Appendix:Proto-Nilo-Saharan reconstructions
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Proto-Nilo-Saharan reconstructions from Ehret (2001) are given below.[1]
Ehret (2001)
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Nilo-Saharan |
|---|---|
| part | *ɓà, *ɓàː |
| soak, to | *ɓā |
| become drenched | *ɓā |
| wide, broad | *ɓad |
| nag, to | *ɓàp, *ɓāp |
| fat, to be(come) | *ɓàpʰ |
| thick, to be(come) | *ɓàpʰ |
| burn (intr.), to | *ɓàwt̯, *ɓāwt̯ |
| hill | *ɓé |
| bark | *ɓeɓ |
| hit (with implement), to | *ɓèl |
| shine brightly, to | *ɓéːl̪ |
| dance, to | *ɓɛ |
| leave, to | *ɓɛ́ːh |
| many | *ɓı̄ |
| much | *ɓı̄ |
| mid-shoulder | *ɓiah |
| shoulder, mid- | *ɓiah |
| sore | *ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh |
| ulcer | *ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh |
| wound | *ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh |
| break open, to | *ɓı́l |
| crack, to | *ɓı́l |
| slice thin, to | *ɓı̄ɵ |
| grow, to | *ɓı̄ṭʰ |
| much, to be | *ɓòɓ |
| bad happening | *ɓōh |
| misfortune | *ɓōh |
| conceal, to | *ɓoŋk |
| cover up, to | *ɓoŋk |
| hip | *ɓoŋkʰ, *ɓoŋk` |
| thigh, upper | *ɓoŋkʰ, *ɓoŋk` |
| good, to be | *ɓóːr, *ɓóːd |
| cattle pen, of thornbush | *ɓórēh, *ɓódēh |
| turn (tr.), to | *ɓɔ, *ɓɔh |
| upset by, to be | *ɓɔ̀kʰ |
| worried by, to be | *ɓɔ̀kʰ |
| soak (tr.), to | *ɓɔ̄kʰ |
| stay, to | *ɓúː |
| hole (in the ground) | *ɓùːr |
| pit | *ɓùːr |
| female | *ɓwāh |
| approach, to | *ɓwɔ |
| this one | *ba |
| add, to | *bà |
| go up, to | *bà |
| increase, to | *bà |
| put together, to | *bà |
| rise, to | *bà |
| knock down, to | *bàːɗ |
| encase, to | *bāːɠ |
| enclose, to | *bāːɠ |
| shine brightly, to | *bàːk` |
| front | *bap, *bab |
| torso | *bap, *bab |
| flow out, to | *bás, *báɵ |
| proceed, to | *bát̯, *bát̯ʰ |
| adze | *báw, *bāw |
| body | *bay |
| understand, to | *bè |
| stay, to | *bē |
| ears (pl., dual, or coll.?) | *beːh |
| leaves | *beːh |
| pole | *bèd, *bēd |
| rod | *bèd, *bēd |
| meat | *béṭ` |
| of | *bɛː |
| large | *bɛ́b, *bɛ́ːb |
| wide, large | *bɛ́b, *bɛ́ːb |
| spread, to | bɛ́ːr |
| which one? | *bı́, *bı̄ |
| you (ph) | *bi |
| raise, to | *bı̀ːd̯ |
| buffalo | *bı̄p, *bı̄pʰ |
| fast, to run | *bı́r |
| run fast, to | *bı́r |
| earth | *bı̄y, *bı̄ːy |
| ground | *bı̄y, *bı̄ːy |
| not go, to | *bò |
| face | *bō |
| gadfly | *bobo |
| body (of person) | *bòd, *bōd |
| white | *bòːd |
| scratch (skin, surface), to | *bóɗ̣, *bōɗ̣ |
| big | *boh |
| hot, to be | *boŋ |
| shine, to | *boŋ |
| migrate, to | *bòːr |
| move, to | *bòːr |
| travel, to | *bòːr |
| dig up, to | *bɔ̀kʰ, *bɔ̀k` |
| fluid | *bɔ̄ŋk |
| liquid | *bɔ̄ŋk |
| tired, to be(come) | *bɔ́r, *bɔ́ːr |
| wear out, to | *bɔ́r, *bɔ́ːr |
| ground | *bu |
| go down, to | *bū |
| scrape, to | *būkʰ |
| skin, piece of | *bùnd |
| chest | *buːr |
| handle | *bùt̪` |
| cry out, to | *búwákʰ, *búhákʰ |
| arm, upper | *àbı̄ |
| hippopotamus | *abɔŋ |
| light (in sky) | *mbàːd |
| two | *mbar |
| catch, to | *mbàr |
| emerge (from behind or out of), to | *mbèl̪ |
| fiber | *mbéyr |
| strip, thin | *mbéyr |
| grasp and take, to | *mbɛ́r |
| take after grasping, to | *mbɛ́r |
| water | *mbih, *mbiːh |
| heart | *mbı́néh |
| fat, to be(come) | *mbo, *mboh |
| large, to be(come) | *mbo, *mboh |
| thick, to be(come) | *mbo, *mboh |
| by, with | *mboː |
| with | *mboː |
| chest | *mbōd |
| take, to | *mbōk` |
| take out, to | *mbōk` |
| short | *mbɔ̀ |
| lap, to | *mbɔ̀ |
| decay, to | *mbùɵ |
| wear out, to | *mbùɵ |
| bear (young, fruit, etc.), to | *mbwà |
| immersed, to be | *mbwá, *mbwáh |
| abdominal cavity | *mbwɛ̀ |
| cavity, abdominal | *mbwɛ̀ |
| loins | *mbwɛ̄ːm |
| waist | *mbwɛ̄ːm |
| for, pertaining to | ?????????? |
| produce water, to | *ma, *maː |
| interrogative stem | *ma, *mi |
| attention, to pay | *máː |
| lookout, be on the | *máː |
| pay attention, to | *máː |
| assemble, to | *máɗ |
| join together, to | *máɗ |
| where? | *mánē, *mánè |
| move back and forth, to | *máːŋ |
| move up and down, to | *máːŋ |
| oscillate, to | *máːŋ |
| wrong, to do | *máːŋk |
| gather, to | *máŋkʰ |
| put together, to | *máŋkʰ |
| wet, to | *mānt̯ |
| liver | *máwɲ |
| ox | *màːwr |
| finger | *máːws |
| toe | *máːws |
| gently, to do | *máwɵ |
| chew up, to | *mày, *māy |
| bend (tr.), to | *mé, *méh |
| twist, to | *mé, *méh |
| body | *mēːɗ, mēːɗ̯ |
| self | *mēːɗ, mēːɗ̯ |
| palm (of hand) | *mèːnt`, *mēːnt` |
| paw | *mèːnt`, *mēːnt` |
| ram | *méŋk, *mēŋkʰ |
| do, to | *méːy |
| make, to | *méːy |
| cover up, to | *meːyt` |
| glare, to | *mɛ́l |
| shine, to | *mɛ́l |
| increase, to | *mɛ́l |
| lick, to | *mɛ́ːl̪ |
| neck | *mɛn, *mɛːn |
| voice | *mɛn, *mɛːn |
| drip, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
| flow, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
| leak, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
| run, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
| seep, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
| pieces, to pull off | *mɛ̀ntʰ, *mɛ̀nt̯ʰ |
| pull off pieces, to | *mɛ̀ntʰ, *mɛ̀nt̯ʰ |
| narrow | *mɛr |
| thin | *mɛr |
| do badly, to | *mɛ́ːr |
| err, to | *mɛ́ːr |
| leopard | *mɛ̀rı́h |
| drip, to | *mɛ́s/ mı́s |
| sprinkle, to | *mɛ́s/ mı́s |
| tick | *mɛṣ |
| rise, to | *mɛ̀ːt |
| small, to be | *min |
| darkness | *mı̀ːr, *mı̄ːr |
| cover from view, to | *mı̀ṣ |
| obscure | *mı̀ṣ |
| smell (intr.), to | *mı́`y |
| glow, to | *mō |
| heat, to give off | *mō |
| heat up, to | *mōá`y |
| dung of domestic animal | *móɗı́h |
| deceive, to | *mód̪ |
| close, to | *móːd̪ |
| turn (intr.), to | *mòɠ |
| twist (intr.), to | *mòɠ |
| abdomen, lower | *mòːl̯òh |
| eat soft food, to | *moːɲ |
| baboon | *moŋkʰ, moŋk` |
| hot, to become | *mòr |
| eyes, area around | *mòy, *mōy |
| face, upper part of | *mòy, *mōy |
| weary, to be(come) | *mɔ̀ːɗ |
| tire out, to | *mɔ̀ːɗ |
| fat, to be(come) | *mɔ̄ːh |
| swell in size, to | *mɔ̄ːh |
| curved, to be | *mɔ̀ŋk, *mɔ̄ŋk |
| round, to be | *mɔ̀ŋk, *mɔ̄ŋk |
| leave (tr.), to | *mɔ́ŋk |
| broad, to become | *mɔ̀ːr |
| large, to be(come) | *mɔ̀ːr |
| wide, to become | *mɔ̀ːr |
| spoil (intr.), to | *muɗ |
| hull (by rubbing), to | *múh |
| husk (by rubbing), to | *múh |
| strip (by rubbing), to | *múh |
| rub off, to | *muhaɲ (>*mwaɲ) |
| sour, to become | *múk |
| spoil, to | *múk |
| bend (tr.), to | *mūŋg |
| bent, to become | *mūŋg |
| intend, to | *múr |
| biting fly | *múːr, *múːd |
| fur | *múːr |
| hair of body | *múːr |
| pick up, to | *mùṣ/ *mòṣ |
| hate, to | *mwāːŋg |
| oppose, to | *mwāːŋg |
| resist, to | *mwāːŋg |
| glow, to | *mweːɲ |
| that, which, who (rel. pron.) | *ama, *ma |
| this referred to | *ama, *ma |
| we (excl.) | *ám |
| person | *ámā |
| husk | *ómp |
| shell | *ómp |
| smell (tr.), to | *ɔm |
| flow, to make | *ɔ̄ːm |
| moisture, to produce | *ɔ̄ːm |
| dig a well, to | *d̪àk`, d̪āk` |
| well, to dig a | *d̪àk`, d̪āk` |
| shell (of hard fruit, egg, etc.) | *d̯àm |
| strip, to | *d̪às, *d̪àz |
| turn (intr.), to | *d̪às, *d̪àz |
| lay bare, to | *d̪è |
| speak, to | *d̪èːh |
| add onto, to | *d̪èːh |
| expand, to | *d̪èːh |
| increase, to | *d̪èːh |
| entirely | *d̪èːyɛy, *d̪èː`yey |
| not see, to | *d̪ɛ́ːɓ, *d̪ɛ́ɓ |
| dark, to be | *d̪ı̄s, *d̪ı̄ɵ |
| dim, to be | *d̪ı̄s, *d̪ı̄ɵ |
| feel bad, to | *d̪ód |
| hurt, to | *d̪ód |
| cut off, to | *d̪ómp |
| leap, to | *d̪u, *d̪uː |
| spring, to | *d̪u, *d̪uː |
| get, to | *d̪ū |
| obtain, to | *d̪ū |
| dark | *d̪úr/ *d̪úrm |
| darkness | *d̪úr/ *d̪úrm |
| fall (of water), to | *d̪ùːr |
| spill, to | *d̪ùːr |
| hold in the mouth, to | *ɗah |
| mouth, to hold in | *ɗah |
| palate | *ɗáhn |
| block, to | *ɗàːp |
| prevent, to | *ɗàːp |
| stop, to | *ɗàːp |
| spread (tr.), to | *ɗās |
| fan, to | *ɗáːṣ |
| flap, to | *ɗáːṣ |
| flutter, to | *ɗáːṣ |
| one (adj.) | *ɗéh |
| rat | *ɗér, *ɗēr |
| skin, strip of | *ɗɛ̀pʰɛ̄h |
| strip of skin | *ɗɛ̀pʰɛ̄h |
| deictic root | *ɗı́ |
| young | *ɗı̀ |
| seize, to | *ɗı̀, *ɗı̄ |
| heat, to | *ɗı̀ːh |
| gluey (of sap, etc.), to be | *ɗı̀ŋ |
| sticky (of sap, etc.), to be | *ɗı̀ŋ |
| stay, to | *ɗı̀ːr, *ɗı̄ːr |
| close, to be | *ɗı̀ṣ, *ɗı̀ːṣ |
| near, to be | *ɗı̀ṣ, *ɗı̀ːṣ |
| move (tr.), to | *ɗōː |
| earth | *ɗoh |
| soil | *ɗoh |
| moisten, to | *ɗòk` |
| wet, to make | *ɗòk` |
| not move, to | *ɗóŋ |
| bend (tr.), to | *ɗòŋkʰòl |
| curve (tr.), to | *ɗòŋkʰòl |
| roll (tr.), to | *ɗòŋkʰòl |
| hurt, to | *ɗòr |
| smoke, to give off | *ɗúː, *ɗūː |
| smoke, to give off | *ɗúkw |
| steam, to give off | *ɗúkw |
| vapor, to give off | *ɗúkw |
| take, to | *ɗùm |
| thigh | *ɗūpʰún |
| frog | *ɗwak` |
| calabash, kind of | *ɗút̪, *d̪út̪, *ɗútʰ, *d̪útʰ |
| gourd, kind of | *ɗút̪, *d̪út̪, *ɗútʰ, *d̪útʰ |
| take out, to | *dáːy |
| correct | *dàyāh |
| right | *dàyāh |
| inspect, to | *deh |
| look at carefully, to | *deh |
| watch, to | *den |
| bind, to | *déŋk |
| fix in place, to | *déŋk |
| baboon | *dɛ̄wɛ̀h, *dāwɛ̀h |
| stop (intr.), to | *dı̀, *diː |
| fill up, to | *dil |
| bug, insect | *diːl̪ |
| insect | *diːl̪ |
| worm | *diːl̪ |
| fat, to be(come) | *dó, *dō |
| look at, to | *dòl |
| above | *dól |
| grow up, to | *dóːɲ |
| rise, to | *dóːɲ |
| tall, to become | *dóːɲ |
| strand | *dúːl, *dūːl |
| strip | *dúːl, *dūːl |
| warm, to be(come) | *dùŋg, *dùŋk |
| chase, to | *dwaːr |
| log | *dwèŋk` |
| mix, to | *dwɛ̀mp |
| join, to | ??????????? |
| put together, to | *dwɛ̄ːr |
| breast (woman’s) | *éyd, *ēyd |
| look at, to | *dı́, *d̪ı́ |
| easy, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
| loose, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
| slack, to be(come) | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
| slow, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
| soft, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
| enclosure of homestead | *dɔ̄ŋ, *d̪ɔ̄ŋ |
| yard | *dɔ̄ŋ, *d̪ɔ̄ŋ |
| short | *dúŋk`w, *d̪úŋk`w |
| short | *dùŋk`ùr, *d̪ùŋk`ùr |
| conceal oneself, to | *dér, *d̪ér, *ɗér |
| termite | *dùzùh, *d̪ùzùh, *ɗùzùh |
| this/that one close by | *nda/ *ndi |
| what? (comment?) | *nda |
| cheat, to | *ndàːɗ |
| deceive, to | *ndàːɗ |
| which? | *ndé |
| tie together, to | *ndèd |
| twist together, to | *ndèd |
| also | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
| and | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
| still | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
| yet | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
| what? | *ndi, *ndiː |
| who? | *ndoː |
| bend around, to | *ndóp |
| fold, to | *ndóp |
| roll (tr.), to | *ndɔ́ŋk, *ndɔ̄ŋk |
| call out loudly, to | *ndɔ́ːr, *ndɔ̄ːr |
| attached, to become | *ndùkʰ |
| join, to | *ndùkʰ |
| raise, to | *ndúkʰ |
| that | *náː |
| what (rel. pron.) | *náː |
| catch up with, to | *ná, *náh |
| reach, to | *ná, *náh |
| rise, to | *náː, *náːh |
| reject, to | *nàkʰ |
| suck, to | *nàk`w, *nàːk`w |
| eat up, to | *nām |
| observe, to | *này |
| attention (extended), to pay | *nàyı̀s |
| pay (extended) attention to | *nàyı̀s |
| here | *ne/ *na |
| there | *ne/ *na |
| look at, to | *nèː |
| utter, to | *nèh |
| perceive (with ear, nose), to | *nel |
| grasp, to | *nèm, *nēm |
| grip, to | *nèm, *nēm |
| earth | *nɛh |
| woman | *nɛŋ, *anɛŋ |
| bring, to | *nɛŋ |
| recline, to | *nı̄ |
| coil, to | *ni, *nih, *niː, *niːh |
| drink up, to | *ni |
| tooth | *nikʰ, *niːkʰ |
| not move, to | *nóː |
| pick up, to | *nóŋ |
| listen, to | *nɔːh |
| observe, to | *nɔːh |
| watch, to | *nɔːh |
| stick to, to | *nɔ̀ːk, *nɔ̄ːk |
| loosen, to | *nɔ̀ŋ, *nɔ̄ŋ |
| slack, to be(come) | *nɔ̀ŋ, *nɔ̄ŋ |
| drip from body, to | *nɔ́rɛ́h |
| tread on, to | *nuːd |
| heat | *nún |
| decline, to | *nuŋ, *nuːŋ |
| descend, to | *nuŋ, *nuːŋ |
| wither, to | núr, *núːr |
| move with difficulty, to | *nwád |
| we (inch) | *ánā |
| you (sing.) | *ı̄nı́ |
| she, he, it | *únū |
| go, to | *ᶑa |
| walk, to | *ᶑa |
| daughter | *ɖa |
| girl | *ɖa |
| moisture | *ɖāːb |
| wetness | *ɖāːb |
| active, to be | *ɖád |
| energetic, to be | *ɖád |
| lively, to be | *ɖád |
| speak at length, to | *ɖàːp, *ɖàːb, *ɖàːɓ |
| high, to become | *ɖàːr |
| tall, to become | *ɖàːr |
| chew on, to | *ɗ̣awk` |
| large, to be(come) | *ɗ̣èh |
| old, to become | *ɗ̣èhèn |
| beat (thing), to | *ɗ̣ēm |
| cut off, to | *ɗ̣ēːr |
| hole in, to make | *ɖèːs, ɗ̣ēːs |
| waste away, to | *ɗ̣ɛ̀ːd̪ |
| weaken, to | *ɗ̣ɛ̀ːd̪ |
| shake, to | *ɗ̣ɛ́n, *ɗ̣ɛ̄n |
| tremble, to | *ɗ̣ɛ́n, *ɗ̣ɛ̄n |
| hot, to become | *ɗ̥ɛ̀ːr |
| bad shape, to be in | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
| badly, to be done | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
| disorder, to be in, to do in disorderly fashion | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
| shape, to be in bad | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
| tie knot, to | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
| knot, to tie | *ɗ̣ı̄k/ *ɗ̣ēk |
| tie, to | *ɗ̣ı̄k/ *ɗ̣ēk |
| deaf | *ɗ̣ı́ŋgwı́r |
| many, to be | *ɗ̣ı̀ŋkʰ |
| much, to be | *ɗ̣ı̀ŋkʰ |
| much | *ɗ̣iŋkʰir |
| hit hard, to | *ɗ̣ı́ːɲ |
| fight with, to | *ɗ̣ı̄ns̩ |
| struggle against, to | *ɗ̣ı̄ns̩ |
| dig, to | *ɗ̣ı̀ːp, *ɖı̀ːp` |
| crest | *ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr |
| surface, raised | *ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr |
| top | *ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr |
| fat (adj.) | *ɗ̣ı́s, *ɗ̣ı̄s |
| go up, to | *ɗ̣òːk |
| rise, to | *ɗ̣òːk |
| swing, to | *ɗ̣ōːl, *ɗ̣ōːl̪ |
| calf of leg | *ɗ̣óŋkʰòl, *ɗ̣óŋkʼòl |
| not move, to | *ɗ̣òŋkʰw |
| stay in place, to | *ɗ̣òŋkʰw |
| close, to | *ɗ̣òr |
| speak, to | *ɗ̣óːt, *ɗ̣óːtʰ |
| move about secretly, to | *ɗ̣úːkʼ |
| stealthy, to be | *ɗ̣úːkʼ |
| not let do, to | *ɗ̣wāːr |
| restrain, to | *ɗ̣wāːr |
| fat (adj.) | *ɗ̣wèːm, *ɗ̣wēːm |
| thick | *ɗ̣wèːm, *ɗ̣wēːm |
| prod, to | *ɗ̣wı́kʰ |
| push, to | *ɗ̣wı́kʰ |
| jackal | *àɗ̣áwlā |
| field, cultivated | *ɔɗ̣omp |
| monkey | *ɗɔ́kwɛ̀l, *dɔ̄kwɛ̀l, *ɗ̣ɔ́kwɛ̀l |
| morning | *ɗur, *dur, *ɗ̣ur |
| brother | *ɗuːr, *duːr, *ɗ̣uːr |
| there | *ɖ- (*ɖā) |
| rise, to | *ɖáːɓ |
| fast, to make | *ɖàːkʼ |
| fasten, to | *ɖàːkʼ |
| make fast, to | *ɖàːkʼ |
| lie (down), to | *ɖàːn, *ɖāːn |
| sway, to | *ɖāŋ, *ɖāːŋ |
| swing, to | *ɖāŋ, *ɖāːŋ |
| swear, to | *ɖé |
| carry, to | *ɖèb, *ɖèɓ, *ɖèp, *ɖèpʼ |
| convey, to | *ɖèb, *ɖèɓ, *ɖèp, *ɖèpʼ |
| chop, to | *ɖépʰ |
| break into pieces, to | *ɖèr |
| crumble, to | *ɖèr |
| blind, to be | *ɖɛl̪, *ɖɛd̪ |
| hurt, to | *ɖɛ̀m |
| sick, to make | *ɖɛ̀m |
| enter, to | *ɖı́ŋg |
| shake, to | *ɖı̀ŋkʼ |
| back and forth, to go | *ɖōŋg |
| go up and down, to | *ɖōŋg |
| leak, to | *ɖɔ̀l |
| crown of head | *ɖúːd̪, *ɖúːɗ |
| head, crown of | *ɖúːd̪, *ɖúːɗ |
| flow out, especially from body, to | *ɖūɖ |
| alight, to | *ɖùmp |
| hump (on body) | *ɖūŋkʰ |
| swelling (on body) | *ɖūŋkʰ |
| skid, to | *ɖùːr |
| scrape out, to | *ɖùːr |
| dig out, to | *ɖwàːk, *ɖwàːg, *ɖwàːɠ |
| scoop out, to | *ɖwàːk, *ɖwàːg, *ɖwàːɠ |
| talk loudly, to | *ɖwàl, *ɖɔ̀ːl, *ɖwàl̪, *ɖɔ̀ːl̪ |
| spotted | *ɖwaːr |
| streaked | *ɖwaːr |
| hump | *ɖwɛ̀ |
| raised area | *ɖwɛ̀ |
| bare, to make | *ɖwɛ́ːd |
| strip, to | *ɖwɛ́ːd |
| scrape, to | *ɖwɛ̀ŋk |
| inhale, to | *ɖwı̀kʰw |
| grasp, to | *ɖwı̀r, *ɖwı̀d |
| grasp and pull, to | *ɖwı̀r, *ɖwı̀d |
| belch, to | *nɖal, *nɖal̪ |
| rumbly stomach, to have | *nɖal, *nɖal̪ |
| stomach, to have rumbly | *nɖal, *nɖal̪ |
| smell, to | *nɖàmp |
| sniff, to | *nɖàmp |
| tell, to | *nɖéŋ |
| turn (intr.), to | *nɖòk |
| anus | *nɖōkʰ |
| squeeze, to | *nɖɔ́, *nɖɔ̄ |
| squat, to | *nɖɔ́ːd, *nɖɔ̄ːd |
| leak, to | *nɖúl̪ |
| seep out, to | *nɖúl̪ |
| doctor, to | *nɖwák |
| chew, to | *nðàkʰ, *nðàkʼ |
| stalk | *nðap, *nðab, *nðaɓ |
| stem | *nðap, *nðab, *nðaɓ |
| rub (with a tool), to | *nðɛ̄pʼ |
| scrape, to | *nðɛ̄pʼ |
| occasion | *nðò, *nðòh |
| time | *nðò, *nðòh |
| bite into, to | *nðókʰ |
| break off, to | *nðɔ̄ːkʼ |
| loose, to pick | *nðɔ̄ːkʼ |
| pick loose, to | *nðɔ̄ːkʼ |
| suck, to | *nðɔ̀ːT2 |
| rise up, to | *nðùl |
| suck, to | *nðùːn |
| move quickly, to | *nðūr, *nðūd |
| quickly, to move | *nðūr, *nðūd |
| who? | *ɲa |
| expand, to | *ɲà, *ɲàɲà |
| female | *ɲáh |
| jaw, to move the | *ɲàkʰ |
| move the jaw, to | *ɲàkʰ |
| burn,to | *ɲáːl |
| shine, to | *ɲáːl |
| crocodile | *ɲàːŋ |
| grow greatly, to | *ɲapʰ |
| break into small pieces, to | *ɲè |
| small | *ɲél̪ |
| chew, to | *ɲèm |
| sheath (for weapon) | *ɲɛ́h |
| do without, to | *ɲɛ̀kʼ |
| twist, to | *ɲı́ːr |
| turn, to | *ɲı́ːr |
| bend (intr.), to | *ɲı́ːr |
| joint (of body, meat) | *ɲo |
| anoint, to | *ɲóːh |
| smear, to | *ɲóːh |
| close together, to be pressed | *ɲòkʰ, *ɲòːkʰ |
| pressed close together, be | *ɲòkʰ, *ɲòːkʰ |
| squeeze with the fingers, to | *ɲom |
| bite, to | *ɲɔ̀, *ɲɔ̀h |
| chew, to | *ɲɔ́áʼy, *ɲɔ́háʼy |
| present, to | *ɲɔ́ː |
| put forth, to | *ɲɔ́ː |
| send out, to | *ɲɔ́ː |
| dirt | *ɲɔ̀ːh |
| rubbish | *ɲɔ̀ːh |
| break (tr.), to | *ɲɔ̀m |
| do poorly, to | *ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ |
| do without effect, to | *ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ |
| move aimlessly, to | *ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ |
| angry, to be | *ɲɔ̀ːr |
| slight, to be | *ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ |
| thin, to be(come) | *ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ |
| weak, to be(come) | *ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ |
| put fluid into, to | *ɲúh |
| water to, to apply | *ɲúh |
| claw, nail | *ɲur, *ɲuːr |
| scratch with nails, claws, to | *ɲur, *ɲuːr |
| lick, to | *ɠaːɲ |
| bestow, to | *ɠàpʰ |
| present, to | *ɠàpʰ |
| proffer, to | *ɠàpʰ |
| hull, to | *ɠapʼ |
| shell, to | *ɠapʼ |
| hull (n.) | *ɠapʼɔtʱ |
| shell | *ɠapʼɔtʱ |
| encircle, to | *ɠaː̀r |
| enclose, to | *ɠaː̀r |
| cross, to | *ɠáːr, *ɠáːd |
| repute, of good | *ɠàyn, *ɠāyn |
| immersed, to be | *ɠéb/ *ɠı́b |
| moist, to be(come) | *ɠéb/ *ɠı́b |
| goat, he- | *ɠènt |
| he-goat | *ɠènt |
| anger | *ɠér |
| bad feeling | *ɠér |
| note of, to take | *ɠɛ̄m |
| observe, to | *ɠɛ̄m |
| louse | *ɠɛ́n |
| stomach | *ɠɛ̀wāːh |
| someone | *ɠı̄ |
| something | *ɠı̄ |
| perceive (with ear, nose), to | *ɠı̀d |
| sense (with ear or nose), to | *ɠı̀d |
| grass stalk | *ɠı̀ːt, *ɠı́ːtʰ |
| stalk, of grass | *ɠı̀ːt, *ɠı́ːtʰ |
| bring, to | *ɠò |
| crested crane (?) | *ɠòbàr, *ɠòɓàr |
| pick up, to | *ɠóh, *ɠōh |
| hold, to | *ɠòn |
| put around, to | *ɠop |
| animal, young domestic | *ɠor |
| heifer (?) | *ɠor |
| move (toward), to | *ɠɔ |
| let loose, to | *ɠɔɲ, *ɠɔːɲ |
| loosen, to | *ɠɔɲ, *ɠɔːɲ |
| cut off, to | *ɠɔ́ŋg |
| rub together, to | *ɠúːɗ̣ |
| take apart, to | *ɠuɖ, *ɠuːɖ |
| owl | *ɠùːm |
| dust | *ɠùr, *ɠūr |
| scratch, to | *ɠwàd |
| adult | *ɠwáɵ, *ɠwáːɵ |
| grownup person | *ɠwáɵ, *ɠwáːɵ |
| burn (tr.), to | *ɠwéːb, *ɠwéːɓ |
| go up, to | *ɠwéɗ |
| eat (hard, tough things), to | ɠwèːr |
| munch on, to | *ɠwɛ́ːɲ |
| look at, to | *ɠwı̀l, *ɠwı̄l |
| pierce with blade, point, to | *ɠwór |
| puncture with blade, point, to | *ɠwór |
| poke, to | *ɠwòrp |
| prick, to | *ɠwòrp |
| call, to | *ɠwɔ̄ː |
| observe, to | *ɠwɔ́ɲ |
| I | *aɠa |
| among | *aɠw |
| between | *aɠw |
| within | *aɠw |
| you (ph) | *iɠwe |
| immature | *gà |
| young | *gà |
| argue, to | *gab, *gaɓ |
| quarrel, to | *gab, *gaɓ |
| grip, to | *gāːb, *gāːɓ, *gāːp, *gāːpʼ |
| hold in the hand, to | *gāːb, *gāːɓ, *gāːp, *gāːpʼ |
| keep in sight, to | *gáːl |
| sight, to keep in | *gáːl |
| watch, to | *gáːl |
| acquire (in return for something else) | *gɛ̀ |
| obtain (in return for something else) | *gɛ̀ |
| edge | *gɛ̄p |
| rim | *gɛ̄p |
| flatten, make flat, to | *giːb, *giːɓ |
| level, to make | *giːb, *giːɓ |
| recline, to | *gı̀d |
| repose, to | *gı̀d |
| pole | *gōb, *gōɓ |
| stick | *gōb, *gōɓ |
| wood | *gōb, *gōɓ |
| bend, to | *gɔ́ŋ |
| heat, to | *goŋkʰ |
| left (hand) | *gor, *god, *goɗ |
| step, to | *gòːr |
| swell up, to | *gɔ̀ŋg |
| throw, to | *gùp |
| male | *gwáh |
| remain, to | *gwàːp |
| stay, to | *gwàːp |
| scrape (with fingers, nails), to | *gwápʰ |
| increase, to | *gwı̀ |
| rise, to | *gwı̀ |
| swell, to | *gwı̀ |
| toss, to | *gwı̄nɖ |
| meat, joint of | *gwopʰ, *gwopʼ |
| drive away, to | *gwɔ̀ːr |
| not do, to | *gáh, *ɠáh |
| catch fire, to | *gáːh, *ɠáːh |
| fire, to catch | *gáːh, *ɠáːh |
| increase (in longitudinal dimension), to | *gàːl, *ɠàːl |
| rise, to | *gàːl, *ɠàːl |
| shoulder | *gapʰ, *ɠapʰ |
| cover oneself, to | *gı̄ɲ, *ɠı̄ɲ |
| covered, to be | *gı̄ɲ, *ɠı̄ɲ |
| scratch into, to | *gı́r, *ɠı́r |
| burn (intr.), to | *gòː, *ɠòː, *gòːh, *ɠòːh |
| shine, to | *gòː, *ɠòː, *gòːh, *ɠòːh |
| stagger, to | *gòl, *ɠòl |
| stumble, to | *gòl, *ɠòl |
| do secretly, to | *Gōnd, *Gontʼ |
| breastbone | *Gɔp, *Gɔb, *Gɔɓ |
| fast, to make | *Gūb, *Gūɓ |
| make fast, to | *Gūb, *Gūɓ |
| tighten, to | *Gūb, *Gūɓ |
| island | *gúŋkʼ, *ɠúŋkʼ |
| beat, to | *gúːr, *ɠúːr |
| deep, to be | *Gúːs, *Gúːɵ |
| angry with, to be | *gwàɖ, *ɠwàɖ |
| rind | *gwàŋk, *ɠwàŋk |
| scrape (surface), to | *gwāːɵ, *ɠwāːɵ |
| scratch (surface), to | *gwāːɵ, *ɠwāːɵ |
| look for, to | *gweːd, *ɠweːd |
| babble, to | *gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪ |
| chatter, to | *gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪ |
| gabble, to | *gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪ |
| scratch, to | *gwɛ́ːs, *ɠwɛ́ːs |
| rain | *Gwiː, *Gwiːh |
| cloud over, to | *gwı́ːl̪, *ɠwı́ːl̪ |
| dark, to become | *gwı́ːl̪, *ɠwı́ːl̪ |
| waist | *gwı̄nd, *ɠwı̄nd |
| low, to be(come) | *gwòːd, *ɠwòːd |
| lower oneself, to | *gwòːd, *ɠwòːd |
| demonstrative of topic | *ŋgá |
| share (in doing), to | *ŋgàːd, *ŋgāːd |
| dung | *ŋgáːd̪ |
| speak, to | *ŋgal |
| arise, to | *ŋgàːl |
| get up, to | *ŋgàːl |
| raise, to | *ŋgāp |
| grasp and pick up, to | *ŋgaT, *ŋgaːT3 |
| block, to | *ŋgēpʼ |
| roll (tr.), to | *ŋgér |
| turn round and round (tr.), to | *ŋgér |
| rind | *ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p |
| shell | *ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p |
| skin, hard | *ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p |
| long | *ŋgɛ́ːɗ, *ŋgɛ̄ːɗ |
| forget, to | *ŋgɛ́ːd̩ |
| miss, to | *ŋgɛ́ːd̩ |
| pick, to | *ŋgɛ́t̯, *ŋgɛ́t̪ʼ |
| pluck, to | *ŋgɛ́t̯, *ŋgɛ́t̪ʼ |
| cut off, to | *ŋgı́ːk, *ŋgı́ːg, *ŋgı́ːɠ |
| grip tightly, to | *ŋgı̄ːl |
| creak, to | *ŋgı̀ːr |
| squeak, to | *ŋgı̀ːr |
| earth | *ŋgòr |
| call, to | *ŋgɔ, *ŋgɔː |
| look, to | *ŋgɔl |
| cut, to | *ŋgùr |
| bend at the knees, to | *ŋgūːr |
| kneel, to | *ŋgùːrùːm |
| run, to | *ŋgùːz |
| what? | *ŋgwa |
| side | *ŋgwáːd |
| little, to be(come) | *ŋgwànd |
| throat | *ŋgwɛd |
| chin | *ŋgwɛːm |
| herbivore, large homed or tusked | *ŋgwı́ːr |
| hippopotamus | *ŋgwı́ːrént̯ |
| be (in a place), to | *ŋgwōː |
| run out (water), to | *iŋg |
| spill (water), to | *iŋg |
| bite into, to | *ŋà, *ŋā |
| loins | *ŋāb, *ŋāp |
| extend, to | *ŋàm |
| stretch out, to | *ŋàm |
| ground, bare or hard | *ŋaːɲ |
| seek, to | *ŋáp |
| sprain | *ŋāːr |
| limb, injured | *ŋāːr |
| make a deep sound, to | *ŋàːr |
| sound, to make a deep | *ŋàːr |
| recount, to | *ŋát |
| talk about, to | *ŋát |
| tell, to | *ŋát |
| look for, to | *ŋáːt̪ |
| big (in size, amount), to become | *ŋáwp |
| neglect, to | *ŋáːʼw |
| not take care of, to | *ŋáːʼw |
| attention to, to pay | *ŋāy |
| pay attention, to | *ŋāy |
| yes | *ŋè |
| scratch, to | *ŋē |
| cut off, to | *ŋér |
| burn (intr.), to | *ŋet̪ʼ |
| tongue | *ŋɛ̀l |
| lap, to | *ŋɛ̀mpʰ |
| woman, young | *ŋɛ̀r, *ŋɛ̀ːr |
| move about (intr.), to | *ŋɛyl̪ |
| flesh, exposed | *ŋı̀ár |
| skin, raw | *ŋı̀ár |
| flash, to | *ŋid |
| wet, to be(come) | *ŋı́ːl̪ |
| look at, to | *ŋı́ɵ |
| watch closely, to | *ŋı́ːt̩ʼ, *ŋı́ːt̩ |
| cut off, to | *ŋoɗ |
| break up (tr.), to | *ŋɔ́ |
| fragment (tr.), to | *ŋɔ́ |
| do continually, always, to | *ŋɔ̀l |
| groin | *ŋɔ́ːl̪ |
| above | *ŋɔ́ːr |
| top | *ŋɔ́ːr |
| grow poorly, to | *ŋúr |
| stunned, to become | *ŋúr |
| growl, to | *ŋùːr |
| prominence | *ŋùːt, *ŋūːt |
| protruberance | *ŋùːt, *ŋūːt |
| raised thing | *ŋùːt, *ŋūːt |
| burn (intr.), to | *ŋwaːd |
| open (tr.), to | *ŋwɛ́ːl |
| forehead | *ŋwim |
| open (intr.), to | *áŋ |
| fly | *aŋw |
| elephant | *òŋòr |
| four | *ɔŋwal |
| grind grain coarsely, to | *ŋaK, *ŋgaK, *ŋaG, *ŋgaG |
| buffalo | *aŋɛr, *aŋgɛr |
| look for, to | *pád |
| leather sack | *pàːɗ |
| sack, leather | *pàːɗ |
| examine, to | *pál, *páːl |
| look closely, to | *pál, *páːl |
| back, lower | *pànd |
| call, to | *páːŋ |
| out, to take or put | *páːş, *pāːş |
| put out, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
| remove, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
| take off, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
| take out, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
| complete, to be | *pén |
| body, lower | *pér, *péd |
| grow (of plants), to | *pèːr, *pèːd |
| hand | *pɛh |
| turn, to | *pɛ̀r |
| fly, to | *pɛr |
| bird | *kʰipɛr |
| come along, to | *pı́ |
| go down, to | *pı̀d, pı̄d |
| descend, to | *pı̀d, pı̄d |
| gather (tr.), to | *pı́d̪ |
| take out of, to | *pı̄ːɖ |
| separate out, to | *pı̄ːɖ |
| put apart, to | *pı̄ːɖ |
| wipe, to | *pı̀r |
| shake (tr.), to | *pı́ːr |
| slight | *pı́s, *pı̄s |
| little | *pı́s, *pı̄s |
| go out, to | *pı́ş |
| rise, to | *pı̄t̪ |
| wooden vessel | *póːkúːr, *póːkʰúːr, *póːkʼúːr |
| grow, to | *pol |
| come apart, to | *poːr |
| fall apart, to | *poːr |
| hit repeatedly, to | *pɔ́k |
| beat, to | *pɔ́k |
| liquid, to become | *pɔ́r |
| flow, to | *pɔ́r |
| flow strongly, to | *pɔris |
| spoil (intr.), to | *pɔ́ːş |
| peel, to | *pɔ́t̪, *pɔ́t̪ʰ |
| bright | *pɔ̄ːw |
| bright-colored, especially white or yellow | *pɔ̄ːw |
| edible small seed | *pú, *pū |
| deny, to | *púː, *púːh |
| burn (tr.), to | *pùd, *pūd |
| ash | *pùd |
| smell (intr.), to | *púmp |
| separate (tr.), to | *pwákʰ |
| take apart, to | *pwákʰ |
| break, to | *pwáːɵ |
| rhinoceros | *óːpı̀ɗ̣, *óːbı̀ɗ̣ |
| nose | *pɔhin, *bɔhin, *ɓɔhin |
| strip, to | *pʰád |
| tear off (outer layer), to | *pʰád |
| divide up (intr.), to | *pʰàːg, *pʰàːɠ |
| foot | *pʰàh |
| leg | *pʰàh |
| pole | *pʰāl |
| stick, large | *pʰāl |
| wide, to become | ?????????? |
| snatch up (for oneself), to | *pʰàl̪ |
| tray, woven winnowing | *pʰānt, *pʰāntʼ |
| come alongside, to | *pʰānt̩ |
| blow (with mouth), to | *pʰaŋ |
| call out, to | *pʰár |
| bright | *pʰar, *pʰaːr |
| run away, to | *pʰàːr |
| lost, to become | *pʰāːtʰ |
| burn (intr.), to | *pʰàːy |
| separate forcefully or suddenly (tr.) | *pʰáːʼy |
| separate grain from chaff, to | *pʰáʼyɵ |
| separate out rubbish, to | *pʰáʼyɵ |
| fat (n.) | *pʰè |
| pluck out, to | *pʰéɗ |
| loosen, to | *pʰèd̪ |
| undo, to | *pʰèd̪ |
| stand, to | *pʰéːɗ̣ |
| speak out, to | *pʰèh |
| reveal, to | *pʰél |
| abandon, to | *pʰént̪ |
| forsake, to | *pʰént̪ |
| scratch off (with paws, claws, etc.) | pʰér |
| cattle (coll.) | *pʰeːr |
| grow, to | *pʰéw |
| water, to | *pʰéy |
| wet down, to | *pʰéy |
| go up, to | *pʰɛ̄ |
| rise, to | *pʰɛ̄ |
| undo, to | *pʰɛ̀ː, *pʰɛ̀ːh |
| spread (mat), to | *pʰɛ̄ːd̪ |
| jerk (intr.), to | *pʰɛ̄kʼ |
| waver, to | *pʰɛ́kʼɛ́l |
| wobble, to | *pʰɛ́kʼɛ́l |
| cut a hole in, to | *pʰɛ́nṭʼ |
| hole in, to cut | *pʰɛ́nṭʼ |
| feel, to | *pʰɛ́ŋ |
| hear, to | *pʰɛ́ŋ |
| sense, to | *pʰɛ́ŋ |
| feather | *pʰɛ́tʰ |
| feel unwell, to | *pʰɛːt̪ʰ, *pʰɛːtʰ |
| unwell, to feel | *pʰɛːt̪ʰ, *pʰɛːtʰ |
| leap, to | *pʰı́ːɗ |
| spring, to | *pʰı́ːɗ |
| separate (tr.), to | *pʰı́ːd̪ |
| dirt | pʰı́ːh |
| stick, thin | *pʰı̄l |
| swell, to | *pʰı́ːl, *pʰı̄ːl |
| overflow, to | *pʰı̀ːŋ |
| spin (tr.), to | *pʰı́r |
| shin | *pʰı́r, *pʰı́d, *pʰı́ɗ, *pʰı́d̪ |
| talk, to | *pʰò, *pʰō |
| throw, to | *pʰó |
| light (in weight), to be | *pʰòːɗ |
| slight, to be | *pʰòːɗ |
| hole (not in the ground) | *pʰól |
| flee, to | *pʰōr |
| call, to | *pʰótʰ |
| cry out, to | *pʰótʰ |
| flow, to | *pʰoṭ |
| liquid, to become | *pʰɔ́ |
| ooze, to | *pʰɔ́ |
| seep, to | *pʰɔ́ |
| consecrate, to | *pʰɔ̀ːk, *pʰɔ̀ːkʰ |
| raise, to | *pʰɔ̀ŋk |
| expand, to | *pʰú |
| spread out, to | *pʰú |
| blow (with mouth), to | *pʰù |
| decay, to | *pʰúh, *pʰúːh |
| spoil, to | *pʰúh, *pʰúːh |
| lungs | *pʰùh |
| hornet | *pʰùːl |
| moisten, to | *pʰúːl |
| come out, to | *pʰúl̪, *pʰúːl̪ |
| smell (tr.), to | *pʰúːn |
| move suddenly, to | *pʰuŋk |
| throw, to | *pʰúr |
| blow (something) out of the mouth | *pʰūr |
| puff up, to | *pʰùːr |
| swell up, to | *pʰùːr |
| chop, to | *pʰuːr |
| trunk, upper part of | *pʰuːr |
| swell up, to | *pʰutʰ |
| bad, to be | *pʰuːɵ |
| dirty, to be(come) | *pʰuːɵ |
| nasty, to be(come) | *pʰuːɵ |
| hole in, to make | *pʰwɛ̀ |
| puncture, to | *pʰwɛ̀ |
| peel, to | *pʰwɛ̀ɗ |
| skin, to | *pʰwɛ̀ɗ |
| absent, to be | *pʰwı̄ |
| not be, to | *pʰwı̄ |
| bicep | *pʰwı̀l |
| rib cage | *ápʰóh |
| torso, upper | *ápʰóh |
| bathe, to | *úpʰ |
| come into view, to | *p`āːŋk |
| view, to come into | *p`āːŋk |
| bubble up, to | *p`āːwṭʰ |
| foam, to | *p`āːwṭʰ |
| froth, to | *p`āːwṭʰ |
| spread out, to | *p`áːy, *p`áː`y |
| wide, to become | *p`áːy, *p`áː`y |
| red | *p`èd |
| hit, to | *p`éd |
| apart, to pull | *p`ēd̪ |
| bow, to pull | *p`ēd̪ |
| open, to pull | *p`ēd̪ |
| pull bow, to | *p`ēd̪ |
| pull open or apart, to | *p`ēd̪ |
| grinding stone, upper | *p`eyl |
| ground | *p`ɛ́ |
| wing | *p`ɛːp` |
| isolate, to | *p`i |
| leave alone, solitary, to | *p`i |
| hill | *p`ı̀ɗ, *p`id̪ |
| twist (tr.), to | *p`ı́d̪ |
| remove (covering layer) from, to | *p`ı́l̪ |
| thump, to | *p`im |
| cover, to | *p`ı̄ːn |
| husk | *p`ı́p`, *p`ı́ːp` |
| shell | *p`ı́p`, *p`ı́ːp` |
| break off (piece), to | *p`ı̀s |
| complete, to | *p`ı́s, *p`ı̄s |
| nape | *p`ı̄t`ı̄h |
| turn (intr.), to | *p`óŋg, *p`ōŋg |
| peel, to | *p`óːɲ |
| shell, to | *p`óːɲ |
| roll, to | *p`oːr |
| rise (of things), to | *p`ùk` |
| heap | *p`úŋk |
| lump | *p`úŋk |
| mound | *p`úŋk |
| pull out, to | *p`ūt̪ |
| flit about, to | *p`wéɗ |
| rush about, to | *p`wéɗ |
| father | *àp`à |
| moon | *àp`áːy |
| buttock(s) | *eːmp` |
| fish | *púːn, *p`úːn |
| grasp, to | *t̯ā |
| hold of, to take | *t̯ā |
| take hold of, to | *t̯ā |
| stick (something) out, to | *t̪àm |
| do poorly (in task, activity), to | *t̪áːpʰ |
| poorly, to do | *t̪áːpʰ |
| fall lightly (rain), to | *t̪àt̩` |
| rain lightly, to | *t̪àt̩` |
| move (toward), to | *t̪é, *t̪ó |
| ignite, to | *t̪èm |
| set afire, to | *t̪èm |
| clear, to | *t̪ɛ́l |
| spread apart (tr.), to | *t̪ɛ̀r |
| spread open, to | *t̪ɛ̀r |
| examine, to | *t̪ı́áp |
| observe closely, to | *t̪ɛ́áp |
| reed | *t̪ı̄ːkʰ |
| strand, thin | *t̪ı̄ːkʰ |
| distribute, to | *t̪ı́p |
| divide into portions, to | *t̪ı́p |
| cease to function, to | *t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs |
| finished, to be | *t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs |
| used up, to be | *t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs |
| new | *t̪ı́ːɵ, *t̪ı̄ːɵ |
| spill, to | *t̪ı̀ːt̪`, *tı̄ːt̪ʰ |
| complete, to | *t̪ı́wm |
| finish, to | *t̪ı́wm |
| remove, to | *t̯óːd̪ |
| strike with a pointed object, to | *t̯ɔ̀ːk |
| blade, narrow | *t̪ɔ́n |
| point, narrow | *t̪ɔ́n |
| put, to | *t̪ɔ̀s |
| set, to | *t̪ɔ̀s |
| low, to be(come) | *t̪ùːl, *t̯ūːl |
| lower oneself, to | *t̪ùːl, *t̯ūːl |
| follow, to | *t̪úŋkʰ |
| bad thing | *t̪úɵ, *t̪úːɵ |
| increase in length, height, to | *t̪ʰaŋ |
| stretch out, to | *t̪ʰaŋ |
| bull | *t̪ʰàŋ, *t̪ʰāŋ |
| ox | *t̪ʰàŋ, *t̪ʰāŋ |
| pound (in making tool), to | *t̪ʰàːt` |
| do quickly, to | *t̪ʰɛ́t` |
| hurry, to | *t̪ʰɛ́t` |
| stick | *t̪ʰı̄ŋk` |
| afire, to set | *t̪ʰı́t̪`, *t̪ʰı́ːt̪` |
| set afire, to | *t̪ʰı́t̪`, *t̪ʰı́ːt̪` |
| bend (intr.), to | *t̪ʰól |
| curve (intr.), to | *t̪ʰól |
| turn (intr.), to | *t̪ʰól |
| raise, to | *t̪ʰɔ́ɲ |
| cold | *t̪ʰɔ́s, *t̪ʰɔ́ːs |
| strike with hafted tool, to | *t̪ʰūːd |
| not work (right or well), to | *t̪ʰúːt` |
| cease to function, to | *āt̪ʰ, *āːt̪ʰ |
| fail, to | *āt̪ʰ, *āːt̪ʰ |
| burn (of fire, intr.), to | *t̪ʰɔ́ɲ, *t̪óɲ |
| burn, to make | *t̪`à, *t̪`ā |
| kindle, to | *t̪`à, *t̪`ā |
| bad feeling, to have | *t̪`āːp |
| feel bad, to | *t̪`āːp |
| help, to | *t̪`é |
| difficult to do, to be | *t̪`ēk |
| heavy, to be | *t̪`ēk |
| whirl (tr.), to | *t̪`èːkʰ, *t̯`ēːkʰ |
| fall, to be about to | *t̪`él |
| teeter, to | *t̪`él |
| stay in place, to | *t̪`èyj`, *t̪`ēyk` |
| nit | *t̪`ɛ́ŋkw |
| sharp, to be | *t̪`ɛ́ːr |
| liver | *t̪`ɛ́z |
| set apart, to set down, to | *t̪`ı́ |
| rub, to | *t̯`ı̀ |
| scrape off, to | *t̯`ı̀ |
| wipe, to | *t̯`ı̀ |
| drain (intr.), to | *t̪`ı́ |
| run out, to | *t̪`ı́ |
| short | *t̯`ı́l |
| small | *t̯`iːn |
| thin | *t̯`iːn |
| grab, to | *t̪`ı́r |
| hold tightly, to seize and | *t̪`ı́r |
| seize, to | *t̪`ı́r |
| heavy, to be very | *t̯`ı́r |
| constricted (of opening), to be | *t̪`ı́t, *t̪`ı́tʰ |
| tight, to be | *t̪`ı́t, *t̪`ı́tʰ |
| pour in narrow stream, to | *t̪`óːɵ |
| flow, to | *t̪`òr |
| cease to function, to | *t̯`ɔ̀w |
| stop doing, to | *t̯`ɔ̀w |
| rub, to | *t̪`úr |
| wet, to be(come) | *t̪áy, *t̪ʰay, *t̪`ay |
| cow (generic) | *T̯ɛ́, *T̯ɛ́h |
| sour, to become | *t̯ɛr, *t̪ʰɛr, *t̪`ɛr |
| bowl, wooden | *T̪ūp, *T̪ūb |
| drag, to | *T̪útʰ, *T̯ʰùt̯ʰ |
| bile | *ét̪, *ét̪ʰ, *ét̪` |
| gall | *ét̪, *ét̪ʰ, *ét̪` |
| one (indef. pron.) | *tà/ *tı̀ |
| someone | *tà/ *tı̀ |
| something | *tà/ *tı̀ |
| which one? | *tá |
| be (in a place), to | *tāː |
| find out, to | *ták |
| leak, to | *táːm, *tāːm |
| run out, to | *táːm, *tāːm |
| seep, to | *táːm, *tāːm |
| flatten, make flat, to | *tàːr |
| level, to make | *tàːr |
| make level, flat, straight, to | *tàːr |
| straight, to make | *tàːr |
| twist, to | *tàːş, *tāːş |
| rise up, to | *tēːb, *tēːp |
| strike (originally in making a stone tool), to | *téd |
| one | *téːk |
| smell good, to | *tér, *tēr |
| pick up, to | *téːr, *tēːr |
| bite, to | *tɛ́ːş, *tɛ̄ːş |
| we, us (inch subordinate) | *ti |
| step, to | *tı́ːp, *tı́ːb, *tı́ːɓ |
| tread, to | *tı́ːp, *tı́ːb, *tı́ːɓ |
| strand | *tiːl |
| strip, to | *tiːl |
| prop up, to | *tı́ŋk |
| support, to | *tı́ŋk |
| join (tr.), to | *tóŋkʰ |
| dig, to | *tɔ́ːk |
| stick into ground, to | *tɔ́ːk |
| part, upper | *tɔŋkʰ |
| top | *tɔŋkʰ |
| accumulate | *túːl |
| assemble, to | *túːl |
| pile up, to | *túːl |
| stick into, to | *túpʰ |
| strike with a tool, to | *túr |
| increase (in size, amount), to | *túr |
| look at, to | *twı́ |
| here (direction) | *tʰ- |
| that nearby | *tʰ- |
| fold together, to | *tʰáːɓ |
| have in mind to do | *tʰàːk` |
| intend, to | *tʰàːk` |
| stamp with the feet, to | *tʰàːm, *tʰāːm |
| put low, to | *tʰàn, *tʰān |
| set apart, to set down, to | *tʰàn, *tʰān |
| dirt | *tʰāp` |
| dust | *tʰāp` |
| belly | *tʰā`w |
| build, to | *tʰé, *tʰèh |
| fashion, to | *tʰé, *tʰèh |
| make, to | *tʰé, *tʰèh |
| satisfy, to | *tʰéː |
| to let leak, let run out or down | tʰél̯ |
| stagger, to | tʰéŋ |
| totter, to | tʰíŋ |
| silence | tʰéŋk |
| flatten, make flat, to | tʰēpʰ |
| pour off, to | tʰēːr |
| spill down, to | tʰīːr |
| tie, to | tʰéːr |
| to rise up, go out | tʰɛ̄ŋ |
| louse | tʰil, tʰil̯ |
| cover, to | tʰím |
| heavy, stout, to be | tʰíŋ |
| hair, clump of | tʰipʰ |
| continue (doing) (intr.), to | tʰír |
| persist (intr.), to | tʰír |
| to touch, come into contact | tʰíːr, tʰīːr |
| finger, toe | tʰòd |
| to show, explain | tʰóːd |
| plait (hair), to | tʰód̯ |
| tie up, to | tʰúd̯ |
| to wear out, become weary | tʰòd̯, tʰōd̯ |
| pound lightly, to | tʰòːkʼ |
| marrow | tʰól |
| rub with the fingers, to | tʰóːṭ, tʰóːṭʰ |
| to disturb, disarrange | tʰóːṭʼ |
| blister | tʰɔ́ːtʰɔ́ːl |
| stick into, to | tʰúː, tʰū |
| to strike aganist, collide with | tʰūh |
| break open, to | tʰúl, tʰūl |
| turn, to | tʰùŋkʰ |
| to be thick, dense | tʰūp |
| troop off, go away in a group, to | tʰūr |
| first; the first (one) | tʰwàkʼ |
| to pull loose, pull off | tʰwàṭʰ |
| raise a little, to | tʰwék |
| to pull off, tear off, scrape off | tʰwɛ̀r |
| hit, to | tʰwiːm |
| depression, shallow | tʰwɔ̀ːŋkʰ |
| arm, upper | tʰa᷅b, t̯̋ʰa᷅p |
| to drip, make pots | tʰɔ̀ːl, t̯ʰɔ̀ːl |
| pots, to make | tʰɛyd, tɛyd |
| pick up, to | T1àpʼ |
| gullet | T1āwād |
| bend (intr., of a part of the body) | T1ēkʼ |
| strike (thing), to | T1òːpʼ |
| three | ɔT1waːnz |
| to err, do wrong | T2àːl |
| nephew, niece | T2áwpʼ |
| log, pole, branch | T2ar |
| brightness | T2él |
| to be tired, weary | tʼáp |
| turn around, to | tʼāmp |
| lick, to | tʼèl̯ |
| tongue | tʼèl̯am |
| foliage, leaves (suppl. pl.) | tʼeypʰ |
| to become longer, lengthen | tʼɛːyn |
| small, very | tʼī |
| smoke, to give off | tʼoːl |
| smoke | tʼóːl |
| soft, to be | tʼor |
| to snap, break, cut | tʼor |
| to strike off, cut off | tʼur |
| cut ends off, to | tʼúrúp, tʼūrūp |
| break into small pieces, to | tʼɔ́h |
| elephant, female | tʼɔm |
| soak, to | tʼɔ́pʰ, tʼɔ́pʼ |
| to hack( vegetation), chop | tʼɔ́ːs |
| squeeze, to | tʼú |
| to sow, plant | tʼūm |
| pick up and remove, to | tʼúmp |
| put together, to | tʼúmp |
| say, to | tʼwàː , tʼwāː |
| mouth | tʼwàːh, tʼwāːh |
| to shine, become bright | tʼwāɗ |
| burst, to | tʼwàːk, tʼwāːk |
| end, to | tʼwáːm, tʼwāːm |
| to descend, go down | tʼwɔ̀ṣ |
| stone | itʼ, itʰ |
| lean, to | tʼìŋkʰ, t̯ʼìŋkʰ, tʼìŋkʼ, t̯ʼìŋkʼ |
| pot | Téw, T̯éw |
| to rise, grow, increase | ṭàː |
| taste, to | ṭām |
| to tie, fasten | ṭámp |
| hare | ṭaːwr |
| to wake | ṭe, ṭeh |
| to scrape off | ṭéːl |
| smooth by peeling, to make | ṭēl̯ |
| hop, to | ṭér, ṭēr |
| to set afire | ṭéṣ |
| cheat, to | ṭēːṣ |
| bind, to | ṭèṣ , ṭēṣ |
| whole, entire | ṭı́ɗ, ṭı̄ɗ |
| hear, to | ṭı̄ːk |
| enter, to | ṭı̀ŋkʰ |
| dark, to be very | ṭı́r |
| to sit, stay, stop | ṭòŋkw |
| to be begrudging, recalcitrant | ṭōr |
| see, to | ṭɔː , ṭɔːh |
| to rise, go up, climb | ṭū |
| to enclose, tie up | ṭūːd |
| touch, to | ṭùkʰ |
| phlegm | ṭūl, ṭūl̯ |
| drip, to | ṭùmp |
| call out, to | ṭúʼw , ṭúw |
| stick | ṭwáː |
| travel, to | ṭwáːkʰ |
| to sparkle, glitter | ṭwɛ̀l , ṭwɛ̄l |
| to kneel, ben the knee | ṭwi |
| lower leg | ṭwíːkw |
| wet, to | ṭwíːkʰw |
| leather strap , thong | ṭeB , tʰeB , T̯eB |
| that nearby | ṭʰi |
| that over there | ṭʰạ |
| to be clear , be right | ṭʰá |
| milk | ṭʰa |
| pass (intr.), to | ṭʰà , ṭʰàː |
| stop (intr.), to | ṭʰāb , ṭʰāːɓ |
| to fool, make foolish | ṭʰàkʰ , ṭʰàːkʰ |
| darken, to | ṭʰar |
| black | ṭʰáràh |
| to remove, take away | ṭʰàypʰ |
| to scatter, disperse (intr.) after gathering | ṭʰém |
| to drain off, let flow | ṭʰɛ̄ː, ṭʰɛ̄ːh |
| appear, toto appear, emerge, come into being | ṭʰɛ́k |
| shout, to | ṭʰɛ́l |
| wet, to | ṭʰɛ̄mpʰ |
| to bring forth, put forth | ṭʰì |
| to bend, turn (intr.) | ṭʰìŋ, ṭʰīŋ |
| point , tip , edge | ṭʰít̯ʼ |
| rain heavily, to | ṭʰóː |
| to revolve, go round | ṭʰóːɗ̣ |
| to secrete or emit fluid(from body) | ṭʰòl |
| stick into, to | ṭʰòŋkʼ |
| quiver (of arrows) | ṭʰóŋkʼóh |
| weak, to be(come) | ṭʰɔ́ɗ |
| poke, to | ṭʰɔ̀ːl |
| flowing water | ṭʰɔ́ːr |
| to become long, tall,deep | ṭʰwaːl |
| to keep apart, keep separate | ṭʼàːn |
| tip | ṭʼàwpʼ |
| to tear off, tear out;to extract incisor tooth | ṭʼáːy |
| incisor tooth | ṭʼáːym |
| ears (pl., dual, or coll.?) | ṭʼéː |
| leaf | ṭʼéːm |
| to call out | ṭʼeːkʰ, ṭʼeːkʼ |
| to slip, slide | ṭʼèl |
| sand | ṭʼɛ̄ːṣ |
| small, young(of child | ṭʼì, ṭʼìː |
| stem,stalk,trunk | ṭʼí, ṭʼíː |
| spit through gap of teeth, to | ṭʼíd̯ |
| to die(of fire),be extinguished | ṭʼíːl |
| sneeze, to | ṭʼīs |
| to annoy, harass(verbally) | ṭʼóːŋ |
| to bend, curve, turn | ṭʼóŋk |
| to rot, decay, fall into ruin | ṭʼópʼ |
| hot, to become | ṭʼɔ̄kʰ |
| front of the body,belly | ṭʼɔ́ːl |
| push, to | ṭʼɔ́r, ṭʼɔ̄r |
| dimmer, to | ṭʼúd |
| glow, to | ṭʼúd |
| to see up close, see with one's own eyes | ṭʼúːd |
| to set apart, put apart | ṭʼūk |
| clean, to | ṭʼùl |
| chaw on slowly, to | ṭʼúm |
| go round, to | ṭʼúːr |
| jaw | ṭʼwáɠ |
| to rap, tap, peck at | ṭʼwàːkʰ, ṭʼwāːkʰ |
| hand out, to | ṭʼwɛ́ːd |
| scrape off, to | ṭʼwɛ́ːd |
| suck, to | ṭʼwíːṭʼ |
| dirt, filth | iṭʼ |
| that | ka |
| this | ki |
| with | kà, kā |
| homestead | kàː , kāːh |
| move (intr.), to | kàn |
| grab and take out, to | káp |
| to fill out, expand, widen(intr.) | kápʰ, káːpʰ |
| face, lower part of | kāːpʼ |
| tie up, to | kátʰ |
| remember, to | kàʼy, kāʼy |
| with, at | ke |
| rumble (of stomach), to | ked, ker |
| seeds | kéːn |
| scratch, to | kéyk, kéyg, kéyɠ |
| run, to | kès |
| face | kɛ̀y |
| edge | kɛ̀y |
| front edge of anything | kɛ́ynàh |
| with, by, by means of | kí |
| tremble, to | kít̯ |
| utter, to | kób |
| thin, to be(come) | kōd |
| to join, put together | kóɗ |
| hyena | kògēr |
| to knock, tap, hit repeatedly | kókʰ, kòkʰ |
| to be round, to curve | kól |
| wind (tr.), to | kònt̯ |
| call out, to | kɔ̄ |
| monkey | kɔ̀dɔ́h |
| elephant | kɔːwɔn |
| palm, sole | kuː |
| well, waterhole | kúl, kúl̯ |
| go around, to | kúːl |
| to bend over, bend down (intr.) | kúm |
| cover, to | kúm |
| to be much, many | kum |
| carnivore, large | kwá, kwā |
| small fly, gnat | kwɛl̯ |
| breast (woman’s) | akó, kó |
| bone | ɔ̀k |
| seed | kʰàɓ, kʰàːɓ |
| split (intr.), to | kʰád |
| to frown, look angry | kʰáːd |
| rise, to | kʰàh |
| grow (of plants), to | kʰàːkʰ |
| to sip, sniff, taste | kʰál |
| call out, to | kʰál̯ |
| to become little, few | kʰám |
| press together, to | kʰámp |
| lap up, to | kʰán |
| to direct, guide, send | kʰáːn |
| mix, to | kʰàːṣ |
| break off, (tr.) to | kʰày |
| to cease, come to an end | kʰáy |
| completion | kʰāyìh |
| to be little, small | kʰáyn, kʰāyn |
| move circuitiously, to | kʰéṣ, kʰéṬ |
| care about, care for, to | kʰēṭʼ |
| open the mouth (to put something in it), to | kʰɛ̀ːl̯ |
| to scratch, mark by scratching | kʰɛ́nṣ |
| pubic area | kʰɛ̄ntʰèh |
| pare, to | kʰɛ́pʼ |
| to alight on, land on, go down onto | kʰɛ́ːṭ |
| reckon (number or amount of), to | kʰɛ̄ʼyɛ̀l |
| utter, to | kʰìː |
| mouth, inside of | ākʰíː, akʰa |
| to come | kʰí |
| go | kʰá |
| to tickle; | kʰil, |
| armpit | kʰìlkʰìl |
| loud sound, to make a | kʰìl |
| take off, to | kʰìːl |
| lizard, kind of | kʰīt̯íh |
| smell good, to | kʰíy |
| to curve, go round | kʰól̯ |
| thick (of liquid), to be | kʰōm |
| hump, lump, mound | kʰōm |
| shoulder, outer | kʰòmból |
| move (tr.), to | kʰónd |
| hit, to | kʰòpʰ |
| to tear off, rip off, cut off | kʰòːr |
| belly | kʰoseh |
| speak loudly, to | kʰóṭʼ |
| to stir up, shake | kʰóṭʼ |
| cough,to | kʰɔ̄kʼɔ́tʰ |
| take hold of, to | kʰɔ́l |
| shell | kʰɔ́ːɲ |
| stick into, to | kʰɔ́ŋk |
| to arrange, put in order | kʰɔ̄r |
| burn (intr.), to | kʰɔ̀r |
| to itch, have a ras | kʰɔ́s |
| rub, to | kʰɔ́ːt |
| to pull off, pull out, pull apart | kʰɔ́ṭʼ |
| to join, meet up with | kʰúb, kʰúɓ |
| turn (tr.), to | kʰúd̯ |
| to call out, make a loud noise | kʰùːd |
| pole | kʰúːd |
| gourd, kind of | kʰúl, kʰūl |
| bend (intr.), to | kʰùl |
| to foam, forth, billow, bubble | kʰúmpʰ |
| wooden vessel | kʰúːr |
| hide, skin | kʰúːr, kʰúːd |
| dusty or sandy ground | kʰúṣ, kʰúṬ |
| apart, to take | kʰwáh |
| clear (of sky), to | kʰwáːkʼ |
| to grasp and take | kʰwal̯ |
| to branch off, take a divergent route | kʰwámp |
| to dig up, scoop out | kʰwáɲ |
| cracked (of skin), to be | kʰwār, kʰwād |
| get up, to | kʰwɛ́ːkʼ |
| entrails | kʰwíɲ |
| cover, to | K1òb, K1òp |
| to tell | kʰɔ̀ːm, kɔ̀ːm |
| to go out, depart | kʰúkʰ, kúkʰ |
| to crack, break open (intr.) | kʰwīl, kwīl |
| to take into the mouth | kʼá |
| to be soft, weak | kʼáːɓ, kʼāːɓ |
| cut into, to | kʼád |
| to depart, go away | kʼàh |
| split (tr.), to | kʼàkʼ |
| eat, to | kʼàp |
| scrape off, to | kʼáːp |
| to scrape or scratch the surface of | kʼát̯ʰ |
| to scratch out, scratch off | kʼàːy |
| cold | kʼayl |
| chew, to | kʼáʼy |
| small, to be | kʼéɗ |
| tip, end, extremity | kʼéːl̯ |
| ewe lamb, famale kid | kʼér |
| twist (intr.), to | kʼér |
| horn | kʼéyl |
| sink (tr.), to | kʼíl |
| to slit, rip ( with claw, sharp point) | kʼíːr |
| cough,to | kʼít, kʼíːt |
| today | kʼó |
| hole, to make a | kʼól |
| chew, to | kʼól |
| unpleasant (taste, condition, etc.), to become | kʼòṭʼ |
| be, to | kʼɔ́ |
| neck, base of | kʼɔ̀ːɗ |
| abdomen, lower | kʼòmp |
| snake | kʼɔːŋkʼ |
| to take into the mouth | kʼɔŋ |
| blood | kʼɔ́pʰ |
| swell, to | kʼúːl |
| pole, thick | kʼúl̯, kʼūl̯ |
| to pick out, extract(with fingers) | kʼùːl |
| scrape, to | kʼūːr |
| fold (arm, leg), to | kʼúːṭ, kʼúːṭʰ |
| to be little, few | kʼwáɗ |
| tough | kʼwakʰar |
| scrape, to | kʼwɛ́r |
| fingers (suppl. pl.) | kʼwɛy |
| chest, organ of (heart?) | kʼwìl̯māh |
| chew, to | kʼwíṭ, kʼwíṭʼ |
| cold, to become | kʼèːr, kʰèːr |
| to not move, be still | kʼóːs, kʰśːs |
| break off, (tr.) to | kʼùz, kʰúz |
| bottle gourd | K1ɛ̀rɛ̄h, K1ɛ̀dɛ̄h |
| to suck | kùːl, kʰùːl, kʼùːl |
| we, us (excl. subordinate) | θa |
| goat or sheep that has not yet born young | θáɡw, θáɠw |
| spill (intr.), to | θàːkʼw |
| fringe of hair | θaːm |
| cut up, to | θayr, θayD |
| with, at | θéh |
| chest | θeyn |
| remove (covering layer) from, to | θɛ́yb, θɛ́yp |
| more, to become | θìh, θīh |
| seep, to | θòh |
| revile, to | θòp, θòb, θòɓ , θopʼ |
| tear (out, off), to | θɔ̀h, θɔ̀ːh |
| to sink, go down | θu, θuː |
| to sniff | θùm |
| to mix, st,r together | θùmp, θūmp |
| to inhale | θùnt̯ |
| move fluid around in mouth, to | θuŋk |
| dry (tr.), to | θwà, θwàh |
| to eat | θwáː |
| to stiffen, harden, dry up | θwáw, θwāw |
| flow (n.) | íθ |
| how? | ıθ |
| burn,to | θùn, θo᷅ùn |
| put together (several), to | saːʼw |
| thin, to be(come) | say, saːy, saʼy |
| spill out, to | sàʼy |
| to move briskly | sàːʼy, sāːʼy |
| to rise, go up | sè |
| strong, stout, to be | seɠ |
| sand | séːkʼ |
| clean, to | séyl̯ |
| to stab, stick into | sì, sìː |
| this one | sí |
| strip, thin stick, switch | sīːl |
| plait, to | sìm |
| dust | sīŋkʰw |
| move (intr.), to | sōkʼ |
| dampen, to | sópʰ |
| sniff (tr.), to | sór |
| make fun of, to | sóːr |
| put above, to | sɔ̄d |
| dust | sɔːd |
| bend (intr.), to | sɔ́ŋ |
| juice, fluid part of anything | súː |
| to stretch out, lengthen(intr.) | súːɗ̣ |
| cook, to | suk |
| bend, to | sùkʰ |
| to be on fire, give off heat | sūːl |
| worm,thin strand | swīl, swīl̯ |
| skin | ìs, īs |
| ineffective, to be(come) or make useless,inoperative | ùːs, ūːs |
| to whip, strike repeatedly | swéːT̯, θwéːT̯ |
| to fight, quarrel | ás, áθ |
| leave, to | ṣākʼ |
| seep, to | ṣàl |
| gather (tr.), to | ṣámp |
| hit (person) repeatedly, to | ṣámpʼ |
| straight, even, level | ṣéh |
| stick into, to | ṣèk, ṣèɡ |
| shake (tr.), to | ṣeːkʼ |
| talk someone into doing, to (try to) | ṣèṣ |
| split (tr.), to | ṣɛ́ːl |
| to take a breath, catch oneʼs breath | ṣɛ́ːy |
| sniff, to | ṣɛ̀ːym |
| bite into, to | ṣɛ̄ʼy |
| tooth | ṣɛ̄ʼyh |
| to sink down, collapse | ṣíɓ, ṣīɓ |
| twist (tr.), to | ṣíːd̯ |
| to not function,be(come) useless | ṣíh |
| wet, to be(come) | ṣít |
| heat, to | ṣíl |
| to descend, sink | ṣòːd |
| to move close together, bring into concact | ṣōm |
| strand, strip | ṣoŋ |
| move (intr.), to | ṣór |
| to be slight, light(in weight) | ṣòːr |
| many, much | ṣɔ́ːh, ṣɔ̄ːh |
| dissolve, turn to liquid, to | ṣɔ̀l, ṣɔ̀ːl |
| to arrange, put in order | ṣɔ̄ːl |
| to lead off, start off | ṣúː |
| to appear, emerge into view | ṣúɓ |
| intestines | ṣūːɗ |
| vein, tendon | ṣuh, ṣuːh |
| drive (animals), to | ṣúːk |
| leak out, to | ṣúl̯ |
| to put together | ṣúːm |
| to yell, cry or call out | ṣup, ṣuːp |
| remove by lifting off, to | ṣūːtʰ |
| black, to be | ṣwēl |
| burn (intr.), to | ṣwɛ́ |
| put together parts in fashioning, especially a tool, to | ṣwíl |
| lie (down), to | iːṣ |
| grass | ṣɛ, sɛː |
| someone, something | zá, zè |
| hit repeatedly, to | zá |
| immature, young | záː |
| to behave foolishly | zàːm, zāːm |
| reach out (for), to | zél |
| to have diffculty doing, be slow in doing | zénd |
| to put in line, put in order | zèr |
| back, small of | zɛ̀h, zɛ̀ːh |
| to be(come)damp, moist | zɛ̀m |
| watch, to | zíkʰ |
| stomach | zim, ziːm |
| mumble, to | zìm |
| joint (of body) | zìmàh |
| push, to | zō, zōːh |
| roast, to | zókʰ |
| trot, to | zòkʰ |
| rise, to | zōːl |
| to raise,lift | zòŋkʰ |
| to cram together, put many in one place | zoṭʼ |
| fur | zukʰ |
| flow out, to | zúpʼ |
| to move abruptly or suddenly | zùːr |
| forearm | ɔ́ːz, ɔ̄ːz |
| to bubble up, foam, froth | zéːɗ, séːɗ |
| to scratch, scrape, pierce(skin, etc.) | zékʼ |
| alluvium, sediment | zíb, síb |
| to run away, flee(of many) | zɔ̀, sɔ̀ |
| thorn | aːs, aːθ, aːz |
| shelter, temporary | sàːB, ṣàːB, zàːB |
| that one | r-, re, ra, ri |
| to sink down, become low | ràb, ràːb |
| pour down (intr.), to | ráːɡ, ráːŋk |
| burn (intr.), to | ráːɡw |
| to make, prepare | ràːk, ràːɠ |
| put together, to | ràːk, ràːkʰ |
| joint of leg or arm | ramp |
| strike (person, animal), to | rápʼ, rāpʼ |
| membrane, soft skin | rāwpʼ |
| cut in two, to | ré, rē |
| to fasten, make fast | réɗ |
| stiff, hard, to be | rēd̯ |
| lift, to | rèːk, rèːɠ |
| hit, collide with, to | rémp |
| thin, to be(come) | rémpʰ |
| stop (intr.), to | rēp |
| to join, connet, to tie together | répʰ, rípʰ |
| to match, fit, to arrange to fit | rɛ́kʰ, rikʰ |
| to seep, discharhe fluid;to bleed | rɛ́ːy |
| fear, to | rī, rīh |
| tie up, to | rìk |
| injure, to | ríŋ, ríɡ |
| body (of animal) | rìŋ, rìɡ |
| go down, to | ŕp, ŕɓ |
| wet, to be(come) | ròː, rōː |
| look at, to | róː, róːh |
| put together, join (two things), to | rókʰ |
| weak, to be(come) | rōl̯ |
| pay back, recompense, to | ròmb |
| large, to grow | róp, rōp |
| take hold of, to | rɔ́ːh, rɔ̄ːh |
| join, connect (tr.), to | rɔ́p, rɔ́ɓ |
| self/body | ru, ruh |
| aversion to, to have an | rùː, rùːh |
| watch, look after, to | rūk |
| strike, to | rùkʰ, rūkʰ |
| attack and seize, to | rúm |
| collapse, to | rúm, rúb |
| stem, thin | rúp |
| rumble, to | rùr |
| to speak, especially forcefully;to pester, bother verbally | rwíkʰ |
| fat, to be(come) | rwís |
| intestines | àːr |
| two | àré |
| white | āeó, àró |
| go/come, to | or, er |
| raised surface | ùr, úr |
| hill | kʰúr |
| that one | ili |
| this one | ɛlɛ |
| talk rapidly, to | láb, láɓ, láp |
| separate (tr.), to | lák, láːk |
| eat soft food, to | lákʰ, láːkʰ |
| drench, wet thoroughly, to | lal, laːl |
| call out to (someone), to | làːl |
| wash (other than hands), to | lám |
| not want, to | laŋ |
| grasp, to | láʼw |
| reach out to take, to | làwtʰ |
| slow down, to | láʼy, lāʼy |
| depart (from/to), to | lè, lò |
| to seep | léh |
| to moisten, wet down | líh |
| to watch, obverse | lēːh |
| to grasp, hold | lēpʰ |
| feeble, to be | léːpʼ |
| disappear, to | léyl |
| in, at | lɛ̀ |
| place | àlɛ́ |
| lap, to | lɛy |
| to be(come)wet | líb, líɓ, líp |
| moisten, to | lim |
| shrink back, sink down, to | líːm |
| swallow, to | líːŋkʼ |
| horn, detached (as container, instrument) | lòːb, lòːɓ |
| miss, fail, to | lòːb, lòːɓ |
| land | loɠ, loɡ |
| swell up, to | lòːkʰ |
| spill out, to | lòːl̯, lōːl̯ |
| collect and take away, to | lóːl̯ |
| crown of head | lóŋkʰ |
| immersed, to be | lóːs |
| blade, point (of tool) | lɔ́ |
| take loose, take apart, to | lúh |
| leaf out, to | lúh, lúːh |
| go out, come out, to | lúːk, lúːkʰ, lúːɡ |
| bend, curve (tr.), to | lúːɡ |
| drip, to | lwátʰ |
| dry out (intr.), to | l̯aɓ, l̯ab, l̯apʼ |
| pat, to | l̯áːɓ, l̯áːpʼ |
| rise, go higher, to | l̯āːw |
| far | l̯áːw |
| shake (intr.), to | l̯àːwŋ |
| harm, to | l̯áːʼw |
| rise, to | l̯éː, l̯ēː |
| sweet, to be | l̯él, l̯él̯ |
| rub, scrub (surface of), to | l̯èːl |
| eager for, assiduous, to be | l̯èl̯ |
| cut apart, to | l̯ér |
| hurry, to | l̯éːr |
| light, kindle, to | l̯ɛ̀h |
| leave off, to | l̯ɛ̀l̯ |
| turn back and forth, to | l̯ɛŋ, l̯iŋ |
| darken (of sky), to | l̯ɛ́ːyl |
| fight, kill in fighting, to | l̯í, l̯íː |
| to darken(of sky) | l̯ím |
| scrape (with implement), to | l̯ìt̯ʼ, l̯īt̯ʼ |
| tip | l̯òd |
| to tell, pronounce on a matter | l̯òk |
| spill, flow out, to | l̯óːkʰ, l̯óːkʼ |
| run, to | l̯óŋ, l̯ōŋ |
| dig a hole, to | l̯ɔ́h, l̯ɔ̄h |
| call, to | l̯ɔ̀ŋk |
| keep watch for, to | l̯ú, l̯ū |
| sip, to | l̯u, l̯uh |
| dark, black | ùl̯, l̯ùl̯ |
| darkness | kʰul̋ |
| earth | làpʼúh, l̯àpʼúh |
| leaf | láw, l̯áw |
| grass, tall, for thatching | léyl, l̯éyl |
| side (of body) | Lɛ́kʼ, Lɛ́ɠ |
| drenched, to become | Liŋ, Liːŋ |
| tie together, to | lípʼ, l̯ípʼ |
| make a hole, to | lod, l̯od |
| deep, thick-layered | lòːl̯, l̯òːl̯ |
| skin, piece of | lɔ́pʼ, l̯ɔ́pʼ |
| soak, to | Lùk, Lùkʰ, Lùkʼ |
| third person indefinite pronoun | wá |
| to pick, pull off | wá |
| pour, to | wá |
| to move, to come | wa, we |
| grow, to | wa |
| me | wah |
| return, to | wáːl |
| side (of body) | wànt, wànt̯ |
| female | wàɲ, wāɲ |
| woman | wánt̯ |
| eye | wāŋ |
| termite | waŋw |
| thrust aside, to | wāpʰ |
| wipe, to | wáːpʰ, wāːpʰ |
| go up, to | wár |
| take, to | wàr |
| spring, bound away, to | wár |
| burn brightly, to | wāːr |
| grow large, to | wàs |
| bubble, to | wáːṣ |
| comrade, close friend | wát |
| ten | wáyéh |
| light, give off, to | waːy |
| fire | wàːyn |
| light, ignite, to | wàːyṣ |
| speak loudly, to | wèl |
| to shine, brun | wēːl |
| you (ph) | wém |
| lack strength, to | wēpʰ |
| to go round, to revolve | wēnt, wīnt |
| increase (in size, amount), to | wér |
| mud | wér, wéd |
| wet down, to | wéθ |
| remove, dispose of, to | wèt̯, wèt̯ʰ |
| you (pl.) | wɛ́ |
| eyes (suppl. pl.) | wɛ̀ |
| observe, to | wɛ̀ːn |
| disapprove of, deny, to | wɛ̀ŋk |
| angry, to be | wɛ́r |
| to crack, tear, split | wɛ́ːr |
| strip, clear away, to | wɛ́t̯, wɛ́t̯ʰ, wɛ́ṣ |
| die, to | wɛ́y |
| to dig out, dig up | wɛ̄yr |
| look at, to | wɛ̄ʼy |
| listen, to | wikʰ, wikʼ |
| ear | wikʰin, wikʼin |
| spill, flow out, to | wìr |
| turn (intr.), to | wìːr |
| blow (with mouth), to | wís, wíṣ |
| liquid, to become | wìy, wìʼy |
| detach, take loose, to | wíːy, wíːʼy |
| to grow | ʼwáːl |
| fire | ʼwāntʼ |
| carnivore, large | ʼwaːr |
| blow, to | ʼwè, ʼwèh |
| tell, to | ʼwé |
| fly, to | ʼwed |
| pour, spill (intr.), to | ʼwɛ̀l |
| to bruise, wound | ʼwèl |
| mouth | ʼwéːt̯ |
| windpipe, throat | ʼwéy |
| grind (stone blade), to | ʼwéːy |
| point,tip | ʼwéːyh |
| stay the night, to | ʼwɛ̀ |
| gulp, to | ʼwɛ́d |
| hunger | ʼwɛ̀d |
| to sink down, become low | ʼwɛ́nḍ |
| dog | ʼwɛ̀ns |
| ear | ʼwɛ́ŋ |
| cry out, to | ʼwìː |
| go back and forth, up and down, to | ʼwìɡ, ʼwīɠ |
| burn (tr.), to | ʼwīh |
| shine (of sun, etc,), to | ʼwír |
| tail | àʼwèːyh |
| to grow dark, become night | waːd, ʼwaːd |
| to dig up, dig out | wàɗ, ʼwāɗ |
| illness, injury | wāɗ̣, ʼwāɗ̣ |
| light, set afire, to | wàl, ʼwàl |
| speak out, to | wàːl, ʼwàːl |
| to grow(in size), grow up | wap, ʼwap |
| rain, to | wàr, ʼwàr |
| chew on, to | wáṭʼ, ʼwáṭʼ |
| grain, edible | waːy, ʼwaːy |
| seed-corn | kʰwaːy, kʰʼwaːy |
| sheep | wèd, ʼwèd |
| fight, to | wéːɗ̣, ʼwéːɗ̣ |
| sip, to | wet̯ʰ, ʼwet̯ʰ |
| ram | wɛl̯, ʼwɛl̯ |
| goat, he- | wɛr, ʼwɛr |
| husk | ʼwɛːr |
| protruberance | wík, ʼwík |
| hip | wìl, ʼwìl |
| buttock(s) | kʰwil, kʰʼwil |
| clear off, clear out, to | wìl, ʼwìl |
| breathe out, to | wìl, ʼwìl |
| tear down (residence), to | wil̯, ʼwìl̯ |
| night | awaːd, aʼwaːd |
| bull | òwìŋ, oʼwìŋ |
| interrogative stem | y- |
| that nearby | yá |
| this referred to | yí |
| mother | yā |
| flow, to | yà |
| hurt (intr.), to | yà, yā |
| come/go, to | yà, yɛ, yɔ |
| drink, to | yá, yáh |
| to say a name, speak to by name | yád |
| grasp, to | yāːd̯ |
| to flow in, flow over | yáh |
| flow in, flow over, to | yákw, yáɡw, yá |
| young, to be | yàkʼ, yākʼ |
| spread (tr.), to | yàːkʼ |
| to go fast | yāːp |
| wet, to become thoroughly | yáːs |
| water (animals), to | yàt̯ |
| heat over low fire, to | yàːwpʰ |
| body (of animal) | yàːy |
| cow (generic) | yáːyr |
| eyes (suppl. pl.) | yē |
| string, strand | ye, yeh |
| fatty portion of meat | tēn |
| expand in size, to | yēŋ |
| stretch, enlarge (tr.), to | yént̯ʼ |
| spill, flow out, to | yɛ́ːd̯ |
| lie (down), to | tɛ̄h |
| they | yɛ́h |
| projection, anything sticking up/out | yɛ́ːp |
| to twist, bend | yíd, yīd |
| grass | yīh |
| to notice, pay attention to | yíːl |
| call, to | yíːl, y,́ːl̯ |
| calf of leg | yód |
| call out, to | yóɡ, yóɠ |
| drive herd, to | yókw |
| sink (intr.), to | yóːl |
| part, come away, to | yɔ́ːl |
| not be, to | yɔ́ːm |
| leak, to | yú |
| to make collapse, cause to fall | yùːd |
| fluid | yūh |
| goat | āy, āy |
| belly | àyí |
| other | áyr |
| body, front of | ɛ̀ːy, ɛ̀ːyaw |
| body | ɛːyl |
| tree | ʼya |
| strike repeatedly and hard, to | ʼyá, ʼyáh |
| shake (tr.), to | ʼyāk |
| fearful, to be | ʼyākʼw |
| exclaim, to | ʼyál |
| swallow, to | ʼyáŋ, ʼyāŋ |
| tell, to | ʼyé |
| escape, to | ʼyá |
| to burn, shine | ʼyē |
| country, locality | ʼyé |
| throw, to | ʼyép |
| heat (by sun or fire), to | ʼyéːr |
| grasp and bring toward, to | ʼyɛ̀ːn |
| be (in a place), to | ʼyìː |
| to produce sap, juice | ʼyīm |
| to live, be alive | ʼyìːŋ |
| grow old, to | ʼyó |
| horn | ʼyokʼw |
| turn back and forth, to | ʼyud̯ |
| to bear fruit; fruit | ʼyuk, ʼyukʰ, ʼyukʼ |
| joint of leg or arm | aʼy |
| palm of hand | ʼáʼyr |
| to drop abruptly | yùːK, ʼyùːK |
| to pant | yùːpʰ, ʼyùːpʰ |
| mountain | àːy, àːʼy |
| ask, to | ha, haː |
| gulp down, to | hāb |
| take, to | hāb, hāɓ |
| eat up, to | hàbùr |
| to produce(fruit, growth,offspring) | háh |
| to pick up(many things) | hàːkʰw |
| avoid, do without, to | hàkʼ, hàːkʼ |
| extend, to | hákʼ, háːkʼ |
| hair, long | hál |
| wet, to | hàːl |
| grass stalk | hàlm |
| hair | hàm |
| joint of meat | hám |
| moisten, to | hám |
| gather food, to | hām |
| afraid, to be | hámp |
| fingers (suppl. pl.) | hàn, hān |
| fingers | háns |
| put in order, to | háːns |
| breathe, to | háːŋ |
| flow, to | hàr |
| rain | hár |
| lacking, to be | hàr, hàːr |
| to burn, glow | haːr |
| chew at length, to | hát̯ʼ |
| flap, wave (limbs), to | hāːw |
| bone of limb, long bone | haːwah |
| hot, to be | háʼw, háːʼw |
| belly | hàʼwm, hàwm |
| person | háyt̯ |
| lie, tell a lie, to | hékʼ |
| move toward in order to get, to | hɛ̀ṣ, hɛ̄ṣ |
| gather (tr.), to | hɛ́w |
| to obtain, take possession of | hí |
| to grind | hí, híh |
| three | híno᷅āh |
| circle, encircle, go around, to | híːr |
| to pluck, pick | hóː |
| shell, hard covering | hólk |
| increase, to | hōr |
| to recline, lie | hɔ́ŋɡ |
| bend (intr.), to | hùŋɡ |
| sniff (intr.), to | húŋk |
| house | hwèy |
| burn low, smoulder, to | hwɛ̀mpʼ |
| me | āh |
| I | āhāy |
| us (excl.) | ahìl̯ |
| I | kʰàh |
| we, us | kʰahih |
| her, him, it | ɛ̄h |
| she, he, it | kʰɛh |
| her, him, it | nɛh |
| call out, to | ɔ̄ːh |
| stalk, stem | áːd, háːd |
| stalk, stem | ɛl, hɛl |
| path, road | ɔ̀ːd, hɔ̀ːd |
| intestinal tract | uːr, huːr |
| sit down, to | ùṭʼ , hùṭʼ |
| flow, to | hìh , ʼyìh |
| wasp | áː |
| first person singular marker of verb | -án |
| first person singular marker of verb | na- |
| you (sing.) | í |
| you (sing. obj.) | áì |
| you (sing.) | aina |
| move (tr.), to | ìːw |
| cow, head of cattle | hɛ́w |
| to twist, turn, bend (intr.) | ŋíːr |
| cotton | ŋiːrih |