Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions is from Ehret (1995).
List
[edit]| No. | Proto-Afroasiatic | English gloss | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | *w | deverbative complement and result suffix | |
| 2. | *y | attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix | |
| 2a. | *y | adjective suffix | |
| 3. | *t | associative noun suffix | |
| 4. | *t | adjective suffix | |
| 5. | *m | attributive noun suffix | |
| 5a. | *m | adjective suffix | |
| 6. | *n | attributive (?) noun suffix | |
| 6a. | *n | adjective suffix | |
| 7. | *l | attributive and complement deverbative suffix | |
| 7a. | *l | adjective suffix | |
| 8. | *r | instrument and comple-deverbative suffix | |
| 9. | *r | adjective suffix | |
| 10. | *b | animate deverbative suffix | |
| 11. | *s | deverbative complement suffix | |
| 12. | *ŋ | attributive noun suffix | |
| 13. | *ʔ | adjective deverbative suffix | |
| 14. | *a- | attributive deverbative prefix | |
| 14a. | *i- | attributive deverbative prefix | |
| 15. | - | noun derivation from verb by stem-vowel lengthening | |
| 1. | *dl | middle voice | |
| 2. | *h | amplificative | |
| 3. | *w | inchoative/denominative (> durative) | |
| 4. | *y | inchoative/denominative (> durative) | |
| 5. | *ɣʷ | complementive | |
| 6. | *kʷ’ | andative | |
| 7. | *ʕ | partive (> andative) | |
| 8. | *ɬ | venitive | |
| 9. | *tl’ | focative | |
| 10. | *ts | diffusive | |
| 11. | *r | diffusive | |
| 12. | *kʷ | finitive | |
| 13. | *l | finitive | (> fortative in Eg.) |
| 14. | *p’ | finitive fortative | |
| 15. | *g | finitive fortative | |
| 16. | *š | non-finitive | |
| 17. | *n | non-finitive | |
| 18. | *b | extendative (> stative) | |
| 19. | *c’ | extendative | |
| 20. | *f | iterative | |
| 21. | *ḥ | iterative | |
| 22. | *gʷ | durative | |
| 23. | *k | durative | |
| 24. | *d | durative (> stative) | |
| 25. | *t | durative (> intransitive) | |
| 26. | *ʔ | concisive | |
| 27. | *x | precipitive | |
| 28. | *p | intensive (of manner) | |
| 29. | *z | intensive (of manner) | |
| 30. | *ɣ | intensive (of effect) | |
| 31. | *k’ | intensive (of effect) | |
| 32. | *t’ | durative intensive | |
| 33. | *s’ | fortative | |
| 34. | *m | extendative (?) | (> stative in Cushitic) |
| 35. | *dz | extendative fortative | |
| 36. | *xʷ | extendative fortative | |
| 37. | *s | causative | |
| 38. | *-u- | transitive infix | |
| 39 | *in- | concomitive prefix | |
| 1. | *bǔ | place | |
| 2. | *ba | not be there | |
| 3. | *bôf-, *bôp- | upper chest | |
| 4. | *-boɣ- | to hit | |
| 5. | *-bâh- | to go secretively | |
| 6. | *-bâḥ- | to strike with a blade or point | |
| 7. | *baaḥ- | voice | |
| 8. | *-boḥ- | to go away | |
| 9. | *-bôoḥ- | to flow | |
| 10 | *b-j(r)- | seed | |
| 11. | *-bâk- | to burn, shine; to dawn | (Sem., Eg. innovation: n. 'morning' by addition of *r n. suff.) |
| 12. | *-bǒkʷ- | to leak, seep, run out | |
| 13. | *-bâl- | to wet | |
| 14. | *-bâl- | to move (intr.) | |
| 15. | *-bel- | to break (tr.) | |
| 16. | *biil- | tip | |
| 17. | *bǔɬ- | skin | |
| 18. | *-bîn-/*-bân- | to beget | |
| 19. | *-bǐn- | to build, create; house | |
| 20. | *-bâr- | to leak, seep; bleed | (additional Cushitic alternants *-bîr- and *-bûr-) |
| 21. | *-bêr- | to hold | |
| 22. | *-bir- | to burn brightly | |
| 23. | *-bǐrk’-/*-bǎrk’- | to flash | (root #22 + *k’ intens. of effect) |
| 24. | *bǎs’- | to start off, begin | |
| 25. | *biš- | skin | |
| 25. | *bǐšr- | hull, shell | (stem + *r n. suff.; SC semantics: early beads were made of shell) |
| 26. | *-bǎat’- | to be in front, go in front | |
| 27. | *-batl’- | to move away, move apart | |
| 28. | *-bĕets-/*-bǒots- | bright, lit up | |
| 29. | *-box- | to swell | |
| 30. | *-boox- | to cut into, dig into (with sharp tool) | |
| 31. | *-bĕxʷ-/*-bǒxʷ- | to spill out in drops, sprinkle | |
| 32. | *bāayn- | grindstone | |
| 33. | *-beez- | to emerge; reveal | |
| 34. | *-baʔ- | to be ruined | |
| 35. | *-biʔ- | to go | |
| 36. | *-bûʔ- | to flow | |
| 37. | *-baʕ- | to increase | |
| 38. | *-baʕ- | to sit | |
| 39. | *-bǎaʕ- | to flow heavily; to defecate | |
| 40. | *-buʕ- | to pick, pluck | |
| 41. | *-pac-, *-pats- | to scatter (intr.) | |
| 42. | *-pâḥ-, *-pêḥ- | to take into the mouth | |
| 43. | *-pǎḥ-, *-pĕḥ- | to break off | |
| 44. | *-pêel- | to take out, take away | |
| 45. | *-pil-, *-piil- | to drive, chase | |
| 46. | *-piɬ- | to split apart, lay open | |
| 47. | *pand- | peak | |
| 48. | *-pǎŋʷ- | to clear away, remove, empty out | |
| 49. | *-pǔnc’- | to pluck out, pull out | (root of #48 + *c’ extend.; *u < *i /#-p_ŋʷC-#?) |
| 50. | *-pār-/*-pīr- | to separate (intr.) | |
| 50. | *-pur- | to take apart | (intr. stem + *-u- tr. infix) |
| 51. | *-pîr- | to fly | |
| 52. | *-poor-, *-pur- | to speak | |
| 53. | *-pas’-, *-pac-, *-pats- | to light up | |
| 54. | *-pooš- | to be worn out, disabled | |
| 55. | *-put- | to step along | |
| 56. | *-patl’-, *-paatl’- | to separate (intr.) | |
| 57. | *-pax- | to bend | |
| 58. | *-pax-, *-paax- | to scrape off, scrape out | |
| 59. | *piiz- | limb | (Berber, Eg. innovation: 'knee'; Berber *afud < *puuz) |
| 60. | *-pǎʔ-/*-pǔʔ- | to spit out, make spurt | |
| 61. | *-pâʔr- | to dig up | |
| 62. | *-piiʔ- | to turn round (intr.) | |
| 63. | *-piʕ-/*-puʕ- | to be raised, stick up | |
| 64. | *-pûʕ- | to spill out (intr.) | |
| 65. | *âf- | mouth | |
| 66. | *-fi- | to go out | |
| 67. | *-fic’- | to scrape | |
| 68. | *-fiic’- | to press out fluid | |
| 69. | *-fad- | to draw out, pull out | |
| 70. | *-fug- | to drain out | |
| 71. | *-fôɣ- | to spread apart (intr.) | |
| 72. | *-fǒɣ-, *-fǔɣ- | to east off, cast out | |
| 73. | *-fuɣ- | to inhale | |
| 74. | *-faah- | to flow out | |
| 75. | *-fâaḥ- | to blow (with the mouth) | |
| 76. | *-fiiḥ | to penetrate | |
| 77. | *-fâk- | to be finished, come to an end, be used up | |
| 78. | *-faak’- | to break off, cut apart | |
| 79. | *-fuk’-, *-fuuk’- | to be wise, intelligent | |
| 80. | *-fǎl-/*-fǔl- | to accomplish | |
| 81. | *-fǐl- | to cut hole or cavity in | |
| 82. | *-feŋ- | to set apart, move apart (tr.) | |
| 83. | *-fôoŋ-, *-fôon- | to be frail | |
| 84. | *-fǎr- | to call out | |
| 85. | *-fir- | to flower, bear fruit | |
| 86. | *-foor- | to defeat, be victorious over | |
| 87. | *-f-s- | to take apart | (root #66 + *s caus.?) |
| 88. | *-fât’- | to excrete | |
| 89. | *-feet’-/*-foot’- | to separate (tr.) | |
| 90. | *-fit’- | to scrape repeatedly | |
| 91. | *-fox-, *-foxʷ- | hole, breach | |
| 92. | *-fayt- | to remove, take off | |
| 93. | *fâzw- | four | (stem + *w n. suff.) |
| 93. | *ifz- | having four parts | (*i- attrib. pref. + stem) |
| 94. | *-fǐz- | to swell, rise up | |
| 95. | *-feeʔ- | pick up | |
| 96. | *-fîʔ/*-fâʔ- | to smell | |
| 97. | *-fūʔ- | to grow, become large | |
| 98. | *-fiiʕ- | to make, do | |
| 99. | *-fuuʕ- | to stop up, close up hole | |
| 100. | *-p’ac’- | to cut off | |
| 101. | *-p’ûc’- | to increase (intr.) | (Sem., Cush. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow fat, thicken') |
| 102. | *-p’âd- | to increase (in size) | |
| 103. | *-p’ad-/*-p’id- | to become lost, useless, nonfunctioning | |
| 104. | *-p’ǎd-/*-p’-̌d- | to break off | |
| 105. | *-p’oh- | to be wide | |
| 106. | *p’ǐḥ- | flank | |
| 107. | *-p’ǎk- | to break up (tr.) | |
| 108. | *-p’ak’-/*-p’ik’- | to split (tr.) | |
| 109. | *p’ul- | shell | |
| 110. | *-p’aɬ- | to break by hitting | |
| 111. | *-p’ûɬ- | to deceive | |
| 112. | *-p’ǎar- | to twist (tr.), especially rope | |
| 113. | *-p’ǔr- | to rend, split up | |
| 114. | *-p’is’k’- | spit, saliva | |
| 115. | *-p’îiz- | to bite | |
| 116. | *-p’uʔ-, *-p’uuʔ- | to stop (intr.) | |
| 117. | *-p’uʕ- | to cut into | |
| 118. | *-d- (*ada ?) | here/there | |
| 119. | *dâb-/*dîb- | back; to come or be behind | |
| 120. | *dab(n)- | hair | |
| 121. | *-dǎb-/*-dǐb- | to have honey | |
| 122. | *-doob- | to stick up | |
| 123. | *-dac- | to flow | |
| 124. | *-dif-/*-daf-/*-duf- | to leak, seep, run | |
| 125. | *-dug- | to obscure, block from view | |
| 126. | *-dagʷ- | to walk about | |
| 127. | *-dîɣ- | to take away | |
| 128. | *-diɣʷ- | to tell | |
| 129. | *-dâh- | to move (intr.) | |
| 130. | *-dâḥ- | to strike | |
| 131. | *-dĕeḥ-/*-dǒoḥ- | to lie flat, be low | |
| 132. | *-dîk- | to pound | |
| 133. | *dukʷ-, *duukʷ- | heap | |
| 134. | *-dôk’- | to insert, stick into | |
| 135. | *-duk-, *-dukʷ’- | to break to pieces by hitting | |
| 136. | *-dîl- | to increase, grow large | |
| 137. | *-dul- | to raise, put above | (#136 + *-u- tr. infix?) |
| 138. | *-duɬ-/*-diɬ- | to beat | |
| 139. | *-dǎm- | to press together | |
| 140. | *dîm-/*dâm- | blood | |
| 141. | *-dîm-/*-dûm- | to leak out | (probable source of #140) |
| 142. | *-dûm- | to proclaim, speak forcefully | |
| 143. | *dumn- | cloud | (root #141 + *n n. suff.; PC variant *damn-) |
| 144. | *danb- | hindquarters | |
| 145. | *-dap- | to touch, feel, put the fingers on | |
| 146. | *dup’- | lower back | |
| 147. | *-dup’s- | to put behind | (#146 + *s caus. as deverb.) |
| 148. | *-dip’-/*-dup’- | to rise, swell | |
| 149. | *-dâr- | to grasp, grip, carry in the hands | |
| 150. | *-dǎr- | to enlarge, increase | |
| 151. | *-dir- | to step | |
| 152. | *-dǎas’-/*-dǔus’- | to put over, put on top of, cover over | |
| 153. | *-daw- | to walk | |
| 154. | *-dax- | to burn low, smolder | |
| 155. | *-dax- | to cover up, conceal from view | (Ng. < alternate shape *-dix- or *-dux-) |
| 156. | *-dǔux- | to close, shut | |
| 157. | *-dǎʕ- | to insert | |
| 158. | *-daʕ- | to call | |
| 159. | *-iit- | to eat | (Ch., Eg., Sem. innovation: *-VC- v. stems > *-CV-) |
| 160. | *-tâ- | to be hot | |
| 161. | *-tǐb-, *-tǐib- | to rise, grow | |
| 162. | *-tuf- | to spit | |
| 163. | *-tǎɣ- | to perish, be extinguished | |
| 164. | *-taɣ-/*-tuɣ- | to splash, splatter | |
| 165. | *-tah- | to tap | |
| 166. | *-taḥ- | to reach | |
| 167. | *-tāk-/*-tūk- | to stick (in), prick | |
| 168. | *-tĕk-/*-tǒk- | to tread | |
| 169. | *-tǎkʷ- | to descend, go down | |
| 170. | *-tikʷ-/*-takʷ- | to tight | |
| 171. | *-tĕl- | to fall down | |
| 172. | *-tǔul- | to rise; to form a heap, mound | |
| 173. | *-tum- | to beat | |
| 174. | *-tar- | to increase | |
| 175. | *-tār- | to start off | |
| 176. | *-tǎr- | to shake (intr.) | |
| 177. | *-tǎar- | to cut into | |
| 178. | *tĕr-/*tǒr- | earth | |
| 179. | *tǐr- | liver | |
| 180. | *-taʕ- | to become weak | |
| 181. | *za | something (indefinite pron.) | |
| 182. | *-zâb- | to grasp, take hold of | |
| 183. | *-zab- | to call | |
| 184. | *-zǎab- | to take | |
| 185. | *-zaab- | to look | |
| 186. | *-zaf- | to walk, travel | |
| 187. | *-zif- | to break up (by hitting) | |
| 188. | *-zag-, *-zaɣ- | to strike repeatedly | |
| 189. | *-zǎgʷ-/*-zǐgʷ- | to stay in place, not move | |
| 190. | *-zaɣ- | to move about quickly | |
| 191. | *-zǒoɣ- | to move (tr.), make move, convey | (Eg., Sem. shared innovation: 'move, take' > 'take hold of') |
| 192. | *-zaaḥ- | to flow out | |
| 193. | *-zâkʷ- | to turn (intr.) | |
| 194. | *-zâk’- | to raise, make rise | (Cush., Ch., Eg., Sem. shared innovation: 'raise' > 'lift, pick up'; probable further Ch., Eg., Sem. innovation: 'lift' > 'carry' |
| 195. | *-zaak’- | to eat up | |
| 196. | *-zǎl- | to cut (into, off) | |
| 197. | *-zoɬ-, *-zooɬ- | to scrape (surface of) | |
| 198. | *-zanf- | to seep out | |
| 199. | *-zîn- | to lie still | |
| 200. | *-zaŋ-/*-ziŋ- | to shine | |
| 201. | *-zaŋ- | to watch, observe | |
| 202. | *-zaar- | to move along | |
| 203. | *-zots-, *-zoc- | to stick out, stick up, form a point | |
| 204. | *-zaax- | to become drenched | |
| 205. | *-zâʔ-, *-zâʕ- | to look at | |
| 206. | *-zǎʕ- | to be held, be grasped | |
| 207. | *-zâaʕ- | to flee | |
| 208. | *-zaaʕ- | to rend, tear | |
| 209. | *si, *isi | he/she/it (unmarked for gender) | (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. 6) |
| 210. | *su, *usu | they | (Eg., Sem., Cush. shared innovation: *ʔisin-/*ʔusun- 'they' (originally fem./masc.), #209 + Afroasiatic pl. in *n, as also in #323) |
| 211. | *-sǐf-/*-sûf- | to put together | |
| 212. | *-saɣ- | to plait, weave | |
| 213. | *-sǎk-/*-sǔk- | to walk | |
| 214. | *-suk- | to stay | |
| 215. | *-sǔk’-/*-sǎk’- | to excrete, secrete | |
| 216. | *-s-̂kʷ’- | to rub | (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o) |
| 217. | *-sîl- | to pull off, draw off | |
| 218. | *-sil- | to run out (of fluid) | |
| 219. | *-sim- | to pay attention to, take note of | (Sem., Eg., Ch. innovation: added sense, 'to listen to') |
| 220. | *sǔm-/*sǐm- | name | |
| 221. | *sǔm- | above, up; crown of head | |
| 222. | *-sîn-/*-sûn- | to pour out | |
| 223. | *sǐn-/*sǎn- | tip, point, projecting part | (Ch., Sem., Berber innovation: specialized meaning 'tooth'; but note presence of that meaning isolated in single Omotic language) |
| 224. | *-sǐiŋʷ- | to smell (tr.) | |
| 225. | *-sap- | to come near | (innovation: Sem., Ch. 'to come so close as to brush against') |
| 226. | *-sap-, *-saap- | to hit repeatedly | |
| 227. | *-sop- | to be(come) bent over | |
| 228. | *-sar- | to cut | |
| 229. | *sâr- | back | |
| 230. | *sǎr-/*sǐr- | root | |
| 231. | *saraar-/*siraar- | muscle, sinew | |
| 232. | *-sǎt’-/*-sǔt’- | to bite into | |
| 233. | *-sâx- | to scrape | |
| 234. | *-sīx-, *-sīix- | to fall into ruin, become rubbish | |
| 235. | *-sôx- | to run out (fluid) | |
| 236. | *-sâaz- | to wait | |
| 237. | *-siʔ- | to not want | (Eg., Sem. innovation: 'not want' > 'not need,' hence 'be sated') |
| 238. | *-soʔ- | to be still | |
| 239. | *-sâʕ- | to do, accomplish | |
| 240. | *-t’ab-/*-t’ib- | to shut | |
| 241. | *-t’ib- | to perform ritual | |
| 242. | *-t’ǒgʷ- | to burn (tr.) | |
| 243. | *-t’ôɣ- | to rise | |
| 244. | *-t’ôɣ-, *-t’ôɣʷ- | to be wet | |
| 245. | *-t’êh-, *-t’êeh- | to approach | |
| 246. | *-t’ih-/*-t’ah- | to burn up | |
| 247. | *t’îḥ- | body hair | |
| 248. | *-t’iḥ- | to gasp | |
| 249. | *-t’ǐḥ-/*t’ǎḥ- | to understand, be knowledgeable | |
| 250. | *-t’el- | to observe | |
| 251. | *-t’îɬ-/*-t’ûɬ- | to glow | |
| 252. | *-t’âp- | to rise | |
| 253. | *-t’-p’- | to stamp | |
| 254. | *t’eer- | long | |
| 255. | *t’îr- | strand | |
| 256. | *-t’ur- | to be dirty | |
| 257. | *-t’as’-/*-t’is’- | to seep | |
| 258. | *-t’aaw- | to look at | |
| 259. | *-t’ay-/*-t’iy- | to be moist | (Eg., Sem. shared innovation: n. for 'clay') |
| 260. | *t’âyp’- | strand | |
| 261. | *-t’eʔ- | to lack | |
| 262. | *gâb- | great (especially in size but also in number) | |
| 263. | *gâb- | top | |
| 264. | *gub-/*gab- | trunk | |
| 265. | *-gâd-/*-gûd- | to be big | |
| 266. | *-gǎd- | to lower, put down | |
| 267. | *-gaad- | to stay | |
| 268. | *-giid-/*-guud- | to go around; put around | |
| 269. | *-gǎdz- | to stretch out, extend (intr.) | |
| 270. | *-gaf- | to oppose, give trouble | |
| 271. | *-gâf- | to hold, take hold of | |
| 272. | *-gûf-/*-gâf- | to go down | |
| 273. | *-gûf- | to bend, turn (intr.) | |
| 274. | *-geh- | to speak | |
| 275. | *-guḥ-/*-giḥ- | to swell, rise, grow | |
| 276. | *-gāl- | to show | |
| 277. | *-gaal- | to be alight, be afire | |
| 278. | *gam- | side of the head | |
| 279. | *-gâm-/*gûm- | to break off, tear off | |
| 280. | *-gim- | to come upon, meet up with | |
| 281. | *-gǎŋ-/*-gǐŋ- | to grow, grow up, mature | (Ch., Eg., Sem. innovation: specialization of meaning to plant growth) |
| 282. | *-guup’- | to soak; to drench, of rain | (Berber, e.g., Shilh agafay 'cloud,' implies a 2nd root shape *-gaap’-) |
| 283. | *gâr- | forest, bush | |
| 284. | *-gêrʕ- | to become old | |
| 285. | *-gǐr- | to sit | |
| 286. | *-gǔs- | to drive away | |
| 287. | *-gāš- | to chew | |
| 288. | *-guš- | to feel, run fingers over | |
| 289. | *-gêz- | to get, gain | |
| 290. | *-gaʕ-, *-gaaʕ- | to be sick | |
| 291. | *-guʕ- | to become wet | |
| 292. | *-guʕ-, *-guuʕ- | to kill | (#290 with *-u- tr. infix?) |
| 293. | *gʷâa | cut (n.) | |
| 294. | *-gʷǎb- | to not do | |
| 295. | *-gʷad-/*-gʷid- | to cut | |
| 296. | *gʷǐd-/*gʷǎd- | land | |
| 297. | *-gʷâh- | to ooze, run out (bodily fluid) | |
| 298. | *-gʷaḥ- | to stay | |
| 299. | *-gʷeḥ- | to scrape | |
| 300. | *-gʷaj- | to impel, make move (by pushing, pulling) | |
| 301. | *-gʷǐl- | to bend, turn (intr.) | |
| 302. | *-gʷar- | to turn (intr.) | |
| 303. | *-gʷar-/*-gʷir- | to tear off | |
| 304. | *-gʷǎats- | to strip (from the ground) | |
| 305. | *-gʷîts- | to be small | |
| 306. | *-gʷîʔ-/*-gʷaʔ- | to sip | |
| 307. | *-gʷiiʕ-/*-gʷaaʕ- | to swallow | |
| 308. | *gʷaʕb- | throat | (root #307 + *b anim. deverb.) |
| 309. | *kaa | this (demons.) | |
| 310. | *ki | you (fem. sing. bound pron.) | |
| 311. | *ku, *ka | you (masc. sing. bound pron.) | (*ka as Eg., Sem., Ch. innovation ?) |
| 312. | *-kuc-, *-koc-, *-kooc- | to flow | |
| 313. | *-kǎac’- | to catch hold of | |
| 314. | *-kǔuf-/*-kǎaf- | to wrap up, cover by wrapping | |
| 315. | *-kǎḥ- | to not be | |
| 316. | *-kal- | to turn round | |
| 317. | *-kal-/*-kul- | all | |
| 318. | *kol- | inner shoulder | |
| 319. | *-kul- | to meet | |
| 320. | *-kǒɬ- | to take | |
| 321. | *-kam- | to hold | |
| 322. | *-kǔm- | to add together | |
| 323. | *kuuna | you (pl. bound) | (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. in *n, as also in #210) |
| 324. | *kanf-/*kinf- | wing | |
| 325. | *kâns- | loins | |
| 326. | *-kep- | to cease, no longer function | |
| 327. | *kop- | sole (of foot) | |
| 328. | *-kâr- | to turn round, go round | |
| 329. | *-kûr- | to dig out | |
| 330. | *-kur-/*-kar- | to cut up | |
| 331. | *-kît- | to produce water | |
| 332. | *-kitḥ- | to drink up, eat up | (root #331 + *ḥ iter.) |
| 333. | *-keetl’- | to threaten | |
| 334. | *-kîts- | to expand (intr.) | |
| 335. | *-kaw- | to step along | |
| 336. | *-kaʔ- | to cover up, enclose | |
| 337. | *-kâʕ- | to rise | |
| 338. | *-kǐʕ- | to turn (intr.), bend | |
| 339. | *-kʷǎac-, *-kʷǎats- | to scratch (with an implement) | |
| 340. | *-kʷâd-, *-kʷâad- | to make a loud noise | |
| 341. | *-kʷâḥ-, *-kʷâaḥ- | to become worn out | |
| 342. | *-kʷal- | to pound | |
| 343. | *inkʷal- | kidney | |
| 344. | *-kʷâaɬ- | to go away | |
| 345. | *kʷeer- | bush, brush, uncleared land | |
| 346. | *kʷǐr- | to twist (intr.) | |
| 347. | *-kʷǐš- | to grasp | |
| 348. | *-kʷatl’-, *-kʷaatl’- | to turn (intr.) | |
| 349. | *-kʷâʕ- | to run away | |
| 350. | *ɣǎ | tree | (Sem., Eg. innovation: addition of *t n. suff.) |
| 351. | *-ɣab- | to stop, stay | |
| 352. | *-ɣǔb-/*-ɣǎb- | to cut | |
| 353. | *-ɣâf- | to fit on top of, go above or in front of | |
| 354. | *ɣǒɣ- | crust | |
| 355. | *ɣooɣ- | gullet | |
| 356. | *ɣah- | skin | |
| 357. | *-ɣaaḥ- | to examine | |
| 358. | *-ɣuḥ/*-ɣaḥ- | to flow | |
| 359. | *-ɣâl-/*-ɣûl- | to be dry | |
| 360. | *-ɣelf- | to be strong, powerful | |
| 361. | *-ɣaɬ- | to break up, break apart (tr.) | |
| 362. | *-ɣim- | to slice, cut into | |
| 363. | *-ɣan-/*-ɣun-, *-ɣaŋ-/*-ɣuŋ- | to hit | (Eg., Sem. innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music) |
| 364. | *-ɣin-, *-ɣiŋ- | to twist (tr.) | |
| 365. | *ɣǔnts-, *ɣǔntsay- | nap, fuzz, crusty layer | (2nd root shape: adds *ɣ n. suff.) |
| 366. | *ɣunt- | projecting surface, protrusion | |
| 367. | *-ɣâp- | to rise, arise | |
| 368. | *-ɣar- | to become dark | |
| 369. | *-ɣuur-/*-ɣiir- | to join (tr.), connect | |
| 370. | *-ɣaat’- | to fold (tr.) | (Eg., Sem. innovation: 'fold over, bend') |
| 371. | *-ɣôxʷ- | to bend round, form a curve | |
| 372. | *-ɣaaʕ- | to raise, lift, pick up | |
| 373. | *-ɣâaʕ- | to cry loudly | |
| 374. | *ɣʷa | heat | (Eg., Sem. innovation: addition of *t n. suff.; short vowel required by derived verb #399) |
| 375. | *ɣʷîb-/*ɣʷâb- | calabash (used as container, utensil, etc.) | |
| 376. | *-ɣʷal- | to grasp and take away | |
| 377. | *-ɣʷîn- | to lie (down) | |
| 378. | *-ɣʷǎp-, *-ɣʷâap- | to split (tr.) | |
| 379. | *-ɣʷâap- | to bend (part body) | |
| 380. | *-ɣʷax-, *-ɣʷaax- | to walk about | |
| 380. | *-ɣʷaax- | path | |
| 381. | *-ɣʷeex- | to cry out | |
| 382. | *-ɣʷây-/*-ɣʷîy- | to be hot | (root #374 + *y inchoat.) |
| 383. | *xâb- | piece of earth, area of ground | |
| 384. | *-xadl- | to spill, pour | |
| 385. | *-xaf- | to hit | |
| 386. | *-xǎh- | to utter | |
| 387. | *-xâj- | to rub | |
| 388. | *xǎl- | thin stalks, grass stalks | |
| 389. | *-xîɬ- | to scratch off | |
| 390. | *-xoɬ- | to make a rough sound | |
| 391. | *-xan-, *-xaŋ- | to move (intr.) | |
| 392. | *-xap- | to join, assemble | |
| 393. | *xoor- | ground | |
| 394. | *-xas- | to float, glide, drift | (Sem., Ch. innovation: 'float' > 'flow') |
| 395. | *-xǐs’- | to extend, stretch out (intr.); to reach out | |
| 396. | *xiš- | little, low, small | |
| 397. | *xaynz- | three | |
| 398. | *-xâʕ- | to rub, scrape | |
| 399. | *xʷ- | female | |
| 399. | *xʷat- | womb | (1st stem shape + *t n. suff.) |
| 400. | *-xʷal-, *-xʷaal- | to extract, take or draw out | |
| 401. | *-xʷin-/*-xʷan-, *-xʷiŋ-/*-xʷaŋ- | to inhale, take a breath | (only C. reflexes imply 2nd form with reconstructed *a) |
| 402. | *-xʷâr- | to split, make a hole in | |
| 403. | *-xʷar-/*-xʷir- | to attack, plunder | |
| 404. | *-xʷâar- | to turn (intr.) | |
| 405. | *-xʷir- | to rumble | |
| 406. | *-xʷaat- | to remove (from surface), pull, tear, or scrape off | |
| 407. | *-xʷayl- | to bear child | (root #399 + *y denom. + *l fin.?) |
| 408. | *k’âb- | cold | |
| 409. | *-k’ab- | to take hold of | |
| 410. | *-k’ǐb- | to be quiet | |
| 411. | *-k’āc-, *-k’āts- | to cut off | |
| 412. | *-k’ad- | to stay, stop | |
| 413. | *-k’ǎdl- | to cut | |
| 414. | *-k’ǔudl- | to go out; send out, drive out | |
| 415. | *-k’âf-, *-k’âaf- | to harden, form a crust | |
| 416. | *-k’ǎh- | to come away | |
| 417. | *-k’êh- | to bite off | |
| 418. | *-k’aj- | to seep out | |
| 419. | *-k’al- | to burn (tr.) | |
| 420. | *-k’um-, *-k’uum- | to grumble, sigh, make sounds of complaint | |
| 421. | *-k’ǎn-/*-k’ǐŋ-, *-k’ǎŋ-/*-k’ǐŋ- | to grasp | |
| 422. | *k’ōoŋ- | skin | |
| 423. | *-k’ar- | to last, endure | |
| 424. | *k’ār- | tip, peak, point | |
| 425. | *-k’ĕer-/*-k’ǒor- | to cut into | |
| 426. | *-k’ûur-/*-k’âar- | to become covered, go under cover | |
| 427. | *-k’âas- | to divide | |
| 428. | *k’os- | bone | |
| 429. | *-k’ĕes’- | to give off heat or light | |
| 430. | *-k’ǎt-/*-k’ǐt- | to go down, decline | |
| 431. | *-k’ât’- | to cut | |
| 432. | *-k’ûtl’- | to cut up | |
| 433. | *-k’ey- | to excrete | (Eg., Sem. innovation: addition of *ʔ concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting) |
| 434. | *-k’uʔ- | to rise | |
| 435. | *-k’oʕ- | to bend (joint of body) (tr.) | |
| 436. | *-kʷ’-̌ | to eat | |
| 437. | *-kʷ’- | to be wet | |
| 438. | *akʷ’- | water | (*a- attrib. n. pref. + root #437) |
| 439. | *-kʷ’- | to be thin | |
| 439. | *kʷ’an- | thin | (stem + *n adj. suff.) |
| 440. | *-kʷ’ǎdl- | to bite | |
| 441. | *-kʷ’aḥ- | to pound | |
| 442. | *-kʷ’ǎl- | to call | (Sem., Eg. innovation: narrowing of application of v. to angry calling out) |
| 443. | *-kʷ’al- | to make repetitive movements | |
| 444. | *-kʷ’îl-/*-kʷ’âl- | to strip, tear off in strips | |
| 445. | *kʷ’ilf-/*kʷ’ǎlf- | to cover | (Sem., Cush, innovation: > n. 'covering' > 'rind, bark') |
| 446. | *-kʷ’aɬ- | to look for selectively | |
| 447. | *-kʷ’am- | to curve | |
| 448. | *-kʷ’an- | to hit repeatedly | |
| 449. | *kʷ’ânḥ- | egg | (root #447+ *ḥ iter.; semantics: egg curves at every point?) |
| 450. | *-kʷ’îr-/*-kʷ’âr- | to take a bite or swallow | |
| 451. | *-kʷ’aat’- | to wet down | (root #437 + *t’ dur. intens.) |
| 452. | *-kʷ’ǎatl’- | to swallow | (root #437 + *tl’ foc.) |
| 453. | *-kʷ’ǎayt’- | to look at | |
| 454. | *-kʷ’ǎz- | to avoid, avoid doing | (Eg., Sem. innovation: meaning shift, from avoiding per se to feeling a need or reason to avoid) |
| 455. | *-dzac- | to fear | |
| 456. | *-dzaadl-, *-dzaatl’- | to make empty, clear | |
| 457. | *-dzâaɣ- | to pierce | |
| 458. | *-dzik’-/*-dzak’- | to throw down | |
| 459. | *-dzǎm- | to get wet | |
| 460. | *dzar- | pole | |
| 461. | *dzixʷ- | salt | |
| 462. | *-dzaʔ- | to walk | |
| 463. | *-jâb- | to put apart, separate (tr.) | |
| 464. | *-jaf- | to trickle, drip, seep | |
| 465. | *-jek- | to scratch itch | |
| 466. | *jok’- | point, tip (of anything) | |
| 467. | *-jool- | to pull off | |
| 468. | *jûl- | little, small | |
| 469. | *-jôyʔ- | to pass over, go over | |
| 470. | *ji, *dzi | one, someone somebody (indef. pron.) | |
| 471. | *-jiɣ-, *-dziɣ- | to be strong | |
| 472. | *-jǎḥ-, *-dzaḥ- | to hit repeatedly | |
| 473. | *j-ḥ-, *dz-ḥ- | hut | |
| 474. | *-jaal-, *-dzaal- | to overflow | |
| 475. | *-jǎam-, *-dzǎam- | to step | |
| 476. | *-jêr-/*-jôr-, *-dzer-/*-dzor- | to convey, make move | |
| 477. | *-jâw-, *-dzâw- | to wear out, be used up, cease to function | |
| 478. | *-jǎaw-, *-dzâaw- | to sip | |
| 479. | *jiʔ-, *dziʔ- | child, offspring | |
| 480. | *-jaʕ-, *-dzaʕ- | to kill (animal) | |
| 481. | *-jiʕ-, *-dziʕ- | to spill out (intr.) | |
| 482. | *-ts- (*ts-, *âts-) | here/there | |
| 483. | *îts- | brother | (Eg., Cush., Ch. innovation: stem + *n n. suff. > *itsan-; Omotic innovation: stem + *m n. suff.: *itsim-) |
| 484. | *-tsul-/*-tsal- | to disapprove | (2nd root shape: possible old tr. derivation by addition of *-u- tr. infix) |
| 485. | *tsim-/*tsam- | fruit, seeds, foliage, plant growth in general | |
| 486. | *-tsar- | to burn low | |
| 487. | *-tsur- | to chatter | |
| 488. | *-cab- | to join (tr.), bring together | (Ch., Sem. innovation: narrowing of meaning to particular kind of joining, by sewing) |
| 489. | *cĕec- | to excrete | |
| 490. | *-cag- | to separate, set apart | |
| 491. | *-câak- | to stay still, stay in place | |
| 492. | *cîl- | stomach (?) | |
| 493. | *-cār- | to abound in water, be very wet | |
| 494. | *-tsâab-, *-câab- | to spoil, be ruined | |
| 495. | *-tsob-, *-cob- | to do wrong | |
| 496. | *-tsǔb-, *-cǔb- | to spill (tr.) | |
| 497. | *-tsâg-, *-câg- | to rise | |
| 498. | *-tsag-, *-cag-, *-tsaag-, *-caag- | to not move, be at rest | |
| 499. | *-tsîk’-/*-tsâk’-, *-cîk’-, *-câk’- | to pluck out, pluck off | |
| 500. | *-tsoon-, *-coon- | to smell | |
| 501. | *tsuun-, *cuun- | hair, especially pubic hair | |
| 502. | *-tsǎŋ-, *-cǎŋ- | to split in two, split one from the other | |
| 503. | *tsan-, *can- | two | (proposed source: #502, with regular PAA *ŋ > PBA *n; Eg., Berber, Sem. innovation: as synonym for #505) |
| 504. | *-tsar-, *-car- | to grasp | |
| 505. | *tsîr(n)-, *cîr(n)- | two | (vowel reconstruction uncertain: PAA *u, *ee, or *oo are also possible here; contrary to earlier views, this is surely a distinct root from #503) |
| 506. | *-šab- | to strike (with an implement) | |
| 507. | *-šob- | to immerse, apply water to | |
| 508. | *-šad- | to extend (lengthwise) | |
| 509. | *-šoof- | to scratch, scrape | |
| 510. | *-šaḥ- | to burn (tr.) | |
| 511. | *-šooḥ- | to wet down | |
| 512. | *-šok- | to cover | |
| 513. | *-šîkʷ- | to cut repeatedly | |
| 514. | *-šuk’-, *-šukʷ’- | to be beaten | |
| 515. | *šuuk’-, *šuukʷ’- | narrow, slim | |
| 516. | *-šaal- | to lap | |
| 516. | *-šaalkʷ- | to lick up | (stem + *kʷ fin.) |
| 517. | *-šul-, *-šuul- | to scratch | |
| 518. | *-šun- | to come close, come near | |
| 519. | *-šeŋ- | to be good | |
| 520. | *šâp- | earth, ground | |
| 521. | *-šaap- | to cry out | |
| 522. | *-šup’- | to abuse, revile | |
| 523. | *-šĕr- | to shift (position) | |
| 524. | *-šoor- | to feed | |
| 525. | *-šǎawd- | to wrap around | |
| 526. | *-šǎy- | to sparkle | |
| 527. | *-šĕeʕ- | to be scraped | |
| 528. | *-šūʕ-/*-šāʕ- | to smell (intr.) | |
| 529. | *-s’êd- | to be (dark-)colored | |
| 530. | *-s’ig- | to stay | |
| 531. | *-s’uuɣ-, *-s’uuɣʷ’ | to rub | |
| 532. | *-s’ah- | to pound (to loosen) | |
| 533. | *-s’ik’-, *-s’ikʷ’- | to come near | |
| 534. | *-s’uk’-, *-s’ukʷ’- | to strike (with tool, weapon) | |
| 535. | *-s’ǎm- | to sour | |
| 536. | *-s’iink’-, *-s’iinkʷ’- | to become weak | |
| 537. | *-s’ēer- | to lower, put low | |
| 538. | *-s’at-/*-s’it- | to cut into | |
| 539. | *-s’at- | to exude | (Eg., Sem. innovation: shift to outflow of water, not from body; root *-s’a- seen in #540 + *t dur.) |
| 540. | *-s’aw- | to flow | (root *-s’a-, seen also in #539 preceding, + *w inchoative) |
| 541. | *s’iw- | daylight, sunlight | |
| 542. | *-s’aʔ- | to drink up, slurp up (liquid) | |
| 543. | *-s’âʕ-/*-s’îʕ- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 544. | *-s’iʕ- | to draw out, pull out | |
| 545. | *s’iʕ- | hurry, haste | |
| 546. | *-c’ǔb- | to glow, burn low | (2nd root shape *-c’aab- seen in PEC v. and Banna (SOm) 'white,' is not as yet satisfactorily accounted for) |
| 547. | *-c’of- | to flow slowly | |
| 548. | *-c’uf-/*-c’if- | to tie together | |
| 549. | *c’ohr- | trash, residue, discarded materials | |
| 550. | *c’ohr- | lower back | |
| 551. | *-c’aḥ- | to dig | |
| 552. | *-c’aḥ- | to beat | |
| 553. | *-c’uuk-/*-c’iik- | to rub off | |
| 554. | *c’îk’l- | jaw | |
| 555. | *-c’il- | to darken, become dark colored | |
| 556. | *c’ilm-/*c’alm- | black | (root #555 + *m adj. suff.) |
| 557. | *-c’aam- | to rest | |
| 558. | *-c’em- | to become dark | |
| 559. | *-c’iin- | to observe | |
| 560. | *-c’ep- | to wait | |
| 561. | *-c’ap’-/*-c’ip’- | to drip | |
| 562. | *-c’âr- | to be clever | |
| 563. | *-c’ar-/*-c’ir- | to rise up | |
| 564. | *c’irf-, *c’ifr- | nail, claw | |
| 565. | *-c’êyg- | to shout | |
| 566. | *-c’îʔ-, *-c’îiʔ- | to convey | |
| 567. | *-c’eʕ- | to rise | |
| 568. | *m- | indefinite pronoun stem (one, someone, somebody) | |
| 569. | *-m- (*-mǎ- ?) | to be wet | |
| 569. | *âm- | water | (*a- attrib. n. pref. + stem) |
| 570. | *-im- | to come | |
| 571. | *ma, *mi | what? | |
| 572. | *-ma- | to not have | |
| 573. | *-mâc- | to walk swaying, move about disjointedly | |
| 574. | *-mǎac- | to immerse, flow over | |
| 575. | *-mîc- | to chew up | |
| 576. | *-môoc-, *-môots- | to turn (tr.) | |
| 577. | *-mac’- | to start | |
| 578. | *-mâd-, *-mâad- | to flow | |
| 579. | *-moodz- | to become wet | |
| 580. | *-muɣʷ- | to hit | |
| 581. | *-mǎh-, *-mǎah- | to not be able (to do) | (root #572 + *h ampl.) |
| 582. | *-mǐḥ- | to attack | |
| 583. | *-maaḥ- | to get wet | (root #569 + *ḥ iter.) |
| 584. | *-muj-/-maj- | to come forth, emerge, stick out | |
| 585. | *-mak- | to eat up | |
| 586. | *-maak’-, *-maakʷ’- | to come back, return | |
| 587. | *-mal- | to flow | |
| 587. | *-mǎlḥ- | to ooze, be viscous | (stem + *ḥ iter.; semantics: flow out bit-by-bit) |
| 588. | *miil- | thigh | |
| 589. | *-mǎn- | to lose, lack, be without | (root #572 + + n non-fin.) |
| 590. | *-man-/*-mun-, *-maŋ-/*-muŋ-, *-maɲ-/*-muɲ- | to tie up | |
| 591. | *-mâr- | to bind | |
| 592. | *-mǎar- | to be happy, fortunate, healthy | |
| 593. | *-mǐr-/*-mǎr- | to pass, pass by | |
| 594. | *-mir-/*-mar- | to take in the fingers | |
| 595. | *-mur- | to flow | |
| 596. | *-mas- | to become evening | |
| 597. | *-mâat’- | to trade, barter, sell, buy | |
| 598. | *-matl’-/*-mitl’- | to empty, empty out | |
| 599. | *moots- | baby | |
| 600. | *-maaw- | to die | (root #572 + *w inchoat.; PS, Eg., Ch. innovation: integration of *t dur. into stem) |
| 601. | *-maxʷ- | to move water about | (root #570 + *xʷ extend. fort.?) |
| 602. | *-môxʷ- | to bend | |
| 603. | *-maʔ-/*-miʔ- | to bend, fold (tr.) | |
| 604. | *-māʔ-/*-mīʔ- | to be wet | |
| 605. | *-m-ʔ- | to go toward | |
| 606. | *-mǎaʕ- | to eat | |
| 607. | *-mǐʕ-/*mǔʕ- | to handle | |
| 608. | *nê(e) | with | |
| 609. | *ni | of (genitive) | |
| 610. | *-nǎb- | to call | |
| 611. | *-nǎf-/*-nǐf- | to exhale | |
| 612. | *-neg-, *-nag- | to watch | |
| 613. | *-nugʷ- | to seep | |
| 614. | *-neh- | to be slight | |
| 615. | *-noh- | to bite into hungrily | |
| 616. | *-nǐḥ-, *-nĕeḥ, *-nǐiḥ- | to last, endure, abide | |
| 617. | *-naj- | to become low | |
| 618. | *-nikʷ- | to be deficient, little, or few | |
| 619. | *-nok’- | to run out (of water) | |
| 620. | *-nuuk’- | to suck | |
| 621. | *nim-/*nam- | person | |
| 622. | *-naatl’- | to call to | |
| 623. | *-nuz- | to join (tr.) | |
| 624. | *-naʔ-, *-naaʔ- | to scratch | |
| 625. | *-nûʔ- | to suck in, snuff (up) | |
| 626. | *-naʕ- | to be soft | |
| 627. | *-naaʕ-/*-niiʕ- | to go/come | |
| 628. | *-noʕ- | to scrape off | |
| 629. | *-ŋoc’- | to be damaged, not function right | |
| 630. | *-ŋěd- | to take (bit of food or drink) into the mouth | |
| 631. | *-ŋodl- | to grip tightly | |
| 632. | *-ŋek’-/*-ŋok’- | to look at intently | |
| 633. | *-ŋal-/*-ŋ-l- | to cry out | |
| 634. | *-ŋaɬ- | to fasten | |
| 635. | *-ŋiɬ- | to cut | |
| 636. | *-ŋôm- | to use the mouth (other than in eating) | |
| 637. | *ŋaan- | boy | |
| 638. | *-ŋaat’- | to spread (intr.) | |
| 639. | *-ŋiit’- | to darken | |
| 640. | *-ŋaaw- | to blaze | (*ŋ is required by derived noun, root #641 following) |
| 641. | *-ŋîiwr- | flames, firelight | (root #640 + *r n. suff.) |
| 642. | *ŋaʕw- | python (?) | |
| 643. | *-ŋʷâɬ-, *-ŋʷâaɬ- | to run or seep out | |
| 644. | *-ɲiḥ- | to shape to a point | |
| 645. | *-ɲuuk’- | to rub | (Eg., Sem. innovation: 'to rub' > 'to scrape') |
| 646. | *-ɲer- | to fear | |
| 647. | *-ɲîr- | to be frail | |
| 648. | *-ɲīit’-/*-ɲāat’- | to hurt, ache, be in pain | |
| 649. | *-ɲaw- | to come to, arrive at | (*ŋ and *a are reconstructed because they are required in derived root #651 below) |
| 650. | *-ɲaw- | to be moist, damp | |
| 651. | *-ɲawr- | to move toward, come toward | (#649 + *r diffus.; semantics: from closed- to open-ended action) |
| 652. | *-ɲoxʷ- | to hold in the mouth | |
| 653. | *-ɲay- | to speak loudly | |
| 654. | *-ɲay-/*-ɲaw- | to rise, swell, expand | |
| 655. | *ɲâʔ- | light, slight | |
| 656. | *-ɲîʕ- | to rise (in elevation), swell (in size) | |
| 657. | *k’âɲ- | yellow | |
| 658. | *-z-ɲ- | to open | |
| 659. | *-nah-, *-ŋah-, *-ɲah- | to avoid | |
| 660. | *-noh-, *-ŋoh-, *-ɲoh- | to cry out | |
| 661. | *-naxʷ-, *-ŋaxʷ-, *-ɲaxʷ- | to surprise | |
| 662. | *-ŋêep’-, *-ɲêep’- | to stick one thing into another | |
| 663. | *-ʕâb- | to shine | |
| 664. | *-ʕob- | to take a swallow | |
| 665. | *-ʕǔc- | to swallow liquid or soft food | |
| 666. | *-ʕac’- | to repeat, do again | |
| 667. | *ʕîd- | to raise, lift | |
| 668. | *ʕid- | person | |
| 669. | *-ʕǔdl- | to grip | |
| 670. | *-ʕudl-, *-ʕuudl- | to cut off | |
| 671. | *-ʕadz- | to be wrong, bad, ill; do or function wrongly | |
| 672. | *-ʕaaf- | to see | |
| 673. | *-ʕǐf-/*-ʕǔf-/*-ʕǎf- | to utter | |
| 674. | *-ʕǎg- | to take a mouthful | |
| 675. | *ʕâag- | grain | (Eg., Ch. innovation: *ʕâagaw- 'cooked grain,' stem + *w n. suff.) |
| 676. | *-ʕaj-/*-ʕij- | to bite | |
| 677. | *-ʕǎak-, *-ʕǎakʷ- | to attack | |
| 678. | *-ʕik’-/*-ʕak’- | to rise up | |
| 679. | *-ʕal- | to ascend, go up | |
| 680. | *ʕal- | jaw | |
| 681. | *-ʕil- | to move to and fro | |
| 682. | *-ʕâam- | to raise; tip of anything | |
| 683. | *-ʕīm- | to apply, put into effect | |
| 684. | *-ʕôom- | to stop (intr.) | |
| 685. | *-ʕǎn-, *-ʕǎŋ- | to bend, turn | |
| 686. | *-ʕan-, *-ʕaan- | to come into view, appear | |
| 687. | *-ʕâan- | to seep (of bodily fluid) | |
| 688. | *-ʕôn- | to swallow | |
| 689. | *ʕǎŋ-/*ʕǐŋ- | tip, peak, top | |
| 690. | *-ʕanɣʷ- | to rise, grow | (root #689 + ɣʷ comp.) |
| 691. | *-ʕĕŋ- | to move in a confused manner | |
| 692. | *-ʕūp-/*-ʕīp- | to convey, make move | |
| 693. | *-ʕar- | to become still | |
| 694. | *ʕarf- | cloud | (root #695 + *f iter.? If so, semantics are unclear) |
| 695. | *-ʕir- | to be raised; sky | |
| 696. | *-ʕǒr-/*-ʕĕr- | to burn brightly (intr.) | |
| 697. | *ʕûur- | strength | |
| 698. | *-ʕis- | to be(come) heavy | |
| 699. | *-ʕǎs’- | to burn (intr.?) | |
| 700. | *-ʕiš-/*-ʕuš- | to stick up | |
| 701. | *-ʕat-/*-ʕit-/*-ʕut- | to stop (tr.?) | |
| 702. | *-ʕat’- | to present | |
| 703. | *-ʕatl’- | to become fat, thick | |
| 704. | *-ʕâts- | to ask for, beg | |
| 705. | *-ʕīts- | to stop (tr.) | |
| 706. | *-ʕâyg- | to go down | |
| 707. | *-ʕuz- | young | |
| 708. | *-ʕâʕ- | to cry | |
| 709. | *-ʔaab-/*-ʔiib- | to burn, give off heat, glow | |
| 710. | *-ʔabz-/*-ʔibz- | to blaze | (root #709 + *z intens. of manner) |
| 711. | *-ʔǐb- | to sit, stay | |
| 712. | *-ʔadl- | to act in anger | |
| 713. | *-ʔûuf- | to blow | |
| 714. | *-ʔǎg-, *-ʔǎgʷ- | to arrange | |
| 715. | *-ʔaɣ-, *-ʔaaɣ- | to be satisfactory | |
| 716. | *-ʔah-, *-ʔaah- | to moan | |
| 717. | *-ʔâakʷ- | to burn (of fire); fire (n.) | |
| 718. | *ʔâl- | base of neck | |
| 719. | *ʔîl- | oath | |
| 720. | *-ʔîl-/*-ʔal- | to see | |
| 720. | *ʔǐl- | eye | |
| 721. | *-ʔoɬ- | to speak loudly | |
| 722. | *-ʔâm- | to heat | |
| 723. | *-ʔam- | to intend | |
| 724. | *ʔân-/*ʔîn-, *ân-/*în- | I | |
| 725. | *ʔǎnn-/*ʔǐnn-, *ǎnn-/*ǐnn- | we | (pl. of #724 by adding *-(a)C- where C = preceding stem-final C, is implied in Eg. reflex) |
| 726. | *ʔîns- | one, someone, person (indef. pron.) 767 | |
| 727. | *ʔânt-/*ʔînt-, *ânt-/*înt- | you (sing.) | |
| 728. | *-ʔânxʷ- | to listen; ear | (root #723 + *xʷ extend. fort.; *m > /n/ ([ŋ])/_*xʷ) |
| 729. | *-ʔâr- | to know | |
| 730. | *-ʔark’- | to notice, become aware of | (root #729 + *k’ intens. of effect) |
| 731. | *-ʔaš- | to walk; leg | |
| 732. | *-ʔāat | to set out for | |
| 733. | *ʔâts- | body | |
| 734. | *ʔǎw- | tall, high, long, big | |
| 735. | *ʔâayš- | flesh, meat | |
| 736. | *-ʔaz- | to hold | |
| 737. | *-ʔaz- | to bite | |
| 738. | *-ḥâb-/*-ḥûb- | to hold | |
| 739. | *-ḥaab- | to speak out, proclaim | |
| 740. | *-ḥǎc-/*-ḥîc- | to rub against | |
| 741. | *-ḥâc’- | to curve, bend round | |
| 742. | *-ḥêd- | to become fat, grow | |
| 743. | *-ḥudl-, *-ḥuudl- | to twist (tr.) | |
| 744. | *-ḥaf- | to lay | |
| 745. | *-ḥaɣ- | to feint, make as if to do | |
| 746. | *-ḥeek-, *-ḥeekʷ- | to go down | |
| 747. | *-ḥâm-/*-ḥîm- | to strip away (hair, skin, etc.) | |
| 748. | *-ḥam- | to spoil (intr.) | (Sem., Eg. innovation: to spoil > to sour) |
| 749. | *-ḥam- | to warm up | |
| 750. | *-ḥin-/*-ḥan- | to set out, lay out, put into use | |
| 751. | *-ḥînk-/*-ḥânk- | to carry (to or from) | (root #750 + *k dur.) |
| 752. | *-ḥōn- | to stick up, project, protrude | |
| 753. | *-ḥuun-/*-ḥiin-/*-ḥaan- | to bite into | |
| 754. | *-ḥap- | to take hold of | |
| 755. | *-ḥup-, *-ḥuup- | mouthful | |
| 756. | *-ḥap’- | to hasten | |
| 757. | *-ḥĕr- | to scrape off | |
| 758. | *-ḥâs’- | to feel bad | |
| 759. | *-ḥetl’-/*-ḥotl’- | to scratch | |
| 760. | *-ḥâw- | to hack | |
| 761. | *-ḥ-y-/*-ḥ-w- | to travel | |
| 762. | *-ḥâaz- | to cut into | |
| 763. | *-ḥîz- | to increase in size or amount (intr.) | |
| 764. | *-ḥôz- | to dig | |
| 765. | *-ḥôʔ- | to spill (intr.) | |
| 766. | *-ḥěʕ-, *-ḥĕeʕ- | to be weak | |
| 767. | *h- | this/that (demons., base) | |
| 767. | *ha | this/that one | |
| 768. | *hâa | open ground, area outside residence | |
| 769. | *-hu-, *-huu- | to fall | |
| 770. | *-hab- | to beat, strike with weapon | |
| 771. | *-hǎad- | to move along, proceed | (Sem., Eg. innovation: move > move toward) |
| 772. | *-hǐd-, *-hǐid- | to drive | |
| 773. | *-h-d- | to rest | |
| 774. | *-hǒj- | to wet down | |
| 775. | *-hâl-/*-hîl- | to cry, call out | |
| 776. | *hāl-/*hīl- | other | (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. suff.) |
| 777. | *-hal- | to become thoroughly wet, pour heavily (intr.) | |
| 778. | *-heel- | to grip, take hold of | |
| 779. | *-hâm- | to go away | |
| 780. | *-ham-, *-haam- | concern | |
| 781. | *-hom- | to take into the mouth | |
| 782. | *-hûum- | to lower | |
| 783. | *-hǎp- | to put up, put above | |
| 784. | *-hip’- | to rub | |
| 785. | *-hup’- | point, tip | |
| 786. | *har- | flow (n.) | |
| 787. | *-har-, *-haar- | to cut into | |
| 788. | *-hǎr- | to become lit | |
| 789. | *-her-/*-hor- | to go rapidly on foot | |
| 790. | *-hur- | to feel good | |
| 791. | *-haas- | voice | (Sem., Eg. innovation: addition of *b extend., imputing meaning 'to count') |
| 792. | *haas’- | sand | |
| 793. | *-hes’- | to sing | |
| 794. | *-hat’- | to overflow | |
| 795. | *-hâat’- | to come toward | |
| 796. | *-hatl’- | to stop (intr.) | |
| 797. | *-hâys’- | to lap | |
| 798. | *hǎz- | flow (n.) | |
| 799. | *-hôoz- | to speak | |
| 800. | *-heeʔ- | to convey | |
| 801. | *-hooʔ- | to burn, become hot | |
| 802. | *-hǎʕ- | to arrive | |
| 803. | *la | at, to | |
| 804. | *-lâ-/*-lî- | to be moist, damp | |
| 805. | *-lâa- | to strike down | |
| 806. | *lǒ | true | |
| 807. | *-lîb-, *-lîib- | to sit | |
| 808. | *-lib- | to lap | |
| 809. | *līb- | heart | |
| 810. | *-lib-/*-lab- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 811. | *-lâf- | to rise | |
| 812. | *-lef- | to wrap, fold | |
| 813. | *legʔ- | bull (?) | |
| 814. | *-lâgʷ-, *-lâagʷ- | to speak | |
| 815. | *-laaɣ- | to turn, turn back, change direction | |
| 816. | *-lîɣ-/*-lûɣ- | to be raised | |
| 817. | *-loh- | to rise, go up | |
| 818. | *-lĕḥ- | to notice, pay attention | |
| 819. | *-lěeḥ | to come out | |
| 820. | *laj-, *ladz- | light (of fire, day) | |
| 821. | *-lak- | to hold with the tongue | |
| 822. | *-lak’- | to lap up | |
| 823. | *-lâk’-/*-lâak’- | to show, bring to (one’s) notice or attention | |
| 824. | *-lǎm-/*-lǐm- | to move | |
| 825. | *-lep’- | to move along | |
| 826. | *-laas- | to become weak, be in a weakened state | |
| 827. | *-lis’- | to lick | (Ch., Berber, and Eg. shared innovation: *aləs-/*iləs- 'tongue': *a-/*i-attrib. n. pref. + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root) |
| 828. | *-laš- | to hold onto | |
| 829. | *-l-t’- | to splatter | |
| 830. | *-laaw- | to pick up | |
| 831. | *-lǎax- | to increase (intr.) | (Sem., Eg., Ch. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size') |
| 832. | *-lôxʷ- | to move toward | |
| 833. | *-lâygʷ- | to trickle | (root #804 + *y inchoat. + *gʷ dur.) |
| 834. | *-liʕ- | to shine | |
| 835. | *-liʕb- | to move (tr.), convey | |
| 836. | *dlâ/*dlî | call, cry (n.) | |
| 837. | *-dlâ- | to grow, swell | |
| 838. | *-dlab-/*-dlib- | to put the hand to | |
| 839. | *-dlabʕ-/*-dlibʕ- | to stretch out (intr.) | (root #838 + *ʕ part.; Sem., Eg. innovation: narrowing of meaning to tr. stretching out of arms) |
| 840. | *-dlib- | to suffer loss, be damaged | |
| 841. | *-dlaf-/*-dluf- | to rise above | |
| 842. | *-dlêf-/*-dlôf- | to flow out | |
| 843. | *-dleg- | to pay attention to | |
| 844. | *-dlog- | to be bent, curved | |
| 845. | *-dlōogʷ-/*-dlēegʷ- | to call out | |
| 846. | *-dlah- | to heat | |
| 847. | *-dlaḥ- | to swell | |
| 848. | *-dl-kʷ- | to go bad | |
| 849. | *-dleek’- | to squeeze | |
| 850. | *-dlôkʷ’- | to push | |
| 851. | *-dlum- | to be finished, ended, made useless | |
| 852. | *-dlâp’-/*-dlîp’- | to descend, go down | |
| 853. | *-dlǎp’-/*-dlǐp’- | to pay | |
| 854. | *-dlāp’-/*-dlīp’- | to set on top of | (Sem, Eg., Ch., Cush, innovation: 'set on top of' > 'cover') |
| 855. | *-dlir- | to harm | |
| 856. | *-dl-̂r- | to cut | |
| 857. | *-dlay-/*-dlaw- | to bite | |
| 858. | *-dlaʔ- | to go from | |
| 859. | *-dlǎʔ- | to decline, become low | |
| 860. | *-dliiʔ- | to expand | |
| 861. | *-dleʕ-/*-dloʕ- | to feel weak, be worn out | |
| 862. | *-âaɬ- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 863. | *-ɬě- | to stand up, get up | (Sem., Eg. innovation: addition of *w inchoative to stem) |
| 864. | *-ɬâb- | to grow, increase, add on | |
| 865. | *-ɬâf- | to live, grow | |
| 866. | *-ɬǔf- | to expand, increase | (root #866 with *-u- tr. infix [also tonal shift as found in Chadic cases]) |
| 867. | *-ɬuuf- | to sip | |
| 868. | *ɬâg- | to be much, many | |
| 869. | *-ɬǎɣ- | to be excited, stirred up | |
| 870. | *-ɬeeh- | to shine | (this root is included because #871 following derives from it) |
| 871. | *-ɬêeh- | moon | |
| 872. | *-ɬǎḥ- | to burn (tr.) | |
| 873. | *-ɬîiḥ- | to scrape off | |
| 874. | *-ɬǎakʷ- | to pierce | |
| 875. | *-ɬikʷ- | to bite | |
| 876. | *-ɬakʷ’- | to become visible, emerge into view | |
| 877. | *ɬâm- | two | |
| 878. | *-ɬǎam- | to leave | |
| 879. | *-ɬuum- | to harm | |
| 880. | *-ɬîŋ- | to run out (of fluid) | |
| 881. | *-ɬap-/*-ɬip- | to go down, decline | |
| 882. | *ɬap’-/*ɬip’- | ribcage | (distinct root from #809) |
| 883. | *-ɬup’- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 884. | *-ɬâr- | to cover up | |
| 885. | *-ɬǎw- | to take | (Eg., Sem. innovation: take > take out) |
| 886. | *-ɬow- | to cover over | |
| 887. | *ɬaʔ-, *ɬaaʔ- | grassy area, low vegetation, scrub | |
| 888. | *ɬǒʔ- | cattle | (sing. *iǒw- 'cow') (Eg., Sem. innovation: generalization of pl. to domestic animals in general, then narrowing in PS and Eg. to different specific animals) |
| 889. | *ɬ-ʔr-, *ɬ-rʔ- | hair | (possible vowel reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o) |
| 890. | *-ɬêʕ- | to cut off | |
| 891. | *ɬaʕf-/*ɬiʕf- | to claw, paw | |
| 892. | *-tl’ab- | to stick into | |
| 893. | *-tl’ab-/*-tl’ub- | to make quick movements | |
| 894. | *-tl’ab- | to spill, pour | |
| 895. | *-tl’af- | to turn (tr.) | |
| 896. | *-tl’eeɣ- | to stick out or up | |
| 897. | *-tl’iiɣʷ- | to descend, go down | |
| 898. | *-tl’ih- | to run away, flee (from); to chase | |
| 899. | *-tl’âḥ- | to be loud, exuberant | |
| 900. | *-tl’ôoḥ- | to join (intr.) | |
| 901. | *-tl’ikʷ-/*-tl’akʷ- | to fool | |
| 902. | *-tl’ok’- | to beat | |
| 903. | *-tl’ook‘- | to rub | |
| 904. | *-tl’akʷ’-/*-tl’ikʷ’- | to ooze, be thick (of fluid matter) | |
| 905. | *-tl’âl- | to burn, make hot | |
| 906. | *-tl’âl- | to wet down | |
| 907. | *-tl’il- | to clench the teeth | |
| 908. | *-tl’im-/*-tl’um- | to ooze, be viscous | |
| 909. | *-tl’in- | to rise | |
| 910. | *-tl’ip-/*-tl’up- | to hit | (Sem., Ch. innovation: semantic narrowing to hitting with the hand) |
| 911. | *-tl’etl’- | to fix the eyes upon | |
| 912. | *-tl’aw-/*-tray- | to split (tr.) | |
| 913. | *-tl’ow- | to flow | |
| 914. | *-tl’uw- | to rise | |
| 915. | *-tl’āy- | to produce or apply fluid | |
| 916. | *tl’ayŋ- | moisture, wetness, wet matter | (root #915 + *ŋ n. suff.) |
| 917. | *-tl’iy- | to set down, lower | |
| 918. | *-tl’ǐz- | to raise | |
| 919. | *tl’-̌z- | tall, high, long | (probable *tl’iiz-, adj. < v. in #918 by V > VV; occurrence of PSC *ee (or *e?) for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254) |
| 920. | *-tl’ôz-, *-tl’ûz- | to glow | |
| 921. | *-tl’oʔ- | to grab | |
| 922. | *-tl’aʕ- | to strike (with implement) | |
| 923. | *-tl’iiʕ- | to blow | |
| 924. | *ar- | at, by | |
| 925. | *ra/*ri | wet place | |
| 926. | *-râ-, *-râw- | to continue, keep on | |
| 927. | *-rab- | to be destroyed, perish | |
| 927. | *-rǔb- | to destroy, kill (many?) | (tr. by *-u- infix) |
| 928. | *-rǒb-/*-rěb- | to put above | |
| 929. | *-roob- | to tighten by twisting | |
| 930. | *-ruub- | to send | (Sem., Eg. innovation: 'send' > 'direct,' hence 'command, rule') |
| 931. | *-r-d- | to walk | (Agaw *a allows PAA vowel reconstructions *a, *aa, *o, or *e) |
| 932. | *-r-̂dl- | to flow out | |
| 933. | *-râf-/*-rîf- | to break off, detach | |
| 934. | *-reg-/*-rog- | to increase (in size or quantity) (tr.) | |
| 935. | *-rig-/*-rag- | to move (intr.), walk | |
| 936. | *-râɣʷ- | to pierce | |
| 937. | *-rǐh-/*-rǎh- | to go down, lower oneself | |
| 938. | *-ruk- | to bend (intr.) | |
| 939. | *-rǐk’-, *-rǐkʷ’- | to bend down | |
| 940. | *-rep- | to strike | |
| 941. | *-rip- | to tie together; to sew | |
| 942. | *-rǎw-/*-rǎy- | to rise | |
| 943. | *-reyb- | to stop (doing) | |
| 944. | *rǐiz- | foot | |
| 945. | *-rǔz- | to become lost | |
| 946. | *-rûʔ- | to stick up | |
| 947. | *-raaʕ- | to move along | |
| 948. | *-raaʕ- | to be raised | |
| 949. | *wa-/*wi- | what? | |
| 950. | *-wêeb- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 951. | *-wĕc- | to be hard, solid | (Sem., Eg. innovation: added meaning 'firm,' hence, figuratively, 'firmly established, strong') |
| 952. | *-wǎc’- | to pass | |
| 953. | *-wic’- | to swallow | |
| 954. | *-wad- | to move (tr.) | |
| 955. | *-wadl- | to flow | |
| 956. | *-wadl- | to turn back, bend back (tr.) | |
| 957. | *-wǎadl- | to leave abruptly | |
| 958. | *-wǎag- | lower face | |
| 959. | *-waag- | to despise | |
| 960. | *-wâḥ- | to cut | |
| 961. | *-wâḥ- | to look | |
| 962. | *-waaḥ- | to keep on, continue | |
| 963. | *-wâj- | to grow in size | |
| 964. | *-wǐj- | to intertwine, to bind by twining together | |
| 965. | *-wak- | to cut apart | |
| 966. | *-wǎk’-, *-wěk’-, *-wǎkʷ’- | to separate husk, rind, chaff, etc. | |
| 967 | *-wek’- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 968,. | *-wel-, *-wal- | to go round | |
| 969. | *-wil- | to hasten, hurry | |
| 970. | *-wan- | to open (tr.) | |
| 971. | *-wap’- | to be above, be at the top, form the tip or peak | |
| 972. | *-war-/*-wir- | to call out | |
| 973. | *war- | light | |
| 974. | *-wǎr-/*wǐr- | to grow (person, animal) | |
| 975. | *-waar- | to soak (intr.) | |
| 976. | *-wir- | to turn (intr.) | |
| 977. | *-wis- | to fall asleep | (Sem., Ch. innovation: derivation of v. 'to sleep' by addition of *n non-fin.) |
| 978. | *-wiš- | to form dirt, rubbish | |
| 979. | *-wetl’- | to destroy | |
| 980. | *-wīitl’ | to stand | |
| 981. | *-wits-, *-wic- | to twist (tr.) | |
| 982. | *-wax- | to look at | |
| 983. | *-wayn- | to grow | (root seen also in #984 + *n non-fin.; Eg., Sem. innovation: 'grow' > 'live,' whence Eg. 'be, exist') |
| 984. | *-wǎys- | to expand | (root seen also in #983 + probably *s caus. as denom. with pre-PAA root *way thus having been a n. or adj.) |
| 985. | *wiz- | organ of chest | |
| 986. | *-wǎʔ-, *-wǎaʔ- | to glow, burn (of fire) | |
| 987. | *-wâaʔ- | to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth | |
| 988. | *-wāʕ- | to grasp, take hold of | |
| 989. | *-wǎʕ- | to run, run out (fluid) | |
| 990. | *-waaʕ- | to yell | |
| 991. | *-yo- | to say | |
| 992. | *-yab- | to protect | |
| 993. | *-yed- | to grasp | (Eg., Sem. innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand') |
| 994. | *-yǔf- | to swell | |
| 995. | *-yagʷ- | to come out | |
| 995. | *-yugʷ- | to put out | (root with *-u- tr. infix) |
| 996. | *-yah- | to respond, speak out in response | (Eg., Sem. innovation: narrowing of meaning to loud kinds of response) |
| 997. | *-yak- | to rise | |
| 997. | *-yuk- | to raise | (root with *-u- tr. infix) |
| 998. | *-yakʷ-, *-yaakʷ- | to conceal | |
| 999. | *-yak’- | to be aware of, knowledgeable about | |
| 1000. | *yâl- | mane | |
| 1001. | *-yuɬ- | to shout | |
| 1002. | *yam- | body of water | |
| 1002. | *-yam- | to submerge, go under water | |
| 1003. | *-yaar- | to grow (up), grow large | |
| 1004. | *-yâw- | to produce young | |
| 1005. | *yaw-, *yawr- | bull | (2nd shape: stem + *r n. suff.; possible n. derivation < v. in #1004) |
| 1006. | *yaxʷ-/*yuxʷ- | side | |
| 1007. | *-yâʔ- | to come | |
| 1008. | *-yǎʔ- | to drip | |
| 1009. | *-yuʔ- | to notice | |
| 1010. | *-yaʕ- | to die | |
| 1011. | *i, *yi | me, my | (bound 1st-person sing. pronoun) |
References
[edit]- Ehret, Christopher. 1995. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. University of California Press. →ISBN.