※編集中なのでちょっとおかしいところがあります。
! Probably you’ll find typos and wrong formats in the article right now, because it’s under rivision!
- はじめに Introduction by the author
- 太田牛一『信長記』 The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga
- 天正9年のイエズス会書簡 Jesuit Documents in 1581
- 松平家忠『家忠日記』 Matsudaira Ietada's Diary
- 本能寺の変カリヨン報告 Carrion's report about the Honnoji incident
- 日本教会史 Books of history of the Church of Japan
- その他の関連史料 Other historical materials related to Yasuke
- 史料からわかること What we can assert
- 歴史学者たちの意見 Opinions of historians
- 付録「侍」の定義について Appendix: Definition of "Samurai"
- 典拠 Sources and Reference
- 編集履歴 Editing history
- 脚注 Footnotes
はじめに
Introduction by the author
この男が生まれつき何と言う名であったか私たちには知る由もない。彼は肌が黒く、背が高く、力が強かった。この黒人はイエズス会宣教師アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノに連れられて1579年(天正7年)に来日した。当時の日本は各地の戦国大名たちが群雄割拠する戦乱の時代、戦国時代の真っ只中であった。武将たちは武勇に秀でた侍たちを家臣に取り立てて力を蓄え、雄を争い覇を競い合っていた。そしてこの黒人は当時の日本で最強の戦国大名だった織田信長と出会い、その名を歴史に残した。彼の名前を弥助という。
There is no way for us to know what the man's birth name was. He was dark-skinned, tall, and strong. This black man was brought to Japan, probably in 1579 (7th of Tensho)*1, by a Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano. Japan at that time was a warring arena of powerful rival warlords. The warlords became stronger by adding samurai of valor to their own vassals, and competed for power and honor. This historic chaos is known as the Sengoku era (the Warring States Period).*2 The black man met Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful warlord in entire Japan, and left his name in history. His name was Yasuke.
本記事では筆者が見つけることができた弥助に関する全ての文献を取り上げる。引用されているものは全て史料から弥助に関する部分のみを抜粋したものである。日本語史料の場合は原文、現代語訳、英訳を掲載する。欧文史料については原文に加えて和訳と英訳を掲示する。英訳は学術的背景の無い筆者が浅薄な知識と貧弱な英語力でもって訳したものであることに注意してほしい。また外国語史料はヨーロッパの言語で書かれているが、英訳はすべて日本語訳からの重訳である。
This article covers all the documents about Yasuke as far as I have been able to find. All citations are taken from original documents, and only the parts directly related to Yasuke. For Japanese historical materials, I will show the original Japanese texts, their modern Japanese translations, and their English translations in a row. For European materials, I will show the original texts and their Japanese and English translations. Please note that these English translations are made by me, who have no academic background and have only shallow knowledge and poor English ability. Also please note that, as to European historical materials , all of my English translations are secondhand translation via Japanese translations, which are works of Japanese historians.
弥助に関する史料と直接は関係ないものの、その背景を考える上で重要と思われる事柄についてはこれを脚注に記した。また本記事中では歴史学者の考察を何箇所か引用しているが、その他に私自身の推測もいくらか含まれている。後者は翻訳と同様にアカデミックな背景を持たないことを断っておきたい。
My footnotes describe important backgrounds on things that are not directly related to Yasuke or the historical materials per se. Also, throughout this article I will quote a number of historians' observations, but I will add some of my own speculations, too. Please be warned that the latter, like the English translations, are coming from me, a non-academic.
謝辞
なお原文は東京大学史料編纂所准教授の岡美穂子氏から入手した他、使用する日本語訳についてなど多くのご教示を得た。この場を借りて感謝申し上げる。また英文の見直しにあたって翻訳者の長谷川珈氏から多大なご助力を得ることができた。合わせて感謝申し上げたい。
I would like to thank Mihoko Oka, an associate professor of the Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo, for providing some of the original texts and many suggestions, such as which one of Japanese translations should I adopt here. I would also like to thank Ko Hasegawa, a translator, for helping me out reviewing my English.
言うまでもなく記事の内容に誤りがあれば、それらは全て筆者の責任である。
Needless to say, I am the one responsible for any and all errors in this article.
筆者の連絡先
How to contact me
この打越眠主主義人民共和国というブログは基本的に日常的な記録のためのブログで、今回の記事は例外的です。誤りの指摘やご感想があればぜひお知らせください。連絡手段は以下の通りです。基本的にはブログのコメント欄での連絡お願いします。
ブログのコメント欄:記事末尾の「コメントを書く」からどうぞ。
ツイッター:@WL641884Sでやってます。
reddit:MarxArielinusというユーザー名でやってます。
拙文を引用する際の筆者名は「打越の易者」でお願いします。
I usually write this blog "Sleepcratic People's Republic of Uchikoshi" for my private records, which makes this article an exception. Please share me your thoughts, and let me know if you find any errors. My contact details are below. Basically, please contact me in the comment section.
Blog Comments: Click "コメントを書く Write a comment" at the bottom of this article.
Twitter: My account is @WL641884S.
reddit: My account is MarxArielinus.
When you cite and credit my article, please use Marx Arielinus as my pseudonym.
太田牛一『信長記』
The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga
『信長記』は弥助の主君である織田信長の一代記である。信長の家臣だった太田牛一が信長死後に書き上げた。信長の死後数十年経ってから成立したため一次資料とは見なされないこともあるが、記述はおおむね正確であり著者が織田家吏僚の一員だったこともあって、歴史家たちは『信長記』の信憑性を高く評価している。
Shincho-ki (literally, Nobunaga Chronicle; Shincho is another way of pronouncing the Kanji characters for Nobunaga) is a biography of Oda Nobunaga*3, the lord of Yasuke. It was written by Ota Gyuichi, one of Nobunaga’s vassals, after Nobunaga's demise using the memoranda Gyuichi made during his lord’s lifetime. Historians has not exactly considered it a primary source since it was completed several decades after Nobunaga's death, but they highly evaluate its credibility for the general accuracy of its descriptions and for the position of Gyuichi, one of the Oda clan's bureaucrats (吏僚 riryo).*4
信長は日本で最も有名な戦国武将である。若い時期の信長は奇矯な振る舞いが目立ち「うつけ」と呼ばれたが、やがてその軍事的カリスマによって台頭する。永禄3年(1560年)の桶狭間の戦いではわずか三千の兵を率いて今川軍二万五千を破り武名をあげた。信長27歳のときの出来事である。
Before we get into Shincho-ki, a quick background summary from me. Nobunaga is undoubtedly the most famous Japanese warlord in the Sengoku period. In his youth, Nobunaga was called "a fool" because of his eccentric behavior, but he eventually rose to prominence with his military charisma. In the Battle of Okehazama in 1560 (3rd of Eiroku), he led only 3,000 soldiers and defeated the Imagawa clan army of 25,000. Nobunaga was 27 years old at that time.
有力大名となった信長は永禄11年(1568年)に形骸化していた足利幕府を復活させたが、将軍足利義昭との関係が悪化したことをきっかけに周囲のあらゆる勢力と敵対し、ついには幕府とも決裂してしまう。だが信長は生涯戦争に明け暮れて主要な敵をほとんど討ち滅ぼし、天正9年(1581年)には畿内一帯を支配する最強の戦国大名となっていた。
In 1568 (11th of Eiroku), Nobunaga, who became a powerful warlord, restored the Shogunate, whose authority had been a mere shell after the Onin war in the 15th century. However, his relationship with Shogun*5 Yoshiaki Ashikaga deteriorated, and as the result, Nobunaga became the enemy of almost all surrounding powers, which eventually led him to his breaking off with the Shogunate. Despite that, Nobunaga spent his entire life in war, destroyed most of his major enemies, and by 1581 (9th of Tensho), he become the strongest warlord who ruled the Kinai region (today's Kyoto City and surrounding areas).
信長は新しいもの好きで知られていて、当時日本で広まりつつあったキリスト教に対してもその布教を許可していた。日本でキリスト教を広めていたイエズス会は好機を見出し、信長と関係を強化するため巡察師ヴァリニャーノを長とする使節団が信長に謁見することとなった。この日、弥助は後の自分の主君と出会うことになる。
Nobunaga famously loved new things. Christianity, which began spreading in Japan at the time, was no exception. He torelated its propagation. The Jesuits*6, who engaged in missionary work in this country, saw an opportunity. A mission headed by Valignano, a Jesuit Visitador*7, departed northern Kyushu region to pay a visit to Nobunaga to strengthen their relationship, and came to Kyoto. On this day, Yasuke met his future lord.
池田家本『信長記』
Ikeda-hon, a original manuscript
『信長記』の写本は確認されている限りで72本存在し、それぞれに内容の違いがあることで知られている。自筆本はほぼ完全な形で現存するものが2冊存在し、それぞれ所蔵者の名に因んで池田家本、建勲神社本と呼ばれている。二つの自筆本間にも異同があり、研究者はこの二つを参照することが多い。本項ではインターネットで全文を閲覧できる池田家本の記述を見てみよう。巻十四には弥助が信長に謁見した際の記録がある。
There are 72 copies, so far as confirmed, of "Shincho-ki." Each of them have some differences. Other than these copies, there are two existing autograph copies, both of which are in almost perfect condition. This two autograph copies are called, respectively, “Ikeda-hon” (literally, the House Ikeda autograph copy; ) and “Kenkun-Jinja hon” (the Kenjin-shrine autograph copy) the Ikeda clan autograph copy and the Kenkun-Jinja autograph copy, respectively, after their owners. There are subtle differences between the two autograph copies, and researchers often refer to the two. In this section, let's look at the description of the Ikeda autograph copy, the full text of which can be viewed on the Internet. Volume 14 contains a record of when Yasuke had an audience with Nobunaga.
二月廿三日、きりしたん国より黒坊主参候。年之齢廿六七と相見え、惣之身之黒き事、牛之如く、彼男健やかに器量也。しかも強力十之人に勝たる由候、伴天連召列参、御礼申上候、誠以御威光古今不承及、三国之名物か様に珍奇之者共、餘多拝見仕候也。
二月二十三日、キリシタンの国から黒人がやってきた。年はニ十六、二十七歳と見え、全身が黒いことは牛のようで、頑強である。しかも力の強さは十(つづ)の人に勝るほどであるゆえ、バテレンが召し連れてきて信長様にご挨拶申し上げた。まことに信長様のご威光によって、古今見たことのない世界の名物とこのような珍しい者たちを多く拝見することができるのだ。
On the 23rd of the Second Month, a black man came from a Christian country. The age of this man seemed to be 26 or 27, his whole body was black like an ox. He was healthy and of good build, and what is more, so strong that he could beat ten people.*8 The priests brought him along by way of paying respects to Lord Nobunaga. Indeed we owed it to Lord Nobunaga's power and glory that yet unheard-of treasures from the world and curiosities of this kind came to be seen here for us time and again, a blessing indeed.
弥助の大まかな年齢、肌が黒かったことや力が強かったことなどが記録されている。太田牛一は彼の外見に大変驚いたようだ。なおこの史料を読む際に注意すべき点が二つある。
As we can see, Shincho-ki records Yasuke's approximate age, as well as how dark his skin was and how powerful he was. Ota Gyuichi seems to be very surprised at his appearance. We have to consider two points when we read this kind of historical documents.
まず日付の2月23日は旧暦であり、ヨーロッパ側史料が使用しているユリウス歴とは日付が一致しない。日本語史料は年については元号を使用し、日付については九世紀に中国で発明された太陽太陰暦である宣明歴を使用している。本記事では両者を併記するものとする。
First, the date “the 23rd of the Second Month” means that of the old calendar system, which do not match with that of the Julian calendar in European historical documents. “The old calendar system” means this: pre-modern Japanese people used the imperial era name system (元号 gengo), which we often use even today, for the years; and the Senmyo calendar, which is a solar lunar calendar invented in China in the ninth century, for the dates. In this article, I will describe years and dates in both calender systems.
また弥助の年齢について26、27歳との記述があるが、当時の日本では年齢を記述する歳に数え年という方法を使用していた。これは生まれた時点の年齢を一歳とし、以後元日のたびに一歳を加算する方式である。現代の年齢表現でいえば当時の弥助は24、25歳ぐらいということになる。ただし異人種の年齢を外見から推測することはいつの時代でも難しいので、これも正確ではないだろう。
Second, though Gyuichi describes the age of Yasuke as 26 or 27, premodern Japanese people used the East Asian age reckoning, in which your age at the time of birth is one year old, and one year is added every New Year's Day. It means that in terms of the modern age system, Yasuke at that time seemed about 24 or 25 years old. That being said, in any historiclal period people would not be so good at guessing the age of foreign races from their appearances. Gyuichi's guess, too, might not be so accurate.
尊経閣本『信長記』
Sonkeikaku copy
次に池田本とは別の『信長記』写本を見てみよう。これは尊経閣文庫本と呼ばれる写本で、他の『信長記』には見られない独自の記事があることで知られている。尊経閣文庫とは江戸期最大の藩である加賀藩前田家の文書庫であり、尊経閣本は同文庫が所蔵する『信長記』のうちの一つだ。太田牛一の四代あとの子孫、太田弥左衛門一寛が自家に伝来する『信長記』を書き写して享保4年(1719年)に主君前田家へ献上したものと考えられている。一寛が書写した原本は『和泉守編輯之信長記』という名前が伝わっており、太田牛一の自筆本だった可能性があるが、宝暦9年(1759年)の太田家居宅火災によって焼失したため確かめるすべはない。尊経閣本では弥助と信長の出会いを記述した部分では以下の内容が追加されている。
Next, let's take a look at the copy of "Shincho-ki", which is different from the Ikeda copy. This is a copy called the Sonkeikaku-bunko copy, and it is known for its unique passages that are not found in other copies." The Sonkeikaku copy is one of the "Shincho-ki" owned by the Sonkeikaku-bunko, which is the archives of the Maeda family of the Kaga Domain, the largest domain in the Edo period. Ota Yazaemon Hirokazu, the fourth generation descendant of Ota Gyuichi and a vassal of the Kaga domain, transcribed the "Shincho-ki" that had been handed down in Ota family and presented it to his lord in 1719. The original one transcribed by Hirokazu has been handed down as "Izumi no kami henshu no Shinchoki" (Biography of Nobunaga ODA compiled by Izumi no kami), and there is a possibility that it was written by Ota Gyuichi himself, but there is no way to confirm because it was destroyed by fire at the Ota family's residence in 1759. The Sonkeikaku copy adds the following content to the part describing the encounter between Yasuke and Nobunaga.
二月廿三日、きりしたん国より黒坊まいり候、齢廿六七と相見へ、惣之身之黒キ事牛之ことく、彼男器量すくやかにて、しかも強力十人に勝れたる由候、伴天連召列参、御礼申上候、誠以御威光古今不及承、三国之名物又かように珍奇之者共拝見仕候、然に、彼黒坊被成御扶持、名をハ号弥助と、さや巻之のし付幷私宅等迄被仰付、依時御道具なともたされられ候、
(金子拓『織田信長という歴史』P311)
(cited from: Hiraku Kaneko, Oda Nobunaga toiu rekishi, p. 311)
二月二十三日、キリシタンの国から黒人がやってきた。年はニ十六、二十七歳と見え、全身が黒いことは牛のようで、頑強である。しかも力の強さは十人に勝るゆえ、バテレンが召し連れてきて信長様にご挨拶申し上げた。まことに信長様のご威光によって、古今見たことのない世界の名物やこのような珍しい者たちを拝見することができるのだ。
そうして、この黒人は信長様から扶持を与えられ、名前を弥助と号され、装飾刀並びに私邸なども与えられた。彼はときどき信長様のお道具などを持たせられた。
On the 23rd of the Second Month, a black man came from a Christian country. The age of this man seemed to be 26 or 27, his whole body was black like an ox, and he was of good build and healthy. What is more, he was so strong that he could beat ten people. The priests brought him along by way of paying respects to Lord Nobunaga. Indeed we owed it to Lord Nobunaga's power and glory that yet unheard-of treasures from the world and curiosities of this kind came to be seen here for us time and again, a blessing indeed.
And then, this black man was given a stipend, the name Yasuke (弥助), a sword with a decorated sheath, and a private residence, etc. He was sometimes seen in the role of Lord Nobunaga's weapon bearer.
これは極めて重要な情報だ。扶持とは主君が家臣に与える俸禄であり、ここでは弥助が信長の家臣となったことを意味する。加えて弥助は装飾刀と私邸、そして弥助という名前を与えられており、これは下位の武家奉公人には似つかわしくない高待遇である。とりわけ明確な点は私邸で、奉公人は私邸ではなく長屋に住むのが普通だった。また彼は信長の道具持ちをすることもあったとあるから、信長に近侍していたと考えられる。著名な歴史学者である平山優氏と国際日本文化研究センター助教の呉座勇一氏はこの記述に従えば弥助は明らかに「侍」として処遇されていると指摘している。
This piece of information is so important for us. Stipend (扶持 fu-chi) was a salary given to a retainer by his lord, and here it means that Yasuke became a retainer of Nobunaga. Yasuke was also given a decorated sword*9, a residence and the name Yasuke.*10 Such favors were unlikely treatments for a mere ordinary household servant. The “residence” is especially worth our attention, because household servants usually lived in a row house (長屋 nagaya), not in one’s own residence. This passage also tells us that he sometimes took the charge of Nobunaga's weapon bearer*11, which implies he served Nobunaga in close distance. Two prominent historians, Yu Hirayama, the vice president of the Takeda Clan Study Society, and Yuichi Goza, an assistant professor at International Research Center for Japanese Studies, concur in pointing out that Yasuke was clearly treated as a “samurai” according to this description.
ただしここでいう「侍」の定義は戦闘員資格を持つ高位の武家奉公人を含み、いわゆる武士のこととは限らない。付録を参照せよ。
I would like to ask the reader’s attention here, though. I am pretty certain that their definitions of “samurai” would include not only so-called bushi (武士 japanese medieval warrior) but also high-ranking household servants in a warrior household who qualified as a combatant. This point would lead you to complecated but interesting arguments regarding what was “samurai” in the first place, if you are interested. See Appendix.
尊経閣本の信頼性に関する議論
Discussion about the copy's reliability
しかしながらこの独自記事が尊経閣本にしか見られないことには留意する必要がある。尊経閣本の独自記事は信用できる情報源なのだろうか? まず重要な点は、太田家に伝わる『信長記』を牛一の子孫が書写したという伝来経緯である。太田牛一は日頃から覚書を残し、それらを集成する形で『信長記』の稿本を編纂し、その稿本を元に書写した自筆本を出版したと考えられている。史料学を専門とする歴史学者で東京大学史料編纂所教授である金子拓氏は一寛が書写した『和泉守編輯之信長記』こそ、かつて牛一が用いていた稿本だったのではないかと考察している。
However, it should be noted that this original article can only be found in the Sonkeikaku copy. Is the extra passages in the Sonkeikaku copy a reliable source of information? First of all, the important point is how Gyuichi's descendants copied "Shincho-ki," which has been handed down in the Ota family. It is considered that Ota Gyuichi always left memoranda, compiled the original manuscript of "Shinchoki" by collecting them, and published autographs in his own handwriting based on the manuscript. Professor Hiraku Kaneko, a historian specializing in historical materials and a professor at the Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University, considers that "Izumi-no-kami Henshu no Shinchoki," which hirokazu copied, might have been the original manuscript that Gyuichi used in the past.
金子氏は信長記伝本の網羅的な研究に取り組み、尊経閣本を牛一の初期の稿本の内容を反映した貴重な写本と判断した上でその史料的価値を高く評価している。根拠はいくつかあるが、主たるものとしては上に説明した伝来の経緯、徳川家康に敬称を付していないという初期の写本に共通する特徴、そして独自記事の性格の三つが挙げられる。
Professor Kaneko engaged in a comprehensive study of the Shincho-ki, and after determining that the Sonkeikaku copy was a valuable manuscript that reflected the contents of Gyuichi's early manuscript. He highly evaluated the copy's value as a historical document. There are several grounds, but the three main ones are the history of its introduction as explained above, the common feature of the early copies that they do not give the title of honor to Tokugawa Ieyasu*12, and the character of the original passages.
信長記がすべて太田牛一の覚書や稿本から書き起こされたことはすでに述べた。金子氏の考えではこうした覚書や稿本には極めて些細な出来事も記録されていた。だが稿本を牛一が清書する際や、他人が牛一の自筆本を書写して写本を作成する過程でそれらの枝葉末節は削除されていったと考えられる。そして尊経閣本には元亀3年2月13日に信長が鹿狩に出かけたというような、明らかに重要性の低い情報が含まれているのである。よって尊経閣本は牛一の稿本の内容を削除せず忠実に保存した極めて貴重な写本である可能性がある。この金子氏の説に従えば、弥助に関する独自記事も牛一の使用していた稿本から受け継がれたものと考えられる。
It has already been mentioned that all of Shincho-ki was transcribed from Ota Gyuichi's memoranda and manuscripts. Professor Kaneko believes that these memoranda and manuscripts recorded extremely trivial events. However, when Gyuichi made a clean copy of the manuscript and when the manuscript was copied by hand based on Gyuichi's handwritten copy, it is thought that these minor details were removed. The Sonkeikaku copy contains information of apparently low significance, such as the date that Nobunaga went on a deer hunt on February 13, 1858.*13 Therefore, the Sonkeikaku copy may be an extremely valuable copy that faithfully preserved the contents of Gyuichi's manuscript without removing them. According to Kaneko's theory, it is thought that the original passage on Yasuke was also inherited from the manuscript used by Gyuichi.
独自記事増補説
Were extra passages added later?
!The English text for this part is being prepared.!
しかしこの金子氏の評価に対する異論も存在する。呉座氏は同本独自の記述は原本から削除されずに残った古態というよりも、後世に加筆されたものなのではないかと疑っている。以下は尊経閣本の引用で下線部は同本の独自記事、[]内は池田本にはあるが尊経閣本には見られない異同、ただし仮名遣いの異同は省略されている。
However, there is an objection to this evaluation of Professor Kaneko. Professor Goza conjectures that the extra passages in the Sonkeikaku copy may be additions in later years, rather than survivors of elimination of the original trivialities. Professor Goza highlighted several passages from the Sokeikaku copy, which I will show you below. The underlined parts indicate the extra passages in the Sonkeikaku copy, and the [square brackets] indicate the words that are present in the Ikeda manuscript but do not appear in the Sonkeikaku copy.
七日目に大将之頸を切、残党一命被助候様にと[歎申]色々雖御侘言申候、同心無之付而、不及是非腹を仕候、則[上月]城主之頸安土へと致進上、
(金子拓『織田信長という歴史』P311)
(cited from: Hiraku Kaneko, Oda Nobunaga toiu rekishi, p. 311)
城攻め七日目に大将は自分の首と引き換えに、残党(家臣)らの助命を願って色々と詫び言を申し上げたが、秀吉は同意しなかったので、是非もなく(残党らに)腹を切らせた、そして上月(こうつき)城主の首は安土へと進上された。
On the seventh day of the siege of the castle, the enemy general pleaded, in exchange for his own head, to spare his remaining vassals, and tried to offer apologies. But Hideyoshi did not agree, and the enemy general was left with nothing than to force his vassals to commit seppuku. After that, the head of the general, the castle lord [of Kouzuki Castle] , was presented to Azuchi (the Oda clan's home castle town, in this context it means Hideyoshi proved his success by sending enemy leader’s head to Nobunaga).
巻十における、秀吉(当時は羽柴秀吉)が天正5年(1577年)に播磨国の上月城を陥落させた際の記事である。城主赤松政範は自らの首と引き換えに家臣たちの助命を願ったという。牛一自筆本のこの箇所の後に秀吉が残党らを磔にした記述があるので、いずれにせよ降伏を許されなかったようだ。尊経閣本では秀吉が降伏を許可しなかったという具体的な記述が追加されていることがわかる。
This part is in the 10th Volume of Shincho-ki, and describes how Hideyoshi (then known as Hashiba Hideyoshi)*14 took Kozuki Castle in Harima Province in 1577. It tells us that the castle lord asked for the lives of his men sacrificing his own head. Gyuichi’s manuscrips describe that after this event Hideyoshi crucified the of enemy remnants after that, so it seems that Hideyoshi did not allow them to surrender anyway. We can see that the specific description that Hideyoshi did not allow them to surrender was added in the Sonkeikaku copy.
五月廿八日、丹羽国亀山へ帰城、去程に今度信長中国表御動座に付而、五月廿九日、[信長]御上洛、
(金子拓『織田信長という歴史』P311)
(cited from: Hiraku Kaneko, Oda Nobunaga toiu rekishi, p. 311)
五月二十八日、(明智光秀は)丹波国の亀山城へ帰城した。ところでこの度信長様は中国攻めでお移りになるので、五月二十九日に京都へご上洛した。
On the 28th of May, Akechi Mitsuhide returned to Kameyama Castle in the province of Tanba. By the way, Oda Nobunaga was moving to attack Chugoku, so he went to Kyoto on the 29th of May.
巻十五のこの記事は本能寺の変の直前、信長が中国攻めに自ら出陣するため安土から京都へ上洛したことを記すものである。自筆本でも信長が中国攻めに備えて上洛したことは記述されているが、下線部は尊経閣本にのみ見える。
This article in volume 15 describes how, just before the Honnoji Incident, Nobunaga went to Kyoto from Azuchi to personally lead an offensive to Chugoku region (the western tip of the main island in Japan).*15 Even in the autograph version, it is written that Nobunaga went to Kyoto in preparation for the invasion of Chugoku, but the underlined part appears only in the Sonkeikaku copy.
これらの記述を見ると、自筆本と内容上の食い違いがあるわけではないものの、内容自体は枝葉末節と言いがたいことに気がつく。呉座氏はこれらの増補が無い場合文章の前後の意味を取りづらくなると指摘し、枝葉末節なので削除されたというよりも意味を通りやすくするために付け加えられた可能性を示唆している。
Looking at these added passages, we can see that there is no difference in content between the original manuscript and the additions, but it is difficult to say that the additions themselves are unimportant. Mr. Kureza also points out that without these additions, it would be difficult to understand the meaning of the passage, suggesting that rather than being deleted because they were considered trivial, they were added to make the meaning easier to understand.
こうした考えを踏まえれば、弥助に関する尊経閣本の独自記事が牛一の稿本から受け継がれた古態であって、枝葉末節と見られて他本からは削除されたという説は揺らぐことになる。また尊経閣本の信頼性を高く評価する金子氏もこの弥助に関する独自記事については留保を付しているのだが、それについては家忠日記の章で後述する。
Based on this line of thinking, the theory that the additions to the Sokeikaku version of the story of Yasuke were in Ushioichi's early draft and were later deleted because they were seen as being of little importance becomes shaky. Kaneko, who highly evaluated the reliability of the Sokeikaku version, also expressed reservations about the additions to the story of Yasuke, but we will discuss this in more detail in the section on the Ietada Diary.
天正9年のイエズス会書簡
Jesuit Documents in 1581
ここからはキリスト教宣教師たちの残した記録を見ていく。彼らの記録は日本文化の誤解や通訳の誤りなどに由来する間違いが散見され、しかも最終的に書簡を取りまとめてヨーロッパへ送る立場にいたイエズス会士ルイス・フロイスには話を膨らませる悪い癖があったから、彼らの記述を一概には信頼できない。それでも彼らは日本国内の政治的利害対立から一歩離れた立場で外部の目線から記録を残しており、こうした史料は戦国時代の日本を研究する上で極めて重要と見なされてきた。
Next, we will look at the records of the Christian missionaries, in this chapter two letters in particular. Sometimes their records contain misunderstandings of Japanese culture and mistranslations of Japanese language. On top of that, Luis Frois, a Jesuit missionary in Japan who was in a position to send letters to Europe, had the bad habit of exaggerating stories.*16 We, therefore, cannot fully rely on his descriptions. That being said, nevertheless, the Jesuits kept records from an outside, neutral standpoint, at least in the meaning that their agenda was different from the conflicts of interest within Japan. Such historical materials have been regarded as extremely valuable for the study on the Sengoku period.
以下に引用するのはルイス・フロイスが1581年4月14日(天正9年3月11日)に日本在留の宣教師に宛てた書簡であり、弥助と思わしき人物が初めて信長と面会するまでの出来事を記録している。
The following is a letter written by Fróis on April 14, 1581, which tells us the unexpected course of events which ultimately led Yasuke to his first meeting with Nobunaga.
天正9年3月11日フロイス書簡
Frois's Letter of April 14, 1581
No mesmo Domingo de Ramos, nos partimos pera Vocayama & ao sair pola cidade de Sacay fora, avia infinidade de gente que estava esperando pollas ruas pera verem a extraordinaria estatura do Padre Visitador, & a cor de Cafre que hia comnosco, era tanta a gente, & tantos os fidalgos que com ser o Sacay tam livre com quanto a multidão da nossa gente não podia passar sem derrubarem algumas tendas polas ruas estreitas. Todavia não ouve falarem palavra desconcertada, fora do Sacay avia mais de trinta e cinco bestas dalbarda, & alguns trinta ou quarenta homens de carga pera o fato, & outros tantos cavalos pera os nossos, fizerão muita instancia que o cafre tambem cavalgasse, & cada passo nos saião por aquelles caminhos, acompanharão nos muitos fidalgos provedendo-nos de todas as cavalgaduras necessarias, & por aquelles caminhos saião muitos fidalgos a cavalo que vinhão a nosso encontro.
(Cartas de Evora『エヴォラ版日本書簡集』)
堺の市を出る時、無数の人々が巡察師の並外れた背丈と我らに同行していた黒人の(膚の)色を見ようと街路で待ち受けていた。堺は極めて自由(の市)であったが、多数の民衆と武士が集まったので、我らの一行が狭い道を通る際に数軒の店を壊したにもかかわらず苦情を言う者はなかった。堺を出ると三十五頭を超える駄馬、三、四十名の荷持人足、ほぼ同数の乗馬が居り、黒人もまた乗馬するようしきりに勧められた。道行くごとに人々が我らを出迎え、多数の貴人が同行して必要な乗馬を整えた。また、我らに相見えんとする多数の貴人が馬上から出迎えた。
(松田毅一監訳『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集第Ⅲ期第5巻』P288)
On leaving the city of Sakai, countless people were waiting for us in the streets to see the extraordinary height of Padre Visitador and the skin color of the Cafre*17 who were accompanying us. Although Sakai was a very free city, when our party passed through a narrow road, a large number of people and warriors gathered and caused destruction of several shops, but no one complained. When we left Sakai, there were more than thirty five packhorses, thirty to forty luggage carriers, and about the same number of riding horses, and they were very insistent that the Cafre should also ride on one. On every road people greeted us, and many noblemen accompanied us to arrange the necessary riding horses. Many noblemen who wanted to see us also came out to greet us from horseback.
堺を通過する際、宣教師一行と弥助の珍しさから見物しようとする人々が大勢集まったということがわかる。また弥助が乗馬を勧められたという記述があることを考えると彼に乗馬の心得があった可能性がある。なおここで登場する貴人とは前後を読む限り武家の上級家臣のことで、公家などのことではないようだ。
We can see from this letter that as they passed through Sakai, a free city near Kyoto, the rarity of the missionary group and Yasuke earned attention, and that many people gathered to see them. The description that Yasuke was recommended to ride a horse maight imply he knew how to ride a horse. I surmise from the context that the “noblemen” mentioned here were high-hanking vassals of warrior households, not court nobles.*18
Logo à segunda feira, primeira oitava foi a gente tanta a nossa porta, por estar aqui
Nobunanga no Miaco, todos a ver o Cafre que ouve alguns principios de arroidos, & alguns feridos de pedradas, & outros que estavão pera se matar, & quebravão as portas, & com aver muita gente de guarda às portas, com difficuldade se lhe podia resistir, & todos dizião que se mostrasse pera ganhar dinheiro, que polo menos ganharia hum homen com elle com grande facilidade oito ou dez mil cruzados em breve tempo, & he grande , & excessivo o desejo que tem de o ver, Nobunanga o mandou chamar, & levou lho o Padre Organtino, fez estranha festa com elle fazendo-o despir da cinta pera riba, não se podendo persuadir que era aquillo cousa natural se não artificiosa: tambem o mandarão chamar os filhos de Nobunanga, & com cada hum delles ouve extraordinarias graças, & hum sobrinho de Nobunanga que agora he capitão de Ozaca lhe deu dez mil caixas, folgou em estremo de o ver, & temos bem de trabalho com suas vistas.
(Cartas de Evora『エヴォラ版日本書簡集』)
復活祭日に続く週の月曜日、信長がこの都にいたため、多数の人々が我等の門前へや
って来た。皆、黒人を見ようとしてのことで、騒動が始まり、投石により数名が負傷
し、他にも殺し合いに発展しそうな人々がいた。そして彼等は門を破壊せんとしたが
、門には警固する者が大勢いたため、それに抵抗するのは困難であった。皆が言うに
は、もし金儲けをするために(黒人を)見せ物にしたならば、その人は彼を用いて短
期間に最低でも八千乃至一万クルザードをいとも容易に稼ぐであろう、とのことであ
った。〔彼は〕巨体で、彼を見ることに対する信長が抱く願望は凄まじいものであっ
た。信長は彼を召喚し、オルガンティーノ師が彼の許に連れて行った。信長は彼に会
って奇妙なまでに大騒ぎし、(黒人の)腰から上の衣服を脱がせた。というのも、そ
の者が自然のものであって、人工のものでないことに納得しなかったからである。信
長の息子たちもまた彼を呼び寄せ、それぞれが大げさに褒め称えた。今は大坂の指揮官である信長の甥も彼を見て非常に喜び、彼に銭一万を与えた。我等にとってそれらの御目見えは大いに面倒なことであった。
(岡美穂子訳)
On the Monday of the week following Easter, when Nobunaga was in the capital, a great number of people came to our gates. They were all trying to see the Cafre, and a disturbance began. Some were wounded by stone-throwing, and a few were about kill each other. They tried to destroy the gate, and despite so many guards protecting the gates, it was difficult to resist the people. Everyone said that if you made a spectacle of a Cafre in order to make money, you would very easily earn at least 8,000 to 10,000 cruzados*19 with one in a short period of time. The Cafre’s body was huge, and the desire of Nobunaga to see him was tremendous. Nobunaga summoned him, and Padre Organtino took him to Nobunaga. Nobunaga met him and made a strangely great fuss, and made the Cafre undress from the waist up, for Nobunaga was not convinced that he was natural and not artificial. The sons of Nobunaga also summoned him, and each of them greatly praised him. The nephew of Nobunaga, who was now the commander of Osaka, was very happy on seeing him, and gave him ten thousand sen.*20 These audiences were a great trouble to us.
重要な点は日付である。「復活祭日に続く週の月曜日」はユリウス歴で1581年3月27日を差し、旧暦では天正9年2月23日となる。従って弥助と信長が初めて会った時の日付は、『信長記』とイエズス会史料で一致していることになる。このように複数の史料で一致する情報がある場合、史料の信頼性は比較的高いと見なせる。
An important point is the date. 'the Monday of the week following Easter' means March 27, 1581 in the Julian calendar and 2nd month 23, Tensho 9 in the Japanese old calendar. That means, the date of Yasuke's first meeting with Nobunaga is consistent between Shincho-ki and this Jesuit letter. When multiple historical materials have consistent information, that makes them relatively reliable.
またここで信長が自身の求めによって弥助と対面していることも大きな意味合いがある。前近代日本の身分制社会において、こうした正式な場で貴人に謁見することは一定の地位を有する者だけに許される特権だったからである。例えば朝廷においては一定以上の位階を有するか、特定の役職に就いていない限り内裏への昇殿は許されなかった。また徳川幕府においても上級家臣である旗本と下級家臣である御家人を区別する根拠は旗本が将軍に謁見できること、つまり御目見得身分だったことであった。
It is also significant that Yasuke met Nobunaga face-to-face here. In premodern Japanese society with the class system, the occasion of such a formal audience with a noble was in itself a privilege granted only to those with a certain position. For example, in the Imperial Court, people were not even allowed to enter the Imperial Palace unless they had a certain rank or held a certain post. In the Tokugawa shogunate, too, the basis for distinguishing bannerguards (旗本 hatamoto), who were high-ranking vassals, from household vassal (御家人 goke-nin), who were low-ranking vassals, was that the former had "audience with one’s lord (御目見得 omemie)" status, which meant they were allowed to have an audience with the Shogun.
これらの他にも弥助の風貌が当時の京都でも大変珍しがられ、多くの人々が見物に押し寄せた結果大変な混乱が起こったことがわかる。フロイスはこうした状況を金儲けに利用できるだろうと考えており、当時のイエズス会の黒人への見方を伺うことができる。
This letter also tells us that the appearance of the black man, Yasuke, was a very rare even in Kyoto at that time, and that many people rushed to see him, making a terrible deal of commotion. From the fact that Frois thought he could take advantage of the situation to make a big money, we might gather the attitude of the Society of Jesus toward black people at that time.*19
弥助マネー考察 How much money were those?
この書簡にはお金に関する話題が出てくる。少し脇道に逸れて、これらが具体的にどれくらいの金額に相当するのか考察したい。結論から言ってしまうと、イエズス会士が噂した8,000から10,000クルサードは米15トンから20トンに相当する大金で、実際に弥助が貰った銭一万は米3トンに相当する。
This Jusuit letter talks about money two times. I would like to sidetrack a bit and infer how much money were they. Im summary, the 8,000 to 10,000 cruzado the Jesuits dreamed of was a large sum of money worth 15 to 20 tons of rice, and 10,000 sen was worth 3 tons of rice.
何故急に米が出てきたのかと困惑した読者のために説明すると、近世日本では武士の経済力は石高制という仕組みで表された。石高とはある土地の一年間の標準的な米の収穫量を意味する。一石は約180リットルの容積を意味し米の場合は約150キロの重さとなって、これは成人が一年間に消費する米の量とおおまかに等しいとされていた。例えばある武士が百石の所領を持っているなら、その土地の経済的価値はだいたい一年間で15トンの米の収穫に相当する。これに税率をかけたものが武士の年収になるわけだ。
The reader may be puzzled, why rice was suddenly mentioned? It is because, in Japan around that time, namely from the end of the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period, the economic power of a warrior household was measured with a system known as the “kokudaka” system. Kokudaka (koku=a volume unit of rice, daka=amount) meant the standard annual rice yield of a certain land. One koku meant a volume of about 180 liters, and if weighed in rice it was about 150 kilograms, which was roughly the amount of rice consumed by an adult per year. For example, if a warrior owned an fief of 100 koku, the economic value of the land would be equivalent to a harvest of 15 tons of rice per year, which, multiplied by the tax rate, would become one's annual income.
ところで当時の織田家は領地を急拡大したため、領国では石高制と別に貫高制という仕組みも併用していた。土地の収穫量を基準とする点では石高制と同じだが、石高制が米を税として物納するのに対して貫高制は貨幣を使って納税する点が異なる。銭千枚を意味する貫文という単位が使用される。貫文と石の為替比率は時期と地域によってかなり変動が激しいが、貨幣史家である川戸貴史氏によればこの時期の織田領内ではだいたい一貫文が二石に相当した。弥助はこの書簡で銭一万を受け取っている。これは10貫文すなわち20石なので、米3トン分というわけだ。
By the way, since the Oda clan was rapidly expanding its territories at that time, they also used a system called the “kandaka” (kan=a unit of money, daka=amount) system in addition to the kokudaka system. Both systems were the same in that they made culculation based on the amount of land harvests, but the difference was that in the kokudaka system people paid tax with rice itself, whereas in the kandaka system people paid with money worth the culculated rice. The monetary unit was “kanmon,” which meant a thousand coins. The exchange rate between a kanmon and a koku varied considerably depending on the time period and region, but according to monetary historian Takashi Kawato, a kanmon was roughly equivalent to two koku in the Oda clan fiefs during this period. Yasuke received 10,000 coins in this letter, which was 10 kanmon, and that equaled 20 koku, 3 tons of rice.
クルサードはポルトガルの金銀貨の単位である。1クルサードは銀35gに当たる。イエズス会日本支部の報告書簡は日本における金銭のやり取りをすべてクルサードに換算して表記している。クルサードと日本の貨幣の為替レートについては、取り上げた書簡の引用部のすぐ後に30,000クルザードは200貫文に、50,000クルザードは300貫文に相当するという記述がある。この為替比率に従って8,000から10,000クルザードを換算するとだいたい米15トンから20トンになる。これはちょっとした武士の年収に相当する大金だ。
A cruzado was the Portuguese unit of gold and silver coinage, and one cruzado equaled 35 grams of silver. The Jesuits who wrote report letters from Japanese branch converted all monetary exchanges in Japan into cruzado. In fact, the letter I cited above explains, immediately after this part, the exchange rates as 30,000 cruzado equals 200 kanmon, and 50,000 cruzado equals 300 kanmon. According to these exchange rates, 8,000 to 10,000 cruzado would be roughly equivalent to 15 to 20 tons of rice. A fortune, worth the annual income of a decent warrior.
石高制と貫高制はどちらも知行制、すなわち所領支配権によって俸禄を与える仕組みである。武士は自らの所領を領主として経営し収入を得る、そしてその対価として所領の規模に応じた重さの軍役を主君に課せられた。こうした知行制と並んで、武家の俸禄には扶持という仕組みもあった。信長が弥助に与えていたのはこちらで、これは土地支配を伴わず主君から直接支給される俸禄を意味した。
Both systems, the kokudaka system and the kandaka system, were the foundation of the feoffment (知行 chigyo) system, the practice in which warrior lords paid a salary to his vassels through bestowing them the right to govern a fief. The vassels, in other words warrior households, earned their income through managing this fief as a lord themselves, and the worrior lords, in return, imposed on them military services according to the size of their fiefs.*20 The warrior lords used, in addition to the feoffment system, the system of stipend (扶持 fuchi), too. Yasuke’s case was the latter, meaning that Nobunaga paid Yasuke a stipend directly and it did not involve control of land.*21
天正9年9月11日メシヤ書簡
Mexia's letter of Octover 8, 1581
次に引用するのはイエズス会宣教師ロレンソ・メシヤの書簡である。この書簡は1581年10月8日(天正9年9月11日)に送られたものだが、先に引用したのと同じように弥助と思われる人物と信長の出会いを書き記している。
Now, let me show you another Jesuit letter, one by Lourenço Mexia, a Jesuit missionary, sent on October 8, 1581. This letter too, like the one I cited above, describes the first encounter between Nobunaga and a man we believe to be Yasuke.
Levou o Padre hum Cafre, o qual porque nunca foi visto no Miaco, fez pasmar a todos, era a gente que o vinha ver que não tinha conto, & o mesmo Nobunanga pasmou de o vernem se podia persuadir que naturalmente era negro, mas que era artificio de tinta, & assi não se fartava[sic] de o ver muitas vezes, & falar com elle, porque sabia mediocremente a lingoa de Iapão, & tinha muitas forças, algumas manhas boas, de que elle muito gostava, agora o favorece tanto que o mandou por toda a cidade com hum homem seu muito privado pera que todos soubessem que elle o amava: dizem que o fará Tono.
(Cartas de Evora『エヴォラ版日本書簡集』)
司祭は黒人を一人同伴していたが、都においては初めて目にするものであったがため、誰もが驚嘆し、彼を見に来た人は無数であった。信長自身、彼を見て驚き、生まれつき(膚が)黒いのであって墨による細工でないことを納得しなかった。たびたび、彼を観、中程度に(mediocremente)日本語を解したので彼と話して飽くことがなく、また黒人は非常に力がありまた良い資質(manhas boas)があって、信長はそれらを気に入っていた。彼はあまりに(信長の)お気に入りとなったので、その旨を諸人に知らせるため、腹心の家臣一人を付けて市中を巡らせた。人々が言うには、(信長は)彼を殿にするであろうとのことである。
※上記の日本語訳は同朋舎訳を基に、岡氏の指摘に従って修正を施したものである。修正点は以下の通りである。典拠はラファエル・ブリトー『Vocabulario portuguez, e latino』(1712-1728)より。なお英訳はこれらの修正を反映している。
幾らか日本語を解したので→中程度に(mediocremente)日本語を解したので
いくらかの芸ができたので信長は大いに喜んだ。→良い資質(manhas boas)があり、信長はそれらを気に入っていた。
今では彼を厚く庇護しており→彼はあまりに(信長の)お気に入りとなったので
*The Japanese translation presented above is basically that of Dohosha Publishing, whose translations I cited in several places in this article. But as to this particular citation, I added my revisions which followed Professor Oka’s suggestions. The English translation below is a secondhand translation via this Japanese translation with my revisions.
Padre was accompanied by a Cafre, but since the capital had never seen one, everyone was amazed and countless people came to see him. Nobunaga himself was surprised to see him and was not convinced that his skin was natural, not painted with ink. Nobunaga saw him often and spoke with him insatiably because the Cafre understood Japanese moderately, and the Cafre was very strong and had good qualities, which Nobunaga liked. Now that he became Nobunaga's favorite so much, Nobunaga sent him with a trusted vassal around the city to let people know. People said that Nobunaga would make him a “Tono”.
この書簡によれば弥助は中程度に日本語を話すことができ、信長は彼との会話を楽しんだという。また信長は彼の力の強さや、詳しくは書かれていないがなんらかの資質を気に入ったと書かれている。そして信長は弥助を大変厚遇するに至り、京都の人々が将来彼は殿になるのではないかと噂したことが記録されている。
This letter says that the man we believe to be Yasuke was able to speak mildly fluent Japanese, and Nobunaga enjoyed talking with him. It also saysthat Nobunaga liked his power and some qualities that are not described in detail. It even says that Nobunaga got to treat him so well to the point that people in Kyoto rumored that he would become a “Tono”.
殿とは武将に付けれられる敬称である。武将とは上級武士のうち、知行を取る領主であり、自らの家臣を抱える軍事指揮官を指す。そうした噂が立つほど弥助は厚遇されていたのかもしれない。ただしこれは人々の噂を宣教師が又聞きして記録したものに過ぎないし、そうした噂があったということは裏を返せば弥助は武将ではなかったということでもある。
“Tono” is an honorific in Japanese language, and Jusuit documents generally use this word for a warrior lord (武将 busho). A warrior lord in Japan meant a combined figure of a feudal lord who governed his own fiefdom and a military commander of his own vassals. Such a rumor of Yasuke certainly seems to indicate Nobunaga treated him so highly, but it should also be noted that this is a record of mere heresay which the missionaries heard of. We can also say that this rumor, if true, indicates the fact Yasuke’s status was not so high as a warrior lord.*22
松平家忠『家忠日記』
Matsudaira Ietada's Diary
『家忠日記』は徳川家の家臣である松平家忠が綴った日記で、同時代一次資料として非常に高く評価されてきた。弥助に関する記録のなかで最も信頼できる史料といってよい。『家忠日記』の記録によれば天正10年4月19日(1582年5月11日)に松平家忠は、武田征伐を終えて東海道を通って帰還する途上の信長に付き添っている弥助を目撃している。それが以下の記述である。
"Ietada Nikki" is a diary written by Matsudaira Ietada, a vassal of the Tokugawa clan. It has been highly valued as a primary historical material of the same period. We could even say that it is the most reliable historical material concerning Yasuke. According to the record in Ietada Nikki on May 11, 1582, Ietada saw Yasuke accompanying Nobunaga on his way back home via Tokai-do Road (a major route along the east coast of the main island of japan) after the subjugation of the Takeda clan.*23 The following is how Ietada described Yasuke.
十九日 丁未 雨降
上様御ふち候大うす進上申候くろ男御つれ候、身ハすみノコトク、タケハ六尺二分、名ハ弥介ト云。
十九日 ひのとひつじ 雨
信長様は扶持を与えている宣教師から進上された黒人をお連れしていた。黒人の体は墨のようで、身長は六尺二分、名前は弥介という。
On the 19th, fire goat(chinese sexagenary cycle), rainy.
Ue-sama (Nobunaga) was accompanied by a black man who was a present from Cristians to him and to whom he give a stipend. The man's body was the color of black ink, and his height six shaku two bu.*24 His name was Yasuke (弥介).
弥助の具体的な身長と特徴的な皮膚の色、彼が扶持を与えられていたこと、そして弥助という名前が記録されている。内容自体は他の史料に比べて詳しいとは言えないものの、『家忠日記』という信頼できる史料に弥助が現れる事実は重要だろう。なお武田征伐において弥助が実戦に参加したかどうかについては、史料がなく定かではない。
Yasuke's specific height and characteristic skin color, the fact that he was given a stipend, and the name Yasuke are recorded. Although the description itself is rather short in comparison with the other historical materials, the fact that Yasuke appears in this reliable historical material is important. It is not certain, though, whether Yasuke participated in the actual battles in this campaign since there is no historical material about that.
尊経閣本家忠日記依拠説
Sonkeikaku discussion again
尊経閣本には独自記事が存在し、その信頼性について議論があるということを先に述べた。独自記事は古態であり信頼できるのか、それとも後世に創作されたものであって信頼できないのだろうか。金子氏は全体として前者の立場を取りつつ、弥助の身分に関する記述については後者の可能性を排除していない。というのも弥助の名前が『家忠日記』にも記録されているからである。
As I mentioned earlier, the Sonkeikaku copy has its unique extra passages, and their reliability could be controversial. Are they reliable? Or are they questionable, , mere inventions added in later years? While generally taking the former position, Professor Kaneko does not rule out the latter possibility as to the description of Yasuke's status, because it is in Ietada's diary that the name Yasuke was recorded.
欧文史料には弥助という名前は一切記録されていない。彼の名前が記された史料はこの『家忠日記』と、尊経閣本の二つしか存在しないのである。『家忠日記』は同時代史料であり、尊経閣本の独自記事の加筆者がもし存在するとすれば、彼が『家忠日記』のこの記述を参照できたかもしれない。よって尊経閣本の弥助に関する記述が『家忠日記』に依拠した創作である可能性は否定できないということになる。
We cannot find the name Yasuke at all in the European historical materials. There are only two historical materials in which the name appears, Ietada Diary and the Sonkeikaku copy of Shincho-ki. Ietada Diary is a historical material of the same period, which means we cannnot exclude the possibility that the person who wrote the expanded articles might have read Ietada Diary and incorporated its description into the Sonkeikaku copy. Hence the possibility that the description of Yasuke in the Sonkeikaku copy was a fictional story made based on Ietada Nikki.
依拠説に対する反論
Counterargument
しかしこの依拠説に対して平山氏が反論している。平山氏は「太田牛一が存命中の慶長11年までに、『家忠日記』が広く公表されていた事実は確認できない」と指摘している。歴史学者の岩沢愿彦氏による研究によれば『家忠日記』の原本は島原藩主松平家の秘蔵であり、外部には公開されていなかった。増補追加版や複本が後世に作成され公表されたが、これらからは弥助が登場する天正10年4月19日(1582年5月11日)の記事は削除されているのである。
Professor Hirayama refuted this theory. He pointed out that 'I cannot confirm that Ietada Nikki had been widely accessible before 11th year of the Keicho when Ota Gyuichi passed away.' According to the study of historian Yoshihiko Iwasawa, the original copy of Ietada Nikki was a treasured heirloom of the Matsudaira family, the lord of the Shimabara Domain, and had not been disclosed to the outside. In later ages, though enlarged editions and copies of Ietada Nikki have been made public, they deleted the article of May 11, 1582, in which Yasuke appear.
牛一の子孫は加賀藩前田家に仕えていた。前田家の家臣が享保4年(1719年)に松平家秘蔵の文献を参照できた可能性は、極めて低いと言わざるを得ない。そもそもの問題として、弥助は明らかに重要人物でないため、仮に尊経閣本増補記事の加筆者が存在したと仮定したとしても、加筆者には弥助のことをわざわざ誇張する動機は無いのである。この点で尊経閣本の弥助に関する独自記事がまったくの創作だという考えは十分な根拠を欠いている。
The descendants of Gyuichi served the Maeda family of the Kaga Domain. I must say that it is highly unlikely that any of the vassals of the Maeda family was able to see the documents that was semi-secret treasure of the Matsudaira family in 1719.*25 In the first place, Yasuke is obviously not an important figure, so even if we assume the existence of an addressee of the Sonkeikaku copy, the addressee has no motive to exaggerate Yasuke's character.*26
ただし平山氏は尊経閣本の信頼性を全体的に再検証したわけではない。前述の通り呉座氏は同本について慎重な態度を取っており、尊経閣本の信頼性に関する議論は現時点では未だ結論が出ていない。
However, Professor Hirayama have not reexamined the credibility of the Sonkeikaku copy as a whole himself. As I mentioned earlier, Professor Goza took a cautious attitude toward the Sonkeikaku copy. I must say the debate over the credibility of the Sonkeikaku copy, regrettably, has yet been settled at this point.
本能寺の変カリヨン報告
Carrion's report about the Honnoji incident
天正10年6月2日(1582年6月21日)。天下統一まであと一歩に迫った織田信長は自らの家臣である明智光秀に裏切られ、京都の本能寺において襲撃された。わずかな数の護衛だけを連れていた信長は一万三千の兵力を擁する明智軍に包囲されたことを悟ると寺に火を放ち自害。近くにいた信長の嫡男信忠も激しく抵抗したが、父同様に自害した。本能寺の変である。
June 21, 1582. Oda Nobunaga, who was just one step away from the unification of entire Japan, was betrayed and attacked by one of his own vassals, Akechi Mitsuhide at Honno-ji temple in capital Kyoto. Nobunaga, who had only a small escort, set fire to the temple and committed ritualistic suicide when he realized that he had been surrounded by Akechi Army of about thirteen thousand troops. Nobutada, Nobunaga's eldest son, fiercely fought after his father's death but eventually committed ritual suicide, too. This event is called the Honnoji Incident.
イエズス会史料によれば、弥助はこの本能寺の変を戦った一人である。この史料は確認できる限りで弥助の戦闘に関する唯一の記録であり、弥助の最後の記録でもある。以下に引用するのはルイス・フロイスが1582年11月5日(天正10年10月20日)にイエズス会総長へ宛てた書簡である。
According to a Jesuit record, Yasuke was one of those who fought in the Honnoji Incident. it is the only record we know of Yasuke engaged in an actual battle, as well as the last record of him in history. The following is the letter written by Luís Fróis to the President of the Society of Jesuit on November 5, 1582.
Temiamos mais porque hum Cafre que o Padre Visitador deixou a Nobunânga polo desejar, depois de Nobunánga ser morto se foi a casa do principe, & ali esteve pelejando hum grande pedaço: hum criado de Aquechí se chegou a elle, & lhe pedio a cataná, que não tivesse medo elle lha entregou, & o outro foi perguntar a Aquechì, que faria do Cafre, respondeo: esse Cafre he bestial, que não sabe nada, nem he Iapão, não no matem, la o depositem na igreja dos Padres da India, polo qual nos começamos aquietar alguma cousa,
(Cartas de Evora『エヴォラ版日本書簡集』)
信長の求めによって巡察師が彼の許に残していった黒人が信長の死後、世子の邸へ行き同所で長い間戦っていたので我らは少なからず心配していたが、明智の一家臣が彼に近づき、恐れずに刀を(棄てるよう)求めたところ、彼はこれを差し出した。別の家臣が明智の許に行き、黒人をいかにすべきか問うたところ、その黒人は動物であって何も知らず、また日本人でもないから彼を殺さず、インドの司祭たちの教会に置くように命じた。これによって我らは幾分落ち着き始めたが(後略)
(松田毅一監訳『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集第Ⅲ期第6巻』P129)
After the death of Nobunaga, the Cafre, whom Visitador had left to Nobunaga at his request, went to the residence of Nobunaga's heir and had been fighting there for a long time. We were a more than little worried about him, but when a vassal of Akechi approached him and demanded him to hand over his sword without fear, the Cafre offered it to him. Another vassal went to Akechi and asked him what to do with the Cafre. Akechi said 'the Cafre is an animal and don't know anything, and he is also not a Japanese, so don't kill him and send him to the church of Padre of India.' This made us calm down a little.
記述からわかることは彼が明智軍を相手に長時間戦い、やがて降伏したということである。信忠が自害した後も明智軍は京都中で織田家の残党狩りに勤しんだことから、弥助が投降したのもこのときであろうと推測できる。
What we can see from the description is that he fought against probably many enemies for a long time and then surrendered. After Nobutada's suicide, the Akechi army continued hunting for the remnants of the Oda clan in Kyoto city, and I assume it was in this process that Yasuke surrendered.
尊経閣本には弥助が信長に近侍していたことを示唆する記述があることは先に述べたが、この報告もそれと符合している。信長はごく少数の小姓たちだけを伴って上洛しているので、弥助がその一員であったと仮定しなければ彼が本能寺の変で戦闘したことを説明するのは難しいのだ。
I mentioned earlier that the Sonkeikaku copy contains a description suggesting that Yasuke was a close attendant of Nobunaga, and this report is consistent with this. Since Nobunaga went to Kyoto with only a few pages (御小姓衆)*27, it is difficult to explain that he fought in the Honnoji Incident without assuming that Yasuke was one of them.*28
信長に近侍していたはずの弥助がなぜ「世子の邸」に移動できたのか、また弥助が戦っていた場所がどこなのかは定かでない。書簡の直前の部分でこの「世子の邸」は信忠が寄宿していた妙覚寺を指す言葉として使われているため、文字通りに解釈すれば弥助は妙覚寺で戦っていたことになる。しかし信忠たちは妙覚寺から二条御所へ移動しそこで戦闘しており、弥助が一人だけで妙覚寺に残って戦ったとは考えにくい。
It is unknown how and why Yasuke, who we suppose was close to Nobunaga, could move to ”the residence of the heir.” It is also unknown exactly where Yasuke fought. In a part immediately before this part, the phrase ‘the residence of the heir’ appears referring to Myokakuji temple where Nobutada was boarding, which means if we interpret the phrasing literally, Yasuke fought at Myokakuji. However, actually Nobutada moved from Myokakuji to Nijo Imperial Palace and fought there.*29 It is difficult for us to imagine that Yasuke stayed and fought at Myokakuji all by himself.
書簡の記述から呉座氏は次のような状況を想定している。弥助は信長の側にいたが、信長が自害すると本能寺を脱出して、信忠のもとに向かった。信忠を討つべく明智軍が攻め寄せると、弥助は信忠方として奮戦するが、信忠が自害したため、明智方に降伏した。なお「邸へ行き同所で」の原文は岡氏によれば「邸へ行きその辺りで」と翻訳することも可能であるとのことである。当時の妙覚寺と二条御所は通りを一本隔てた隣同士にあった。
Professor Goza speculates that Yasuke somehow escaped from Honno-ji Temple, went to and joined Nobutada's guards, and fought hard at Nijo Imperial Palace. According to Professor Oka, the original sentence of 'fought there' could be translated as 'went to the residence of the heir and fought around there.' Myokakuji and Nijo Imperial Palace were located just one street away from each other at that time.
助命されて教会に送られた弥助の消息は途絶えてしまう。彼のその後については何もわかっていない。史料では西日本にいくらか黒人が現れる例もあるが、彼らと弥助を結びつけるものは何も見つかっていない。
After his life was spared and sent to the Jesuit church, Yasuke was never heard from again. Nothing is known about his life after that. Several black people do appear in historical materials of western Japan in the near period, but we have nothing to connect them with Yasuke.*30
カリヨン報告の持つ文脈 The context of Carrion's report
この報告を起草したのはこのとき京都の教会にいた宣教師フランシスコ・カリヨンである。書簡自体はフロイスのものだが、文中で私という一人称が使われていることから、フロイスはカリヨンの報告をそのまま書き写していると考えられる。教会は本能寺のすぐ近くにあり、光秀の発言に登場する教会とはここのことだろう。間近で目撃していただけあって本能寺の変に関するイエズス会の記録は詳細であり真に迫るものがある。この書簡の信頼性は比較的高いとみてよいだろう。
Francisco Carrion, a missionary who drafted this report, was in the church in Kyoto at the time of the incident. The letter itself was written by Frois, but the use of the first person 'I' in the letter suggests that Frois copied Carillon's letter as it was. The church was very close to Honno-ji, and we can assume that "the church of Padre" mentioned in Mitsuhide's statement meant here. Having seen it closely themselves, the Jesuit records of the Honnoji Incident are detailed and close to reality. That makes the credibility of this letter relatively high.
信長は生前イエズス会の活動に寛容だったが、彼が死亡したことによってイエズス会が活動していた畿内は混乱に陥った。またイエズス会の見方では信長は日本の伝統的な宗教勢力と対立的だったのに対して、明智光秀は仏教との関わりが強いと見なされており、イエズス会は今後の日本での活動に不安を抱いていた。
Nobunaga generously allowed the activities of the Society of Jesus during his lifetime, but his demise caused confusion in Kinai region (the capital and its surrounding areas), where the Jesuits were active. On top of that, in constrast to Nobunaga who was loath of traditional religious forces in Japan, from the Jesuit point of view*31, Akechi Mitsuhide was apparently strongly involved in Buddhism, which made the Jesuits worried about their future activities in Japan.
宣教師らは明智軍が教会を掠奪することさえ危惧したが、実際には光秀は京都の治安維持に努め、教会も無事であった。弥助が生還したことを伝えるこの記述もそうした文脈の一部として理解できる。弥助が助命されたことから、イエズス会は光秀が自分たちに害意を持っていないと判断し、安心したのだろう。光秀が弥助を助命した理由は謎である。彼は本能寺の変のすぐ後に豊臣秀吉の軍勢に敗れ死亡してしまったため、彼が反乱を起こした理由は戦国時代最大の謎となっている。
The missionaries feared that Akechi's army might seize or even plunder their church, but in fact Mitsuhide tried to maintain order in Kyoto, and the church remained unscathed. The account of Yasuke's survival in the letter can be interpreted as a part of this context. On seeing the fact that Yasuke was spared, the Jesuits must have judged that Mitsuhide had no malice against them and felt relieved. However, the real reason why Mitsuhide spared Yasuke remains a mystery for us. As it turned out, Mitsuhide was defeated by the army of Toyotomi Hideyoshi shortly after the Honnoji Incident*32, and the whole reason why he rose in revolt itself remains the greatest mystery in the history of the Sengoku period.*33
主君の仇を討ち取った秀吉は勢いに乗り、激しい権力闘争に勝利して織田家の権力を継承することに成功した。
Hideyoshi, who avenged his lord's death, gained momentum and succeeded in succeeding to the power of the Oda clan by winning the fierce power struggle.*34
日本教会史 Books of history of the Church of Japan
以下に掲載するのは17世紀にフランスで刊行された日本におけるキリスト教布教史の記録の抜粋である。このなかには弥助を日本に連れてきたヴァリニャーノに関する記録があり、弥助と見られる黒人男性の出身地や来日以前の軌跡について記録されている。
The following passage is from a 17th-century French book of the history of Christian missionary work in Japan. This book includes the records about Valignano, who brought Yasuke to Japan, as well as about the homeplace of a black man we believe to be Yasuke and why he came to Japan.
フランソワ・ソリエー『日本教会史』(1627)
Edition by François Solier 1627
Or auoit le Pere Alexandre mené auec ſoy des Indes vn valet More, auſli noir que ſont les Ethiopiens de la Guinee, mais natif du Mozambic, & de ceux qu'on nomme proprement Cafres, habitans vers le Cap de Bonne eſperace.
(François Solier. Histoire ecclésiastique des isles et royaumes du Japon, 1627)
アレクサンドル司教はインドからムーア人を連れてきた。その男はギニアのエチオピア人のように黒い肌で、モザンビーク出身だった。その国は喜望峰の近くにある国で、カフレと呼ばれる人々が暮らしている。
Padre Alexander brought a Moor from India. The man was dark-skinned, like the Ethiopians in Guinea, and he was from Mozambique, a country near the Cape of Good Hope inhabited by a people called Cafre.
ヴァリニャーノが弥助と思われる男性をインドから連れてきたこと、そしてこの黒人男性がモザンビーク出身であると書かれている。しかし一見すると、この記述におけるアフリカの地理認識はでたらめに見える。エチオピアは東アフリカにあるのに対しギニアは正反対の西アフリカだし、モザンビークは喜望峰から離れている。
It says that Valignano brought a man from the India who seems for us to be Yasuke, and that this black man was of Mozambican origin. At first glance, however, Solier’s geographical perception of Africa seems awfully random: we know in reality Ethiopia is in East Africa, Guinea is in the opposite West Africa, and Mozambique is far from the Cape of Good Hope.
実際にはそうでたらめというわけでもない。岡氏によればギニアは北アフリカを除くアフリカ全般を指す言葉として用いられていた時期もあった。また現在のモザンビークの近くに当時存在したモノモタパ王国は喜望峰の近くまでを勢力圏に含んでいた。そしてヴァリニャーノが欧州から日本へ向かう途中に、ポルトガル植民地だったインドのゴアに立ち寄ったことはイエズス会史料によって裏付けられている。
But actually, this is not so entirely random. The word “Guinea” was, for a time, used to refer to all of Africa except North Africa, and the kingdom of Monomotapa, which existed near present-day Mozambique, extended its sphere of influence as far as the Cape of Good Hope. Also, the fact that Valignano stopped at Goa in India, which was a Portuguese colony, on his way from Europe to Japan is supported by Jesuit historical materials.
本記事は当初この記述をでたらめであり信用できないと解説したが誤りであった。ソリエーの記述には一定の信憑性がある。
At first (before revisions) I evaluated Solier’s description as bogus and unreliable, but that was incorrect. Solier's statements has a certain credibility.
ジャン・クラセ『日本教会史』(1689)
Edition by Jean Crasset 1689
1689年には日本教会史の増補版が刊行された。同書ではヴァリニャーノらを含む宣教師一行の日本への渡航経緯が詳細に記されている。同書の記述もまた、彼がリスボンからモザンビーク経由でゴアに立ち寄ったことを記録している。次に引用するのは増補版における弥助と見られる人物と信長との会合の場面である。
In 1689, an enlarged edition of the book by Jean Crasset, a French Jesuit theologian, was published. It contains the details of the trip to Japan of the missionary group including Valignano. According to the account, he stopped in Goa, India, on the way from Lisbon via Mozambique. The following is a scene of the first meeting between a person who seems to be Yasuke and Nobunaga in this enlarged edition.
Aprés les Festes de Pasques, le Pere Valignan se transportara à Meaco pour y falüer Nobunanga & pour le remercier des faveurs continuelles qu’il répandoit sur les Chrétiens & sur les Peres qui preschoient dans son Royaume. Il avoit amené des Indes un valet More. Aussi-toft qu’il parut dans la Ville tout le monde courut pour le voir. Le Pere Organtin le presenta à Nobunanga, qui en sut surpris & ne pouvoit croire que cette couleur sût naturelle: Mais il se persuadoit qu’on l’avoit peint de la forte, ce qui obligea le More de se dépoüiller jusqu à la ceinture. Aprés l’avoir bien examine il en demeura convaincu. Il receut le Pere tres favorablement & luy assigna un jour pour entretenir le Pere Visiteur.
(Jean Crasset. Histoire de L’ Eglise du Japon, 1689)
復活祭の後、ヴァリニャーノ師は京都に行って信長に挨拶し、彼の領国で宣教する信徒と聖職者たちに与えてくれた絶え間ない引き立てに感謝した。彼(ヴァリニャーノ)はインドからムーア人(黒人)の召使いを連れていったが、彼が町に現れるとすぐに人々が彼を見ようと押し寄せた。オルガンティノ師が彼を信長に紹介したところ、信長は驚いて彼の(肌の)色が自然なものだとは信じられなかった。だが彼はその男がこのように(黒い墨で)塗られていると信じたので、ムーア人は腰から上の服を脱がなければならなかった。彼(黒人)をよく調べた後、彼(信長)は(黒人の肌の色が人工でないと)確信した。彼はとても好意的に宣教師らを受け入れ、次に巡察師と会見する日程を定めた。
After the Easter celebrations, Padre Valignano went to Kyoto to pay respect to Nobunaga and to thank him for the constant favors he bestowed upon the Christians and its priests who preached in his kingdom. He (Valignano) had brought a Moor valet from India, but as soon as the man appeared in the city, everyone rushed to see him. Padre Organtino introduced him to Nobunaga, who was surprised and could not believe that his color was natural. In fact, he was so convinced that the man had been painted (with black ink) in this way, the Moor was compelled to undress from the waist up. After examining him closely, he (Nobunaga) was convinced (that the skin color was not artificial). He received the group of Padre very favorably and set a day for the next meeting with Visitador Padre.
基本的には天正9年イエズス会書簡の内容とほぼ一致しているが、弥助と思しき黒人男性がインドから連れてこられたという記述はソリエー版と一致している。
Basically it matches the contents of the Jesuit historical materials I already cited, but as to the point that Yasuke was brought from India it inherits the description from its first edition.
イエズス会が各地から本部へ送った報告書簡は整理され公開されていたため、イエズス会士が閲覧することは容易だった。クラセの記述が同時代イエズス会史料と概ね一致しているのは、彼がそうした史料に依拠してこの本を著したことを示唆している。
It was easy for the Jesuits to read the reports their members sent from various places to their headquarters because these reports were stored in a organized and accessible way. The general consistensy of Crasset's description with contemporary Jesuit historical materials suggests that he relied on such materials to write this book.
その他の関連史料
Other historical materials related to Yasuke
ここでは出どころ不明ながらも弥助が登場する文書と、直接彼は登場しないものの弥助と関係がある史料を紹介する。
This chapter introduces documents in which Yasuke appears, although the source is unknown, and historical materials related to Yasuke, although he does not appear directly.
信長は弥助の肌を洗わせたのか?
Did Nobunaga make Yasuke’s skin washed?
弥助について知っている人なら誰でも、信長が彼の肌の色を信じず皮膚を洗わせたという逸話を聞いたことがあるだろう。本記事が取り扱うイエズス会史料にはこの逸話が記述されていないため、筆者は後世の創作の可能性を疑っていた。だがこの逸話を裏付ける史料を岡氏に提供していただいたので、紹介しようと思う。
Anyone who knows about Yasuke has heard of the anecdote that Nobunaga wouldn’t believed his skin color and made it washed before his own eyes. Since this anecdote is not described in any of the Jesuit historical materials which I cited prior to this addendum, some people suspected that it was a invented story of later years. But Professor Oka provided me with a historical material that supports this anecdote, which I will introduce now.
Vay o Padre Visitador pera o Meaco e leva consigo o Padre Luis Froes e outros companheiros e chega ao Sacay, he recebido com muita festa. Chega o Padre Visitador a Meaco, e vay visitar a Nobunanga, elle fez honras extraordinarias, admirão-se muito os japonezes de tres cousas ninca vistas em Japao; a primeira da estatura do Padre Visitador que ainda entre os Europeus era de marca mayor, e de hum Cafre pequeno que o acompanhava e bom trabalho deo aos Padres pela muita gente que comcorria a ve-llo como era couza que não tinha visto, huns se admiravão do cabello trizado, outros dos narizes, e outras arengas, não se podia Nobunaga persuadir que as corres erão naturaes, mandou o despir da cinta para cima, e lavar com muita curiosidade, e quanto mais, e quanto mais o lavavão mais negrejava. A terceira novidade erão huns orgãos que forão de Goa que sendo este instrumento montado por Jubal Sexto neto de Adam, ainda não tinhão os Japões dado neste invento.
(『キリスト教に関する導入書、すなわち日本宣教の始まりとその上長たちについての書 1549年8月15日から1744年8月31日まで』アジュダ図書館所蔵史料
Biblioteca da Ajuda, Lisboa. Jesuítas na Ásia 49-IV-55. Livro Primeiro da Christandade, digo do principio da Missão do Japão e Superiores della, começando em quinze de agosto de mil quinhentos e quarenta e nove, annos 1549 athe o trinta e hum de agosto de mil settecentos e quarenta e quatro 1744 annos.)
巡察師パードレ(ヴァリニャーノ)は、ルイス・フロイス神父や他の仲間を連れて都へ向かい、堺に到着すると、盛大に歓迎された。巡察師パードレは都に到着し、信長を訪問した。信長は彼に特別な敬意を示し、日本人たちは日本では見られたことのない3つの事柄に非常に驚いた。第一に、巡察師パードレの身長がヨーロッパ人の中でも非常に大きいこと、さらに彼に同行していた取るに足らないカフル人に対してであった。一度も見られたことのないものであったので、彼を見ようと多くの人が押し寄せたため、司祭たちはかなり苦労をした。ある者はその縮れた髪に、また他の者はその鼻や他の様々な特徴に驚嘆した。信長は、その肌の色が自然のものであるとは納得せず、ベルトから上を裸にして、念入りに洗わせた。しかし、洗えば洗うほど肌はますます黒くなった。第三の初物は、ゴアから齎された数台のオルガンであった。これらの楽器はアダムの6代目の孫ユバルによって組み立てられた(発明された)もので、日本人はまだこれらの楽器のことを知らされていなかった。
(岡氏の訳を元に筆者が文体を調整した)
Visitador Padre (Valignano) took Father Luis Frois and other companions to the capital, and when they reached Sakai, they were enthusiastically welcomed. Visitador Padre arrived at the capital and paid a visit to Nobunaga, who showed him special respect, and the Japanese were very surprised by three things that had never been seen in Japan. First, by the height of Visitador Padre, which was very tall even among the Europeans, and second, by the insignificant Cafre who accompanied him. Cafre was something that had never been seen, and so many people rushed to see him that the priests had quite a hard time. Some marveled at his curly hair, others at his nose and various other features. Nobunaga, not convinced that his skin color was natural, stripped him naked above his belt and commanded to wash him scrupulously. But the more they washed, the darker and darker his skin became. The third new thing was the several organs from Goa, which had been invented by Adam's sixth grandson Yuval, and of which the Japanese had not yet know.
信長が弥助の肌を洗わせた事実に加えて、髪質など弥助の外見的特徴も記述されている。これは非常に貴重な史料であるといってよいだろう。
This book not only tells us the fact that Nobunaga made Yasuke's skin washed, but also describes Yasuke's external features. We can say it is a very valuable historical source.
本史料はヴァリニャーノの事績について書かれたものだが、著者は現時点では不明である。岡氏は書簡中にフロイスが登場することから、フロイスの書簡を誰かが参照し記したものなのではないかと推測している。
This historical source was written about Valignano's achievements, However, we currently do not know the author of this document. Since Frois appears in this letter, Professor Oka speculates that it is someone who read Frois’s letters.*35
ちなみに複数の文献が本史料の著者をアントニオ・フランシスコ・カルディンに比定しているがこれは間違いである。本史料が収録されている文書集には五つの写本が含まれており、カルディンは二つ目の文書の著者だが本文書とは関係がない。カルディンは1645年頃にイエズス会日本管区の管区長に就任したが、当時の日本はキリスト教布教に極めて敵対的で、密入国は確実な死を意味した。彼は日本に入国する代わりにマカオで日本に関する情報を集め、多くの歴史書を著したが、その中に弥助と関係するものは今のところ発見されていないようである。
By the way, several documents identify the author of this historical material as Antonio Francisco Cardin, but this is incorrect. The collection of documents in which this historical material is recorded contains five manuscripts, and Cardin is the author of the second document, but not the author of this historical material. Cardin assumed the position of Prefect of the Japanese Territory of the Society of Jesus around 1645, but at that time the Japanese were extremely hostile to the propagation of Christianity, and smuggling meant certain death.*36 Instead of entering the Japanese territory, he gathered information about the Japanese in Macau and wrote many history books, none of which seems to have been found so far to be related to Yasuke.
1574年ヴァリニャーノ書簡
Valignano's letter of 1574
弥助が直接は登場しないものの、彼の境遇を考える上で参考になる史料があるので、ここで紹介したい。岡氏は本史料を元に弥助の出身地はモザンビークだったと推測している。以下に引用するのは1574年8月7日付モザンビーク発のイタリア語で記されたヴァリニャーノの自筆書簡の一部である。
In this article I have been dealt, as a rule, only with historical materials in which Yasuke appears directly, but in this addendum I’d like to make exception and show you a historical material which we can use to consider his backgrounds. Based on this material, Professor Oka guesses that Yasuke came from Mozambique. The following is a part of Valignano's own Itarian handwriting letter from Mozambique dated August 7, 1574.
Gli schiavi poi che erano stati dall’ istesso governatore donati per servitio de Padre
ancora all’istesso ho restituiti et gl’altri, che gl’erano stati dati per elemosina, o, gli
menaro me co che sono tre, o, un paro d’essi gl’inviato à donare alla casa di San
Rocco in Lisboa, p.che se gl’há molto bene meritati con la molta spesa, che con la
nostra dimora ha fatta
(ローマイエズス会文書館所蔵史料 Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Jap Sin 7 III, fl. 225v.)
その〔モザンビークの〕司令官から寄付された奴隷たちは、パードレ達に奉仕するために与えられたものであった。そのうち幾らかはすでに他人に譲渡し、その他の者たちは喜捨として〔他者に〕与えられた。私は三人だけを自分の元に残し、うち二人をリスボンのサンロケ修道院に喜捨として送った。というのもその修道院では多大な出費が必要で、彼らはそれに使われるに相応しいからである。
(岡美穂子訳)
The slaves, donated by the commander of the Mozambican fortress, had been given to serve Padres. Some of them had already been transferred to others, and the rest was given (to others) as alms (charity, donation). I left only three to myself, and had sent two of them as alms to San Roque abbey in Lisbon, where great expense was needed, and they were fit to be used for it.
この手元に残った一人の元奴隷が後の弥助である証拠は一切存在しないものの、岡氏はこの二人が同一人物なのではないかと推測している。当時のアフリカの黒人奴隷の供給源は主に黒人国家同士の戦争から生じた戦争捕虜だったことから、彼らも元は捕虜だった可能性は高い。
Although there is no evidence that that this remaining former slave was Yasuke, Pfor. Oka guesses that they were one and the same person. Since the sources of black slaves in Africa at that time was mainly prisoners of war resulting from wars between black states, it is highly likely that the ones the commander donated had been also former prisoners of war.
ここからもう一つ分かることはヴァリニャーノが自身の従者を厳選していることである。イエズス会の大物であった彼は百人もの奴隷から自身の従者にする者を一人だけ選んだ。この黒人が弥助であるかどうかは分からないが、別人だとしても、弥助も選抜を経た存在だったと想像することは可能だ。
Another observation is that Valignano carefully selected his own retinue; he was a great Jesuit, and out of a hundred slaves he selected only one to be his own.
イエズス会は奴隷制度に反対していた?
Did the Jesuits oppose slavery?
イエズス会は公的には奴隷制に反対していたことがよく知られているが、この書簡ではヴァリニャーノが奴隷を使役しているようにも見える。たしかにこの書簡では「譲渡」や「喜捨」といった言葉が使用されているのだが、法的にはこの時点での彼らの身分は元奴隷である可能性が高い。
Although it is well known that the Jesuits publicly opposed slavery, it also appears in this letter that Valignano employs slaves. I would like to note that, although the words 'transfer' and 'alms' were used in this letter, it is highly possible that legally their status was a former slave.
欧州の奴隷法において、債務奴隷が奴隷である根拠は所有者に対して負っている負債である。この負債は債権として、奴隷を所有し使役する権利と一体化している。従って奴隷がその身分を維持して次の所有者へ渡る際は、必ず債権の移動を伴う。だが要塞司令官は無償で奴隷たちをヴァリニャーノにプレゼントしている。このため岡氏は奴隷たちの債権が要塞司令官によって担保され消滅したのではないかと考えている。この場合、奴隷たちはヴァリニャーノに負債を負っていないため、もはや奴隷ではないことになる。
In European slave law, the foundation of a debt slave was that they owed a debt to the owner. This debt was an obligation which was integrated with the right of the owner to own and use the slave. Therefore, if and when the slave maintained their status as a slave and passed over to the next owner, it involved the transfer of the obligation, too. However, the fortress commander gave the slaves to Valignano without compensation. Thus, Professor Oka believes that the obligation of the slaves were secured and extinguished by the commander. In this case, the slaves were no longer slaves because they did not owe a debt to Valignano.
ただしこの奴隷たちが債務奴隷ではなく、従って奴隷身分を維持させるかどうかヴァリニャーノが自由に選択できた可能性もあるようだ。その場合、彼は奴隷たちを自由にすると宣言し教会で証文を作成することで奴隷たちの身分を変更できた。イエズス会が公的には奴隷制度に反対していたことを考えると、いずれにせよ彼らが非奴隷身分で使役された可能性は高いだろう。岡氏は彼らの身分をmoçoと呼ばれる、明確な奴隷契約のない、給金付きの下僕だったと考えている。イエズス会の従者がキリスト教徒でないことはありえないため、彼らは洗礼名を持つ改宗者に違いない。来日時の弥助もキリスト教徒だったはずである。
It seems possible, however, that these slaves were not debt slaves, and in that case Valignano would have been free to choose to keep them as a slave ot not. He could have changed their status by declaring that they were free and writing a document in a church. Either way, given that the Jesuits’ official stance was against slavery, it is likely that they were employed in a non-slave status. Professor Oka speculates their status to be “moço,” which meant paid servants without a definite slave contract. It was impossible that Jesuit servants were not Christians, they must have been converts with Christian names. That makes Yasuke at the time of his arrival in Japan a Christian, too.
イエズス会は公的には奴隷制度に反対していた。それにも関わらず実際には黒人たちを商品同然に扱っていた。本史料はそのことを如実に記録しており、注目に値する。
It is worth noting that despite the Jesuits ostensibly opposed to slavery, in reality they transferred black people as if they were commodities. That fact is well documented in this historical source.
史料からわかること
What we can assert
!The English text for this part is being prepared.!
本章ではこれまでの総括として、取り上げてきた史料から伺える情報を整理していきたい。まず初めに注意を促したいのは、弥助に関係する史料は大変少ないため彼について考察することには大きな制限が伴うということである。彼の実態は依然として謎に包まれている。ただし複数の史料が彼の存在に触れている(信長記とイエズス会史料における弥助と信長の対面の日付は一致)ことから、少なくとも弥助という黒人男性が戦国時代の日本に実在したことは疑いようがない。
In this chapter, I would like to summarize the information that can be gleaned from the historical documents that we have discussed so far. First of all, it is important to note that there are very few historical documents related to Yasuke, and thus, any discussion of Yasuke's life and career is limited. His true identity remains shrouded in mystery. However, several historical documents mention his existence (the dates of the meeting between Yasuke and Nobunaga in the Shincho-Ki and the Jesuit material coincide), so there is no doubt that at least a black man named Yasuke existed in Sengoku-era Japan.
弥助はどんな人物だったか
What kind of person was Yasuke?
彼はイエズス会士ヴァリニャーノがインドのゴアから連れてきたモザンビーク人であり(日本教会史)、名を弥助という(尊経閣本)。イエズス会史料は彼をカフレと呼称しており、このことから彼はアフリカ系黒人である可能性が高い。『信長記』に記された年齢がおおむね正しいなら、1550年代生まれである。
He was a Mozambican brought from Goa, India by the Jesuit Valignano (History of the Church of Japan), and his name was Yasuke (SonkeiKaku and Ietada diary). Jesuit historiography refers to him as Cafre, which makes it likely that he was a black African.
弥助の人となりについて特に強調されているのは、やはりその肌の黒さである。日本人はそれまで黒人を見たことがなく(複数史料)信長を初め多くの人々が彼を一目見ようと押し寄せた(天正9年イエズス会書簡)。また牛一は弥助の印象的な外見と合わせて力の強さを記録している(信長記とメシヤ書簡で符合)。身長はおそらく平均的な日本人より高かった(家忠日記)。髪は縮れていた(アジュダ図書館文書)。
What is particularly emphasized about Yasuke's character is his dark skin. The Japanese had never seen a black man before (Sincho-Ki and many others), and many people, including Nobunaga, flocked to see him (Frois Letter). Gyuichi also recorded Yasuke's impressive appearance as well as his strength (Sincho-Ki and Mexia's Letter). He was probably taller than the average Japanese (Ietada Diary).
彼は中程度に日本語を話すことが出来、信長は弥助のなにかを気に入って(メシヤ書簡)家臣に取り立てた(家忠日記と尊経閣本で符合)。そのように信長が彼を厚遇したことは京都の人々の間で噂になった(メシヤ書簡)。弥助は信長の話し相手になり(メシヤ書簡)信長に近侍していた可能性がある(尊経閣本とカリオン報告)
He could speak Japanese moderately well, and Nobunaga found some qualities in him (Mexia's Letter) and made him a retainer (Ietada Diary and Sonkeikau). Nobunaga treated him well, and this became a rumor among the people of Kyoto (Mexia's Letter).
ただしこれらは全て他者の目線からの記録である。弥助本人が著した文書等は一切発見されていないため、彼の実際の人間性について我々は知ることが出来ない。
However, these are all records from the perspective of others. Since no documents written by Yasuke himself have been discovered, we have no way of knowing his actual human nature.
弥助は伝説の戦士だった か?
Yasuke was the legendary warrior?
弥助は武士である信長の家臣であった。本能寺の変で織田家が危機に陥った際、弥助は刀を持って戦闘に加わっている(カリヨン報告)。少なくとも本能寺の変における彼は決して臆病者ではなかった。しかしながら一方で、彼がもし侍だったのであれば、助命されて主君の死後も生き残ったことは恥ずべき事態だと指摘する意見もある。
Yasuke was a retainer of Nobunaga, a warlord in Japan. When the Oda clan was in danger during the Honnoji Incident, Yasuke joined the battle with his sword (Carrion Report). At least in the Honnoji Incident, he was not a coward. On the other hand, however, some argue that if he was a samurai, it is shameful that he was spared and survived the death of his lord.*37
カリヨン報告を除くと弥助の戦闘に関する記録は一切存在しない。武田征伐に同行したことは確か(家忠日記)なのだが、戦闘の記録はない。例えば第二次天正伊賀の乱に彼が従軍したかどうかはまったくわからない。弥助は信長に近侍していた可能性があるので、信長の側を離れることは稀だったのだろう。
With the exception of the Carrion Report, no record of Yasuke's combat exists. It is certain that he accompanied the conquest of Takeda clan (Ietada Diary), but there is no record of any battle. For example, it is not known whether he served in the Second Tensho Iga Rebellion or not at all. It is possible that Yasuke was a close retainer of Nobunaga (Sonkeikaku and Carrion report), so he would have rarely left Nobunaga's side.
信長はしばしば陣頭指揮を執って戦ったが、弥助が仕えた晩年の頃には最前線に姿を見せなくなっていた。そして弥助が信長に仕えた期間は一年程度でしかない。以上のことから弥助が本能寺の変以外で戦闘に参加していない可能性は高い。
Nobunaga often took command in battle, but by the time Yasuke served him in his later years, he was no longer seen on the front lines. Yasuke served Nobunaga for only about one year. Based on the above, it is quite possible that Yasuke did not participate in any battles other than the Honnoji Incident.
弥助の身分は侍だったのか
Was Yasuke a samurai?
尊経閣本の記述が真実であれば彼は明らかに「侍」として処遇されている。主君から刀と私邸を受け取ったことは彼が相応の身分にあったことを如実に示している。しかし同本には信頼性の疑義があり、その評価は未だ確定していない。そこで一旦尊経閣本の記述を棚上げし、まずは他の史料を見てみよう。
If the description in the Sonkeikaku copy is true, he was clearly treated as a “samurai.” The fact that he received a decorated sword and a private residence from his lord indicates more than enough that he was not a mere (lower-ranking) household servant. However, I have to say that doubts still remains about the reliability of this copy, and its true value yet to be determined. Now, let us shelve the Sonkeikaku copy for a whole and look at other historical documents first.
力の強さが記録されたこと、そして本能寺の変で戦ったことを考えると弥助が一種の戦闘員資格者であった可能性はある。このことから彼は少なくとも下級の武家奉公人ではなかったと考えられる。というのも下級奉公人には戦闘員資格が無く、特殊な状況以外で積極的に戦闘に加わることはないからである。また信長は弥助と会いたがり、対面したという(天正9年イエズス会書簡)。この事実から弥助が御目見得身分であった可能性はかなり高い。前近代日本において貴人と正式に会見できることは身分制度上極めて重大な意味を持っていた。
Considering the recorded strength of his power and the fact that he fought in the Honnoji Incident, it is possible that Yasuke was a kind of a combatant. All of this suggests that he was not at least a mere household servant. This is because mere household servants are not qualified as combatants and would not actively participate in battle except under special circumstances. In addition, Nobunaga was eager to meet Yasuke, and they met face to face (Frois letter). This fact makes it highly likely that Yasuke was of omemie (御目見得) status. In pre-modern Japan, the ability to formally meet with nobles was extremely important to the status system.
では弥助は織田家の重要人物だったのかというと、そうとは言えない。弥助は扶持を受け取っており(家忠日記と尊経閣本で符合)、知行を受けた形跡は無い。つまり土地所有者ではない。彼は武将ではなく(メシヤ書簡)なんなら本能寺の変では一人で戦っている(カリヨン報告)。なにより膨大な数が残っている織田家の関連文書に弥助の記録がまったく見られないという明白な事実がある。
However, this is not the case if Yasuke was an important figure in the Oda clan. Yasuke received a stipend (Ietada Diary and the Sonkeikaku), but there is no evidence that he received any land ownership. In other words, he was not a landowner.*38 He was not a warrior lord (武将 busho) (Mexia Letter), and if anything, he was fighting alone at the Honnoji Incident (Carrion Report). Above all, the plain fact is that there are no records of Yasuke to be found in the vast number of Oda clan-related documents that have survived.
以上のことから、彼はおそらく下級の武家奉公人ではなかったが、上級武士未満ではあったと結論することができる。もし尊経閣本が真であるならば、これらの推論は決定的な根拠を獲得することになる。なお本記事で使用している「侍」の定義については付録を確認せよ。
From the above, we can conclude that he was probably not a mere household servant, but less than a high-ranking warrior. In fact, the veracity of the Sonkeikaku copy does not significantly affect the argument regarding Yasuke's status, but only makes it clearer if the Sonkeikaku copy is true. If the Sonkeikakubon is true, then these inferences acquire a clearer basis. For the definition of' samurai' used in this article, see the appendix.
歴史学者たちの意見
Opinions of historians
!The English text for this part is being prepared.!
管見の限り、確かな経歴と実績を持ち弥助について意見を発信した歴史学者を筆者は四名知っている。それは岡美穂子氏、平山優氏、呉座優一氏、金子拓氏の四名であり、本記事では彼らの考察をたびたび参照してきた。歴史学者たちは弥助のことをどう評価しているのだろうか。
To the best of my knowledge, I know of four historians with solid backgrounds and accomplishments who have shared their opinions on Yasuke. They are Mihoko Oka, Yu Hirayama, Yuichi Goza, and Hiraku Kaneko, and I have often quoted from their discussions in this article. What do they think of Yasuke?
金子拓氏の意見
Opinion of Hiraku Kaneko
金子拓氏は弥助に関連する史料を参照し、彼の立場について「本当に侍という立場だったかどうかは、ここ(各史料)に書かれていることからははっきりは言えない」と述べ、史料の少なさから来る著しい制約のために明言できないという立場を示した。
Referring mainly to Shincho-ki and Ietada Nikki, Professor Hiraku Kaneko said about Yasuke's position,' I can't say for sure whether he was really in the position of samurai from what is written here (in various historical materials),' and showed his position that he could not make a definite statement due to the remarkable restriction caused by the lack of historical materials.
ただし金子氏は尊経閣本の信頼性を全体的に高く評価しており、弥助がときどき信長の道具持ちを務めることがあったという記述から弥助の織田家での職務を小姓に比定している他、私邸を受け取ったという記述から「それなりの侍といっていい立場という”推測”もできる」と述べている。侍の定義については金子氏は戦国時代における侍と武士を基本的には同じものと考えている。
But also, he highly evaluated the reliability of the Sonkeikaku copy as a whole, and from the description that Yasuke sometimes served as a weapon-bearer for Nobunaga, he identified Yasuke's duty in the Oda clan as a page (小姓 kosho), and from the description that he received a private residence, he said,' It can be' guessed' that he was in the position of a decent samurai.' As for the definition of samurai, he basically regards samurai and warrior (武士 bushi) in the Sengoku period as the same thing.
平山優氏の意見
Opinion of Yu Hirayama
平山優氏は史料に基づけば弥助は信長に仕える「侍」身分であると断定した。その最重要の根拠は尊経閣本の独自記事と弥助が信長に御目見した事実である。また平山氏は尊経閣本の記述が家忠日記に依拠した創作であるという考えは否定している。
Professor Yu Hirayama has determined that Yasuke was a “samurai” in the service of Nobunaga based on historical records. The most important evidence is the extra passages of the Sonkeikaku copy and the fact that Yasuke had an audience with Nobunaga, which can be seen from the Jesuit letter. Professor Hirayama also rejects the idea that the description in the Sonkeikaku copy is a fabrication based on Ietada's diary.
平山氏は弥助の身分を論ずるにあたって「侍」を「武家に武芸をもって仕える従者の総称」という定義で使用しており、逆に弥助が「武士」であったとは述べていない。平山氏は本項で触れる四名のなかでは弥助の身分を比較的低く見積もっているようだ。
However, professor Hirayama uses the definition of “samurai” as a retainer who serves warrior household in general with combatant status, and does not state that Yasuke was a warrior (武士 bushi). Professor Hirayama seems to have estimated Yasuke's status as a relatively low-ranking person among the four mentioned in this section.
呉座勇一氏の意見
Opinion of Yuichi Goza
呉座氏は尊経閣本の記述が真であれば弥助は明らかに武士(侍)として処遇されていると指摘している。この点で呉座氏と平山氏の考えはほぼ一致している。
Professor Goza points out that if the description in the Sonkeikaku copy is true, Yasuke was clearly treated as a warrior (武士 bushi) or samurai. In this respect, Goza and Hirayama are almost in agreement.
呉座氏はしかしながら、弥助が武士(侍)として取り立てられたと明確に記す史料は尊経閣本のみであることに注意を促している。呉座氏は尊経閣本の独自記事には重要な内容が含まれていると指摘し、弥助に関する独自記事が重要でないため他の『信長記』写本から削除されたという説に慎重な姿勢を示している。
Professor Goza, however, notes that the only historical document that clearly states that Yasuke was treated as a warrior (武士 bushi) or samurai is the Sonkeikaku copy. He points out that the Sonkeiaku copy's supplement contains important information, and he is cautious about the theory that the supplement on Yasuke was deleted from other manuscripts of the “Shincho-Ki” because it is unimportant.
ただし呉座氏は弥助が信長のボディガード的役割を担っており、弥助が信長の死後信忠の元に駆けつけて戦ったという考えには一定の信憑性があるとも評価している。またこの他に呉座氏が注目するのが信長が弥助と「話して飽くことがな」かった(メシヤ書簡)ことである。
However, Professor Goza also believes that Yasuke played the role of Nobunaga's bodyguard and that there is some credibility to the idea that Yasuke rushed to Nobutada's side after Nobunaga's death and fought with him. In addition, professor Goza notes that Nobunaga “never tired of talking” with Yasuke (Mexia Letter).
以上から呉座氏は弥助の家臣としての役割を「ボディガードと御伽衆を合わせたようなもの」と結論付けた。御伽衆とは主に知識人や文化人から構成され主君を会話で楽しませる集団を意味し、彼らは武家社会の秩序とは一歩外れた存在だった。
Based on the above, professor Goza concludes that Yasuke's role as a retainer was “like a combination of a bodyguard and one of the otogisyu. The “otogishu” refers to a group of intellectuals and cultural figures who entertained their lord with conversation, and they were one step removed from the class system of warrior household society.*39
弥助の地位は特殊なものだった
Yasuke's position was "unique"
呉座氏は弥助の身分を論じるにあたって、外国人である彼を日本の身分制度に当てはめようとすること自体に懐疑的である。例えば弥助は信長と御目見しているが、所領は貰っていない。信長に近侍していたように思われるが、そうかと思えば信長の近習の役職に彼の存在は合致しない。弥助が中程度日本語を話せたといってもさすがに吏僚は務まらないだろうし、小姓が通常武士の若い子弟だったことを考えると弥助は歳を取りすぎている。呉座氏は新聞取材に応えて以下のように語っている。
When discussing the status of Yasuke, Professor Goza is skeptical about the very idea of trying to apply the Japanese status system to Yasuke. For example, Yasuke has an audience with Nobunaga, but he has not received a fief. It seems that he served Nobunaga closely, but if you think about it, his existence does not match the position of Nobunaga's adjutant (近習 kinju). Even if Yasuke could speak medium Japanese, he would not serve as a bureaucrat (吏僚 riryo), and considering that pages (小姓 kosho) were usually young sons of warriors, Yasuke's age does not match. In an interview with a newspaper, professor Goza said as follows:
「また、侍だったとしても『形の上では』ということもあります。例えば江戸時代、相撲好きの大名にはお抱えの力士がいた。形式的には家臣、侍として召し抱えて帯刀を許可していましたが、たとえ戦(いくさ)が起きたとしても、お抱え力士が戦場で戦うようなことはもちろん、想定されていませんでした」(中略)
「敵を次から次へと斬り倒す、欧米の人がイメージする『サムライ・ウォリアー』のような存在ではなかったはずで、〝伝説の侍〟といった扱われ方には違和感を覚えます。戦ったとしても、部下を指揮するようなことはなく、一戦闘員として働いたんだと思います」
(弥助問題「本人は芸人のような立場」「日本人の不満は当然」 歴史学者・呉座氏に聞く(上)産経新聞電子版令和6年8月5日付記事)
"Moreover, even if Yasuke was recognized as a samurai, it could have been largely symbolic. For example, during the Edo period, some daimyo [feudal lords] who were sumo enthusiasts employed wrestlers as "personal retainers." These wrestlers were nominally considered retainers and were permitted to carry swords like samurai. However, they were not expected to actually fight in battles."
"Yasuke most likely did not embody the Western image of a "samurai warrior" who defeats his foes one after another with a sword. Therefore, portraying him as a legendary samurai seems inappropriate. Even if he did participate in battles, Yasuke would not have held a command position and only served as a combatant."
このように呉座氏は弥助の地位は一種の特別待遇であり、彼の武士(侍)身分は外形的なものだったと考えている。弥助の地位が一種の特別待遇だったという見方については平山氏と次に述べる岡氏も同様の意見を発信している。
In this way, the Goza clan believes that the position of Yasuke was a kind of special treatment, and that his samurai status was external. As for the view that Yasuke's position was a kind of special treatment, Hirayama and Oka, who will be discussed next, have expressed similar opinions.*40
岡美穂子氏の意見
Opinion of Mihoko Oka
岡氏は弥助の身分について詳述してはいないものの、史料において彼がしばしばポジティブな評価を受けていることから「選りすぐりの人」だったと考えている。本章でまだ触れていない点としては「器量健やか」(信長記)や弥助が乗馬するよう促された(フロイス書簡)などが挙げられるだろう。逆に彼が明確に貶められている記述は光秀の「獣」発言(カリヨン報告)だけなのだ。
Although Oka does not elaborate on Yasuke's status in details, she believes that he was a “selected man” because of his often positive reputation in the historical record. Some of the points that have not yet been mentioned in this chapter include his “good physical condition” (Shincho-ki) and the fact that Yasuke was urged to ride (Frois letter). On the contrary, the only description in which he is clearly undermined is Mitsuhide's “beast” remark (Carillon Report). *41
そもそもイエズス会宣教師の従者は基本的に選りすぐりの人材である。彼らは少人数で完全な異国を行動し、かつ当時のヨーロッパ人には優れた従者を引き連れることで自身を権威付ける文化もあった。弥助がヴァリニャーノの元従者であったことを考えると、弥助が信長の目に止まるような優れた資質を持っていたと想像することは不自然ではない。
To begin with, the followers of the Jesuit missionaries were basically selected personnel. They were small in number, acting in a completely foreign country, and Europeans at that time had a culture of prestige by bringing along excellent followers. Considering that Yasuke was a former follower of VALIGNANO, it is not unnatural to imagine that Yasuke possessed the superior qualities that would have caught Nobunaga's attention.
筆者自身の考え
My own thoughts
筆者は浅学非才の身で歴史学者でもないが、最後にわたし自身の考えを述べてこの記事を締めくくろうと思う。
Although I am an illiterate person and not a historian, I would like to conclude this article with my own thoughts.
筆者は岡氏の考えに共感している。私は短いあいだ内航船員だった。その限られた経験からいえば弥助と宣教師たちがGPSも内燃機関もない時代にコンパスと星空と風を頼りに日本へ向かったことには、驚嘆する他ない。もちろん彼らは交易船に乗り合わせたに過ぎないのだろうが、それでも凄いことだと思う。
I share Oka's view. I was a domestic sailor for a short time. Speaking from my limited experience, I can only marvel at the fact that Yasuke and the missionaries made their way to Japan by compass, starry skies, and wind in an age without GPS or internal combustion engines. Of course, they may have merely boarded a trading ship, but it is still an amazing feat.
弥助は「最強の侍」でも日本史の重要人物でもないだろう。だがそれでも、彼がアフリカからはるばる日本へたどり着き、新たな主君に仕えて戦いを経験し、弥助という名前を四百年後の現代まで伝えることができたことは事実だ。これは依然として驚嘆すべき事実ではないだろうか?
Yasuke may not be the “the Greatest Samurai” or an important figure in Japanese history. But it is certainly true that he made it all the way from Africa to Japan to serve his new lord, to fight his battle, and to carry the name Yasuke into the present day, four hundred years later. Is this not still a marvelous fact?
付録「侍」の定義について
Appendix: Definition of "Samurai"
!The English text for this part is being prepared.!
大手ゲーム会社であるUBIソフトから発売される新作ゲームソフト『アサシンクリードシャドウズ』の主役として弥助が抜擢されたことを受けて、2024年のインターネットでは弥助に関する議論が紛糾している。その焦点は彼が「サムライ」身分だったのか、そうでないのかという点であるようだ。だが、そもそも「侍」とは何なのだろうか。弥助が「サムライ」に含まれるか含まれないかは、どんな「侍」の定義を採用するかによって判断が分かれるだろう。
Following the selection of Yasuko as the main character in the new game software “Assassin's Creed: Shadows” to be released by Ubisoft, a major game company, discussions about Yasuke are in turmoil on the Internet in 2024. The focus seems to be whether he had “samurai” status or not. But what exactly is a samurai? Whether Yasuke was or was not a “samurai” depends on what definition of “samurai” one adopts.
侍という言葉は貴人に仕えることを意味する「さぶらう」という動詞が転訛したものである。中世初期の彼らは貴族身分に満たない、貴族に仕える家来だった。後に「侍」は武家に仕える者の総称となり、やがて近世には侍と武士はほぼ同義語となった。江戸時代の学者である小山田与清が19世紀前期から中頃にかけて記した随筆集『松屋筆記』にはこう記されている。
The word “samurai” is a corruption of the verb saburau, which means to serve a nobleman. In the early medieval period, they were retainers who served the nobility and were below the rank of nobility. Later, the word became a generic term for retainers who served the warrior household, and in the early modern period, the terms “samurai” and “bushi (武士 warrior)” became almost synonymous. The scholar Oyamada Yosei wrote in his collection of essays, “Matsuya-writing,” from the early to mid-19th century, that
(『松屋筆記』第95巻・頁169)
When it comes to calling warrior "samurai", the word "samurai" originally referred to a retainer of nobility, but in later years, all warriors came to be called "samurai".
武士とは中近世日本を実質的に支配していた世襲の職能戦士たちを意味する言葉で、彼らを総称して武家という。武芸に秀でている、血縁と封建制度を基軸にした共同体を組織していたなど、西洋の騎士や帯剣貴族と似た存在として知られている。
The term “bushi (武士)” refers to the hereditary professional warriors who effectively ruled medieval to early modern Japan, and they are collectively known as the warrior class. They were known to be similar to Western knights and banded aristocrats in that they excelled in the martial arts and organized communities based on blood and the feudal system.*42
戦国時代は伝統的な身分制度が流動化した時期だったため侍と武士の境界線は明確ではなく、伝統的に日本史学界には戦国時代における両者を同じものと考える傾向があった。これを①侍≒武士説と呼ぼう。
Since the Sengoku period was a period of flux in the traditional status system, the boundary between samurai and bushi was not clear, and traditionally Japanese historians tended to consider the two to be the same during the Sengoku period. Let us call this theory (1) "Samurai is warrior."
一方で、侍とは本来身分秩序の上層と結びついた言葉であったことから「武士階級のうち特に上位層のみを侍と呼ぶ」という定義も盛んに流布している。この場合侍は名字を名乗り二本の刀を腰に指す特権などよって下級の武士と峻別されることになる。このとき侍は武士の一部なので、これを②侍⊆武士説と呼ぼう。
On the other hand, another currently popular difinition hold the view that, since the word samurai was originally associated with the upper classes of the social order, not all of bushi, which broadly meant the warrior class, were samurai, but that only the upper class of bushi were samurai. According to this view, samurai are distinguished from lower-class bushi by their surname, two swords, one’s own fief, hereditary position as a vassal, and so on. If we adopt this difinition, samurai are part of bushi, so let's call it “(2) samurai is part of bushi theory”.
この二つの説はどちらも幅広く普及している。例えば自動翻訳で「武士」と入力すると"samurai"と出力される。では弥助が信長に仕えた時代にはどちらが正しい定義だったのだろうか? 現在の日本史学界はどちらの定義を採用しているのだろうか。答えはどちらももはや定説ではない、である。歴史学者の高木昭作氏が1980年代に行った研究によれば法的には「侍」は「若党」のことなのだ。
Both of these two theories can be found in dictionaries and such, and widely held. For example, if you type in "bushi" in Japanese in machine translation, it will output samurai. Now, which one is correct? Which definition do our contemporary Japanese history academics adopt? The answer is that neither stands as an academic theory anymore. According to a study conducted by historian Shosaku Takagi in the 1980s, samurai and bushi are two different classes.
侍とは若党である
"Samurai" actually means "Esquire"
高木氏の研究によれば、法令用語としての「侍」は戦闘員資格を有する上位の武家奉公人を指す「若党」の同義語である。武家奉公人とは個々の武士に仕える従者であり、彼ら自身は武士ではない。彼らの仕事は武士のための下働きであり、戦時には主君の荷物を運ぶことが主な役割だった。
According to Takagi's research, samurai was a synonym for the word “wakato” (若党 esquire), which refered to high-ranking “buke-houkou-nin” (武家奉公人 warrior household servant) who qualified as combatants. The word “buke-houkou-nin” refered to servants who were without a bushi (warrior) status themselves but served a particular bushi. Buke-houkou-nin’s job was to do chores for the warrior, and in wartime, their main role was to carry luggeges and weapons for their lord, the bushi (warrier).*43
だが若党は武家奉公人の一種といっても別格の存在であった。高木氏によれば若党は主君の荷物や武器を持ち運ぶ必要がなく、また若党として雇用されている間に罪を犯せば武士としての刑罰を受けるなど、他の武家奉公人とは一線を画した存在であった。以下に引用するのは高木氏の論考において取り上げられている徳川幕府の法令である。
However, wakato were a different class of household servants. According to professor Takagi, wakato were not required to carry the lord's baggage or weapons.*44 In addition, they were distinguished from other household servants by the fact that if they committed a crime while employed as wakato, they would be punished as a warrior (武士 bushi). The following quotations are from Tokugawa Shogunate laws and regulations, which are also discussed in professor Takagi's discussion.
◯慶長十五年(一六一〇)四月二日「定」(『大日本史料』一二―七、一三九頁)
(原文)
一、侍之輩者不及沙汰、中間・小者に至迄、一季者を一切置へからさる事、
附、奉公望之者、一季と相定出すものハ可為曲事事、(中略)(現代語訳)
一、侍の者たちは言うにおよばず、中間・小者にいたるまで、一季者を一切置くべきではない。
付則:奉公したいと望む者は、一季のみの契約とするのは違反であり処罰する。
◯元和二(一六一六)年一〇月日「定」(『大日本史料』一二―二五、七〇二頁)
(原文)
一、武士の面々、若党之儀不及申、中間・小者に至迄一季居一切拘置へからさる事、(中略)(現代語訳)
一、武士たちは、若党のことは言うにおよばず、中間・小者にいたるまで、一季者を一切抱え置くべきではない。
(平井上総『兵農分離はあったのか』P98)
I. Not only the Samurai, but also the mid-servant and menial, should not have any Seasonal Servants.
Supplementary provision: It is a violation and punishable offense for anyone who wishes to serve to sign a contract for a single season only.
I. Warrior should not have any seasonal employees, no need to mention samurai, nor should they have any mid-servant or menials.
この二つの条文は文面がよく似ており、侍と若党が同義語であることがよくわかる。これらの条文はいずれも一季居禁令として知られるものの一部で、同様の文面の法令が大量に残っている。
These two articles are very similar in text, and it is clear that samurai and wakato (若党 esquire) are synonymous terms. Both of these clauses are part of what is known as the “one-season residence prohibition,” and a large number of similarly worded statutes survive.*45
また一季居禁令以外で侍と若党が同義語であることがわかる史料として、次に掲げるものでは同一の法令内で侍が若党と言い替えられている。
In addition to the Ikki-residence prohibition, the following historical documents show that the terms samurai and wakato are synonymous: samurai are replaced by wakato in the same law.
定
一 弐百石 侍壱人
一 三百石ゟ四百石迄 同二人(中略)一 一千石ゟ千七百石迄 同四人(中略)
右之通、出仕幷江戸中往還之時、若党召連へし、是より少なき事は不苦、おほくつるゝ儀可為無用(後略)
寛永五年二月九日
お定め
一つ、二百石の武士なら侍一人
一つ、三百石より四百石までなら侍二人(中略)一つ、一千石より千七百石までなら侍四人(中略)
右の通り、出仕並びに江戸を行き来するとき、若党を召し連れてもよい。これより少なくしてもいいが、多くするのは無用である。
ordinance
One samurai (侍) for a warrior of 200 koku
One. Two samurai for a warrior of 300 koku to 400 koku (omitted)One, four samurai for a warrior of between 1,000 and 1,700 koku (omitted).
As stated above, when traveling to and from Edo, you may take a wakato (若党) with you. You may take fewer than this, but it is useless to take more.
武士が出歩く際に奉公人を召し連れていたことは広く知られている。この法令は武士が役人になったときなど特殊な場面を除いた、平常時においてそうした供回りを一定以下の人数で済ませることを要請するものである。ここでは侍と若党の両者が同じものを指していることは明白だ。
It is widely known that warrior (武士 bushi) used to take servants with them when they went out on foot. This decree requires that such an escort be no more than a certain number in ordinary times, except on special occasions, such as when a vassal becomes a government official. It is clear that both samurai and wakato are referring to the same thing here.
『雑兵物語』の若党
Esquire in the tale of common sodiers
では侍が若党と同義語だとして、若党とはどのような人々だったのだろうか。高木氏によれば若党が他の奉公人と異なる待遇を受けた根拠は、若党が戦闘員であることに関連しているという。江戸時代前期に成立した軍記物『雑兵物語』は当時の雑兵たちに関する第一級の史料である。この中から二箇所抜粋しよう。
Now, If we think samurai was a synonym with wakato (若党 esquire), then what kind of people were wakato? According to Takagi, the basis that wakato distinguished themselves from other household servants(武家奉公人 buke-houkou-nin) involved the fact that they were combatants. Regarding this point, we have "Zohyo Monogatari" (雑兵物語 The Story of Common Soldiers), a war chronicle written in the earler Edo period, as a first class historical source on the fighting style of lowly common soldiers of the time. Now, I will show you two excerpts from it.
弓の勝負が初まつて、箸を投出すが如く玉と矢ととんでくるは、へちはない、こきりことしな玉を投だすが如く互におつゝめた所て、旦那が云なさつたは、この鉄砲を腰に引はさめ、一番鑓を合せべいと云なさつた所て、左候はゝわつちめも此鉄砲で脇鑓を追詰申べい、玉薬を一放分下されいとのべたれば、おのれが脇鑓推参なやつだとて血目玉を出してしかりなさつたに依て、是非なく見物してねまつた。
(深井一郎『雑兵物語研究と総索引』P152)
(現代語訳)
(草履取の嘉助が主人の武士に従って戦場に出たところ)弓の勝負が始まり、やがてお互いに距離が近づいてくると、主人は「この鉄砲を腰に挟め。一番槍を合わせる」と言った。そこで「自分(=草履取り)もこの鉄砲で脇槍(武士の援護)を勤めますので玉薬をください」と言ったところ、「お前ごときが脇槍とは差し出がましい奴だ」と激怒したので、しかたなく見物していた。
(平井上総『兵農分離はあったのか』P44)
(Where Kasuke (嘉助), a sandal-bearer, followed his master's warrior onto the battlefield.) A battle of bows began, and when both sides eventually came within range of each other, the master said, “Put this gun between your hips. I'll match the spear first. When the I said, “I will also serve as a flank spear (to support his lord) with this gun, so please give me some bullet and powder.” He was furious, saying, “You are the one who should not be a flank spear!” so I had no choice but to watch.
草履取りである嘉助は気を利かせて主人のため一緒に戦おうとするのだが、それは越権行為と見なされ、哀れにも彼は主人に激怒されてしまう。彼の仕事は白兵戦では不要となった鉄砲を預かっておくことなのだ。一方若党の場合は次のように記されている。
Kasuke, a sandal-bearer, wisely tries to fight alongside his master, but this is considered an overstepping of his authority, and pitifully, he is enraged by his master. His job was just to hold guns *46. It is to keep the In the case of the esquire, on the other hand, it is written as follows.
(現代語訳)
(若党である)加助どのは、よい働きをした。歴々の武士にも勝る脇槍をし、首を取られた。
(平井上総『兵農分離はあったのか』P46)
Kasuke-dono (加助 different person) did a good job. He was able to outwit all the other warriors with his flank spear, and he took off enemy's head.
(This English text was translated from the modern Japanese translation. The differences between the original text and the modern Japanese translation will be explained later.)
加助は援護に留まらず敵の首を討ち取り賞賛されている。若党という言葉はそもそも武士の若い子弟を指す言葉だったが、奉公人である若党が戦場で戦功を挙げて士分に取り立てられ、正式な武士に昇進する可能性もあった。嘉助が主人の戦いを見物している間、加助は早々と昇進してしまったかもしれない。
Kasuke was praised not only for his support, but also for killing the enemy. The term “wakato” was originally used to refer to young apprentices of warrior, but there was a possibility that a wakato, a servant, could have been promoted to a formal warrior rank after achieving war merits on the battlefield. While Kasuke was watching his master fight, Kasuke could have been promoted early.*47
侍と武士が別個の存在であるという高木氏の説はそれまでの通説と真っ向から対立するものであって、大きな衝撃を持って受け止められた。しかし法的には両者を別物とする高木氏の説は現在の日本史学界でも同意を得ている。。これを③侍=若党説と呼ぶことにしよう。
Although Takagi's theory that samurai and warriors were separate entities was received with great shock because it radically overturned the previously established theory, Takagi's theory is now the established theory in Japanese historical circles. Let us call this theory (3) Samurai=Wakato.
天正一九年八月令
Order of 8th month, Tensho 19
③侍=若党説は弥助が信長に仕えた時期の織田家を考察する上でも有効なのだろうか? これらの法令を幕府が制定した時代と弥助が信長に仕えた時代は離れている。だが高木氏は少なくとも、この法的「侍」定義は豊臣政権期にも通用したと考えている。秀吉が制定した次の法令を見れば、条文が幕府法令と似通っていることは一目瞭然だ。
(3) Is the theory that samurai = wakato valid for examining the Oda clan during the period when Yasuke served Nobunaga? The time when these laws were enacted by the shogunate and the time when Yasuke served Oda Nobunaga were separated. Professor Takagi believes that at least this definition was valid during the Toyotomi administration. The following statute enacted by Hideyoshi makes it clear that the text of the article is similar to that of the Shogunate statute.
奉公人、侍・中間・小者・あらしこに至るまで、去七月奥州へ御出勢より以後、新儀ニ町人百姓ニ成候者有之者、其町中地下人として相改、一切をくへからす、若かくし置ニ付而ハ、其一町一在所、可被加御成敗事、
(『毛利家文書』935、『浅野家文書』258、『小早川文書』504)
(現代語訳)
一、奉公人、侍・中間・小者・荒し子にいたるまでは、去る七月に奥州に御出陣以後、新たに町人・百姓になる者がいたならば、町中・地下人(=町人・村人)が調べ、一切居住させるべきではない。もし隠しおいたならば、その町・村を成敗する。
(平井上総『兵農分離はあったのか』P93)
I. If any new townspeople or peasants, former servants such as samurai, mid-servant, menials, and arashiko, are found to have become townspeople or peasants since the Oshu campaign in July of this year, they should be investigated by local people, and should not be allowed to live in the town or village. If they hide it, the town/village will be defeated.
高木氏は先述した幕府法令との文面の共通性から、「奉公人、侍・中間・小者・あらしこ」は武家奉公人をまとめたもので、この法令の主旨は彼らが武士の元から逃亡するのを防ぐことだったと喝破した。なお法令が制定された天正19年は秀吉が朝鮮へ派兵する前年のことであり、歴史学者の平井上総氏はこの法令には日本軍の戦力を維持する意図があったと考えている。
Based on the similarities between the text and the aforementioned Shogunate orders, Professor Takagi concluded that the “servants, samurai, mid-servant, menial, arashiko*48” were a group of warrior household servants, and that the main purpose of this law was to prevent them from fleeing from the warrior household. summarized servants, and blackmailed that the main purpose of this decree was to prevent them from fleeing from the warrior households. *49. The law was enacted in Tensho 19, the year before Hideyoshi dispatched his troops to Korea, and historian Hirai Inoue believes that the law was intended to maintain the strength of the Japanese army.*50
以上のように豊臣政権と徳川幕府の奉公人関連法令の条文を検討すれば、「侍」とは武家奉公人の一種である若党のことを意味し、武士とは異なった存在であることがわかる。そして豊臣秀吉が元織田家臣であり、彼の政権が信長のそれと連続したものである以上、弥助の織田家における身分を考察する上で高木説を無視することはできないだろう。
As we have seen above, if we examine the articles of the laws concerning retainers of the Toyotomi government and the Tokugawa shogunate, we can see that the term “samurai” refers to a type household servant called wakato (若党 esquire), and that they were a different existence from the warrior (武士 bushi). And since Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a former retainer of the Oda clan, and his administration was a continuation of that of Nobunaga, we cannot ignore Takagi's theory when considering the status of Yasuke in the Oda clan.
では③侍=若党説の出現によって①侍≒武士説と②侍⊆武士説は完全に陳腐化してしまったのだろうか。そうとも言い切れない。これらの説にも無視しがたい根拠があるのだ。
So, have the emergence of the theory that samurai = wakato made the theories that "samurai is bushi" and "samurai ⊆ bushi" completely obsolete? Are these old theories completely baseless? That cannot be said. These old theories also have their sources.
侍≒武士説
Samurai ≒ Bushi theory
まずは①侍≒武士説を再検討しよう。大前提として③侍=若党説の根拠は法令であり、法令用語としての「侍」の定義と一般的な「侍」の用法は一致していなかった可能性がある。再び『雑兵物語』を見てみよう。
First, let's re-examine the theory that samurai is bushi. As a basic premise, the basis for the theory that samurai = wakato is that the law, and it is possible that the definition of samurai as a legal term and the general usage of the word samurai did not match. Let's take another look at the Zōhei Monogatari.
槍担ぎ小頭 長柄源内左衛門(中略)
槍の合戦でも、まず勝負が始まるのは、お侍衆の槍からだぞ。
それからまた、槍は突くもんだとばかり思っちゃあならねえ。一同、心を一つにして穂先がそろうように拍子を合わせ、上から敵と叩き伏せなされ。決して突くべえと思いなさるな。一人、二人での出会いがしらの戦いなら突くのもいいが、槍数のそろった合戦とあれば、拍子をそろえて叩くのがなによりだ。(中略)およそ、お侍の槍を持つ役は、江戸あたりではお道具を持たせるからといって高給を払って、槍持ち奴の姿をさせるが、いざ合戦となれば、槍はご主人からの預り物だによって、てめえの役には立てられねえ。そこへいくと槍足軽のほうは、てめえの思うままに槍を振り回すんだから、お歴々のお侍衆と変わりはねえ。よくよく腰骨を強くして、遅れを取らねえように覚悟しろ。
また、お侍の槍を担ぐ役では、それをてめえの用に立てたりしたら、うろたえ者の腰抜け同然だで、後生大事にひっ担いで、戦わねえのが手柄だぞ。この二つの道理を、よくよく腹へぶちこんでおけ。
(吉田豊訳『原本現代語訳 雑兵物語他』P40)
Platoon leader of pike infantry, Gennaizaemon the pikeman (omission)
In a battle with spears, the first to make a move are the samurai with their spears!
Also, you must not think that pikes are only used for thrusting. Everyone must join together in mind and time their thrusts so that the tips of the spears are all in line, and then strike down the enemy from above. Never think that they are only for thrusting! If it's a battle with one or two, then poking is fine, but if it's a battle with a large number of spears, then it's best to swing down in time with the rhythm! (omission)In Edo city, the role of bearing the spear for a samurai was paid a high salary for, and the appearance of a spear-bearer was made, but when it comes to a battle, the spear is a thing that is entrusted by one's master, so it cannot be used for your role. On the other hand, pike infantry (槍足軽 yari-ashigaru) can wield their pike as they please, so they're no different from the grand samurais. You'd better brace yourself and make sure you don't fall behind damn it.
Also, if you are a bearer and use the spear of a samurai for your own purposes, you're no better than a coward who panics, so you should carry it carefully and not fight! Make sure you understand these two principles!
長柄源内左衛門によれば、長柄槍隊よりも先に「お歴々のお侍衆」が戦闘に加入するのだという。彼らが足軽とは別個の集団であることは明らかだが、高木説に従って考えれば彼らは若党なのだろうか? ここで、先程引用した若党である加助の部分の「原文」を見てみよう。
According to Gennaizaemon the pikeman*51, the “dignified samurai” will join the battle before pike infantries. It is clear that they are a separate group from the infantrymen (足軽 ashigaru)*52, but if we follow Takagi's theory, are they esquire? Let's take a look at the original text of the part about Kasuke the esquire that I quoted earlier.
加助どの――、扨々能はたらきをした。れき――の侍衆にもまさつた鑓脇を引詰、首とられた。そちか旦那も被官も手柄した、(中略)おれが旦那はニ番鑓た所て、加助が旦那の一番鑓をぶつこみなさるをも、加助が鑓脇をおつつむるをも、能みとヾけた。
(深井一郎『雑兵物語研究と総索引』P149)
さてさて加助、立派な働きをした。槍脇(武士の槍の勝負を脇から助ける)をつとめて歴々のお侍衆にもまさる働きで首をとった。おまえの旦那も、家来のおまえも手柄をした。(中略)おれの旦那はニ番槍だったから、加助の旦那が一番槍を突っこみなさるのも、加助が槍脇をつとめるのも、よくよく見届けたが、(後略)
(吉田豊訳『原本現代語訳 雑兵物語他』P77)
Well, well, Kasuke (加助), you did a splendid job. You served as a flank spear and, with a performance that surpassed even the most distinguished of the samurais, you took a head. You and your master both did a good job. (omission) As my master was the second spear (second echelon), I saw very clearly that Kasuke's master was the first one to thrust his spear in, and that Kasuke took flank spear.
(In the original text, it is written as "侍 (samurai)", but in the modern Japanese translation quoted earlier, it was freely translated as "bushi (武士 warrior)".)
若党である加助の活躍が「歴々のお侍衆」にも勝るものと賞賛されているので「侍衆」は若党ではない。そして「侍衆」は同じ戦闘員である足軽や若党から仰ぎ見られる存在として描かれている。よって『雑兵物語』において「侍」が武士を指す言葉として使用されていることは明らかである。『雑兵物語』には「侍」という語が頻出するが、筆者が確認できた限りでは、その全てが文脈的に武士を指しているように読める。
The esquire Kasuke is praised for his exploits, even surpassing the “samurai”, so the “samurai” are not esquire. In addition, the samurai are depicted as being looked up to by the infantrymen and esquires, who are also combatants. Therefore, it is clear that the word “samurai” is used in “Zabehi Monogatari” to refer to warriors. The word “samurai” appears frequently in “Zabehi Monogatari”, and as far as I have been able to confirm, it can be read as referring to warriors in all cases.
『雑兵物語』は17世紀半ばに成立し、その文章は当時の東国の庶民が使っていた話し言葉で書かれている。そのため本史料における侍の用法が高木氏の論考において立証された法令用語における「侍」定義と一致しないとしても不思議ではない。一般的な用法では侍と武士が同義語として使われる例もあったのだ。
The Zabemono Monogatari was written in the mid-17th century, and the text is written in the spoken language used by the common people of the eastern Japan at the time. For this reason, it is not surprising that the usage of the word “samurai” in this historical document does not match the definition of the word “samurai” as a legal term, as established in Takagi's paper. In general usage, there were also cases where the word “samurai” was used as a synonym for “bushi”.
侍⊆武士説
Samurai ⊆ Bushi theory
次に②侍⊆武士説を取り扱う。この説の有力な典拠は『日葡辞書』イエズス会が作成したポルトガル語による日本語辞書である。彼らが日本での宣教活動に役立てるために数年がかりで編纂したもので、弥助が活動していた時期にほど近い1600年代初頭に成立している。この辞書では武士と侍は次のように書かれている。
Next, we will look at the theory that "samurai was high ranking warrior". The main source for this theory is the "Vocabulário da Língua do Japão" a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary created by the Jesuits.*53 It was compiled over several years to help with their missionary work in Japan, and was completed in the early 1600.
Buxi.(武士 bushi) Soldado.(Soldier 軍人)
Saburai. (侍 Samurai) Fidalgo. (Nobleman 貴人)
(日葡辞書より抜粋し括弧内は筆者が補った。Quoted from "Vocabulário da Língua do Japão". The parentheses are filled in by the author.)
Soldadoは現代英語のソルジャーに相当する語である。またFidalgoは貴人だが、岡氏に質問したところこれは土地や財産などを持った上級武士を指している。欧州でいえば、下限としては爵位のない上流階級ぐらいまでを含む語であるとのことである。
Soldado is the equivalent of the modern English word soldier. Fidalgo is a nobleman, but when I asked professor Oka about it, she said it refers to a high-ranking warrior who owns land and property. In Europe, it is a word that includes the upper classes without titles.
この日葡辞書の記述を素直に受け取れば、侍が武士より下位の奉公人身分であると考えることは極めて困難だと言わざるを得ない。イエズス会が日本語を誤解した可能性は否めないものの、日葡辞書は一定の信頼性を持つ史料であり単なる錯誤として退けることも難しい。
If we take the descriptions in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam at face value, it would be extremely difficult to think that samurai were a servant class of people ranked below the bushi. While it is undeniable that the Jesuits may have misunderstood the Japanese language, the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam is a historical document that has a certain degree of reliability, and it is difficult to dismiss it as a simple mistake. *54
サブライ=土豪説
Does "Saburai" mean "gentry"?
これについて筆者は当初fidalgoがsaburaiというのは地侍のことではないかと考えていた。地侍とは当時の村落共同体における上位層を指す言葉である。彼らは名字を名乗り、刀を二本指し、一般農民であるところの凡下と自分たちを区別していた。次に掲げるのは後北条氏が天正15年(1587年)七月晦日付で領内に発した「北条家定書き」のうち、相模西郡の栢山(かやま)村に出された一通である。
At first, I thought that fidalgo was a word for saburai, which refers to a country samurai (地侍 jizamurai). Country samurai is a synonym for the upper class of the village community at the time.*55 They had surnames, wore two swords*56, and distinguished themselves from the commoners (凡下 bonge). The following is one of the “Hojo clan Regulations” issued by the Go-Hojo clan in their territory on the last day of the seventh month of the 15th year of the Tensho era (1587).
一、当郷に於いて侍・凡下を撰ばず、自然御国御用之砌(みぎり)、召し使わるべき者を撰び出し、其の名を記すべき事、但し弐人、
一、此の道具は弓・鑓・鉄炮三様之内、何れ成り共存分の次第、但し鑓ハ竹柄にても、木柄にても、二間より短きハ無用に候、然らば権門之被官と号し、陣役を致さざる者、或いは商人、或いは細工人の類、十五、七十を切りて記すべき之事、
一、腰さし類之ひら――、武者めくやうニ仕度を致すべき事、
一、よき者を撰び残し、夫同前之者を申し付け候らわば、当郷之小代官、何時も聞き出し次第頸を切るべき事、
一、此の走廻りを心懸け相嗜み候へば、侍にても、凡下にても、望みに随い御恩賞有るべき事、
(『戦国遺文後北条氏編』3133号)
(現代語訳)
①この郷村では、侍と凡下を区別せず、もしもの御国の御用の時のために、動員すべき人員二名の名を書いて提出すること。
②武器は弓・鑓・鉄砲の三つのうち、好きなものを使うように。ただし槍は竹柄でも木柄でも、二間(=約三・六メートル)より短いものは不要である。権門(=権力を持つ者。貴族や寺社、武士など)の被官(=家来・家臣・奉公人)や、陣夫役をしていない者、あるいは商人・細工人(=職人)などを、一五歳から七〇歳までの間で記すこと。
③腰に指す旗指物は、武士であるかのように支度すること。
④良い者(=屈強の者)を選んで(村に)残し、(弱々しい)人足のようなものを提出するようであれば、判明次第この村の小代官の首を斬る。
⑤この働きをしっかりと勤めれば、侍でも凡下でも、望みに従って恩賞を与える。
(平井上総『兵農分離はあったのか』P63)
① In this village, there is no distinction between samurai (侍) and commoners (凡下 bonge), and in the event of a state emergency, you must submit the names of two men who should be conscripted.
② You may use any of the following weapons: bow, spear, or gun. However, spears with either bamboo or wooden handles that are shorter than two ken (approx. 3.6 meters) are not required. Kenmon (people with power, such as nobles, temples, shrines, and warriors) and those who are not serving as soldiers, as well as merchants and artisans, between the ages of 15 and 70.
③ You should dress with a banner as if you were warriors.
④ If you choose the good men (the strong ones) and leave them in the village, and if you submit the weak ones like coolie, we will cut the head of the minor official of this village as soon as we find out.
⑤ If you do this work well, we will give you a reward according to your wishes, whether you are a samurai or a commoner.
武家が百姓たちに発した徴兵令であるこの文書を見れば、武家側が百姓のなかの上層を「侍」と呼んでいることは明らかである。また武者らしく支度させろという一文から、この「侍」が武士でないことは明白である。宣教師たちは村落共同体の上位層が「侍」と呼ばれているのを聞いて侍に貴人という訳を当てた。そうは考えられないだろうか?
If you look at this document, which is a conscription order issued by the warrior household to peasants,*57 it is clear that the samurai refer to the upper and lower classes of peasants as samurai and commoner. Also, the fact that they tell them to prepare as warriors makes it clear that these “samurai” are not warriors. Could it be that the missionaries heard the local gentry being called “jizamurai” and decided to translate the word as “nobleman”?
だがこの私の考えには反証がある。本記事でも取り扱った1581年4月14日付のフロイス書簡ではヴァリニャーノら一行を馬上の貴人が出迎える場面が描写されているが、この貴人は原文ではfidalgosとなっており、前後の文脈からすると彼らは上級武士であるようなのだ。宣教師たちはfidalgoを地侍だけに対して用いているわけではない。
But there is clear evidence to the contrary. The Frois letter of April 14, 1581, which we have covered in this article, describes the scene where a nobleman on a horse greeted Valignano and his party. This nobleman is referred to as fidalgos in the original text, and it is clear from the context that they are high-ranking warrior. The missionaries use fidalgo not only for country samurai.
日本語側史料においても、上級の武士を侍と呼称している史料がまったく存在しないわけではない。なおここまで武士と奉公人を別種の存在として説明してきたが、実をいうと家臣全般という意味で武士を奉公人と呼んでいる史料も存在する。
In Japanese historical records, there are also cases where the term 'samurai' is used to refer to high-ranking warriors. Although we have been discussing samurai and servants as two different types of people, there are also historical records that use the term 'servant' to refer to warrior vassals in general.*58
結論
Conclusion
長くなったが、①侍≒武士説、②侍⊆武士説、③侍=若党説の3つを検討してきた。③は現在日本史学界で同意を得ているものの、筆者には①と②がまったく無根拠というわけではようにも思える。後年に侍と武士が事実上同義語になったことを踏まえれば、法令上の両者が峻別された存在だという高木氏の論考だけで全て済ませるわけにはいかないだろう。
Apoligies for this lengthiness. We have examined three theories: (1) samurai ≈ bushi, (2) samurai ⊆ bushi, and (3) samurai ≠ wakato. As far as I know, (3) is widely accepted in the field of Japanese history today. To me, though, (1) and (2) do not seem to be completely baseless. Adopting only professor Takagi's view that samurai and bushi were completely distinct entities would be problematic, considering that in later years the two terms became virtually synonymous.
呉座氏によれば現在の日本史学界では「侍」の定義を基本的に広義に設定する風潮があるという。例えば「侍」の定義を狭義に解釈した場合、「地侍」を説明することは苦しくなる。そして平山氏は高木説を踏まえつつ、侍は武芸をもって武家に仕える従者の総称であり、その上位層が武士であるという定義、つまり④侍⊇武士説を使用している。侍という言葉の用法の多様さを考えれば、これまで掲げた四つの定義のうちこの④侍⊇武士説がもっとも妥当なように筆者は感じるのだが、如何だろうか。
According to professor Goza, there is a tendency in the current Japanese historical academic community to define the term “samurai” in a broad sense. For example, if the definition of samurai is interpreted narrowly, it becomes difficult to explain the descriptions in the Zōhei Monogatari and the examples of country samurai. And based on Takagi's theory, professor Hirayama uses the definition that samurai is a general term for the retainers of the warrior households, and that warrior is a high rank samurai, that is, the samurai ⊇ bushi theory. Considering the wide range of uses of the word “samurai”, it seems to me that definition (4) above, which is based on the theory that samurai ⊇ warriors, is the most appropriate of the four definitions given so far.
④侍⊇武士説においては「侍」の指す身分は階層的にかなり広いものになり、上は将軍から下は上位武家奉公人たる若党までを含むことになる。今後弥助の身分について議論する際は、各身分をどのように定義するのかという点にも大きな注意を払う必要があるであろう。
In the theory of samurai ⊇ warriors, the class of samurai is quite broad, and includes everyone from the shogun at the top to the esquires who are high ranking household servants at the bottom. In future discussions of the status of Yasuke, it will be necessary to pay greater attention to how each status is defined.
典拠
Sources and Reference
出典
Sources
『エヴォラ版日本書簡集』(1598)
Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos reynos de Japão & China aos da mesma Companhia da India & Europa, desdo anno de 1549 atè o de 1580, etc. (Segunda parte das cartas de Japão, do anno 1581-1589.). Evora, 1598
松田毅一監訳『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集第Ⅲ期第5巻』同朋舎出版(1992)
松田毅一監訳『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集第Ⅲ期第6巻』同朋舎出版(1991)
François Solier. Histoire ecclésiastique des isles et royaumes du Japon, 1627
Jean Crasset. Histoire de L’ Eglise du Japon, 1689
『キリスト教に関する導入書、すなわち日本宣教の始まりとその上長たちについての書 1549年8月15日から1744年8月31日まで』アジュダ図書館所蔵史料
Biblioteca da Ajuda, Lisboa. Jesuítas na Ásia 49-IV-55. Livro Primeiro da Christandade, digo do principio da Missão do Japão e Superiores della, começando em quinze de agosto de mil quinhentos e quarenta e nove, annos 1549 athe o trinta e hum de agosto de mil settecentos e quarenta e quatro 1744 annos.
ローマイエズス会文書館所蔵史料 Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Jap Sin 7 III, fl. 225v.
深井一郎『雑兵物語研究と総索引』武蔵野書院(1973)
吉田豊訳『原本現代訳 雑兵物語他』教育社(1987)
『日葡辞書』Vocabulário da Língua do Japão
天正十五年七月晦付「北条家定書」
To non-Japanese readers
You can read (or rather, view) the Ikeda-hon manuscript of "Shincho-ki" and "Ietada Nikki" on the Internet, but they are written in cursive style characters in medieval Japanese that can only be read by those with special training. The Sonkeikaku-bonko copy is under a special care and can be accessed only by researchers who have applied. I did not read the original texts directly but relied on professional transcriptions.
In short, it would be extremely difficult for foreigners to access the original Japanese materials directly. However, it seems there is an English translation of "Shincho-ki," which is "The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga" published by Brill Academic Pub in 2011. Although I don't know which version of "Shincho-ki" this translation used as its original texts, I recommend that you check it out if you are interested.
主要参考図書
References
谷口克広『信長の親衛隊』中公新書(1998)
岩沢 愿彦『家忠日記の原本について』東京大学史料編纂所報(1967)
ルシオ・デ・ソウザ/岡美穂子『大航海時代の日本人奴隷 増補新版』中公選書(2021)
高木昭作『いわゆる「身分法令」と「一季居」禁令』(『日本近世国家史の研究』岩波書店、1990年)
西股総生『戦国の軍隊』学研プラス(2012)
『日本国語大辞典 第二版』小学館の以下の記事を参照した。
”御抱””御目見””さむらい””鞘巻””道具持”
『日本大百科全書』小学館(1994)の以下の記事を参照した。
”織田信長””御伽衆””徒士””姓名””戦国時代””豊臣秀吉””苗字帯刀”
To non-Japanese readers
Unfortunately, all materials listed above in this "References" section are in Japanese. I don't know of any good books on Yasuke written in any languages other than Japanese.
Almost all information in English concerning Yasuke, including articles of famous media outlets, is under the influence of Thomas Lockley, whose writings and speeches are sometimes not so easy to distinguish between historical facts, plausible inferences from them, and his own speculations extended from them.
I highly recommend Hiraku Kaneko (金子拓)'s book, a tour de force of the comparative study of Shincho-ki, for readers who want to know more about discussion about the reliability of the Sonkeikaku copy, although reading it may not be easy for non-Japanese.
For the discussion on the definition of samurai, refer to the article by Shosaku Takagi and the book by Kazusa Hiragi.
ネットで読んだ
The Internet things I've read
呉座勇一「信長に仕えた黒人「弥助」とは何者か(1)」日本関係欧文史料の世界
呉座勇一「信長に仕えた黒人「弥助」とは何者か(2)」日本関係欧文史料の世界
呉座勇一「信長に仕えた黒人「弥助」とは何者か(3)」日本関係欧文史料の世界
Yu Hirayama平山優氏のSNSアカウント@HIRAYAMAYUUKAINの弥助に関する発言
Mihoko Oka岡美穂子氏のSNSアカウント@mei_gang30266の弥助に関する発言
和文史料の読み下しと現代語訳については北見花芽氏のブログ記事「弥助全資料 ~『信長公記』『家忠日記』『イエズス会日本年報』『日本教会史』~」(うきよのおはなし~江戸文学が崩し字と共に楽しく読めるブログ~)が大変参考になった。
本能寺の変において信長が引き連れた少数の手勢に弥助が同行していた可能性についてはa3dayo氏のブログ記事「トーマス・ロックリーの著作について」(三分の一)が指摘しており、本記事もこの考えを参照した。
助を洗わせたとする史料の来歴についてはdesaixjp氏のブログ記事「弥助を洗った史料など」(祖国は危機にあり(La patrie en danger) 関連blog)が貴重な情報を提供している。
呉座優一氏が運営に関わるユーチューブチャンネル春木で呉座います。に投稿された弥助に関係する複数の動画を参考にした。
ゲームさんぽ /よそ見「【基礎知識】そもそも「史料」ってどういうものですか?/さんぽ史料学📚前編」「弥助に関する史料をちゃんと読んでみよう/さんぽ史料学📚後編」では金子拓氏が弥助に関連する史料について解説しており、参考にした。
この他に動画videoであるnegi.moe「弥助に関する全歴史的資料 All historical documents related to Yasuke」に大いに触発(inspired)された。
To non-Japanese readers
The online sources listed above are relatively accessible to non-Japanese. With the use of machine translation, you will be able to grasp the contents to some extent. I recommend the essays by Professor Yuichi Goza (呉座勇一) in particular, whose opinions I have cited three times in a row at the beginning, because his writings are well-organized sources of information.
In the blog post of Haname Kitami (北見花芽), Japanese historical materials about Yasuke are translated into modern Japanese. If you can't read the original texts, but at least want to check out the modern Japanese translations, this post is there for you.
The last video listed at the end has a lot of translation problems. However, this video inspired me to write this article, and I listed it here as a token of my respect.
編集履歴
Editing history
令和6年9月下旬に記事の大幅な増補を書き換えを行った。主要な論旨を変更した点も少なくない。追記部分は以下の通り:尊経閣本関連の議論、戦国時代の経済制度の概観、歴史学者らの意見のまとめ、信長が弥助の肌を洗わせたとする新発見史料、さらに直接弥助とは関係ないものの「侍」の定義に関してまとめた付録を増補した。この他にも既存の部分を大幅に変更しているが、変更があまりに多岐に渡るためここに逐一記すことはしない。なお和文は9月28日現在ほぼ完成しているが、新規に追加した英文はほとんど機械翻訳をそのまま出力した状態であり、非常に多くの問題を残している。これについては今後修正していくものとしたい。同日追記:侍≠武士説が現在の定説だと解説していた箇所、地侍が土豪の類義語だとしていた箇所を訂正した。
In late September 2024, the article was significantly expanded and rewritten. There were quite a few changes in the main points of the argument. The added parts are as follows: discussions related to the Sonkeikaku copy, an overview of economic systems in the Sengoku period, a summary of opinions of historians, newly discovered historical materials that Nobunaga ordered to wash Yasuke's skin, and an appendix on the definition of' samurai' that is not directly related to Yasuke. In addition, the existing parts were significantly changed, but the changes were so extensive that they are not described here in detail. The Japanese text was almost completed as of September 28, but the newly added English text is almost exactly the output of the machine translation, and there are a lot of problems. This will be corrected in the future. P.S. on the same day: He corrected the part where he explained that the theory that samurai was not bushi is the current established theory, and the part where jizamurai (country samurai) said it was a synonym of dogo (gentry).
脚注
Footnotes
*1:弥助が来日した経緯や時系列を詳述する史料は発見されていない。ただし彼はヴァリニャーノに帯同していたため、イエズス会の記録から彼らが来日したのは1579年であると判明している。
No historical materials have been found that describes in detail how and when Yasuke came to Japan. However, since he accompanied them to Valignano, it is known from the records of the Society of Jesus that they came to Japan in 1579.
*2:戦国時代以前の日本では朝廷と幕府という二つの中央政府が存在した。朝廷は古代から存在する名目上の最高権威だったが、彼らは13世紀頃から政治的権力を武家に奪われていき、武家政権である幕府が武士たちを封建制度によって統治するようになっていた。極めて複雑な経緯から応仁元年(1467年)に始まった室町幕府の内乱、応仁の乱によって朝廷と室町幕府の本拠たる京都は荒廃し、日本の中央権力は機能不全に陥った。戦国時代の始まりである。
Before the Sengoku Period, Japan had dual central governments, the Imperial Court and the Shogunate. The Imperial Court had been the highest authority since ancient times, but from around the 13th century, its political power was usurped by the rising warrior class, and the Shogunate, a bushi (武士 warrior) government, came to rule warriors, and by extension the rest of people, through the feudal system. As the consequence of extremely complicated processes, the civil war of the Shogunate that began in 1467, the Onin War, devastated Kyoto, where the Imperial Court and the Shogunate had been located. That meant utter dysfunction of the central governments, marking the beginning of the Sengoku Period.
*3:この書物は広く『信長公記』というタイトルで知られている。これは『信長記』を元に小瀬甫庵という人物が著したいわゆる『甫庵信長記』と区別するためである。甫庵信長記は江戸時代に牛一『信長記』以上に流通し、織田信長の世間的なイメージに大きな影響を与えたが、その著作は儒教思想の強い影響下にあり、事実の歪曲が見られるため史料としての価値は低い。金子氏は太田牛一の著した信長一代記を『信長記』と呼称することを提案しているので、本記事もそれに従うことにする。
This book is usually known by the title "ShinchoKo-ki" to distinguish it from the so-called "Hoan Shincho-Ki", which was written by Hoan Oze based on Shincho-Ki. Hoan Shincho-Ki was distributed more widely than "Shincho-Ki" during the Edo Period and had a great influence on the public image of Oda Nobunaga, but its value as a historical material is considered low because its writings are strongly influenced by Confucian thought and have distorted facts. Professor Kaneko suggested that biography of Oda Nobunaga which was written by Ota Gyuichi, be called "Shincho Ki", and this article follows it.
*4:太田牛一は若いころ弓の名手として知られ、信長配下の六人衆の一人に選ばれたこともある。だが後にむしろ文書業務を主にこなすようになり、織田家宿老である丹羽長秀のもとで吏僚として働いた。吏僚とは武家において文書業務や行政的な仕事をこなす者をいう言葉である。牛一はそれほど高位の家臣だったわけではないが信長を深く尊敬し、彼の栄光を後世に伝えるため死の間際まで『信長記』の改稿を重ねた。信長のために書いたといってもその著作姿勢は極めて真摯なものであり、彼は「故意に削除したものはなく、創作もしていない。これが偽りであれば神罰を受けるであろう」と記している。現代の歴史家は牛一の著作を高く評価している。
Ota Gyuichi was known as a master of archery when he was young, and was once selected as one of the Rokuninshu (Six Masters) under Nobunaga. Later, however, he came to work mainly in the field of documents, and worked as a bureaucrat (吏僚 riryo) under Niwa Nagahide, the elder vassal of the Oda clan. The term "bureaucrat (吏僚 riryo)" refers to a person who was in charge of documents and administrative work in a warrior household. Although Gyuichi was not a very high-ranking vassal, he had a deep respect for Nobunaga, and he continued to revise Shincho-ki until his death in order to pass on the glory of his lord to future generations. Even though he wrote it for Nobunaga, his attitude was extremely sincere, and he wrote in his book that "I did not intentionally delete anything, nor did I create anything. If this is false, I will receive divine punishment." Modern historians highly value his work.
*5:将軍とは朝廷の武官の官職の一つで、正式名を征夷大将軍という。これは古代に朝廷が北方異民族を討伐するため派遣した軍の総司令官に与えた称号であった。武家の棟梁である源頼朝が建久3年(1192年)にこの将軍に就任して以来、将軍は日本における事実上の最高権力者の称号となった。ところで著名な将軍の一人に坂上田村麻呂が挙げられるが、延暦16年(797年)将軍に就任した彼は後の武家とは無関係である。海外にはこの坂上田村麻呂が黒人だったと主張する珍説が存在する。カナダの人類学者アレクサンダー・フランシス・チェンバレンが優生学の影響を強く受けた学術雑誌「人種開発ジャーナル」に投稿した論文『人類文明への黒人の貢献』(同誌第1巻、1911年4月)において、田村麻呂はネグロ(黒人)だったと無根拠に記述したのが起源らしいのだが、この説は日本ではまったく相手にされていない。坂上氏は渡来系氏族である東漢氏から分かれた枝氏族の一つだが、田村麻呂の人種については確かな史料がなく知りようがない。
The title of shogun was a government post of the Imperial Court, and its official name was “Seii Taishogun”. This title was given to the commander-in-chief of the army dispatched by the Imperial Court to subdue the northern barbarians in ancient times. After Minamoto no Yoritomo, the head of the warrior households, was appointed as shogun in 1192, the title of shogun became the title of the de facto supreme authority in Japan. One famous shogun is Tamuramaro Sakagami, who became shogun in 797, but he was unrelated to the warrior class of later medieval times. There is a strange theory abroad that Tamuramaro was black. It seems that the origin of this theory is a paper entitled “The Contribution of the Negro to Human Civilization” (The Journal of Race Development, Vol. 1, No. 4. Apr, 1911) written by Alexander Francis Chamberlain, Tamuramaro was apparently described as a Negro (black person) without any evidence. This theory is not taken seriously in Japan at all. Sakanoue clan is one of the branch clans that split off from the Yamatonoayauji clan, a clan of foreign origin, but there are no certain historical records about Tamuramaro's race, so it is impossible to know.
*6:イエズス会は16世紀前期に結成されたカトリック教会の修道会である。宗教改革の時代にあってカトリック復興を目指した彼らは高等教育の振興と非キリスト教徒への宣教を行った。イエズス会士フランシコ・ザビエルが1549年(天文18年)に初めて来日して以来、イエズス会は日本での布教活動を続けていた。
The Society of Jesus aka Jesuits is a religious order of the Catholic Church that was formed in the early 16th century. In the period of the Protestant Reformation, they aimed at the revival of the Catholic Church, promoted higher education and carried out missionary work for non-Christians. The Society of Jesus had continued missionary work in Japan since Francis Xavier, a Jesuit missionary, first came to Japan in 1549, 18th of Tenbun.
*7:巡察師とはこの時代にイエズス会が布教状況を査察するため各地に派遣した宣教師の称号である。アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノは現在のイタリア南部にあったナポリ王国の貴族出身で、当時のイエズス会における重要人物だった。
Visitador is a title given to missionaries dispatched by the Society of Jesus to various places in order to inspect the state of missionary work in this period. Alessandro Valignano, a nobleman from the kingdom of Naples, was an important figure in the Society of Jesus at that time.
*8:本当に十人に勝てたわけではなく、あくまでそういう表現である。十人力という慣用表現は現在でも時々使われる。なお歴史家の乃至政彦氏は池田本のこの部分を「力強さは、普通の人に勝る様子であった」と訳している。
It does not mean he was literally able to beat ten people, but is rather a common phrase. The idiomatic expression of "the power of ten" is sometimes used even today. The historian Masahiko Naishi translated this part of Ikeda-hon as,' He seemed to be stronger than ordinary people.'
*9:平山氏によればのし付とは薄く伸ばした金銀を使用した高価な装飾である。またこの刀は従来は腰刀であると見なされてきたが、平山氏はこの刀が太刀である可能性を指摘している。主君から刀を賜ることは刀のサイズに関係なく名誉であった。
According to Professor Hirayama, it meant an erabolate decoration that used thinly stretched gold and silver. And this sword was considered to be a dagger (腰刀 koshi-gatana), but Professor Hirayama pointed out the possibility that it actually meant a long sword (太刀 tachi). In any case, receiving a sword from one's lord was an honor regardless of the size of the sword.
*10:弥助が名字を持たないことは彼の身分を議論する上で論点になってきた。通常武士は名字を持つにも関わらず弥助にはないからである。しかし平山氏は名字でなくても主君から名前を与えられることは非常な名誉であると指摘している。また名字をもたない侍がいなかったわけではなく、下級武士のなかには士分はあるが名字はないという者もいた。前近代における日本の氏名は極めて複雑なシステムであり、英語のラストネームに相当するものとして氏あるいは本姓、姓(カバネ)、家名、名字などが複合的に使用された。また英語のファーストネームに相当するものとして実名である諱と仮名の二つがあった。武士は通常名字と仮名を使用し、氏姓と諱はほとんど使用しなかった。例としてある時期の織田信長の名前を見てみよう。彼が使用した正式な名前は平朝臣織田上総介三郎信長である。平は本姓、朝臣はそれに付随するカバネ、ただしこれは僭称である可能性が高い。織田は名字である。上総介は朝廷の官職で上総国の副長官を意味し、三郎は彼が三男であることに由来する名前で、これはどちらも仮名でありどちらか一方を文脈に合わせて使い分ける。信長は諱であり、現代人は彼をこの名前で呼ぶが当時は滅多に使われなかった。
The fact that Yasuke did not have a surname has been a point of contention in the debate over his status, because while typical warrior (武士 bushi) had a surname, Yasuke did not. However, Professor Hirayama points out that it was a honor to be given a name by one's lord even if it was not a surname. And it was not that there were no samurai who did not have a surname, and some lower-ranking warrior (武士 bushi) did have a status of warrior (士分 shibun) but not a surname. In pre-modern Japan, the name system was extremely complicated. Lineage name (氏 uji or 本姓 honsei), hereditary title which belonged to lineage name (姓 kabane), family name (家名 kamei) and surname (名字 myo-ji) were used in various combinations, in ways equivalent to the last name in English. And there were two types of name that corresponded to the first name in English: real given name (諱 imina) and pseudonym (仮名 kemyo). Warrior (武士 bushi) usually used surname and pseudonym. Lineage name, hereditary title and real given name were rarely used. Take for example the name of Nobunaga. The official full name he used at a point was 平朝臣織田上総介三郎信長 (Taira no Ason Oda Kazusa no Suke Saburo Nobunaga). Taira (平) is his lineage name, Ason (朝臣) is hereditary title belonged to that (however, it is highly possible that this was a falsely claimed name). Oda (織田) is the surname of his clan. Kazusa no Suke (上総介) is a government post in the Imperial Court, meaning vice governor of Kazusa Province, and Saburo (三郎) is the name derived from the fact that he was his farther's third son, both of the two are pseudonym, only eigher one was used at a time depending on the context. Nobunaga (信長) is his real given name, which people today call him by, but was rarely used in his lifetime.
*11:道具持ちは主君の武器、主に槍を持ち運ぶ職である。通常は中間が務めるが近習や小姓といった身分の高い側近が臨時に務めることもあった。弥助はときどき信長の道具持ちをすることもあったという。
The role of weapon bearer (道具持ち dougu-mochi) was to carry the weapons of the lord, mainly spear. Usually a houshold servant (中間 chu-gen) was in charge, but sometimes a higher-ranking aide such as adjutant (近習 kin-ju) or page (小姓 kosho) temporarily took charge, and this text says Yasuke "sometimes" took in charge of this role.
*12:信長存命の頃、徳川家は織田家から見て格下の同盟相手だった。しかし徳川家康は戦国時代を勝ち残り、260年続いた徳川幕府の初代将軍になった人物である。このことから、『信長記』写本の研究では、初期に成立した写本ほど家康を呼び捨てにする傾向があり、後の時代に成立した写本では家康へ敬称をつける傾向があるとされている。池田本では家康は46回中呼び捨てはわずかに2回のみである。対して尊経閣本は44回中26回呼び捨てとなっている。このことは尊経閣本が古態を残す写本であるという金子氏の説と整合的だ。ただし尊経閣本はそもそも家康以外の人物にも全体的に敬称をあまり使わない傾向がある。また規則性があると見なされているのは基本的に家康の敬称だけで、信長へ敬称を付す頻度は不規則であることが知られている。
When Nobunaga was alive, the Tokugawa clan was a low-ranking ally of the Oda clan. However, Ieyasu survived and won the Sengoku period and became the first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted for 260 years. For this reason, a study of the copies of "Shincho-ki" says that the copies established in the early period tend not to give the title of honor to Ieyasu, and the copies established in the later period tend to give the title of honor to Ieyasu. In the Ikedake copy, Ieyasu gave the title of honor only twice out of 46 times. On the other hand, in the Sonkeikaku-bon, he gave the title of honor 26 times out of 44 times. This is consistent with Kaneko's theory that the Sonkeikaku copy is a copy that retains the old style. However, the Sonkeikaku copy tends not to use the title of honor as a whole for people other than Ieyasu in the first place. In addition, it is basically only the title of honor for Ieyasu that is considered to be regular, and it is known that the frequency of giving the title of honor to Nobunaga is irregular.
*13:該当箇所は巻五の巻頭。金子拓『織田信長という歴史』の308ページを見よ。
The passage is written at the beginning of volume 5. See page 308 of Professor Kaneko's book『織田信長という歴史』
*14:豊臣秀吉は卑賤の身から成り上がり位人臣を極めたことで有名である。天文23年(1554年)秀吉18歳のとき信長に小者として仕え、やがて足軽に昇進した。永禄4年(1561年)の結婚の前後から木下の名字を名乗るようになり、永禄9年(1566年)には美濃攻めにおける功績から部将に取り立てられた。天正1年(1573年)には12万石の大名となり、名字を羽柴に改めた。この頃の彼は織田家最有力武将の一人として数万の兵力を率いていた。身分制の影響が強かった中世日本において、これほどの立身出世は他に類がない。
It is a well known story that Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose from a humble beginning to the highest among the imperial subjects. In 1554, when Hideyoshi was 18 years old, he served Nobunaga as a menial servant (小者 komono) and was later promoted to a infantryman (足軽 ashigaru). Around the time of his marriage in 1561, he began to use the surname of Kinoshita, and in 1566, he was promoted to a commanding officer, trusting his great achievement the Mino campaign. In 1573, he became a feudal lord with 120,000 koku and changed his surname to Hashiba. At this time, he led tens of thousands of troops as one of the six major corps commanders of the Oda army. In medieval Japan, where the class system strongly influenced, such a successful career was unheard of.
*15:信長によって京都から追放された将軍足利義昭は諸大名に対する政治工作を行い、その結果複数の戦国大名が織田家と敵対した。中でも中国地方に勢力を築いた毛利家は義昭の亡命政権と深く繋がり、この方面の織田軍を率いる秀吉と激しく争っていた。天正10年に入り重要拠点である高松城を巡る争いで毛利軍主力が出動すると、秀吉は信長に応援を請い、信長は自らの出陣を決断した。
Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, who had been exiled from Kyoto by Nobunaga, carried out political maneuvers against various feudal lords, and as a result, several warlords fought against the Oda clan. Among them, the Mori clan, who had established their power in the Chugoku region, was deeply involved in Yoshiaki's exile shogunate, and fiercely fought against Hideyoshi, who led one of the six major corps of the Oda clan in this area. In the 10th year of the Tensho era, when the main force of the Mori army went into action in the battle over Takamatsu Castle, an important base, Hideyoshi asked Nobunaga for support, and Nobunaga decided to go into battle himself.
*16:1588年10月30日付でヴァリニャーノがイエズス会総長宛てに送った書簡のなかで彼はフロイスについて「彼は物事を完全にかつ詳細に書くことを好み、自分が言っていることすべてが真実かどうかを確認することを怠っている」と記した。筆者はこの記述を確認できていない。
In Valignano's letter of October 30, 1588, to the President of the Society of Jesus, he wrote of Frois, "He prefers to write things in full and in detail, and fails to ascertain whether all that he says is true." I have not saw this letter myself, though.
*17:カフレとは当時のポルトガル人たちが黒人を呼ぶのに使った言葉である。この語は村上直次郎訳では黒奴と翻訳されているが、カフレという語自体には奴隷の意味合いはないため誤訳といってよい。来日時点での弥助の身分に関する議論については脚注30番を参照せよ。
The word Cafre was used by the Portuguese at the time to refer to black people. This word is translated as "black slave" in some of conventional Japanese translations, but we can daresay it is a mistranslation because the word Cafre itself does not bear the meaning of slave. For a discussion of the status of Yasuke when he arrived in Japan, see footnote 30.
*18:堺は京都のすぐ近くにあった。朝廷は七世紀頃まで天皇が代替わりするたびに遷都を繰り返していたが、山城国に造営した新首都平安京へ延暦13年(794年)に遷都するとそのまま定着し、この都市が京都と呼ばれるようになった。度重なる戦乱によって荒廃してはいたものの、当時の京都は依然として全国屈指の大都市だった。
Sakai was very close to Kyoto. Until around the seventh century, the Imperial Court repeatedly moved the capital every time there was a new emperor, but when the capital was moved to Heian-kyo (平安京), a new capital built in Yamashiro Province in 794 (Enryaku 13), they took root and the city came to be called Kyoto. Although devastated by repeated wars, Kyoto at that time was still the largest city in Japan.
*19:フロイスは現地での活動で資金を自己調達する方法を模索していたのかもしれない。戦国時代を通じてイエズス会日本支部は厳しい財政難にあった。そのため、フロイスが本部宛に送った報告は本部からの支援のために誇張される傾向があった。したがってイエズス会史料に記述された彼らの現地有力者との繋がりや布教活動の成功などは過大評価されていると考える必要がある。
Frois might have been looking for ways to self-finance their activities in the field. Throughout Sengoku period, the Japanese branch of the Society of Jesus was in severe financial difficulties.The reports Frois sent to the headquarters of the Jesuits, therefore, tended to exaggerate things in order to seek more supports from the headquarters. That necessitates us to think that their connections with local influential people and successful missionary works described in Jesuits historical materials were often overstated.
*20:徳川幕府は石高に応じた戦時動員兵力を詳細に規定しているが、当時の織田家にはそうした客観的な基準は一切存在しなかった。なので信長から所領規模の割にこの家臣の軍功はぱっとしないな、などと思われると悲惨な目にあった。事実佐久間信盛は織田家筆頭家老かつ最有力武将の一人だったが1580年に信長から追放されている。彼は信長の期待に答えられなかったらしい。彼の軍団を引き継いだのは明智光秀であった。
The Tokugawa shogunate stipulated in detail the number of soldiers to be mobilized in wartime according to the amount of kokudaka and assigned to eash warriors. In the lifetime of Nobunaga, though, such an objective standards were yet to be established in the Oda clan. That meant it had disastrous consequences when Nobunaga thought a vassal's military performance was poor for the size of his fief. In fact, even though Sakuma Nobumori was one of the Oda clan's elder vassals and one of the six major corps commanders of the Oda army, he was expelled by Nobunaga in 1580, seemingly because he did not live up to Nobunaga's expectations. It was Akechi Mitsuhide who took over his corps.
*21:本来武士は知行を受けるのが原則だったようだが、戦国時代には下級家臣に対して扶持を支給する形式が広まった。江戸時代には知行制自体の形骸化が進み、形式上知行を受けている家臣であっても領主としての実態がなく、藩主から支給される俸禄を受け取る例が増えた。
Warrior (武士 bushi) originally received their salaries through the feoffment system, but during the Sengoku period, the system of providing stipend to retainer became widespread. During the later Edo period, the feoffment system itself became less formalized, and there were more and more cases in which vassals received a salary from the feudal lord, even though they were formally enfeoffmented but not actually a lord.
*22:信長や秀吉など著名な武士の多くはこうした武将なので、武士ないし侍とは武将のことだと誤解されることもあるが、実際にはこうした高位の武士は一握りである。武将が広大な所領を擁し数千の兵力を率いる一方で、多くの武士は数人の奉公人だけを引き連れ個人戦闘員として戦わなければならなかった。
Almost all of today’s famous and admired warriors (武士 bushi), like Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, were warrior lords. For this reason, some modern people misunderstand that bushi, or samurai, means the same thing as warrior lord. But in reality, there were only a handful warriors who had so high a status as warrior lord. In contrast to a warrior lord held a large territory and led thousands of troops, many of mere warriors had to fight as an individual combatant, with only a few servants in tow.
*23:この年に織田家と徳川家の連合軍は長年の宿敵であった武田家を滅亡させた。織田軍主力は信長の嫡男信忠の軍勢であった。織田信忠は天正3年(1575年)に織田家督を譲られ、当時は織田家最有力武将の一人だった。信長は名目上の総大将として出征したものの戦線の後方に留まった。
In the same year, the allied forces of the Oda clan and the Tokugawa clan destroyed the Takeda clan, which had long been their archenemy. The main force of the Oda army was the corps of Nobunaga's eldest son, Nobutada. Nobutada was formally handed over the reigns of the Oda clan by his father in 1775, and one of the commanders of the six major corps of the Oda army at this time. Nobunaga went to this campaign technically as the the highest commander, but he remained behind the front line.
*24:六尺二分は182.42406cmで約6フィートとなる。参考までに戦国時代の日本人男性の平均身長は155cm程度とされている。同時期の欧州のそれもあまり変わりはないらしい。ただし武士は一般人よりも栄養状態が良かったから彼らの平均身長はもう少し高かったはずで、例えば織田信長の身長は約170cmだと言われている。ところでこの部分の記述はデータとしてあまりに詳細なため不自然である。これについては二つ説得的な説がある。一つは六尺二分はある種の定型表現ではないかというもので、非常に有名な僧兵である武蔵坊弁慶の身長がしばしば六尺二分と言及されることから、家忠が弥助を見て弁慶を連想したのではないかという説である。もう一つは当時家忠の領地において検地のために使われていた長さを測る棒、検地竿の長さが六尺二分だったので、家忠はだいたいその長さと同じくらいだと当たりをつけたという説である。ただし検地竿の長さは時期や地域によってかなり異同があるため、それほど確かではない。
Six shaku and two bu equals 182.42406 centimeters, which is about six feet. The height of Japanese men in the Sengoku period averaged about 155 centimeters. The Europeans at the same time averaged about the same, too. However, warriors were generally taller than ordinary people because they were better nourished. The height of Oda Nobunaga was supposedly about 170 centimeters. But to return to the height of Yasuke, this data provided by Ietada feels unnaturally precise. It would have certainly been difficult for Ietada, in such a situation, to measure Yasuke's exact height. There are two plausible theories about this. One is that six shaku two bu might have been a kind of conventional phrase which came from the height of Musashibo-Benkei, a very famous monk warrior, which was often described as six shaku two bu. This theory implies that Ietada might have associated Yasuke with Benkei when he saw him, making the phrase a kind of epithet rather than data. Admittedly, though, it is difficult to judge the validity of such a guess from the context. The other theory is that the length of the “kenchi-zao,” literally the measuring stick for land survey, in Ietada's territory at that time, might have been six shaku two bu, and that Ietada estimated Yasuke’s height as about the same with it. However, the length of the kenchi-zao varied considerably depending on the era or the region, which do not help this theory, though six shaku two bu certainly seems to us as one of the standard lengths of it.
*25:この依拠説にはもう一つ問題がある。尊経閣本と家忠日記ではヤスケの漢字表記が異なるのだ。尊経閣本では弥助で、これは今日の人々が彼を表記する際の表記だが、家忠日記では弥”介”になっている。もっとも前近代の日本ではこうした表記揺れはまったく珍しいものではなかった。そこで筆者が平山氏に確認したところ、尊経閣本の加筆者が直接家忠日記を参照したと仮定したとき、表記揺れが起こることはありえないと回答された。
There is another problem with this theory. The Sonkeikaku copy and Ietada Nikki have a difference as to what Kanji characters they use for the name Yasuke. In the former, Yasuke is 弥"助", which is also the way we usually write his name today, but in the latter, it is 弥"介." In pre-modern Japan, such fluctuations in Kanji writing themselves were pretty common. However, when I asked Professor Hirayama about it, he replied that if the hypothetical person who added revisions to the Sonkeikaku copy actually could have directly read Ietada Nikki, such a fluctuation could not happen.
*26:池田本『信長記』は太田牛一自筆本でありその信頼性は高く評価されている。だが同本は池田家の要請に晩年の牛一が応えて著したものであり、実は池田輝政の事績が他本に比べて少し誇張されている。尊経閣本と弥助に同様の関係を見出すことは不可能といっていい。なお池田輝政のための加筆部分のうち目立つものとしては、天正8年閏3月2日摂津鼻熊城下の合戦で池田輝政が戦功を挙げた旨を記す「忝も御成御感状、後代之面目也」(かたじけなくも賞状を貰い、後の代まで続く名誉だ)という記述が巻十三のなかにある。ところでこの加筆は実は尊経閣本にも共通して存在する。新しい時期の自筆本と尊経閣本に共通点がある事実は、後者が牛一の初期の草稿の内容を反映する古態写本であるという説にとって無視できない矛盾だ。その一方で池田本と尊経閣本の異同は細かい言い回しや送り仮名などの点で非常に大きいこともまた事実であり、両本の関係についてはまだよくわかっていない。
The Ikeda-hon original manuscript of “Shincho-Ki” was written by Gyuichi Ota in his own hand and is highly regarded for its reliability. However, this book was written by Gyuichi in response to a request from the Ikeda family, and in fact, the achievements of the Ikedas, the feudal lord, are slightly exaggerated compared to other books. It is impossible to find a similar relationship between the Sonkeikaku copy and Yasuke. One of the more prominent additions made to the text for Ikeda Terumasa is the passage in volume 13 that reads “I am deeply grateful for the letter of commendation, which is an honor that will last for generations to come”, which describes how Ikeda Terumasa distinguished himself in battle at the Battle of Hanakuma Castle in Settsu province on the 2nd day of the leap third month in 8th year of the Tensho era. Incidentally, this addition is also common to the Sokeikaku copy. The fact that there are similarities between the newer original manuscript and the Sokeikaku copy is a contradiction that cannot be ignored for the theory that the latter is based on old manuscript that reflects the content of Gyuichi's early drafts. On the other hand, it is also true that the differences between the Ikeda-hon manuscript and the Sokeikaku copy are very large in terms of minor wording, and the relationship between the two is still not well understood.
*27:小姓は武士の若い子弟が就く役職で、主君に近侍し身辺の雑用や秘書としての業務にあたり、戦時には主君の親衛隊として戦った。江戸時代の諸藩においては中小姓が士分の最下層である場合が多く、小姓とは基本的に武士の役職だと言ってよい。歴史家の谷口克広氏によれば織田家の御小姓衆は家臣の次男以下から信長が自ら選抜した精鋭集団であり、信長は彼らと馬廻を自ら率いてしばしば陣頭指揮を執った。こうした親衛隊には幹部候補生集団という意味合いもあり、前田利家のように小姓から大名に昇った例もある。弥助が信長の小姓であったと明示する史料は発見されていないが、金子氏は弥助の身分を小姓に比定している。一方で呉座氏は小姓としては弥助は歳を取りすぎていると指摘し、弥助が小姓だったという説には懐疑的である。
A page (小姓 kosho) was a post held by young sons of warrior (武士 bushi), who served their lord as personal attendants and secretaries, and fought as their lord's bodyguards during wartime. For example, in the domains of the Edo Period, there were many cases in which middle-page (中小姓 chu-gosho) were the lowest rank of warrior, and it can be said that a kosho was basically a post of warriors. According to the historian Katsuhiro Taniguchi, the pages of the Oda clan was an elite group that Nobunaga selected by himself from the second sons and younger of his vassals, and Nobunaga often led them and horsegurads (馬廻 umamawari) to the front. Such guardtroops also had the implication of officer candidates, and there were examples such as Maeda Toshiie, who rose from a kosho to a feudal lord (大名 daimyo). No historical materials have been found that clearly show that Yasuke was a page of Nobunaga, but professor Kaneko identified Yasuke's status as a page. On the other hand, professor Goza points out that Yasuke was too old for being a kosho, and is skeptical about the theory.
*28:信長が上洛に伴って安土から引き連れてきたのは「御小姓衆二、三十人」だったと『信長記』に記されているが、人数が記載されていない武家奉公人たちも含めれば総数はもう少し多かったはずだ。谷口氏によれば信長と共に戦った護衛は小姓を中心とし総数は50人から60人ほどだったという。この数字には本来非戦闘員である中間たちも含まれる。このように緊急時に奉公人が戦闘に加わるケースは稀にあった。
According to Shinchoki, Nobunaga brought only 20 to 30 pages (御小姓衆 Lord Nobunaga's kosho-syu) from Azuchi, his home castle, to Kyoto, the capital. The total number might have been a little larger if we count in unmentioned household servants, but it would still be a small number. According to historian Katsuhiro Taniguchi, the total number of the escort who fought with Nobunaga at Honno-ji was only about 50 to 60 men, the core of which was his pages. This number includes household servants, who were essentially non-combatants. It was rare but not impossible for them to join the battle in an emergency, and this was such a case.
*29:本能寺の変が起こったとき京都には織田信忠と織田家馬廻衆の約半数が駐屯していた。しかし彼らは市内の町屋に散らばって宿泊していたため、本能寺が攻撃された際に駆けつけることができなかった。本能寺にほど近い妙覚寺に寄宿していた信忠は明智謀反の報せを受けると、手勢を連れて二条御所へ移動し、朝廷の関係者を避難させ、町中から信忠の元に集った馬廻たちを率いて明智軍を迎え撃った。信忠と千から千五百の馬廻たちは激しく抵抗したものの衆寡敵せず、信忠は父と同様建物に火を放ち自害した。信長記は本能寺の変における織田家家臣の戦死者を列挙し顕彰している。
When the Honnoji Incident occurred, about half of the Horse Guards (馬廻 Uma-mawari) of the Oda clan were stationed in Kyoto. However, they were not able to rush to Honno-ji when it was attacked, because they had been lodged in houses at various places in the city. The warriors of Horse Guards eventually joined Nobutada, who fought at Nijo Imperial Palace. Nobutada, Nobunaga's eldest son, was formally handed over the reigns of the Oda clan by his father in 1775. He was also the commander of one of the six major corps of the Oda army when the Honnoji Incident occurred. When Nobutada, who was boarding at Myokakuji near Honno-ji, was informed that Honno-ji was under attack, he moved to Nijo Imperial Palace with his guard troops of the Oda clan. He evacuated the people of the Imperial Court, combined his troops with the ones who managed to join him, and fought the besiegement of the Akechi army in the palace. Although Nobutada and his a thousand to fifteen hundred men put up a fierce resistance, when Nobutada realized they were outnumbered, he set fire to the buildings and committed ritual suicide just like his father. Shincho-ki enumerates the many names of the fallen the Oda clan soldiers in this Incident to praise them.
*30:平戸のイギリス商館長であったリチャード・コックスの日記には当時の長崎に多くの黒人がいたことが記録されている。例えば彼の日記にはアントニオという名前のカフル人が登場する。アントニオは元は平戸領主松浦隆信に所有されていて、日本語とポルトガル語に堪能であったが、解放されイギリス商館にいた。1617年11月の日記によると、マニラからやってきたスペイン人が大金を払ってでもアントニオを買い入れたいと申し出てきたという。記録の多くは貿易港である長崎の周辺におけるものだが、『続無名抄』には1607年頃に因幡鹿野藩に「黒坊」がいたという記録がある。藩主亀井氏が朝鮮出兵から連れ帰ったらしい。当時編纂されたポルトガル語による日本語辞書『日葡辞書』によるとクロボウ(Curobō)はカフル人のことなので、これは黒人のことだと思われるが、詳細は不明である。
Richard Cox, the British chief merchant in Hirado, recorded in his diary that there were many black people in Nagasaki at the time. For example, in his diary, a man named Antonio appears. Antonio was originally owned by the lord of Hirado, Matsuura Takanobu, and was fluent in Japanese and Portuguese, but he was freed and was at the British trading post. According to his diary from November 1617, a Spaniard from Manila offered to buy Antonio for a large sum of money. Although most of the records are from around Nagasaki, a trading port, the “Zoku Mumyōshō” (A Continuation of the Mumyōshō) contains a record of a “Kurobō” in the Inaba Shikano clan around 1607. It seems that the feudal lord Kamei brought him back from the Korean Expedition. According to the Japanese-Portuguese dictionary compiled at the time, the Portuguese word “Curobō” refers to a “Kafurujin”, so it is thought that this was a black person, but the details are unknown.
*31:これはイエズス会の一方的な見方であって事実とはすこし異なる。イエズス会報告のなかにおける信長は信仰を持たない無神論者であるかのように描写されているが、実際には伝統的な日本宗教との関係もあった。谷口氏の著作には織田家の近習が神社の修繕を怠る家臣を叱責する記録が登場する。ただし信長が激しく敵対した勢力のなかに仏教勢力が含まれていることは事実である。
This is a one sided view of the Jestuits and is not true. In the Jesuit report, Nobunaga was described as an atheist without faith, but in fact he was also related to traditional Japanese religion. In historian Taniguchi's book, adjutant (近習 kin-ju) of the Oda clan scolded a vassal who neglected to repair a shrine. However, it is true that Buddhist forces were among the forces that Nobunaga fiercely fought against.
*32:本能寺の変が起きたとき豊臣秀吉は中国地方で毛利家と戦闘中だったが、報せを受けると主君の死を隠して毛利方と講話した。秀吉軍は強行軍で京都に急行しわずか十日ほどで明智軍と接敵した。天正10年6月13日(1582年7月2日) 山崎の戦いである。未だ態勢の整わぬまま光秀は一万六千の兵力で秀吉軍二万六千を迎え撃ったが、戦闘は一日のうちに秀吉軍の勝利に終わった。光秀は落ち武者狩りに遭ったと言われている。
At the time of the Honnoji Incident, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was fighting against the Mori clan in the Chugoku region. When he was informed of the incident, he returned to Kyōto in forced march, and within mere ten days he engaged Mitsuhide's army. This was the Battle of Yamazaki which was held on July 2, 1582. Akechi Mitsuhide, who had 16,000 troops but was unable to prepare himself for Hideyoshi's swift action, fought Hideyoshi's army of 26,000. The battle ended in a victory for Hideyoshi's army within one day. The conventional story says Mitsuhide was attacked and killed by random armed locals during his retreat.
*33:明智光秀は信長に下剋上を試みたことで非常に著名な人物である。もっとも戦国時代には武士の裏切りは日常茶飯事だったし、信長は家臣によく裏切られる大名だったので、光秀が特別卑劣な人間だったというわけではない。もともと彼は室町幕府の下級幕臣で、信長が上洛し幕府を後見するようになると形式上幕臣でありつつも事実上織田家の指揮系統に組み込まれるようになった。信長が将軍足利義昭と決裂すると光秀は織田方につき、以降は織田家中で昇進を重ねた。彼が信長を裏切った理由については様々な説があり、信長に叱責された恨み説、幕府への隠れた忠誠心説、最初から天下を取る野心があった説、果ては陰謀論的なものとして朝廷黒幕説、イエズス会黒幕説なども提唱されたが、いずれも根拠に乏しい。呉座氏は光秀の突発的な犯行だっただろうと考えている。信長と信忠は同じとき同じ場所に大規模な軍勢を連れずに集まるという決定的なミスを犯した。そして光秀は京都のすぐ近くにある丹波国にいて、信長たちの居場所を偶然知ることができた。
Akechi Mitsuhide is very famous for his half-succeeded attempt to overthrow Nobunaga. However, in the Sengoku period, betrayal by vassals was a daily occurrence, and Nobunaga was often betrayed by his vassals, which makes Mitsuhide a not-so-particularly despicable person. He was originally a low-ranking vassal of the Muromachi shogunate, and when Nobunaga went to Kyoto and took the position of the guardian of the shogunate, he was practically incorporated into the chain of command of the Oda clan even though he was formally a vassal of the shogunate. But when Nobunaga broke off with Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Mitsuhide actually took the side of Oda clan, and since then he was promoted in the Oda clan. There are various theories as to why he betrayed Nobunaga, such as the theory of a grudge for being scolded by Nobunaga, the theory of hidden loyalty to the shogunate, the theory that he had an ambition to rule the whole country from the beginning, and even conspiracy theories that features a mastermind like the Imperial Court or the Society of Jesus. But all of them have little basis. Professor Goza believes that Mitsuhide did it as an act on the spur of the moment. Nobunaga and Nobutada made the crucial mistake of gathering in the same place at the same time without an army, and Mitsuhide found out it by chance.
*34:天下人となった秀吉は朝廷に接近し天正14年(1586年)に太政大臣に就任、同年正親町天皇から豊臣姓を賜った。権力の絶頂に達した秀吉を止められる者はおらず、彼は天正18年(1590年)に天下統一を果たした。統一後の秀吉は誇大妄想に取り憑かれ海外侵略を目指すにようになり、天正20年(1592年)に朝鮮へ出兵した。二度に渡る派兵は得るところ少なく、慶長3年(1598年)に彼が没すると戦意の低い日本軍は朝鮮半島から撤退した。秀吉が一代で築き上げた豊臣家の権力は盤石とは言えず、徳川家康が次の天下人となって徳川幕府を開くことになる。
After the succession, Hideyoshi approached the Imperial Court and was appointed the Grand Chancellor of the Realm (太政大臣 daijo-daijin) in 1586. In the same year, Emperor Ogimachi gave him the lineage name of Toyotomi. No one could stop Hideyoshi from reaching the height of his power, and he unified Japan in 1590. After unification, Hideyoshi became obsessed with delusions of grandeur and aimed to invade foreign countries, and he dispatched troops to Korea in 1592. There was little to gain by twice dispatching troops, and when Hideyoshi died in 1598, the Japanese army, which had little will to fight, withdrew from the Korean Peninsula. The power of the Toyotomi clan, which Hideyoshi had built in one generation, was not solid, and Tokugawa Ieyasu became the next supreme power and established the Tokugawa shogunate.
*35:この弥助を洗わせたという内容の記述が1710年にリスボンで出版された『Oriente conquistado a Jesu Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus』という著作にもほとんど同じ文面で登場する。この二つの書物の奇妙な符合は、二人の著者が同じ内容の報告書簡を別の場所別のタイミングで参照した可能性を示唆しているのかもしれない。当時イエズス会は同じ内容の報告書簡を最低でも三つ作成し一通はマカオで保管、他はヨーロッパへ送信していた。
The description of the washing of the Yasuke appears almost in the same text in the book Oriente conquistado a Jesu Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus, published in Lisbon in 1710. The curious correspondence of the two books may suggest that the two authors may have referred to a report letter of the same content in different places and at different times. At that time, the Jesuits wrote at least three reports of the same content, one of which was kept in Macau, and the other was sent to Europe.
*36:秀吉は信長の死後もしばらくの間キリスト教を容認する姿勢を維持していたが、天正15年(1587年)に宣教師の追放と南蛮貿易の禁止を宣言した。ただしこの伴天連追放令は不完全なもので実際には宣教師たちの活動と貿易はその後も続き、三浦按針ことウィリアム・アダムズが乗ったオランダ商船リーフデ号が慶長5年(1600年)に日本に漂着した際にもイエズス会の日本支部はまだ活動を続けていた。この後イエズス会以外のキリスト教勢力による布教が活発化すると、当時成立したばかりの幕府はキリスト教に対する姿勢を徐々に硬化させていった。最終的に慶長18年(1613年)に幕府は全国規模の禁教令を発し、教会は破壊され宣教師たちは追放された。それから二十年以上経って、島原・天草地域のキリシタン信徒たちは寛永14年(1637年)に大規模な反乱を起こした。幕府は十二万の大軍を動員し、オランダ武装商船による艦砲射撃などあらゆる手段を用いて非戦闘員を含む信徒たちを根絶やしにした。ごく僅かな信徒だけが地下組織化し生き残った。幕府が再び布教活動を許可したのは安政6年(1859年)のことである。
After Nobunaga's death, his successor Hideyoshi also kept the stance of tolerating Christianity for a while, but he declared banishment of missionaries and prohibition of trade with the West in 1587. However, this "Bateren edict" (Bateren was a phonetic transcription of Padre) was incomplete, and in fact, evangelistic activities of the Jesuits and trade with the West continued. The Japanese branch of the Society of Jesus was still active even when the Dutch merchant ship Liefde with William Adams on board washed ashore in 1600. But, soon after that, when Christian orders other than the Jesuits, such as Dominicans, the Augustinians, and the Franciscans, began to propagate Christianity in Japan, things have changed. The newly established Tokugawa Shogunate (徳川幕府 tokugawa-bakufu), the last warrior government in history, gradually hardened its stance against Christianity. Finally, in 1613, the Shogunate declared severe banning of Christianity on a nationwide scale, and began destroying churches and expelling missionaries. In 1637, the Christians in the Shimabara and Amakusa areas staged a large-scale rebellion. The Shogunate mobilized a large force of 120,000 troops and exterminated the Christians, including non-combatants, by any means such as naval bombardment from a Dutch armed merchant ship. A mere small number of Christians who organized underground groups and survived thereafter. It was in 1859 that the Shogunate permitted again the Christian propagation.
*37:弥助以外にも変の生存者は数多くいた。御所にいた皇族の誠仁親王はじめ朝廷の関係者、信長に帯同していた女性たち、寺の僧侶たちなどである。変に遭遇した織田家家臣は大部分が死亡した。数少ない例外として挙げられるのは稲葉貞通、水野忠重、織田長益(有楽斎という別名で有名)の三名である。特に長益は信長の弟だったにも関わらず逃亡し生き残ったため大きな非難に晒された。歴史家の和田裕弘氏は彼らをして「武将としての名を汚してしまった」と評している。
Other than Yasuke, there were many who surviveds the Honnoji Incident. They included His Highness Prince Masahito, officials and court ladies of his court, women who accompanied Nobunaga, and the monks of the temple. Most of vassals of the Oda clan who took part in the Incident died. The few exceptions who ran away was Sadamichi Inaba, Mizuno Tadashige, and Oda Nagamasu (also known as Urakusai). In particular, Nagamasu, who escaped and survived despite being Nobunaga's younger brother, came under heavy criticism. The historian Yasuhiro Wada describes these three as having 'tarnished their reputation as a warrior lord.'
*38:武士身分であっても知行を受けない場合はある。近世諸藩において徒士、または徳川幕府直参のうち御家人と呼ばれる身分がそれに相当する。彼らはより上位の武士である上士や旗本と就ける役職や礼儀作法の面で差別的な扱いを受けていた。上士は基本的に騎乗身分・御目見得・知行取りなのに対し、徒士は非騎乗身分・非御目見得・蔵米取(扶持取り)であることが多い。ただ徒士は上士より下とはいってもやはり士分であり、苗字帯刀と世襲される家臣としての地位を持つ武士であることに変わりはない。徳川幕府では両者を区別する境界線は旗本が御目見得身分であることだった。そのため非常に貧しい蔵米取の直参が御目見して旗本に加わる場合がないわけではなかった。
There were also warrior (武士 bushi) who did not have fief. In the early modern period, these were known as foot warrior (徒士 kachi) in domains or household vassal (御家人 gokenin) in Tokugawa shogunate. They were treated differently from the higher-ranking warrior known as mounted warrior (上士 joshi) in domains or bannerguard (旗本 hatamoto) in the shogunate in terms of the positions they could hold and the etiquette they were expected to follow. While the higher-ranking warrior were basically allowed to ride horses, have audience with their lord, and enfeoffmented, the lower-ranking warrior were often not allowed to ride horses and have audience with the shogun, and they receive stipends. However, even though they were lower-ranking the lower-ranking warrior were still warrior (武士 bushi), and they still had the status of warriors (士分 shibun) who inherited the right to bear a surname and wear two swords. In the Tokugawa shogunate, the dividing line between the two was that bannerguards were of status of audience. For this reason, it was not unheard of for a very poor stipend receiver to join the bannergurads fot getting stats of audience.
*39:豊臣秀吉は多くの御伽衆を抱えていたことで知られている。小瀬甫庵の記した『甫庵太閤記』には800人いたとあり、甫庵の著述は疑わしいものだが多かったのは事実なのだろう。秀吉の御伽衆は没落した元大名など由緒ある血筋の者が多いことが特徴で、最後の室町将軍足利義昭や、本能寺の変から逃亡して生き残った信長の弟、織田長益も秀吉の御伽衆になった。
Toyotomi Hideyoshi is known to have had many otogisyu. In Oze hoan's “Hoan Taiko Ki”, it is written that Hideyoshi had 800 otogisyu, and althoug Hoan's writings are questionable, it is likely that he did have many otogisyu. One of the characteristics of Hideyoshi's otogisyu was that many of them were from prestigious families, such as former feudal lords who had fallen from grace, and the last Muromachi shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, and Oda Nagamasa, Nobunaga's younger brother, who survived the Honnoji Incident by fleeing, also became part of Hideyoshi's otogisyu.
*40:信長記第十一巻によれば、弥助仕官の三年前に開催された1500人もの力士が集まる大規模な相撲大会で、優秀な成績を収めた力士14人が士分に取り立てられた。彼らは大小と百石の所領を与えられており、これは尊経閣本における弥助の待遇を上回る。彼らは戦闘員とは見なされておらず、また家臣としての地位を基本的に世襲できない。そのためお抱えという用語で本来の士分とは区別されるが、両者を史料から見極めるのは容易ではない。
According to the 11th volume of Shincho-ki, 14 sumo wrestlers who achieved excellent results in a large-scale sumo tournament where fifteen hundred sumo wrestlers met were given status of warrior three years before Yasuke became a retainer of Nobunaga. Those 14 wrestlers were given swords set (大小 daisho), namely a long sword (太刀 tachi) and a side inserted sword (脇差 wakizashi), fief (所領 shoryo) of a hundred koku, private residents, etc. These were higher than the treatment of Yasuke described in the Sonkeikaku copy. Naturally, these kinds of status of warrior were not considered to be a combatant and basically could not be succeeded by heredity. There was even a special term "okakae" (お抱え, literally "holded under one's arm"), to distinguished them from the more typical warrior status, but it was not easy to draw a clear line between the two.
*41:当該発言が宣教師によって記録されたことを考えると、獣という表現は宣教師たちの弥助への評価から出てきたものかもしれない。岡氏はイエズス会に一度入信したが脱会した日本人が、脱会以来イエズス会側の記録において罵詈雑言で形容されるようになったという事実を踏まえて、急激に身分が上昇した弥助と彼の元主人であるイエズス会の間で関係が悪化した可能性を示唆している。
Since the said statement was left by a missionary, the expression “beast” may have come from the missionaries' evaluation of Yasuke. Professor Oka suggests that the relationship between Yasuke and his former master, the Jesuits, may have deteriorated, based on the fact that Japanese who once joined the Jesuits and left the order have since been described in abusive terms in Jesuit records.
*42:実際にはかなり多くの違いがある。例えば戦国時代の武士は騎乗していても戦闘時には下馬するのが普通であった。また日本と西欧の封建制における最大の違いは、日本においては既存の政治的権威である朝廷が存続したことである。
In reality, there are quite a few differences. For example, in the Warring States period, it was common for warriors to dismount during battle even though they were mounted. Also, the biggest difference between Japanese and Western feudalism is that in Japan, the existing political authority, the Imperial Court, continued to exist.
*43:代表的な武家奉公人として挙げられるのは中間と小者である。小者は雑用に従事する下級の奉公人で、個々の武士の私的使用人であるため軍役の対象にならない。中間は小者と足軽の間の地位であることにその名が由来し、非戦闘員で主君の世話を務める点で小者と変わりはないが地位は小者より高い。
The two most common types of household servants are the mid-servant and menials. The menials are low-ranking servants engaged in miscellaneous work and are not subject to military service because they are the personal servants of individual warriors. The mid-servant, whose name derives from their position between the menials and infantrymen (足軽 ashigaru), are non-combatants who are under the care of their lord and are no different from the menials in that they are non-combatants but have a higher rank than the menials.
*44:このことを示す史料として元和9年(1623年)徳川秀忠上洛の際の行軍法度にはこうある。「一馬上の際に召列かちものゝ事、馬取二人・沓持壱人・草履取壱人・持鑓壱本、此外若党を可召連事、」(『東武実録』)「一つ、騎乗して行進する際に引き連れる徒歩の従者については、馬丁二人、くつ持ち一人、草履持ち一人、槍持ち一人(一本)、この他に若党を召し連れてもよい」若党は奉公人と並んで記載されているが、持つ道具が指定されていない。
The following is an example of this: “As for the followers on foot who were to accompany the mounted troops on the march, two horsemen, one shoe-bearer, one sandal-bearer, and one spear-bearer (one) may be accompanied by a wakato,” and although wakato (若党 esquire) were listed alongside the officials, the equipment they carried was not specified.
*45:一季居とは一年季で雇用される奉公人、あるいは一年季で奉公人を雇用することで、近世の武家は町人や百姓をこのように期間雇用することで奉公人を確保していた。なお法令の文面は一見すると一季居を禁止しているように読めるが、この法令における一季者とは厳密には雇用期間の切れた元奉公人「一季之窂人」のことを指している。彼らは契約期限が切れると元の居場所に戻ることが想定されていたが、元一季者がそのまま都市部に滞留し、人口過密や治安悪化を引き起こすなどして、当時社会問題化していたのである。一季居禁令は幕府が農業人口確保の観点から、彼らを農村へ還流させることを意図したものだったが、ほとんど同じ文面の法律が大量に制定されたことを鑑みると効果が上がったのか疑わしい。
Ichiki-no-kizoku means a servant employed for one season, or to employ a servant for one season, and warrior households in the early modern period secured servants by employing townspeople and peasants in this manner for a period of time. Although at first glance the text of the law may be read as prohibiting the hiring of apprentices for one season, the term “ichiki-nin” in this law strictly refers to former servants whose employment period had expired, or ichiki-nin. It was expected that they would return to their original place of residence when their contracts expired, but the former “一季者” remained in urban areas, causing overcrowding that led to a deterioration of public safety, which was a social problem at the time. The prohibition of residence for one season was intended by the shogunate to return them to the rural areas in order to secure the agricultural population, but it is doubtful that it was effective, given the large number of laws enacted with almost identical wording.
*46:日本に欧州の火薬兵器が伝来したのは天文12年(1543年)種子島での出来事であった。武士たちはこの兵器の将来性にすぐに気が付き、国産化された鉄砲は天文年間に急速に全国へ広まった。ところで他の信長記写本には存在しない尊経閣本独自記事の一つに本能寺の変で信長が肘に銃弾を受けたという記述があるのだが、カリヨン報告にも同様に信長が腕に銃弾を受けたという記述が記載されている。筆者は尊経閣本以外の日本語史料における信長負傷の記録を確認できていない。
It was on Tanegashima Island in 1543 that European gunpowder weapons were introduced to Japan. Japanese warriors immediately recognized the potential of these weapons, and domestically produced guns rapidly spread throughout the country during the Tenbun era. By the way, one of the enlarged articles of the Sonkeikaku copy, which does not exist in other Shincho-ki manuscripts and copies, mentions that Nobunaga was hit in the elbow by a gun in the Honnoji Incident, and the Carrion Report also mentions that Nobunaga was shot in the arm by a gun. The author has not been able to confirm any records of Nobunaga's injury in Japanese historical materials other than the Sonkeikaku copy.
*47:逆に侍が雑兵に落ちぶれることもあった。雑兵物語には夫丸の馬蔵という人物が登場し籠城の際の兵糧の取り扱いについて説明してくれるのだが、彼は自分のことを元は侍だったが落ちぶれて百姓になったと説明している。
On the other hand, samurai sometimes fell to the rank of common soldier. In the story of zohyo monogatari, a person called Umazo who is a coolie appears and explains how to deal with army provisions when besieged, and he explains that he was originally a samurai but fell to a peasant.
*48:荒仕事を受け持つ最下級の奉公人の一種である。
a kind of lowest-ranking bongojin who takes care of rough work
*49:天正19年に秀吉が定めたこの法令は日本各地の大名家に文書が残っており、日本全国を対象にしていたことがわかっている。かつてこの法令は侍(武士)と町人や百姓といった各身分の間の移動を禁じたものと解釈され、歴史家によって身分統制令と呼ばれてきた。高木氏の研究はそれまでの通説を覆すものであり、前近代日本の身分制度研究は転機を迎えることになった。
It is known that this decree established by Hideyoshi in Tensho 19 was intended to cover all of Japan, as documents remain in the homes of feudal lords in various regions of Japan. In the past, this decree was interpreted as prohibiting the movement of samurai (warrior) ,townspeople and peasants, and has been referred to by historians as the “class status control decree. Professor Takagi's study overturned the conventional theory and marked a turning point in the study of the class system in premodern Japan
*50:武士の軍隊における非戦闘員比率は一般に想像されているよりも遥かに高い。高木氏はこのことを18世紀初頭の前橋酒井家の陣立書を用いて説明している。陣立書によれば12万5千石を誇る酒井家の軍勢は総勢約5,880人と馬930匹から成り、その内訳は騎馬の士350人、徒士200人、足軽1,050人、中間・小者計300人、又者(騎馬の士などの従者)1,800人、人足1,200人、馬の口取(馬子)570人、その他(職人・医者・坊主・台所方など)、そして乗馬360匹と駄馬570匹である。戦闘員である武士と足軽の合計はたったの1,600人に過ぎない。ただしこの陣立書には若党(侍)が記載されていない。彼らは個々の武士の家臣であり藩主からみれば陪臣なので陣立書に記載されないのである。高木氏は又者1,800人のうち、武士の人数と大まかに同数の若党がいると推測しているが、その場合でも戦闘員が2000人を超える程度で総勢の三分の一ほどにしかならない。
The ratio of non-combatants in japanese army in this period is much higher than is generally imagined. Professor Takagi uses the military mobilization plan of the Maebashi domain from the early 18th century to illustrate this point. According to this plan, the Sakai clan's army, which boasted a rice production of 125,000 koku, consisted of a total of approximately 5,880 people and 930 horses, and was made up of 350 mounted warriors, 200 foot warriors, 1,050 infantrymen, 300 household servants, 1,800 vavasors (servants of mounted warriors, etc.), 1,200 coolies, 570 horsemen, others (craftsmen, doctors, priests, kitchen staff, etc.), and 360 riding horses and 570 packhorses. The total number of warriors and infantrymen, who were the combatants, was only 1,600. However, this list does not include esquires (若党 wakato). They were individual warrior's retainer, and as they were vavasor of the feudal lord, they were not included in the list. Professor Takagi estimates that there were roughly the same number of esquires as warriors among the 1,800 vavasors, but even in that case, the number of combatants would only be a little over 2,000, or about one third of the total.
*51:彼の名前に長柄と入っているところをみると、おそらく架空の人物なのだろう。雑兵物語には例えば他にも矢持ちの矢左衛門と矢右衛門が会話する場面がある。
Judging from the fact that his name includes the character “nagae (長柄 pike)”, he is probably a fictional character. In the Zouhei Monogatari, for example, there is a scene where Arrow-zaemon and Arrow-uemon, who carries arrows, have a conversation.
*52:足軽は戦国時代における歩兵を指す言葉である。もともと彼らは金で雇われ掠奪や放火などに従事する準軍事的傭兵だった。平山氏はこうした準軍事的傭兵の一部が後の忍者の先駆けである可能性を示唆している。戦国時代に入り長柄槍による集団戦法が広まると、足軽は武士の軍隊における数的主力となった。足軽は戦闘員だが武士身分ではなく、また軍役に応じてその都度募兵されたため武家奉公人とは雇用の仕組みが異なるなど独特な存在だった。江戸時代に入ると足軽は形式上一代限りの下級家臣として藩に仕え、事実上の世襲を繰り返すことで士分を持たないまま武士階級の底辺に加わった。弥助は戦国大名である信長から扶持を受け取る家臣だったので、足軽のイメージには合致しない。多分、忍者でもない。
Ashigaru is a term that refers to infantry soldiers during the Warring States period. Originally, they were paramilitary mercenaries who were hired for money and engaged in activities such as looting and arson. Professor Hirayama suggests that some of these paramilitary mercenaries may have been the forerunners of the ninja. As the Sengoku period began and the use of pike in group battle tactics became widespread, the ashigaru became the main force in the armies of the warrior households. The ashigaru were combatants, but they were not warrior (武士 bushi), and because they were recruited on a case-by-case basis according to military mobilization, their employment system differed from that of the household servants, making them a unique existence. In the Edo period, the ashigaru formally served the clan as low-ranking retainer for a single generation, and in effect joined the lowest ranks of the warrior class without warrior status by repeating the practice of hereditary succession. Yasuke was a retainer who received a stipend from Nobunaga in Sengoku period, so he does not fit the image of infantryman (足軽 ashigaru). He is also not a ninja I guess.
*53:イエズス会は日本で宣教を行うにあたって、当時日本と交易があったポルトガル商人のネットワークに相乗りすることを選んだ。そのため宣教師にはポルトガル語を話せる者が選ばれ、日本語との翻訳もポルトガル語を通して行われた。
When the Jesuits came to Japan to spread the faith, they chose to piggyback on the network of Portuguese traders who were trading with Japan at the time. For this reason, missionaries who could speak Portuguese were chosen, and translations into Japanese were also carried out through Portuguese.
*54:日葡史料は歴史学者だけではなく日本語学者たちにとっても重要な史料である。同辞書は当時の日本語の発音をアルファベットで記録しているため、中世後期の日本語と現代日本語の発音の違いを検証する極めて貴重な史料になっており、しばしば言及される。
The Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam is an important historical document not only for historians but also for Japanese linguists. Because the dictionary records the pronunciation of Japanese at the time using the alphabet, it is an extremely valuable historical document that is often referred to when examining the differences in pronunciation between Japanese in the late Middle Ages and modern Japanese.
*55:この例からもわかるように「侍」という語は武家だけに対して用いられていたわけではない。「侍」の語源が貴人に仕えるという言葉に由来することは先に説明したが、平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて「侍」は朝廷の官位制度において六位以下の人々の呼称として使用されていた。貴族は五位以上なのでそのすぐ下ということになる。この用法が発展して鎌倉時代以降「侍」は社会的上流を指す用語となり、一般民衆を指す凡下の対義語となった。
As you can see from this example, the word “samurai” was not only used to refer to warriors. As we have already explained, the origin of the word “samurai” is the verb “saburau”, which means to serve a noble person, and from the Heian period to the Kamakura period, the word “samurai” was used to refer to people of the sixth rank and below in the imperial court rank system. Nobles were ranked at the fifth rank and above, so this would mean that samurai were just below them. This usage developed, and from the Kamakura period onwards, the term “samurai” came to refer to the upper classes of society, and became the opposite of the word for the common people.
*56:中世の自力救済社会にあって農村共同体が自衛のために武装することは常識だった。明智光秀を殺害したのもこのような武装した地元住人であった可能性が高い。豊臣秀吉は天正16年(1588年)に刀狩令を発し、武士以外の階層の武装権を大幅に制限した。
In the self-help society of the Middle Ages, it was common for rural communities to arm themselves for self-defense. It is highly likely that it was these armed local residents who killed Akechi Mitsuhide. Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued an order to ban swords in 1588, severely restricting the right to bear arms for all classes except the warrior class.
*57:かつて日本史学界は戦国時代の足軽の母体が徴兵された百姓だったと考え、この史料がその根拠だと考えてきた。だが徴兵令と思しき史料は少なく、そのどれもが徴兵を非常事態のための緊急的措置だと弁明している。実際には武士の軍隊は職能戦士である武士とその奉公人、武士が募兵した傭兵である足軽から組織されていて、徴発された百姓は小荷駄隊で陣夫を務めたに過ぎない。この文書が発給された当時、天下統一に王手をかけた豊臣秀吉の圧倒的な大軍を目前にして、後北条氏は質を問わず兵力をかき集めようとしていた。軍事史に明るく城郭研究で知られる歴史家の西股総生氏は、これらの百姓を徴兵した民兵部隊を後方拠点の守備に用いることで、後北条氏は軍の主力部隊を有効活用できるようになったと説明している。後北条氏はこのようにあらゆる手段を尽くして戦ったが、当主北条氏直は天正18年7月5日(1590年8月4日)小田原城において降伏し、秀吉が天下を統一した。
In the past, the Japanese historical academic community believed that the body of common soldiers in the Sengoku period was made up of conscripted peasants, and this historical document was thought to be the basis for this belief. However, there are few historical records that seem to be conscription orders, and all of them explain that conscription was an emergency measure for use in times of emergency. In reality, the japanese army at this period was made up of professional warriors, their servants, and infantrymen recruited by the warrior clan, and the conscripted peasants were merely serving as pack carriers. Nishimata Sosei, a historian well-versed in military history and known for his research into castle architecture, explains that by using these peasant militia to defend the clan's rear bases, the Go-Hojo clan were able to make effective use of their main military force. The Go-Hojo clan fought with all their might, but Hojo Ujinao, the head of the Go-Hojo clan, surrendered at Odawara Castle on July 5th, 1590 (August 4th, 1590), and Hideyoshi unified Japan. Yasuke is not a peasant, and he receives a stipend from Nobunaga, so he is not this type of militia.
*58:一例として室町幕府における将軍直属の軍事力は奉公衆という名で呼ばれていた。奉公という言葉は誰かに仕えるという意味である。将軍御目見得身分の上級武士数百人から組織され、戦時には数千規模の兵力を擁する将軍の親衛隊となった。
For example, the military force directly under the control of the Muromachi shogunate was called the 'Hoko Shu'. The word “hoko (奉公)” means to serve someone. It was made up of several hundred high-ranking warriors with the status of being in the shogun's service, and in times of war it became the shogun's personal guard force, with a force of several thousand.