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Methods A - Z - Copy Positioning
Radiologic Technology (BSRT001)
University of La Salette
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A
ADAMS (MODIFICATION OF HERMODSSON'S VIEW)
The same as Hermodsson's view but with internal rotation increased from 70 degrees to 100 degrees. See Hermodsson’s view. Ref:Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Lippincott.
AHLBACK METHOD
Weight-bearing AP view of the knee in full extension.
ALBERS-SCHONBERG
Demonstrates the TMJs. Head in the lateral position, then rotate the head 20 degrees towards the film. Centre to the TMJ in contact with the film, with the tube angled 20 degrees upwards.
ALEXANDER METHOD
View of the optic canal in cross section. Both sides for comparison. Patient sat with the back of head against the skull table. Upper border of the skull table angled backward 15 degrees. Position the patients head so that the midsagittal plane makes an angle of 40 degrees to the plane of the bucky. Head extended so that the acanthomeatal line is at right angles to the plane of the bucky. Centre to the lower outer margin of the orbit away from the film.
ALEXANDER METHOD (ACJ)
Routine lateral oblique view of the acromio-clavicular joint. Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography, 11th Ed
ALEXANDER STRESS VIEW
View of the acromio-clavicular joint. Position as for lateral scapula. Patient then asked to thrust the affected shoulder forward. Ref: Alexander, O.M of ACJ articulation, Med. Radiogra. 30:34-39, 1954.
ALTSCHUL
Position as for Townes (half-axial skull view) view but angle 35 degrees rather than 30 degrees.
ANTHONSON'S VIEW
Subtalar joint view. Foot in the lateral position. Dorsi-flex the foot. Angle the vertical central ray 25 degrees towards the foot and, 30 degrees towards the toes. Centre immediately below the medial malleolus.
ARCELIN
Demonstrates the petrous temporal region. Head in the AP position and rotate 45 degrees away from the side being examined with the radiographic baseline at right angles to the film. Centre to the baseline at a point 2 in front of the EAM, with the tube angled 10 degrees to the feet. Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright
B
BALL CATCHERS VIEW
See Norgaads view.
BALL’S METHOD (AP)
Pelvimetry view. Patient erect, centre the horizontal beam to the midline at the level of the superior border of the symphysis pubis.
BALL’S METHOD (LATERAL)
Pelvimetry view. Patient erect in the lateral position. Centre horizontal central ray to the level of the superior border of the acetabulum.
BECLERE METHOD
View of the intercondyloid fossa in profile. Patient supine. Knee flexed so that the long axis of the femur is at 120 degrees to the long axis of the tibia. Direct the central ray at right angles to the long axis of the tibia and centre to the knee joint.
BERQUIST VIEW
See Capitellum view
BERTEL
Demonstrates the orbital floors and the infra-orbital fissure. Head in the PA position with radiographic baseline at right angles to the film. Centre to the nasion with the tube angled 20 degrees towards the head Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol.
BETT'S VIEW
View to demonstrate the trapezium. Shows the trapezium without the overlapping of other carpal bones.
Gedda / Betts or Clements view. It’s basically an offsetview where you externally rotate the wrist and hand obliquly it to the image plate at about 45 degrees, and
Foot positioned as for AP ankle, then rotate the foot 45 degrees externally. Angle the tube cranially 15 degrees. Ref: Hansen and Swiontkowski, ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA PROTOCOLS, Raven Press.
BUTTERFLY VIEWS
Elongated views of the rectosigmoid segments of large intestine. AP BUTTERFLY Centre 5cm inferior to the anterior-superior iliac spine (ASIS) and angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the head.
LPO BUTTERFLY
Centre 5cm inferior to and 5cm medial to the right ASIS. Angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the head.
PA BUTTERFLY
Centre to the ASIS and angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the feet.
RAO BUTTERFLY
Centre to the level of the ASIS and 5cm to the left of the lumbar spinous processes. Angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the feet.
C
CAHOON
View to demonstrate the styloid processes of the skull. Position as for Bertel's view and angle the tube 25 degrees cranially. Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol..
CALDWELL
Routine OF 20 view of the skull. Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
CAMP COVENTRY METHOD
View of the intercondylar notch. Patient prone. The tibia is elevated by 40-50 degrees. The central ray is directed to the knee joint so that it makes a right angle with the long axis of the tibia.
CAPITELLUM VIEW (BERQUIST VIEW)
View to demonstrate fractures of the radial head. Patient positioned as for lateral elbow. The tube is angled 45 degrees to the forearm along the humeral axis. Centre to the radial headwards. Ref: Berquist, T. (1993). Diagnostic Radiographic Techniques in the Elbow. The
Elbow and its Disorders, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 98-119.
CARPEL BOSS
Demonstrates bony protuberance on the dorsum of the wrist at the level of the second and third carpo-metacarpal joints slightly ulnar deviated with the ulnar side to the cassette. 30 degree supination of the wrist to place the dorsal prominence at the dorsoradial aspect of the second to third carpo-metacarpal joints and at a tangent to the vertical central ray. Centre to pass through the dorsal prominence. Ref: Gilula and Yin. Imaging of the Wrist and Hand, Saunders.
CARPAL BRIDGE VIEW
A tangential projection of the carpus. Demonstrates fractures of the scaphoid, lunate dislocations, and foreign bodies in the dorsum of the wrist. The back of the hand rests on the cassette with the forearm at right angles to the hand. Direct the central ray 4cm proximal to the wrist joint with a 45 degree angle towards the fingers. Ref: Lentino, W. et al (1957). The carpal bridge view, J. Bone Joint Surg. 39- A:88-90.
CARPAL CANAL
Routine carpal tunnel view. Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
CAUSTON METHOD
Oblique foot projection to demonstrate the sesamoids. Foot lateral with the medial side against the cassette. Angle the central ray 40 degrees towards the ankle and centre to the first metatarsophalangeal sesamoids. Ref: Causton, J. (1943):Projection of the sesamoid bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, Radiology 9:39.
CHASSARD'S VIEW
View to show the sigmoid colon. Patient sits with both legs over the side of the table and leans forward slightly. Centre fairly high up the patients back.
CHAUSSE II
Oblique transoral view of the foramen jugulare. The patient is positioned as for an AP skull with the mouth wide open. Rotate the head 10 degrees away from the side in question. Direct the central ray up through the open mouth so that it makes an angle of 35 degrees to a line joining the superior border of the EAM and the anterior nasal spine. Ref: Chausse, C. (1950).Trois incidences pour l'exam du rocher, Acta Radiol.
angulation between the long axix of the calcaneum and the tibia (some call it a Buckview) It is a PA projection done on a special radiolucent platform. The patient stands on the platform equal weight on both feet with the toes on the side of interest against a 7 X 17 IR. (no grid, 40 SID) The platform holds the IR at a 20 degree tilt from vertical (away from the patient) The CR is angled caudal at 20 degree centered at the level of the ankle joint. (The tube and IR will be parallel to eachother.) Collimate to include as much of the tib/fib possible. A radiopaque marker is placed just behind the heel for measuring purposes when analizing alignment tibia, radiographically imaging the coronal plane alignment of the hindfoot.
COLCHER-SUSSMAN PROJECTION (AP)
Pelvimetry view. Metal ruler engraved at cm intervals (Colcher-Sussman pelvimeter) is required. Patient supine with the knees flexed and the thighs abducted so that the ruler can be placed horizontally, centred to the gluteal fold at the level of the ischial tuberosities. Centre the vertical central beam 2 above the symphysis pubis.
COLCHER-SUSSMAN PROJECTION (LATERAL)
Pelvimetry view. Metal ruler engraved at cm intervals (Colcher-Sussman pelvimeter) is required. Patient lies in the lateral position thighs extended so that they do not obscure the symphysis pubis ruler is horizontal at the height of and against the mid sacrum. Centre horizontal beam to the greater trochanter.
COYLE TRAUMA METHODS
Projections of the radial head and/or the coronoid process of the ulna Radial head view Elbow flexed 90 degrees and hand pronated. Vertical central ray angled 45 degrees towards the shoulder. Centre to the radial head. Coronoid process view Elbow flexed 80 degrees from extended position with the hand pronated. Vertical central ray angled 45 degrees away from the shoulder and directed to the elbow joint. Ref: Coyle, George F.(1980).Radiographing Immobile Trauma Patients, Unit 7, Special Angled Views of Joints - Elbow, Knee, Ankle. Multi-Media Publishing, Inc., Denver.
CRANIODORSAL HEADVIEW
Hip view hip with the knees extended and legs internally rotated. Central ray angled 30 degrees caudally, centre over the hip. Ref: Schneider (1964).
CRANIOVENTRAL HEADVIEW
Hip view. Supine hip centred on the femoral head with the leg raised 45 degrees. Ref:Schneider (1964).
D
DANELIUS-MILLER METHOD
Routine horizontal beam view of the hip.
DANELIUS-MILLER MODIFICATION OF LORENZ METHOD
See Danelius-Miller Method.
DENEER METHOD
See Dunlop Method.
DIDIEE VIEW
Shoulder view. Patient prone with cassette under the shoulder. Arm parallel to the table top with a 7 pad under the elbow. Dorsum of hand on the hip with the thumb directed upward. Beam angled 45 degrees.
DUNCAN-HOEW METHOD
Flexion and extension views of the lumbar spine (PA and lateral).
DUNLAP, SWANSON, AND PENNER METHOD
Projection to show the acetabula in profile. The patient is sat upright on the bucky table with their legs over the side. The vertical central ray is directed 30 degrees towards the lateral aspect of the pelvis towards the acetabulum. Ref: Dunlap et al (1956).Studies of the hip joint by means of lateral acetabular roentgenograms, J Joint Surg. 38-A:1218-
DUTT'S VIEW (JOHNSON AND DUTT)
PA oblique of the cribiform plate. Head in the PA position. The head is then rotated towards the affected side until the median-sagittal plane is 40 degrees to the perpendicular. Raise the chin until the radiographic baseline is 30 degrees to the perpendicular. Centre through the orbit in contact with the film, with the tube angled 10 degrees towards the feet.
E
ERASO METHOD
cephalad. Kisch recommends the central ray be angled 20 degrees cephalad.
FROG-LEG POSITION (MODIFIED LAUENSTEIN AND HICKEY METHOD)
Lateral projection of both hips. Patient supine with the knees flexed and legs abducted so the soles of the feet are in contact. Ref: K. Clarke, Positioning in Radiography, 11th Ed.
FUCHS METHOD
Projection of the temporal styloid process. Position the patient as for a lateral skull view. Angle the central ray cranially 10 degrees and anteriorly 10 degrees and centre to the styloid process against the film. Both sides for comparison.
FURMAIER METHOD
Skyline patella. Ref: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (1974). 56-A, NO, OCTOBER
G
GARTH'S VIEW
Apical axial oblique view of the shoulder - useful for trauma dislocation cases Centre to the head of the humorous. Patient erect or Supine rotated 45 degrees to the affected side, central ray angled 45 degrees caudaly. Ref: Merrill Volune 1 page 145
Discussion:
used in the instability patient to visulaize the anterior/inferior glenoid rim for fractures or calcification following dislocation;
Technique:
patient is seated with the arm at the side;
cassette is placed posterior, parallel to the spine of the scapula
beam is directed thru the glenohumeral joint toward the cassette at angle of 45 deg degrees to the plane of the thorax, and directed 45 deg caudally;
Roentgenographic demonstration of instability of the shoulder: the apical oblique projection. A technical note. JBJS. 66-A: 1450-1453, Dec. 1984.
GAYNOR-HART METHOD
Inferosuperior carpal tunnel projection. Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed. See also Templeton and Zim method.
GEDDA / Betts or Clements view. It’s basically an offsetview where you externally rotate the wrist and hand obliquly it to the image plate at about 45 degrees, and angle cranially about 5 degrees It not only gives you a full view of the trapezium, but it gives you a good CMC view and then isolates the STT and TT joints. It helps to stage arthritic disease and in the selection of surgical technique
GRANDY METHOD
Routine lateral cervical spine.
GRASHEY METHOD (SHOULDER)
Routine view of the shoulder to demonstrate the glenohumeral joint space (shoulder turned through 45 degrees). Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
GRASHEY METHOD (SKULL)
Demonstrates? Patient positioned as for AP skull with the OM baseline horizontal. Angle the horizontal central ray down 30 degrees and centre between the upper borders of the EAMs.
GRASHEY METHODS (FOOT)
Oblique plantodorsal projections of the foot. Patient prone, dorsal surface of foot in contact with cassette. Centre to the base of the third metatarsal.
- To demonstrate the space between the first and second metatarsals, rotate the heel medially 30 degrees.
- To demonstrate the spaces between the second and third, the third and fourth, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals, adjust the foot so that the heel is rotated laterally 20 degrees.
H
HAAS
Demonstrates the petrous temporal region, foraman magnum, and dorsum sellae. Head in the PA position with the radiographic baseline at right-angles to the film. Centre in the midline to the external occipital protuberance with the central ray angled 25 degrees cranially.
HICKEY (HIP)
See Lauenstein and Hickey Methods.
HILL-SACHS VIEW
AP shoulder with arm in marked internal rotation.
HIRTZ The routine SMV projection. Some cases overtilt by 15 degrees
HOBB'S VIEW
View of the sterno-clavicular joints. Centre to the midline at the level of the sterno-clavicular joints.
HOLMBLAD METHOD
View of the knee.
HOUGH METHOD
Projection of the sphenoid strut. Patient positioned as for a PA skull with the radiographic baseline horizontal. Turn the head 20 degrees towards the side being examined. The horizontal central ray is angled downwards by 7 degrees so that is emerges through the orbit on the side being examined. Ref: Hough, J.(1968).Sphenoid strut: parieto-orbital projection, Radiol. Technol. 39:197-209.
HSIEH METHOD
PA oblique projections of the hip. Demonstrates posterior dislocations of the femoral head. Patient prone with the unaffected side raised by 45 degrees. Direct the vertical central ray between the posterior surface of the iliac blade and the femoral head.
Hsieh, C.(1936). Posterior dislocation of the hip, Radiology 27:450-455.
HUGHSTON
Patella view. Ref:: Hughston (1968). Subluxation of the Patella, J. Bone and Joint Surg., 50- A:1003-26.
I
INLET AND OUTLET VIEWS (PELVIS)
See Pennal's views.
ISHERWOOD METHODS (subtalar region)
- Projection to demonstrate the anterior subtalar articulation. Medial border of the foot at a 45 degree angle to the cassette. Centre 2 distal and 2 anterior to the lateral malleolus.
- Projection to demonstrate the middle articulation of the subtalar joint and give an end-on view of the sinus tarsi. Foot in the AP ankle position. Rotate the ankle 30 degrees medially. Centre to a point 2 distal and 2 anterior to the lateral malleolus with a 10 degree cephalad angulation.
- Projection to demonstrate the posterior articulation of the subtalar joint in profile. Foot in the AP ankle position. Rotate the ankle 30 degrees laterally. Centre to a point 2 distal to the medial malleolus with a 10 degree cephalad angulation.
J
JAROSCHY METHOD
See Hugheston.
JOHNER VIEW
Tangential shoulder view. Patient supine with the elbow flexed and the forearm resting on the abdomen. Film placed vertically against the superior aspect of the shoulder. Angle the central ray 20 degrees medially and 20 degrees below the horizontal. Centre to the head of the humerus.
JOHNSON METHOD
An axiolateral projection of the femoral head and neck. Patient in the AP pelvis position. Place the cassette vertically against the lateral aspect of the hip of interest. Tilt the cassette backward 25 degrees. Direct the horizontal central ray 25 degrees cephalad and 25 degrees downwards and centre to the femoral neck. Ref: Johnson,C (1932).A new method for roentgenographic examination of the upper end of the femur, J. Bone Joint Surg. 30:859-866,
JOHNSON AND DUTT
See Dutt's view.
JONES POSITION
View of the elbow in flexion. Demonstrates the olecranon process in profile and the distal humerus. Place the humerus on the cassette and flex the arm.
Two projections taken, one with the central ray angled at right angles to the
KNUTSSON METHOD
Skyline patella. Ref: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surger (1974). 56-A, NO, October
KOVACS METHOD
Profile image of the lowermost lumbar intervertebral foramen. Patient lies on the affected side and then rotate the pelvis 30 degrees anteriorly. Centre along a straight line extending from the superior edge of the uppermost iliac crest through the fifth lumbar segment to the inguinal region of the dependent side. Ref: Kovacs, A. (1950) .X-ray examination of the exit of the lowermost lumbar root, Radiol. Clin. 19:6-13.
KUCHENDORF METHOD
Oblique PA projection of the patella. Patient prone, elevate the hip on the affected side and slightly flex the knee. Centre to the joint space between the patella and the femoral condyles at an angle of 30 degrees caudal.
KURZBAUER METHOD
Unobstructed lateral projection of the sterno-clavicular articulation. Patient lies on the affected side with the arm of that side next to the head. Vertical central ray directed 15 degrees caudal and centred to the lowermost sterno-clavicular articulation.
L
LAQUERRIERE AND PIERQUIN METHOD
Ulnar groove projection. Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
LAUENSTEIN AND HICKEY METHODS
Lateral hip projection demonstrating the acetabulum and upper end of femur.
LAUENSTEIN
Routine turned lateral hip projection.
LAUENSTEIN AND HICKEY METHOD
As for turned lateral hip but angle the vertical central, ray 20 degrees cephalad.
LAURINS VIEW
View of the patella.
LAW
Demonstrate the petrous temporal region. Head in the lateral position, then rotate the head 15 degrees towards the film. Centre 5cm above and 5cm behind the EAM away from the film with the tube angled 15 degrees towards the feet. LAW METHOD (FACIAL BONES) Projection to demonstrate the floor and posterior wall of the antrum. Patient sitting PA with the head fully extended so that the chin and zygoma of the side of interest, and the nose, are in contact with the cassette. Angle the central ray upward 30 degrees from the horizontal and centre to the lower antrum. Ref: Law, F.(1933). Nasal accessory sinuses, Ann. Roentgenol. 15:32-51, 53- 76.
LAWRENCE METHOD
Lateral view of the proximal humerus. Supine, horizontal beam axial shoulder.
LAWRENCE METHOD
Transthoracic lateral humerus.
LENTINO METHOD
See carpal bridge view.
LEONARD-GEORGE METHOD
Demonstrates the femoral head and neck. Patient supine. A curved cassette is placed on the medial aspect of the leg of interest (between the thighs). Direct the central ray perpendicular to the femoral neck.
LEQUESNE METHOD (FALSE PROFILE VIEW)
View of the acetabulum in profile. Patient standing with their back against the vertical bucky. Move the unaffected hip forward so that the pelvis makes an angle of 60 degrees with the bucky. Central the horizontal central ray the affected hip. See also Urist's view.
LETOURNEL VIEW
Iliac wing view.
LEWIS METHOD
The routine view of the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsal. Ref: K. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
LILIENFELD (CALCANEUM)
M
MAY View View to demonstrate the zygomatic arch. Head in the PA position with the chin raised as far as possible. The head is then rotated 15 degrees away from the side being examined. Centre through the zygomatic arch, with the tube angled towards the feet so that the central ray is at right-angles to the radiographic baseline.
MACNAB'S VIEW
View of the patella.
MACQUEEN-DELL
Transpharyngeal view of the head of the mandibular condyle. The film is parallel to the median sagittal plane and centred to the EAM of the affected side. The central ray is angled 5 degrees cranially and 5 degrees posteriorly towards the condyle to be examined.
MARTZ AND TAYLOR
Two AP projections of the pelvis to demonstrate the relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum in patients with CDH. First projection with the central ray at right angles to the symphysis pubis. Second projection with the central ray directed 45 degrees towards the head and centred to the symphysis pubis. This casts an anteroirly displaced femoral head above the acetabulum. A posteriorly displaced head is cast below the acetabulum. Ref: Martz and Taylor (1954). The 45 degree angle roentgenographic study of the pelvis in congenital dislocation of the hip, J Joint Surg. 36-A:528-532.
MAYER
To demonstrate the petrous temporal region. Patient in the AP position with the radiographic baseline at right-angles to the film. Rotate the head 45 degrees towards the side being examined, and centre through the EAM nearest the film, with the tube angled 45 degrees towards the feet.
MERCEDES VIEW
Routine superior-inferior axial shoulder view, or lateral scapula view
MERCHANT'S VIEW
View of the patella. Patient supine. Knees flexed 45 degrees over the end of the table. Position femora so that they are parallel to the table top. Place knees and feet together. Angle the central ray 30 degrees from the horizontal ( 30 degrees to femora). Centre midway between patellae.
Ref: Merchant, A, et al (1975). Reontgenographic Analysis of Patellofemoral Congruance, J. Bone and Joint Surg., 56-A: 1391-96, Oct.
MILLER METHOD
Projection of the hypoglossal canal. Patient positioned as for an AP skull with the radiographic baseline horizontal. Rotate the head 45 degrees towards the side in question. The horizontal central ray is angled downwards an unknown number of degrees so that it passes through the foraman magnum.
MILLER'S VIEW
To demonstrate anterior or posterior dislocation of the shoulder. The patient is positioned as for the routine trauma shoulder view. The tube is then angled 45 degrees towards the feet and centred to the glenoid. If the head of the humerus is projected below the glenoid then the dislocation is anterior. If the head of the humerus is projected above the glenoid then the dislocation is posterior.
MODIFIED CLEAVES
Hip view. Frog view with the thighs abducted to approx. 40 degrees. Centre 2 above the symphysis pubis.
MODIFIED FUCHS METHOD
Projection of the temporal styloid process. Details not known.
MORTISE VIEW
True AP ankle.
N
NOLKE METHOD
Projection of the upper sacral canal. Patient sits upright on the bucky table with the feet over the side of the table and leans forward. Centre to the sacrum.
NORGAADS VIEW (BALL CATCHERS VIEW)
Projection of both hands. Supination of each hand to an angle of 35 degrees. Centre midway between the heads of the fifth metacarpals.
O
OPPENHEIM'S VIEW
Cephaloscapular projection.
Methods A - Z - Copy Positioning
Course: Radiologic Technology (BSRT001)
University: University of La Salette
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