Modern writers are well known for being difficult but in D. H. Lawrence’s case the phenomenon is less a matter of obscure references or cryptic expressions, and more like what we mean when we say we have a difficult colleague. He could be good company and was capable of great generosity and kindness, but for much of the time he was clearly an impossible person – prickly, sometimes fantastically cantankerous, permanently subject to what he called “spiritual dyspepsia”. This was no doubt partly due to the state of his health, which was always precarious, though there was also an extraordinary tenacity to him: he often gives the impression of someone who used moral fury and bitter denunciation as a way of keeping the show on the road. No one likes to be rejected, but there is something wholly and characteristically individual in his outburst when Heinemann turned down Paul Morel, the first version of Sons and Lovers (1913): “Curse the blasted, jelly-boned swines, the slimy, the belly-wriggling invertebrates, the miserable sodding rotters, the flaming sods, the snivelling, dribbling, dithering palsied pulse-less lot that make up England today”. The affronts he received were typically cast, like that, as exemplifying a catastrophe affecting English, sometimes Western, culture at large; and his relationships were similarly obliged to symbolize the plight of the modern spirit – “to understand Middleton”, he once said of John Middleton Murry, with whom he had perhaps his most formative male friendship, “you must understand the whole suicidal tendency that has overspread Europe since 1880”. The knock-backs of his writing life were always felt on such a huge scale, as though vastly more was at stake than merely the fate of his books.

And knock-backs there certainly were: books rejected by prudent publishers and, once published by less prudent ones, prosecuted for obscenity; banned by philistine magistrates; seized by meddlesome customs officers. But for all that, his was not really a story of cruelly neglected or even misunderstood genius, like the history of John Clare or Isaac Rosenberg. Lawrence was for much of his life a succès d’estime: after Sons and Lovers the world took him up and never really put him down again, however rude he was. He was soon having tea with Lady Cynthia Asquith, befriended by Edward Marsh (who published him in Georgian Poetry), and taken to Cambridge to meet Bertrand Russell and John Maynard…