Appendix:Proto-Tuu reconstructions
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The following lists of Proto-Tuu reconstructions are from Güldemann (2005) and Starostin (2021).
Güldemann (2005)
[edit]| English gloss | Proto-Tuu |
|---|---|
| child | *ʘa |
| father | *a̰a |
| mother | *qa > *ka̰ > *kx(o)a̰ |
| name | *ǀãe, *ǁae |
| people, men | *tuu |
| spouse | *ǀha- ~ *(ⁿ)ǀha- |
| woman | *ǀa- |
| beard | *nǀum |
| bite, ache | *tsʼii |
| cough | *ǀho̰ ~ *(ⁿ)ǀho |
| defecate | *t(h)xa(i) |
| die | *ǀʼaa |
| ear | *nǂ(u)i |
| eat | *ãa, *ãi |
| eye (or see ?) | *tsʼaa |
| hand, arm | *ǀkxʼaa |
| hair | *ǀkhu |
| head | *nǀaa |
| lungs | *ǁʼon |
| mouth | *thu |
| neck | *ǂkxʼa(-u) > *ǂkxʼu |
| nose | *nǀu, *nǀũ |
| shoulder | *gǁa̰e |
| skin | *tũ- |
| tired | *ǀkhu, *ǀkho |
| tongue | *ǀʼãri > *ǀʼani |
| tooth | *ǁkha(i) |
| bee, honey | *ǀkho |
| bird | *ǀhui |
| bow | *ǀha(u) |
| egg | *gǂu(i) |
| fat | *sõe, *sã̰a |
| gemsbok | *!hai, *!ha̰i |
| hartebeest | *(g)!aʼa |
| horn | *ǁã(i) |
| hunt | *ǀkxʼõa, *ǀkxʼãa |
| leopard | *!ab- > *!au |
| meat | *ʘo-, *ʘa- |
| ostrich | *qoe > *to̰e |
| porcupine | *ǀhõ ~ *(ⁿ)ǀhõ |
| ground, earth | *!ʼã(u) |
| hut, shelter | *nǁa(i) |
| sun, day | *ǁʼõe, *ǁʼũi, *ǁʼã |
| tree, wood | *ʘho, *nʘo, *nʘa |
| water, rain | *!khaa |
| wind | *ǂ(k)hue, *ǂ(k)hoe |
| carry (child) | *ǀqam |
| call, shout | *!ʼai |
| come | *saa, *sii |
| cook, roast | *ǁa(u) |
| give | *nǀa |
| go | *ǁʼa- |
| help | *hui |
| own, possess | *ǁʼãi, *ǁʼai |
| see | *nǀa, *nǀi |
| sense, feel | *t(h)ã̰a |
| sit | *tshoo |
| sleep | *ʘõ(n), *ʘãi(n) |
| walk, travel | *tã̰i |
Starostin (2021)
[edit]Classification
[edit]- Tuu family
- !Ui branch [also known as !Kwi] (languages: ǀXam, Nǁng, ǁXegwi)
- Taa branch (languages: !Xóõ and all of its dialects, as well as Bleek's Kakia and Nǀuǁen)
- Nossob subgroup (languages: ǀʼAuni, ǀHaasi)
List
[edit]| No. | English gloss | Proto-Tuu | Proto-!Ui | Proto-Taa | Proto-Nossob |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | all | *ku | *kU-kaˤ | ||
| 2 | ashes | *!qui | |||
| 3 | bark | ||||
| 4 | belly | ||||
| 5 | big | *!xa-(i) | *o-si ~ *u-si | ||
| 6 | bird | *ǀqʰui | *ǀ̰u(ʢ)- | *si=ǀ̰u | |
| 7 | bite | *siʔi | *c’i | *siʔ- | |
| 8 | black | *!(ʰ)oe | *ǂaʔ- | ||
| 9 | blood | *ǁxau | *!̃aˤ | *ǁxau | |
| 10 | bone | *ʗ(°)a | *ǂã | ||
| 11 | breast (chest) | *ǁ̃uiŋ | |||
| 12 | burn (tr.) | *ǁa | |||
| 13 | claw (fingernail) | *ǁqu-rV | *ǁqo-rV | *ǁqu-; *ǁ̰aʔm | |
| 14 | cloud | ||||
| 15 | cold | *ǁãʔũ | |||
| 16 | come | *si ~ *sa | *si ~ *sa | *si ~ *sa | *s[’]i ~ *sa |
| 17 | die | *ǀʼa | *ǀʼa | *ǀʼa | |
| 18 | dog | *ǂʰɔ- | *ǂʰu- | *ǂqʰa- | *ǂʰɔŋ |
| 19 | drink | *kxʼa(ʰ)- | *kxʼa- | *kxʼaʰ- | *kxʼa- |
| 20 | dry | *ǁoˤ- | *ǁo | ||
| 21 | ear | *ǂ̃u- | *ǂ̃u- | *ǂ̃u- | *ǂ̃u- |
| 22 | earth (sand) | *!(q)ʼãũ | *ǂx’um | (?) *!̪aʔa | |
| 23 | eat | *ʔã | *ʔã | *ʔã | *ʔa ~ *ʔã |
| 24 | egg | (?) *ǂaʔwi | *ǂ̰u- | ||
| 25 | eye | *cʼa-xu | (?) *ǂʼũ- ~ *!ʼũ- | (?) *cxo | |
| 26 | fat (n.) | *sɔˤ- | *so- | *sãˤ | *so- |
| 27 | feather (hair) | ||||
| 28 | fire | *ǀ’i | *ǀ’i | *ǀ’a- | *ǀ’i |
| 29 | fish | ||||
| 30 | fly (v.) | *ʒ(o)eˤ | *ǁ/ʰ/au; *zeˤ | *ʒõẽˤ | |
| 31 | foot | *ʗ̃a | *ǂ̃u- | *!Xai | |
| 32 | full | *!qauŋ | *!̪um | ||
| 33 | give | *a | *!qʰa- | ||
| 34 | good | ||||
| 35 | green | *ǀ̰aiˤ- | |||
| 36 | hair | *ǀʰu- | *ǀʰu | *ǀ̰qʰu- | *ǀʰo |
| 37 | hand | *ǀx’a | *ǀx’a | *ǀx’a | *ǀx’a/N/ |
| 38 | head | *ǀ̃a | *ǀ̃a | *ǀ̃a- | *ǀ̃a; *xu |
| 39 | hear | (?) *tu | *tu | *tãˤ | |
| 40 | heart | *ǀq’a(-i) | *ǀ[’]ai | *ǀq’a- | *ǀ[’]e |
| 41 | horn | *ǁã- | *ǁãĩ | *ǁã- | |
| 42 | I | *ŋ | *ŋ | *ŋ | *ŋ |
| 43 | kill | *ǀʰa ~ *ǀʰi | *qa- | ||
| 44 | knee | *ǀ̃u- | *ǁ̰xũ | ||
| 45 | know | *ǁxae | |||
| 46 | leaf | *ǀ̰ana | |||
| 47 | lie | *ta ~ *tu | *ta | *tu | |
| 48 | liver | *ǁ̃aN | *ǁ̃aN | *ǁ̃am | |
| 49 | long | *ǀʼa | |||
| 50 | louse | *ʘ̃u- | *ʘ̃u- |
References
[edit]- Güldemann, Tom (2005) ‘“Tuu”: A New Name for the Southern Khoisan Family’, in Tom Güldemann (ed.), Studies in Tuu (Southern Khoisan). University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Languages and Literatures, 23 (Leipzig: Institut für Afrikanistik, University of Leipzig), pp. 2–9.
- Starostin, George (2021). Lexicostatistical studies in Khoisan II/1: How to make a Swadesh wordlist for Proto-Tuu. Journal of Language Relationship / Вопросы языкового родства 19(2): 99–135.