14.30

—1.9

88.2

24.6

Watertown

Municipal Airport

43.17N 88.72W

833

14.26

—4.2

89.7 20.8

Wausau

Municipal Airport

44.93N 89.63W 1198 14.07

—13.6

88.1

19.3

Wisconsin Rapids, Alexander

Fld

44.35N

89.83W

1010 14.17

—8.2

89.6 20.4

Wittman Regional

Airport

43.98N

88.55W 830

14.26

—5

.6

88.4 23.3

Wyoming

Casper

Airport

42.9ON

106.47W

5289

12.10

—10.3

93.8

32.2

Cheyenne

Airport

41.16N

104.81W

6142

11.71

—6.4

89.2 33.7

Gillette

Campbell County

Airport

44.35N

105.53W

4035 12.68

—11.8

95.1 28.7

Jackson

Hole

Airport

43.6ON

110.73W

6614

11.51

—15.2

84.1

24.3

Laramie, General Brees

Field

41.31N 105.67W 7274 1 1.22

—9.2

84.8

31.9

Rock Springs

Sweetwater

Airport

41.59N 109.07W

6745

1

1.45

—6.1

88.0 31.4

Sheridan

County

Airport

44.77N

106.98W

3967

12.71

—12.7

95.5

27.0

Canada

Alberta

Banff

51.19N 115.55W

4583

12.42

—21.9

81.8

14.4 Bowness

51.08N 114.22W

4052 12.67

—18.3

82.7

23.4

Brooks

50.55N 111.85W 2451

13.44

—23.6

89.2

24.3

Calgary International

Airport

51.11N 114.02W

3556 12.90

—20.4

83.5 27.3

Calgary, Springbank

Airport

51.10N 114.37W

3940 12.72

—25.0

80.3

24.8

Camrose

Airport

53.03N

1

12.81W

2425

13

45

—27.8

82.9

23.1

Cold

Lake

Airport

54.42N 110.28W

1775

13

78

—30.9

82.2 20.9

Edmonton

City

Centre

Airport

53.57N 113.52W 2201

13.56

—21.5

82.5

21.7

Edmonton

International

Airport

53.32N

1

13.58W 2372 13.48

—26 5

81.5

23.0

Edmonton Namao

Airport

53.67N 113.47W

2257 13.54

—23.1

80.9

23.2

Fort McMurray

Airport

56.65N

111.22W 1211 14.06

—34 2

84.1 18.5

Grande Prairie

Airport

55.18N 118.88W 2195

13.57

—33.5

81.4

25.0

Lacombe 52.45N 113.76W 2822

13

26

—27.2

82.9

21.1 Lethbridge

49.7ON

112.78W

3022 13.16

—19.0

89.5

29.7

Lethbridge

Airport

49.63N

112.80W

3048

13.15

—21.6

88.5

36.2

Lloydminster

Airport

53.31N

110.07W 2192

13.57

—28 1

83.1

23.0

Medicine

Hat

Airport

50.02N 110.72W 2352

13

49

—24.1

90.4 24.9

33

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's



Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Red Deer Industrial

Airport

52.18N

1

13

89W

2969 13.19

—26.8

82.3

20.6

British

Columbia Abbotsford

Airport

49.03N 122.36W

194 14.59 16.5 85.4

19.0 Agassiz 49.25N 121.77W 49 14.67 18.6

86.2

23.2 Ballenas Island 49.35N 124.16W

43

14.67

30.7 75.1 35.5

Comox

Airport

49.72N 124.90W

85

14.65

22.4 80.1

30.1

Cranbrook International

Airport

49.61N 115.78W

3084 13.13

—12.0

88.7

18.7

Entrance Island 49.22N

123

80W 16 14.69 29.1

75.1 32.0

Esquimalt Harbour 48.43N 123.44W 10 14.69 28.2 72.6 21.6 Fort

St

John

Airport

56.24N 120.74W

2280 13.52

—27.5

79.1 23.2 Kamloops

Airport

50.70N 120.44W 1

132

14.10

—5

.5

92.7 22.2 Kelowna International

Airport

49.96N 119.38W 141 1

13

.96

—1.0

90.9

16.8

Nelson 49.49N 117.31W

1755 13.79 10.5 89.0 15.5

Penticton

Airport

49.46N 1 19.60W 1

129

14.1 1 6.4 90.6 22.8

Pitt

Meadows 49.21N 122.69W 16 14.69

18.9

87.0 12.4

Port

Albemi Airport

49.32N 124.93W 249

14.56

21.2

88.6 13.7

Prince George

Airport

53.89N 122.68W

2267

13

53

—23.9

81.8

21.0

Prince Rupert

Airport

54.29N 130.44W 1

15

14.64 1

1.3

66.5 25.7

Salmon

Arm

50.70N 119.29W 1152 14.09 0.7 90.1 14.1

Squamish

Airport

49.78N 123.16W 171 14.61

18.7

84.5

14.4

Summerland 49.56N 119.64W 1490

13.92 5.9 91.3

18.7

Terrace

Airport

54.47N

128.58W

712

14.32

—1.3

81.9 25.8

Vancouver

Harbour 49.30N 123.12W

10 14.69 26.8 78.3

N/A

Vancouver International

Airport

49.20N

123.

18W

13

14.69 19.4 77.0

23

1 Vancouver, Point Atkinson 49.33N

123

26W 1

15

14.63

31.2 77.0

30.7

Vancouver,

West

49.35N 123.19W

551

14.41 21.6

80.6

11.4

Vernon 50.22N 119.19W

1581 13.88 5.4

91.6 15.4

Victoria International

Airpor

48.65N

123

43W 62 14.66

23

6

79.9

19.0 Victoria University 48.46N

123

30W 197

14.59

28.2

80.5

13

2 Victoria,

Gonzales

48.41N

123.33W 230 14.57

27.5

76.4

27.4 Victoria, Hartland

48.5

3N

123

46W

505 14.43

27.0

83.4

21.8 White Rock Campbell Scienti

c 49.02N 122.78W

43

14.67 22.4

76.7

14.3

Williams Lake

Airport

52.18N 122.05W

3084 13.13

—19.8

82.5 21.6

Manitoba

Brandon

Airport

49.91N 99.95W

1342

14.00

—28.3

87.2

25.3

Winnipeg International

Airport

49.92N

97

23W

784

14.28

—25.9

87.4 27.9 New

Brunswick

Fredericton

Airport

45.87N 66.53W

69

14.66

—10.5

85.5

22.0

Miramichi Airport

47.01N

65

47W

108

14.64

—10.2

86.0 24.5

Miramichi

RCS

47.01N

65

46W

108

14.64

—11.3

87.1

25.2 Monoton International

Airport

46.10N 64.69W

233 14.5

7

—8.7

83.2 27.8

34

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Point Lepreau

45

.07N

66.45W

20

14.69

—1.5

74.2

23

2 Saint John

Airport

45.32N

65.89W 358

14.51

—8.3

78.9

26.6

Newfoundland

and

Labrador

Corner

Brook

48.93N 57.92W

499 14.43

—1.6

79.1 20.9

Gander

International

Airport

48.95N

54.5 SW 495 14.43

—3

.5 78.8 31.3 Goose

Bay

Airport

53.32N 60.42W

161 14.61

—22.4

81.9 25.6 St.

John's

International

Airport

47.62N 52.74W

463

14.45

3.7 76.3 36.1

Wabush

Airport

52.93N 66.87W

1808 13.76

—32.4

76.6 21.1

North

west

Territories Yellowknife

Airport

62.46N 114.44W

676 14.34

—41.7

77.4 21.3

Nova Scotia Amherst 45.85N 64.27W

75

14.66

—5.6

77.9 29.3

Halifax

International

Airport

44.88N

63

52W

476

14.44

—1.4

81

7 26.9

Halifax

Shearwater

Airport

44.63N

63.5

OW

167 14.61 1.4

78.7

26.7

Shearwater

Jetty 44.63N 63.52W 20 14.69

7.0 78.5

27.2 Sydney

Airport

46.17N 60.05W

203 14.59

—0.4

81.1 28.1

Nunavut

Iqaluit Airport

63.75N

68.55W

112 14.64

—40.2

61.7

34.0

Ontario

Beausoleil 44.85N 79.87W 600

14.38

—11.0

85.9

14.0

Belle

River 42.30N 82.70W

604 14.38 5.7 88.9

29.0

Burlington

Piers 43.30N 79.80W

253

14.56

4.5 86.5 23.3

Cobourg 43.95N 78.17W

256 14.56

—4.0

78.3 25.5

Collingwood 44.50N 80.22W

591

14.39

—1.6

86.4 24.8

Erieau 42.25N 81.90W

584 14.39 5.7

80.4 29.2 Kenora

Airport

49.7 9N

94.3 7W 1345

14.00

—25.4

84.7

19.4 Lagoon City 44.55N 79.22W

725 14.31

—1

1.1

81.6 28.5

London International

Airport

43 O3N 81

15W

912

14.22

—0.9

86.2

24.1

North

Bay

Airport

46.36N 79.42W 1214 14.06

—18.1

82.0 21.3

Ottawa International

Airport

45

.32N

75

67W

374 14.50

—12.0

87.1

22.4

Petawawa

Airport

45

.95N

7 7.32W 427 14.47

—20.5

86.9

20.2

Peterborough

Airport

44.23N

78.3

7W 627

14.37

—1

1.0 85.2 19.8

Port Colbome 42.87N 79.25W

604 14.38 4.1 78.9

40.9

Port Weller 43.25N 79.22W

259

14.56

7.7 84.7 32.3

Sault

Ste

Marie Airport

46.48N 84.51W

630 14.36

—13.2

83.1

24.6 Sudbury

Airport

46.62N 80.80W 1142 14.10

—18.7

84.5

23.2

Thunder

Bay

Intl Airport

48.37N

89.33W

653 14.35

—21.9

84.3

22.2

Timmins Victor M Power Apt 48.57N

81.3

SW 968

14.19

—28.6

84.9 18.8

Toronto

Buttonville

Airport

43.86N

79.3

7W

650 14.35

—4.2

89.1

21.6

Toronto Island

Airport

43

63N 79.40W

253 14.56

3

0

83

3

29.7

Toronto

Pearson

Intl

Airport

43.68N 79.63W

568

14.40

—1.8

88.1 26.5

35

or

ad

© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's



Table 2.1:

Climatic

Data in I-P

Units

(Continued)

Station

Latitude,


St. Br.

Winter

Summer

Wind,

degrees degrees

ft

Pressure,


°F

mph

Trenton

Airport

44.12N 77.53W

282 14.55

—7.3

84.5

24.1 Windsor

Airport

42.28N 82.96W

623 14.37

2.4

89.4 25

4

Prince Edward

sland

Charlottetown

Airport

46.29N 63.13W 161 14.61

—4.9

80.1

25.7 Quebec

Bagotville

Airport

48.33N

71

00W

522

14.42

—22.2

84.6 26.5

Charlevoix 47.28N 70.64W 2372

13.48

—19.4

76.1

16.7

Gaspe

Airport

48.78N 64.48W 112 14.64

—12.8

82.0

21.4

Iles—de-la—Madeleine

Airport

47 43N 61 77W 26

14.68

2.1

74.8

36.] La Baie 48.30N 70.92W

499 14.43

—22.8

84.4 23.1

La Tuque

Airport

47.41N 72.79W

554

14.40

—22.6

86.6

16.9

Lac Saint-Pierre 46.18N 72.92W

52

14.67

—13.9

81.7

29.6 L'Acadie 45.29N

73.35W

144 14.62

—11.3

86.2 23.2

L'Assomption 45.81N 73.43W

69

14.66

—14.7

86.7

19.1

Lennoxville

45.37N 71.82W

594 14.38

—14.8

85.0

20.2

Mont-Joli

Airport

48.60N 68.22W

171 14.61

—11.0

80.1 28.2

Mont-Orford

45.31N 72.24W 2776

13.28

—19.2

77.2

35.1

Montreal

Mirabel

Intl

Airport

45.67N 74.03W 269

14.55

—15.6

85.0 19.8

Montreal

St

Hubert

Airport

45.52N 73.42W

89

14.65

—1

1.7 86.2

25.4

Montreal

Trudeau

Int]

Airport

45.47N 73.75W

118 14.63

—10.6

86.0 24.8

Montreal-Est 45.63N

73.55W

164 14.61

—10.0

86.9

19.3

Nicolet

46.23N 72.66W 26

14.68

—14.1

83.8 21.5

Pointe—Au—Pere

48.51N

68.47

W 16 14.69

—7.8

73.6

29.4

Quebec

Airport

46.80N 71.38W

243

14.57

—15.2

84.0

24.9 Riviere-Du-Loup 47.81N 69.55W

482

14.44

—12.1

79.2 18.4 Roberval

Airport

48.52N 72.27W

587 14.39

—22.5

83.7 23.0

Rouyn 48.25N 79.03W

1043

14.15

—23.7

84.2

20.4

Sainte—Agathe—des—Monts

46.05N 74.28W

1296

14.02

—18.5

81.5

20.2

Sainte—Anne-de—Bellevue

45.43N 73.93W

128 14.63

—1

1.5

86.1

20.1

Sainte—Foy

46.78N

71

29W

299 14.54

—12.9

84.5

21

1

Sept-i163

Airport

50.22N 66.27W

180

14.60

—18.3

73

0

26.5

Sherbrooke

Airport

45.43N 71.68W 791

14.28

—19.0

83.5 20.3

Trois—Rivieres

46.35N 72.52W

20

14.69

—11.4

81.4 23.9

Val D

OrAirport

48.06N 77.79W 1106 14.12

—27.7

83.5

21.1

Varennes

45.72N

73.38W 59

14.66

—10.9

86.6 24.5

Victoria Hartland 48.53N 123.46W

505 14.43

—20.6

84.2 23.8

Saskatchewan

Estevan

Airport

49.22N 102.97W 1906

13

.71

—26.8

89.9

29.2 Moose

Jaw

50.33N 105.56W

1893

13.72

—21.5

90.0 27.0

Moose

Jaw

Airport

50.33N

105.55W

1893

13.72

—27.9

90.3 29.5

North

Battleford

Airport

52.77N 108.26W

1798 13.77

—31.5

85.6

25.0

36

or

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© 2012

ASHRAE


in


form

is


ASHRAE's


Minimum

smoke

layer depth 319,

344,

345

Modeling

detector

activation 406 Froude

419—423,

478 pressure 419 salt

water

419

scale

317—319,

321,

324, 340,

417—423,

478, 479

Moody

diagram

114

N

Navier—Stokes

equations 408

Network models 122, 227,

291—294,

387

Neutral

plane

112, 113, 126,

128—130,

131, 222, 472,

473

N—Gas

model

172—175

NRCC Experimental Fire Tower 220,

427

0

Optical density

177—179,

187,

355

Orifice

equation

107—110,

112, 113,

115—123,

293,

471—476

Oxygen consumption calorimetry

15

7—160

P

Panic

146

Passive

smoke

control 201, 217, 218, 279,

280 Percent

obscuration

177,

183—185

Perfect

gas

law

(see

ideal

gas

law) Periodic testing 216, 316,

454, 457,

461—469

Physical

constants

8

Physical modeling

(see

scale

modding)

Pitot-static

tube

43

8,

442,

443

Plaza

Hotel

160, 220,

388,

427,

458

Plugholing

318, 320, 321,

324,

342—344,

348,

361,

413,479

Plume

average

temperature

341,

342, 477

balcony

spill

equations

338—340,

344

centerline

temperature

335—337

diameter

337, 349

wall

and corner

333,

337—339

window

316, 333,

340,

341, 376

Post

ashover re

(see

re,

fully

developed) Power law

131

Prandtl number

419

Premovement

138, 146,

218, 282,

317

Pressurization

concept 218 Pressurized

stairwell

(see

stairwell pressurization) Projected beam

smoke

detectors

321,

345

Pull

box

(see

manual re alarm

pull

station)

R

Radiant fraction

166

Radiant

ignition

149,

165—167

Response

time index

(RTI)

155,

156,

374, 385

483

Handbook

of

Smoke

Control

Engineering

Reynolds averaging

408

Reynolds number 1, 12,

107—109,

134,

419—423,

442

Roughness

114, 131,

303, 309, 480

Routine testing

(see

periodic testing) Rule of thumb 174,

238,

239,

247

S

Safety

plan

426

Scale

modeling

(see

modeling,

scale)

Scaling relations 419, 420, 421,

478 Seismic

activity

(see

earthquake) Shaft temperature

112, 130, 131, 248,

302,

310,

389

Shared

network

wiring

208

SI

system

1—3,

373,

417, 471 Similitude

419 Smoke

barrier

216—218,

279, 280, 282,

315,

450,

451, 453, 461,

462, 464,

465

bombs

457—460

dampers

(see

damper, smoke)

de

nition

171 feedback

221, 227, 254, 257,

320, 345,

413,

460

layer interface 318, 319, 321,

323, 327, 337,

340,

341,345,373

layer

temperature 154,

222,

325, 337,

341,

343, 347, 348,384,407

nonuniform 181,

183,

184,

186

obscuration

177—179,

184, 219, 220,

352, 355,

427,

440

shafts

221, 279,

288

venting

288,

315—317,

356

Solenoid valves

43

8, 440 SOLVENT

368

Special inspection

449—460

Speci

c extinction coef

cient 179,

183, 355

Speci

c

heat

constant

pressure 10, 377, 408

constant

volume

377, 418

ratio 377,

419

Sprinkler actuation

155,

156,

158, 374

Sprinkler time

constant

155

Stack

effect

equations 129

myths

130, 131

normal

128,

129,

288

reverse 128,

129,

288

Stairwell compartmentation 228,

230

Stairwell pressurization

compensated

227,

239,

242—245,

249,

456

multiple

injection 229, 230,

242,

249

pressure

pro

le

232,

234, 476

single

injection

229, 230, 242,

243,

249 vestibules 219,

230, 233, 234, 293,

461

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Stairwell

temperature

227,

231,

242,

310

Stairwell ventilation

system

228, 406,

413—415,

475 Standard

atmospheric

pressure

8, 107, 108, 112, 126,

129,

237, 237,

343

Stratification

321, 322, 345,

352—355,

357,

359—361,

365,456

Subway environment simulation (SES)

367

Symmetry 107, 124, 125, 232, 234,

235,

250, 274

System

reliability

208,

211, 461

T

Temperature,

conversion

3

Tenability

analysis 137 230,

239, 295,

387—403

Tenability

systems

184,

189, 218, 239,

268, 387

Tensor

407

Thermal inertia 11, 421, 422

Thermal radiation

exposure

176,

177

Thermocouple

365, 374,

421, 422,

425,

427,

428,

431—

435,438

Time lag, plume

and

ceiling jet

329—331

Timeline 137,

138

Toxic

gases

exposure

186,

187

Transient fuel

149—1

51

Transmittance 177,

188

Transport tunnels

351—371

TUNVEN

367

Turbulence modeling 405,

408

Two-way ow

(see

bidirectional

ow)

U

Units

of

measurement

1—3

484

Unit

conversions

hard and soft

3

equations

3, 8,

9

table

4—7

UUKL

213,

454,

461,

465,

466, 469 V Validation

experiments

218—220,

374

Vector 407,

408

Video 266,

369, 388,

421, 425, 427,

429

Virtual origin

333—336,

338

Visibility

criteria

185,

186,

393

Visibility,

reduced 171, 178, 179,

181—184,

186,

317, 392,405

Visualization 219,

380,

410, 419,

423

W

Weather data

(see

climatic

data)

Weekly self-test

213,

454,

457,

461, 463, 466, 467, 469

Wind

data,

design

15—104

Wind

exponent

131—134

Wishful

thinking 149,

151

Wood cribs

155,

160, 178, 220, 427, 429,

430

Z

Zone

re

models 318, 321, 324, 325, 329, 334, 336,

373—

388, 407

Zoned

smoke

control

with

HVAC

191,

193—195,

279,

282—287

or

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