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Unit 3 Reading Guide - Amsco
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WHAP|Unit Three “Land-Based Empires”
Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course. UNIT 3|Empires Expand (AMSCO Pages 143 - 151) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where...) and Significance (Why this term matters) Gunpowder Empires Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories Gutenberg Printing Press Invented in Europe that increased literacy rate Ivan IV Ruled 1547-1584; Ivan the Terrible crowned tsar in 1547 & immediately expended Russian border eastward Volga River The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river. Ming Dynasty Chinese dynasty established in 1368 that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty; during this era, Portuguese and other Europeans arrived, aiming to encroach on the Asian trade network & renewed the Great Wall of China Qing Dynasty Chinese empire ruled from 1644-1911 founded by the Manchu Kangxi One of China's longest-reigning emperors (ruled 1661-1722) who presided over a period of stability & expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China Emperor Qianlong Ruled 1736-1796 who was a poet that was also known for being knowledgeable in art & calligraphy
Tamerlane Aka Timur the Lame; a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century that set the stage for the rise of Turkic empires Ghazi Ideal Model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam Ottoman Empire The largest & most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period founded by the Osman Dynasty in 1300s and lasted until its defeat in 1918 by the Allies in WWI; extended from modern-day Turkey, Balkans of Europe, and parts of North Africa & Southeast Asia Mehmed II Aka the Conqueror; ruled Ottoman Empire from 1451-1481; firmly established empire's capital at Istanbul (Constantinople) Suleiman I Ruled 1520-1566 that allowed the Ottoman Empire to reach its peak; also known as Suleiman the Magnificent Shah King or emperor of Safavid Empire Safavid Empire Safavid dynasty founded in Safavid order of Sufism established in northern Azerbaijan region (Iran) & was Shi'a Islam Shah Abbas I Called Abbas the Great (ruled 1588-1629); presided over the Safavid Empire's height Akbar Babur's grandson who achieved grand religious & political goals in the Mughal Empire Mughal Empire 300-year dynasty founded in 1520s by Babur during a time when India was in disarray & had a central government similar to Suleiman of the Ottoman Empire Caste Aka "jatis"; strict social groupings designated at birth for Hindus - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Dalits Objective Key Developments Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 - 1750. Who were the four Gunpowder Empires? Russia, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughals Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artistic and architectural legacies? To reflect the legitimacy of their rule What did Europe’s expansion involve that was unique from the Gunpowder Empires? Transoceanic connections with the Americas What is significant about the year 1450? Signified the ending of the medieval period & the beginning of the early modern period What events signal the beginning of the early modern period (the mid-1450s)? The end of a wave of plague Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe?
Were the following expansion efforts by China successful or unsuccessful: Tibet was successful whereas Burma and Vietnam weren’t What was the result of these efforts to expand? Emptying of China's treasury & some trading privileges were sold to Europe Describe the late years of Emperor Qianlong’s reign: Chinese bureaucracy became corrupt, levying high taxes on the people. In response to the high taxes and a desire to restore the Ming Dynasty, the White Lotus Society was organized. Why was the White Lotus Society reinstated? Where have we heard of them before? In response to high taxes & desire to restore Ming Dynasty; stated when people wanted to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty (who were Mongols) What was the result of their uprising? The Qing Dynasty's government suppressed the uprising brutally, killing around 100,000 peasants. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common? Descended from Turkic nomads who once lived in Central Asia What made the Gunpowder Empires successful? Military might along with weakness & corruption of regimes that they replaced Who was Tamerlane and where did he conquer? He was a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century who invaded Samarkand (Uzbekistan) to Persia (Iran) and India How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow? Served as a model for warriors who participated in rise of Gunpowder Empires & for Tamerlane Conquests led by the Gunpowder Empires were marked by what? Violence that resulted in new dynasties: the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals How did Tamerlane encourage the arts? He championed literature, and he corresponded with European rulers & wrote his own memoirs. Buildings in Samarkand are lasting reminders of his interest in architecture & decorative arts. Tamerlane’s invasions were a testament to what? Significance of gunpowder Tamerlane’s government depended on what? Military & use of heavy artillery How did Tamerlane fail? He failed to leave an effective political structure in many of the areas he conquered, resulting in expenses of
wars that ravaged empire's economy Which two major forces would continue to battle with each other into the 14th century? Mongols from Northeast vs. Islamic forces from Arabia & Mediterranean The Ottoman Empire Where was the Ottoman Empire located? Turkey, Balkans of Europe, parts of North Africa & SE Asia Why is the Ottoman Empire significant? Largest & most enduring great Islamic empires during 1450- Under Mehmed II, where was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire? Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) in 1453 Why was the location of the capital city significant? Nexus for trade; controlled Bosporus Strait, only waterway linking Aegean Sea to Black Sea What was the Ottoman relationship with Venice? Mehmed strengthened the Ottoman navy & attacked various areas of Italy. Though he didn't capture it, Venice had to pay him a yearly tax. Why was Suleman I’s siege of Venice significant? He attempted to take Vienna twice, but failed both times. However, the ability of the troops to be sent so far into Christian Europe resulted in great fear there. What led to the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922? Challenges in defending Ottoman territory against foreign invasion & occupation The Safavid Empire What was the origin of the Safavid Empire?
Summarize why the Ottoman Empire eventually declined: After Suleiman's death in 1571, Spaniards & Venetians defeated Ottomans in Battle of Lepanto What were “Harem Politics” and how did they contribute to the fall of the Ottoman Empire? Efforts of wives & concubines of sultan to promote their own children as likely heirs to throne - some women became powerful behind scenes Summarize why the Safavid Empire declined: Leaders after Shah Abbas combined lavish lifestyles & military spending with falling revenues which resulted in a weak economy Summarize why the Mughal Empire declined: Aurangzeb (ruled 1658-1707) had weak, corrupted empire that failed to keep up with military innovations from other empires UNIT 3| Empires: Administration (AMSCO Pages 155 - 163) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where...) and Significance (Why this term matters) Divine Right of Kings Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent Justice of the Peace English local officials in the shires appointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government English Bill of Rights 1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament; signed by William and Mary as a condition of the Glorious Revolution Absolutism Complete control over people and government Tax Farmers Local officials and private tax collectors who were distant from the central governments they served; were allowed to skim money from the collections and grew wealthy and corrupt Louis XIV (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Boyars Russian nobility Serfdom A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century
Ivan IV Russian ruler (nicknamed The Terrible); cruel and tyrannical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar" Romanov Dynasty The Romanov Dynasty was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia. Nicholas II and his immediate family were executed in 1918, but there are still living descendants. Janissaries Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826 Daimyo A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai Period of Great Peace The final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tokugawa Shogunate A semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. Zamindars Paid government officials who were in charge of specific duties such as tax collection, construction, and managing resources; were sometimes paid for their services with grants of land and were permitted to keep a portion of the taxes they charged the peasants Askia the Great Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture. Taj Mahal Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife Objective Key Developments Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 - 1750. England: How did King James I use the Divine Right of Kings to justify his rule? He believed himself outside of God and any earthly authority and saw any challenge toward him as a challenge to God. What was the role of the justices of the peace in Tudor England and why were they so important? Their job was to maintain peace in the counties of england, even settling legal matters, and to carry out the monarchs law. they were important since the # and responsibilities of the justices of peace increased through
How did Ivan IV create loyalty within the oprichnina? By drawing people from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants. What were the three groups in Russia vying for power under the Romanov Dynasty and what did they want? ➔ The church; bent on conserving traditional views and beliefs. ➔ The Boyars; desiring power. ➔ Members of the Tsar's Royal Family; to inherit the throne. Who did Peter have to defeat to come into power? His half-sister, Sophia and her supporters, a boyar-led elite military and corps. Why did Peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred to as “the Defender of Orthodoxy”? It was due to his reforms. How did Peter organize the Russian government? He created provinces. Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 - 1750. -Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Describe the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire? Through the system, christian boys, who were subjects of the empire, were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman government. used to staff their military and government to ensure control over large areas. Why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always Christian? Islamic law prohibited enslavement of "people of the book" which were Muslims and Jews. What kinds of jobs did the devshirme have? Men were groomed to become administrators of the newly conquered territories; some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats. Why were the Janissaries so loyal to the Ottoman empire? To kill and maintain the power of the Ottoman empire. The Janissaries were the sultan's personal bodyguards. Since they were taken from abroad, they didn't sympathize with ordinary Turkish people. Why did some parents want their sons to be taken into slavery by the Ottoman empire? Because becoming one provides a path of upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire. Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from China How did the MIng Dynasty erase Mongol influence in China (3 examples): The Ming brought back the traditional civil service exam, improved education by establishing a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy, which had fallen into disuse under the Mongols. Japan: How did the daimyo contribute to decentralization in Japan? The arguments between these landholding aristocrats left japan in disarray.
1450 - 1750.
-East and South Asia Why did the samurai have significant economic power in Japan? They were salaried, first paid in rice and then later in gold. Summarize the role of Oda Nobunaga: He was the first of these powerful daimyo. How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of Japan? Japan was divided into 250 hans, or territories, each of which is controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent. How did the Tokugawa Shogunate control the aristocratic daimyos? The government required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital. So if the daimyo was visiting his home country, then his family had to stay in the capital as hostages. Mughal Empire: Summarize how Akbar established an efficient government in India: His people had the right to appeal to him for judgment in any lawsuits. How did Zamindars eventually impact the Mughal Empire? They eventually began to keep more of the taxes they collected, where with this money, they built personal armies of soldiers and civilians loyal to them. Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 - 1750. -Religion and Art Describe two ways in which European monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs: The idea of the divine right of monarchy and built impressive structures to demonstrate their power and glory. What is the significance of the new lands Peter the Great conquered? His conquest gave Russia its own warm-water port on the Baltic—St. Petersburg. He later moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg so he could keep watch on the boyars. Describe St. Petersburg: Architects laid out streets in a rectangular grid, unlike the irregular pattern of Moscow and other cities. Peasants and Swedish prisoners of war were forced to work, draining marshes and building streets and government structures. In the mid-18th century, workers built the famous Winter Palace. It was designed in a European rather than a Byzantine style to show Peter's admiration of Europe and its rulers. Describe two ways Askia the Great of Songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule: Askia made Islam Songhai's official religion in an attempt to unite his empire. In addition to legitimizing his rule through promoting Islam, he also supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together. Mughal India was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. What were they? The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife. How did the Mughal Empire use art from Islam? Craftspeople and builders of Mughal India combined the arts from Islam and local arts to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs.
In the form of grains and later silver Describe the tribute system. What empires have we learned about that utilized the tribute system? Tributes were given as a sign of respect, submission, or allegiance to China. UNIT 3| Empires: Belief Systems (AMSCO Pages 167 - 173) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where...) and Significance (Why this term matters) Martin Luther A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote the 95 theses, statements of belief attacking the church practices. He was credited with starting the Protestant Reformation. Indulgences The selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church, aka a piece of paper that was a repentance for sins. Was a common practice when the church needed to raise money. Led to the Protestant Reformation. Simony The selling or buying of a position in a Christian church. 95 Theses Initiated the Protestant Reformation. A series of 95 arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on the door of a church on October 31, 1517, leading to Luther's excommunication. John Calvin French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings which included predestination. The Elect People predestined to go to Heaven; ran the community in Geneva, Switzerland Puritans Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. Tens of thousands emigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s. Gained considerable power in Parliament leading up to the English Civil War. Protestant Reformation A religious reform movement of the 16th century that begun by German Monk Martin Luther as an attempt to reform against the Roman Catholic Church. He questioned the practices of the church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches, forming several new Christian denominations: Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches. Anglicanism One of the major branches of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and a form of Christianity that
includes features of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Henry VIII King of England. His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England (Anglican Church) in 1532. Holy Synod The replacement Peter the Great created fir the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a "bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision." Counter-Reformation The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected). Ended the sale of indulgences and simony. Inquisition A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - rooted out and punished nonbelievers. Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. (1545-1563); met periodically to discuss the Church's reformation. Jesuits Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. Were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts Peace of Augsburg 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. Edict of Nantes France - signed in 1598 by King Henry IV, granting the Calvinist Protestants of France (aka Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, considered essentially Catholic at the time. 30 Years’ War War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain, ended in 1648 after great destruction with the Treaty of Westphalia. Weakened the Holy Roman Empire considerably. Shariah A body of Islamic laws to regulate daily living The Safavids A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that
By nailing his own opinions, the 95 Theses, to the church door. Describe Luther’s belief of “Sola Fide”: Faith alone should be the basis of salvation for the Christian Believer. Why did the church react harshly to Luther? It was due to his advocacy of Sola Fide since the church and the local political community needed the money generated from these practices. Luther’s ideas resulted in a split between what? The Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire Describe Luther’s beliefs about women: He thought that women could have direct access to God just as men could. 2 - Calvinism How did John Calvin believe the elect and the predestined should live? They should run a community based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by elders of the church. What was the goal of the Calvinist Puritans? They wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants. Calivinists were encouraged to work hard. Why? They were encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits; prosperity apparently showed that God favored their obedience and hard work. 3 - Anglicism Why did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church and install himself as the head of the Anglican (or Church of England) church? His wife had many daughters and he wanted a son to succeed him so he asked the Pope if he could marry another woman. Since the Pope refused to allow him to marry another woman, out of the worry of the reaction of Charles V, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. so he set up the new Church of England, or Anglican Church that would be freed of control by the Pope in Rome. The Orthodox Church and Reforms in Russia The Orthodox Church is Russia has been the unifying force in Russia between what two things? Between the Russian people and the Tsar, who claimed to rule by the Divine Right. How did Peter the Great assert his power of the Orthodox Church? He abolished the position of Patriarch, the head of the church, and incorporated the church into the government. How did the Holy Synod keep the Orthodox church under government control? He established this in the place of the Patriarch Why did Peter raise the age of people who could be monks?
He preferred that the young serve first as soldiers. The Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation Why was the Counter-Reformation established? To fight against the Protestant attacks. It was a three-pronged strategy that yielded gains for the Church and remains the largest Christian denomination in the world. Describe the following parts of the counter-reformation ❖ The Inquisition: The church increased the use of this ❖ The Jesuits: A religious order that opposed the spread of Protestantism. they undertook missionary activity throughout the Spanish Empire as well as in Japan and India. ❖ The Council of Trent: Corrected some of the worst of the church's abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments involving education and priests. How was the counter-reformation successful? Catholicism remained predominant in the areas of Western Europe near the Mediterranean Sea. Why did Charles V give up his rule of the Holy Roman Empire? He was discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism. Describe the actions of Philip II: He took the Catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces. He also later tried to conquer and convert England. Later, his Spanish armada was defeated by English naval power. Wars of Religion What was the result of Europe’s religious division? It led to frequent wars. What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg? It allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. France How did King Henry IV try to unify France? By becoming a Catholic What was the result of the Edict of Nantes? It allowed huguenots to practice their faith What was the result of the revocation of the edict? I was issued by Louis XIV Thirty Years’ War What was the result of the Thirty Years’ War? It led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent
Principa is an example of this? The ideas of Principa influenced science and mathematics and helped lead to a new vision of the world. How did intellectuals believe science showed the world? Science showed that the world was ordered and rational and that natural laws applied to the rational and orderly process of government and society. UNIT 3| Comparisons in Land-Based Empires (AMSCO Pages 177 - 182) Objective Key Developments List 5 reasons the Gunpowder Empires were unable to maintain rule:
- Unable to compete with European trading companies
- Unable to resolve conflicts of heirs motivated by harem politics
- Weak or corrupt leadership
- Failure to keep up with developments in military and naval technology
- Religious conflicts Describe the origin, roles, and mission of both types of soldier: ➔ Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire: Janissaries in the ottoman empire: they are often slaves taken from the Christian areas of the Ottoman Empire. They helped to preserve the power of the Ottoman Sultan. ➔ Ghulams in the Safavid Empire: They came from Georgian, Armenian, or Circassian populations within the Safavid Empire and helped to protect the Safavid Shah from rival clans. Describe the following conflicts: ➔ Ottoman - Safavid wars: War over the territorial claims each had its border. They were willing to go to war to split religions. ➔ Safavid - Mughal conflicts: Religion was not as important. Control over resources and trade routes in present-day Afghanistan was at the core of the war. Describe how the following land empires used bureaucracy to control populations: ➔ China: Ming and Manchu dynasty used civil service examination to assess the abilities of the members of the scholar-gentry who wish to enter the government service. ➔ Ottoman Empire: The Devshirme system provided the sultan with a ready-made pool of civil servants strictly loyal to him. ➔ Safavid Empire: The Shah would enlist a class of bureaucrats from the Persian populations of the empire, known as the "men of the people". ➔ Songhai Empire: The Mansa(king) employed bureaucrats from the scholarly class educated in the schools or madrasas of Timbuktu. ➔ Incas: They organized their empire into a federal system of provinces headed by nobles loyal to the emperor. How were the Aztecs different than other land empires and how did they control their empire? They were less centralized and less bureaucratic than other land empires. They created a tributary empire and had little/no control over the territory within the region of Mesoamerica.
Describe the following systems of tax collection: ➔ Mughal tax collection: Mughal emperor appointed tax officers or zamindars to collect taxes from the peasant class based on land and production. ➔ Ottoman tax farming: They appointed "tax farmers" to pay an annual fixed sum of money for an area to the central government and collected money of gold from residents of that area. ➔ Aztec tribute lists: Because it was a tributary empire, the main source of revenue that supported Aztec noble and military came from yearly offerings or tributes from surrounding areas. ➔ Ming collection of “hard currency”: They issued paper currency as means to facilitate trade and tax collection. However, paper money led to hyperinflation. The Ming then ordered that all taxes should be paid in the form of rice and later silver coins. Summarize how rulers used religion, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule: ➔ Religion: - Rulers in the Islamic empire used references to the title "caliph". - European monarchs claim to "Divine Right" that gave the monarch the claim to rule by the Christian god. - Conversion to Islam of Songhai rulers and noble class provides religious and legal structures to the empire. - Aztecs use human sacrifice in religious rituals. ➔ Art: - Portraits of Qing emperors and other high officials - Miniature paintings in Ottoman Empire - Financial support of artists by European rulers ➔ Monumental Architecture: - Taj Mahal and mosques in Mughal empire - European palaces, such as Palace of Versailles in France
Unit 3 Reading Guide - Amsco
Topic: Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
Subject: AP World History
AP
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