Homemade Problem Collection
David AltizioLast Updated May 9, 2019
Abstract
This is a list of (the majority of) the problems that I’ve written which have appeared various competitions.These include Mock AMC/AIME contests, NIMOs, and CMIMCs. Fortunately (or unfortunately, depending onyour point of view), this document does not contain problems to contests that have yet to take place. I alsohave not included problems which I have posted on the AoPS fora for the sake of posting on the AoPS fora,mainly because I consider these to be of slightly lower quality in general. In usual fashion, I have not providedsolutions in this document explicitly; however, I do have links to various places at the end where you will beable to (hopefully) find solutions to most of the problems.Note that starred problems denote questions that I find exceptionally nice.
Contents
1 Algebra 22 Combinatorics 103 Geometry 134 Number Theory 235 Miscellaneous 286 Links to Solutions 29
1
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 2
1 Algebra
1. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) For all real numbers
a
and
b
, let
a
b
=
a
+
ba
−
b.
Compute 1008
1007.2. (Various Contests)
Determine the value of 2011
2
−
1983
2
2011 + 1983 .3. (AMC 10A 2018) Sangho uploaded a video to a website where viewers can vote that they like or dislike avideo. Each video begins with a score of 0, and the score increases by 1 for each like vote and decreases by1 for each dislike vote. At one point Sangho saw that his video had a score of 90, and that 65% of the votescast on his video were like votes. How many votes had been cast on Sangho’s video at that point?4. (Mock AMC 12 2012) A set of 31 real numbers has a sum of 104. A new set is formed by taking each numberin the old set and increasing it by 3. For instance, a 1 in the old set would become a 4 in the new set. Whatis the sum of the numbers in the new set?5. (Mock AIME I 2015) David, Justin, Richard, and Palmer are demonstrating a “math magic” concept in frontof an audience. There are four boxes, labeled A, B, C, and D, and each one contains a different number.First, David pulls out the numbers in boxes A and B and reports that their product is 14. Justin then claimsthat the product of the numbers in boxes B and C is 16, and Richard states the product of the numbers inboxes C and D to be 18. Finally, Palmer announces the product of the numbers in boxes D and A. If
k
is thenumber that Palmer says, what is 20
k
?
6. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) On a 30 question test, Question 1 is worth one point, Question 2 is worth twopoints, and so on up to Question 30. David takes the test and afterward finds out he answered nine of thequestions incorrectly. However, he was not told which nine were incorrect. What is the highest possible scorehe could have attained?
7. (NIMO 23) For real numbers
x
and
y
, define
∇
(
x,y
) =
x
−
1
y.
If
∇
(2
,
∇
(2
,
∇
(2
,...
∇
(2
,
∇
(2
,
2))
...
)))
2016
∇
s
=
mn
for relatively prime positive integers
m
,
n
, compute 100
m
+
n
.8. (NIMO April 2017) For rational numbers
a
and
b
with
a > b
, define the
fractional average
of
a
and
b
to bethe unique rational number
c
with the following property: when
c
is written in lowest terms, there exists aninteger
N
such that adding
N
to both the numerator and denominator of
c
gives
a
, and subtracting
N
fromboth the numerator and denominator of
c
gives
b
. Suppose the fractional average of
17
and
110
is
mn
, where
m,n
are coprime positive integers. What is 100
m
+
n
?9. (CMIMC 2019) Points
A
(0
,
0) and
B
(1
,
1) are located on the parabola
y
=
x
2
. A third point
C
is positionedon this parabola between
A
and
B
such that
AC
=
CB
=
r
. What is
r
2
?10. (CMIMC 2018) The solutions in
z
to the equation
z
+ 337
z
2
= 1form the vertices of a quadrilateral in the complex plane. Compute the area of this quadrilateral.
1
Okay sure, this problem is definitely not original, but I’ve used it probably at least three times for three different contests andchanged the year each time, so I figured I might as well put it here. (As a side note, the number 1983 was chosen because that was theyear of the very first AIME!)
2
This problem achieved a 100% success rate among users who submitted for grading. Hooray!
3
The legendary 420 problem!
4
The choice of 337 came from the fact that this was the second half of a relay question.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 311. (CMIMC 2018) Suppose
x >
1 is a real number such that
x
+
1
x
=
√
22. What is
x
2
−
1
x
2
?12. (Brilliant.org) Find the positive integer
x
such that110
x
= 1
x
2
+
x
+ 1
x
2
+ 3
x
+ 2 + 1
x
2
+ 5
x
+ 6
.
13. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Suppose
a
and
b
are real
numbers that satisfy the system of equations
a
+
b
= 9
,a
(
a
−
2) +
b
(
b
−
2) = 21
.
What is
ab
?14. (CMIMC 2019) Let
P
(
x
) be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients such that
P
(3) = 7 and
P
(
x
) =
P
(0) +
P
(1)
x
+
P
(2)
x
2
for all real
x
. What is
P
(
−
1)?15. Two problems about the difference between roots of a quadratic.(a) (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) A line passing through the point (0
,
3) intersects the graph of
y
=
x
2
in two distinct points. The positive difference in
x
-coordinates of these two points is 5. Compute thepositive difference between the points’
y
-coordinates.(b) (RHS Guts Round 2015) There exists a positive real number
a
such that the equation
ax
2
=
x
+
a
has two real solutions with the property that the larger one is 5 more than the smaller one. What is
a
2
?16. (CMIMC 2018) Let
P
(
x
) =
x
2
+4
x
+1. What is the product of all real solutions to the equation
P
(
P
(
x
)) = 0?17. (CMIMC 2016) Construction Mayhem University
has been on a mission to expand and improve its campus!The university has recently adopted a new construction schedule where a new project begins every two days.Each project will take exactly one more day than the previous one to complete (so the first project takes 3,the second takes 4, and so on.)Suppose the new schedule starts on Day 1. On which day will there first be at least 10 projects in place atthe same time?18. (NIMO April 2017) Nonzero real numbers
a,b,c
satisfy the equations
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
= 2915 and (
a
−
1)(
b
−
1)(
c
−
1) =
abc
−
1. Compute
a
+
b
+
c
.19. (CMIMC 2017) Suppose
P
(
x
) is a quadratic polynomial with integer coefficients satisfying the identity
P
(
P
(
x
))
−
P
(
x
)
2
=
x
2
+
x
+ 2016for all real
x
. What is
P
(1)?20. (NIMO 29) Let
{
a
n
}
be a sequence of integers such that
a
1
= 2016 and
a
n
−
1
+
a
n
2 =
n
2
−
n
+ 1for all
n
≥
1. Compute
a
100
.
21. (CMIMC 2016) Let
be a real number satisfying the equation
(1+
)
2
1+
2
=
1337
. Then(1 +
)
3
1 +
3
=
mn
where
m
and
n
are positive relatively prime integers. Find
m
+
n
.
5
Note: they’re not actually real
6
Sorry CMU!
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 422. (CMIMC 2018) 2018 little ducklings numbered 1 through 2018 are standing in a line, with each holding a slipof paper with a nonnegative number on it; it is given that ducklings 1 and 2018 have the number zero. Atsome point, ducklings 2 through 2017 simultaneously change their number to equal the average of the numbersof the ducklings to their immediate left and right. Suppose the new numbers on the ducklings sum to 1000.What is the maximum possible sum of the original numbers on all 2018 slips?
23. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Let
p
and
q
be real numbers with
|
p
|
<
1 and
|
q
|
<
1 such that
p
+
pq
+
pq
2
+
pq
3
+
···
= 2 and
q
+
qp
+
qp
2
+
qp
3
+
···
= 3
.
What is 100
pq
?24. (Mock AMC 12 2012) The polynomial
x
3
−
Ax
+15 has three real roots. Two of these roots sum to 5. Whatis
|
A
|
?25. Two logarithm problems with a very similar flavor.(a) (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Suppose
x
and
y
are real numbers such that log
x
(
y
) = 6 and log
2
x
(2
y
) = 5.What is log
4
x
(4
y
)?(b) (Mock AIME I 2015) Suppose that
x
and
y
are real numbers such that log
x
3
y
=
2013
and log
3
x
y
=
23
.The value of log
3
x
3
y
can be expressed in the form
ab
where
a
and
b
are positive relatively prime integers.Find
a
+
b
.26. (ARML Local 2019) Compute the maximum value of the function
f
(
x
) = sin
x
+sin(
x
+arccos
47
) as
x
variesover all real numbers.27. (NIMO 16) Let
a
and
b
be positive real numbers such that
ab
= 2 and
aa
+
b
2
+
bb
+
a
2
= 78
.
Find
a
6
+
b
6
.28. (CMIMC 2018) For all real numbers
r
, denote by
{
r
}
the fractional part of
r
, i.e. the unique real number
s
∈
[0
,
1) such that
r
−
s
is an integer. How many real numbers
x
∈
[1
,
2) satisfy the equation
x
2018
=
x
2017
?29. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) There exists exactly one polynomial
g
(
z
) with nonnegative coefficientssuch that
g
(
z
)
g
(
−
z
) =
z
4
−
47
z
2
+ 1for all
z
. Find this polynomial.
30. (NIMO 29) Let
{
a
i
}
∞
i
=0
be a sequence of real numbers such that
∞
n
=1
x
n
1
−
x
n
=
a
0
+
a
1
x
+
a
2
x
2
+
a
3
x
3
+
···
for all
|
x
|
<
1. Find
a
1000
.31. (ARML Local 2018) Suppose
a
,
b
, and
c
are real numbers such that
a,b,c
and
a,b
+1
,c
+2 are both geometricsequences in their respective orders. Find the smallest possible value of (
a
+
b
+
c
)
2
.32. (CMIMC 2017) Suppose
x
,
y
, and
z
are nonzero complex numbers such that (
x
+
y
+
z
)(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
) =
x
3
+
y
3
+
z
3
. Compute(
x
+
y
+
z
)
1
x
+ 1
y
+ 1
z
7
The wording here is clarified to reflect the original intention of the problem. Apologies for any confusion!
8
The number of submissions during the contest which had the polynomial written in terms of
x
as opposed to in terms of
z
wasquite astonishing.
9
This may seem incredibly high placement given the fact this was problem 2 on the team round, but the latter placement was becauseI figured teams could easily fakesolve it by say plugging
x
=
y
= 1 and I didn’t want to remove the beauty of the problem statementby adding in an unnecessary “maximum” clause.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 533. (NIMO 18) There exists a unique strictly increasing arithmetic sequence
{
a
i
}
100
i
=1
of positive integers such that
a
1
+
a
4
+
a
9
+
···
+
a
100
= 1000
,
where the summation runs over all terms of the form
a
i
2
for 1
≤
i
≤
10. Find
a
50
34. (CMIMC 2016) A line with negative slope passing through the point (18
,
8) intersects the
x
and
y
axes at(
a,
0) and (0
,b
) respectively. What is the smallest possible value of
a
+
b
?
35. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) For each positive integer
n
, let
a
n
=
n
2
2
n
+ 1. Furthermore, let
P
and
Q
be realnumbers such that
P
=
a
1
a
2
...a
2013
, Q
= (
a
1
+ 1)(
a
2
+ 1)
...
(
a
2013
+ 1)
.
What is the sum of the digits of
QP
? (Note:
x
denotes the largest integer
≤
x
.)36. (NIMO 27) Suppose there exist constants
A
,
B
,
C
, and
D
such that
n
4
=
A
n
4
+
B
n
3
+
C
n
2
+
D
n
1
holds true for all positive integers
n
≥
4. What is
A
+
B
+
C
+
D
?
37. (CMIMC 2018) Suppose
a
,
b
, and
c
are nonzero real numbers such that
bc
+ 1
a
=
ca
+ 2
b
=
ab
+ 7
c
= 1
a
+
b
+
c.
Find
a
+
b
+
c
.38. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Suppose
A
and
B
are angles such thatcos(
A
) + cos(
B
) =
54
,
cos(2
A
) + cos(2
B
) =
19
.
If cos(3
A
) + cos(3
B
) is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denomi-nator?
39. (AMC 10A 2019) Let
p
,
q
, and
r
be the distinct roots of the polynomial
x
3
−
22
x
2
+80
x
−
67. It is given thatthere exist real numbers
A
,
B
, and
C
such that1
s
3
−
22
s
2
+ 80
s
−
67 =
As
−
p
+
Bs
−
q
+
C s
−
r
for all
s
∈ {
p,q,r
}
. What is
1
A
+
1
B
+
1
C
?40. (NIMO 24) Let
f
be the quadratic function with leading coefficient 1 whose graph is tangent to that of thelines
y
=
−
5
x
+ 6 and
y
=
x
−
1. The sum of the coefficients of
f
is
pq
, where
p
and
q
are positive relativelyprime integers. Find 100
p
+
q
41. (NIMO 15) Let
S
=
{
1
,
2
,...,
2014
}
. Suppose that
T
⊆
S
i
|
T
|
=
p
+
qi
where
p
and
q
are integers,
i
=
√ −
1, and the summation runs over all 2
2014
subsets of
S
. Find the remainderwhen
|
p
|
+
|
q
|
is divided by 1000. (Here
|
X
|
denotes the number of elements in a set
X
.)
10
Inspired from what eventually would become NIMO 24 #1, hence the dual authorship with Tony Kim
11
Compare with 2016 Spring OMO #5. Fortunately, no harm was done, although I became very scared when I first saw the connection.
12
This problem has interesting ties to Linear Algebra, since the sequence of polynomials
xk
=
x
(
x
−
1)
···
(
x
−
k
+1)
k
can be viewed as abasis of the set of all finite-degree polynomials in
R
. (The Fibonacci polynomials question later in this section also revolves around thisidea.)
13
This is a bit computational. This was still relatively early on in my problem writing days, so I don’t think I had mastered the artof picking nice numbers at this point....
14
This was originally intended as a calculus problem. Then I realized the non-calculus solution was shorter.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 642. (CMIMC 2016) Determine the value of the sum
1
≤
i<j
≤
50
ij
(
−
1)
i
+
j
.
43. (CMIMC 2017) Suppose
P
is a quintic polynomial with real coefficients with
P
(0) = 2 and
P
(1) = 3 suchthat
|
z
|
= 1 whenever
z
is a complex number satisfying
P
(
z
) = 0. What is the smallest possible value of
P
(2)over all such polynomials
P
?44. (NIMO 18) Find the sum of all positive integers 1
≤
k
≤
99 such that there exist positive integers
a
and
b
with the property that
x
100
−
ax
k
+
b
= (
x
2
−
2
x
+ 1)
P
(
x
)for some polynomial
P
with integer coefficients.45. (ARML Local 2019)
Given that
∞
k
=0
2
kk
15
k
=
√
5, compute the value of the sum
∞
k
=0
2
k
+ 1
k
15
k
.
46. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) Suppose
x
and
y
are real numbers such that
x
2
+
xy
+
y
2
= 2 and
x
2
−
y
2
=
√
5
.
The sum of all possible distinct values of
|
x
|
can be written in the form
ni
=1
√
a
i
, where each of the
a
i
is arational number. If
ni
=1
a
i
=
mn
where
m
and
n
are positive relatively prime integers, what is 100
m
+
n
?47. (Mock AIME I 2013) Let
T
n
denote the
n
th triangular number, i.e.
T
n
= 1 + 2 + 3 +
···
+
n
. Let
m
and
n
be positive integers so that
∞
i
=3
∞
k
=1
3
T
i
k
=
mn .
Find
m
+
n
48. (Mock AIME II 2012) There exist real values of
a
and
b
such that
a
+
b
=
n
,
a
2
+
b
2
= 2
n
, and
a
3
+
b
3
= 3
n
for some value of
n
. Let
S
be the sum of all possible values of
a
4
+
b
4
. Find
S
.49. (ARML Local 2018) For all nonnegative integers
c
, let
f
(
c
) denote the unique real number
x
satisfying theequation
x
4
+
x
5
−
48
x
9
−
1 =
c.
Compute
f
(0)
f
(1)
f
(2)
···
f
(47).
50. (CMIMC 2019) Across all
x
∈
R
, find the maximum value of the expressionsin
x
+ sin3
x
+ sin5
x.
15
An exercise toward the end of
A First Course in Complex Analysis
guides readers through a proof of the sum
∞
k
=0
2
kk
x
k
=
1
√
1
−
4
x
using the identity
nk
= 12
πi
γ
(
z
+ 1)
n
z
k
+1
dz,
where
γ
is any simple closed piecewise smooth path with 0 in its interior. This problem was born out of exploring this technique to tryto evaluate different yet similar sums of binomial coefficients.
16
I find it interesting how the 3 is so important here; replacing it with any other number will break the intended solution.
17
I originally submitted this to the NIMO database in June 2015! I think I intended for it to be a Summer Contest question, whichis why it went unused for so long.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 751. (CMIMC 2016) Suppose
x
and
y
are real numbers which satisfy the system of equations
x
2
−
3
y
2
= 17
x
and 3
x
2
−
y
2
= 23
y .
Then
x
2
+
y
2
can be written in the form
m
√
n
where
m
and
n
are positive integers and
m
is as small as possible.Find
m
+
n
.
52. (CMIMC 2016) Suppose
a
,
b
,
c
, and
d
are positive real numbers which satisfy the system of equations(
a
+
b
)(
c
+
d
) = 143
,
(
a
+
c
)(
b
+
d
) = 150
,
(
a
+
d
)(
b
+
c
) = 169
.
Find the smallest possible value of
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
+
d
2
53. (CMIMC 2017) The parabola
P
given by equation
y
=
x
2
is rotated some acute angle
θ
clockwise about theorigin such that it hits both the
x
and
y
axes at two distinct points. Suppose the length of the segment
P
cuts the
x
-axis is 1. What is the length of the segment
P
cuts the
y
-axis?54. (CMIMC 2018) Let
a
be a complex number, and set
α
,
β
, and
γ
to be the roots of the polynomial
x
3
−
x
2
+
ax
−
1.Suppose(
α
3
+ 1)(
β
3
+ 1)(
γ
3
+ 1) = 2018
.
Compute the product of all possible values of
a
.
55. (NIMO 15) For all positive integers
k
, define
f
(
k
) =
k
2
+
k
+ 1. Compute the largest positive integer
n
suchthat2015
f
(1
2
)
f
(2
2
)
···
f
(
n
2
)
≥
f
(1)
f
(2)
···
f
(
n
)
2
.
56. (CMIMC 2019) It is given that the roots of the polynomial
P
(
z
) =
z
2019
−
1 can be written in the form
z
k
=
x
k
+
iy
k
for 1
≤
k
≤
2019. Let
Q
denote the monic polynomial with roots equal to 2
x
k
+
iy
k
for1
≤
k
≤
2019. Compute
Q
(
−
2).57. (CMIMC 2018) Suppose
P
is a cubic polynomial satisfying
P
(0) = 3 and(
x
3
−
2
x
+ 1
−
P
(
x
))(2
x
3
−
5
x
2
+ 4
−
P
(
x
))
≤
0for all
x
∈
R
. Determine all possible values of
P
(
−
1).
58. (CMIMC 2016) Let
r
1
,r
2
,...,r
20
be the roots of the polynomial
x
20
−
7
x
3
+ 1. If 1
r
21
+ 1 + 1
r
22
+ 1 +
···
+ 1
r
220
+ 1can be written in the form
mn
where
m
and
n
are positive integers, find
m
+
n
.59. (CMIMC 2018) Suppose
a
0
,a
1
,...,a
2018
are integers such that(
x
2
−
3
x
+ 1)
1009
=
2018
k
=0
a
k
x
k
for all real numbers
x
. Compute the remainder when
a
20
+
a
21
+
···
+
a
22018
is divided by 2017.
18
Inspired simultaneously by NIMO 19 #7 and AMST 2016 Algebra #9. Also compare with 2016 Japan Mathematical OlympiadPreliminary #7 apparently??
19
“Jointly” written with Keerthana Gurushankar. She came up with the original setup of looking at
(
α
3
+1); I turned it in a newdirection by adding another layer to the computation of the product.
20
This was directly inspired by trying to generalize AIME 2010.I.6 to the case where the parabolas do not share a common vertex.
21
This problem was the result of spending about a month trying to find a clever use of generating functions. While this result isnothing new (e.g. the OEIS pages for sequences A002426 and A082758 cross-reference each other), I’ve never seen this exact idea in a contest setting before, so it’s all good.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 860. (Mock AIME I 2015) Suppose
α
,
β
, and
γ
are complex numbers that satisfy the system of equations
α
+
β
+
γ
= 6
,α
3
+
β
3
+
γ
3
= 87
,
(
α
+ 1)(
β
+ 1)(
γ
+ 1) = 33
.
If
1
α
+
1
β
+
1
γ
=
mn
for positive relatively prime integers
m
and
n
, find
m
+
n
.
61. (CMIMC 2017) Let
a
,
b
, and
c
be complex numbers satisfying the system of equations
ab
+
c
+
bc
+
a
+
ca
+
b
= 9
,a
2
b
+
c
+
b
2
c
+
a
+
c
2
a
+
b
= 32
,a
3
b
+
c
+
b
3
c
+
a
+
c
3
a
+
b
= 122
.
Find
abc
62. (Mock AIME I 2013) Let
a,b,
and
c
be the roots of the equation
x
3
+ 2
x
−
1 = 0, and let
X
and
Y
be thetwo possible values of
ab
+
bc
+
ca.
Find (
X
+ 1)(
Y
+ 1).63. (CMIMC 2017) Suppose
a
1
,
a
2
,
...
,
a
10
are nonnegative integers such that
10
k
=1
a
k
= 15 and
10
k
=1
ka
k
= 80
.
Let
M
and
m
denote the maximum and minimum respectively of
10
k
=1
k
2
a
k
. Compute
M
−
m
64. (ARML Local 2018) It is given that there exist real numbers
a
0
,...,a
18
such thatsin
2
(10
x
)sin
2
(
x
)=
a
0
+
a
1
cos(
x
) +
a
2
cos(2
x
) +
···
+
a
18
cos(18
x
)for all
x
with sin
x
= 0. Compute
a
20
+
a
21
+
···
+
a
218
65. (CMIMC 2017) The polynomial
P
(
x
) =
x
3
−
6
x
−
2 has three real roots,
α
,
β
, and
γ
. Depending on theassignment of the roots, there exist two different quadratics
Q
such that the graph of
y
=
Q
(
x
) pass throughthe points (
α,β
), (
β,γ
), and (
γ,α
). What is the larger of the two values of
Q
(1)?
66. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Let
P
(
x
) =
10
n
=1
(
x
2
n
−
x
2
n
−
1
+ 1) = (
x
2
−
x
+ 1)(
x
4
−
x
2
+ 1)(
x
8
−
x
4
+ 1)
...
(
x
1024
−
x
512
+ 1)
.
When
P
(
x
) is expanded, how many terms does it contain?
67. (CMIMC 2017) Let
c
denote the largest possible real number such that there exists a nonconstant polynomial
P
with
P
(
z
2
) =
P
(
z
−
c
)
P
(
z
+
c
)for all
z
. Compute the sum of all values of
P
(
13
) over all nonconstant polynomials
P
satisfying the aboveconstraint for this
c
.
22
This problem exemplifies perhaps what is one of the biggest consistent flaws over lots of my problems: interesting initial ideas butsomewhat computational finishes.
23
This was A6 until about a week or two before the contest. It seems that I heavily underestimated the difficulty of this problem.
24
This problem is a small adaptation of a lemma from a
21-723 Advanced Real Analysis
homework assignment. More specifically,the calculation in this question can be used to show that the Fej´er kernel forms an approximate identity, which in turn can be used to show convergence results of Fourier series in certain
L
p
spaces.
25
Heavily inspired by Problem 8.63 in Intermediate Algebra.
26
This is probably one of the only problems I’ve ever written for which I knew the answer but not the formal solution while thecontest was active.
27
I’m still surprised that a nonzero value of
c
exists. Perhaps one of my favorite algebra problems I’ve ever written.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 968. (CMIMC 2016) Let
P
be the unique parabola in the
xy
-plane which is tangent to the
x
-axis at (5
,
0) and tothe
y
-axis at (0
,
12). We say a line
is
P
-friendly if the
x
-axis,
y
-axis, and
P
divide
into three segments,each of which has equal length. If the sum of the slopes of all
P
-friendly lines can be written in the form
−
mn
for
m
and
n
positive relatively prime integers, find
m
+
n
.
69. (CMIMC 2016) Denote by
F
0
(
x
),
F
1
(
x
),
...
the sequence of Fibonacci polynomials, which satisfy the recurrence
F
0
(
x
) = 1,
F
1
(
x
) =
x
, and
F
n
(
x
) =
xF
n
−
1
(
x
) +
F
n
−
2
(
x
) for all
n
≥
2.
It is given that there exist integers
λ
0
,
λ
1
,
...
,
λ
1000
such that
x
1000
=
1000
i
=0
λ
i
F
i
(
x
)for all real
x
. For which integer
k
is
|
λ
k
|
maximized?
28
In reality, the indices are shifted up by one (so e.g.
F
1
(
x
) = 1), but this interpretation makes the problem statement easier to writesince deg
F
i
(
x
) =
i
for all
i
≥
0
29
This, like all the other #10s which appeared on CMIMC in 2016, took me several days to solve. I was very much okay with puttingproblems on the test that did take me multiple days to solve because of the very high skill cap of the contestants coming. Indeed, a fewpeople almost solved this one completely!
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 10
2 Combinatorics
1. (NIMO Summer Contest 2016) Evan writes a computer program that randomly rearranges the digits 0
,
2
,
4
,
6,and 8 to create a five-digit number with no leading zeroes. If he executes this program once, the probabilitythe program outputs an integer divisible by 4 can be written in the form
mn
where
m
and
n
are positiveintegers which share no common factors. What is
m
+
n
?
2. (ARML Local 2018) The ARML Local staff have ranked each of the 10 individual problems in order of difficulty from 1 to 10. They wish to order the problems such that the problem with difficulty
i
is before theproblem with difficulty
i
+2 for all 1
≤
i
≤
8. Compute the number of orderings of the problems that satisfythis condition.
3. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) A regular 2013-gon is placed in the plane in general position. A family of lines isdrawn on this plane such that no two lines are parallel, and for every vertex
A
of the 2013-gon, there exists aline that passes through
A
. What is the smallest number of possible lines in the family?4. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) The NIMO problem writers have invented a new chess piece called the
Oriented Knight
. This new chess piece has a limited number of moves: it can either move two squares to the right andone square upward or two squares upward and one square to the right. How many ways can the knight movefrom the bottom-left square to the top-right square of a 16
×
16 chess board?
5. (NIMO 30) David draws a 2
×
2 grid of squares in chalk on the sidewalk outside NIMO HQ. He then draws onearrow in each square, each pointing in one of the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) parallelto the sides of the grid. In how many ways can David draw his arrows such that no two of the arrows arepointing at each other?6. (NIMO 21) In the
Fragmented Game of Spoons
, eight players sit in a row, each with a hand of four cards.Each round, the first player in the row selects the top card from the stack of unplayed cards and either passesit to the second player, which occurs with probability
12
, or swaps it with one of the four cards in his hand,each card having an equal chance of being chosen, and passes the new card to the second player. The secondplayer then takes the card from the first player and chooses a card to pass to the third player in the same way.Play continues until the eighth player is passed a card, at which point the card he chooses to pass is removedfrom the game and the next round begins. To win, a player must hold four cards of the same number, one of each suit.During a game, David is the eighth player in the row and needs an Ace of Clubs to win. At the start of theround, the dealer picks up a Ace of Clubs from the deck. Suppose that Justin, the fifth player, also has a Aceof Clubs, and that all other Ace of Clubs cards have been removed. The probability that David is passed anAce of Clubs during the round is
mn
, where
m
and
n
are positive integers with gcd(
m,n
) = 1
.
Find 100
m
+
n.
7. (NIMO April 2017) Two neighboring towns, MWMTown and NIMOTown, have a strange relationship withregard to weather. On a certain day, the probability that it is sunny in either town is
123
greater than theprobability of MWMTown being sunny, and the probability that it is sunny in MWMTown, given that itis sunny in NIMOTown, is
1223
. If the probability that it is sunny in NIMOTown is
pq
, for coprime positiveintegers
p,q
, what is 100
p
+
q
?
8. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Mr. Mebane’s Preschool WOOT class is taking a class photograph. There are fiveboys in the class, and they are 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52 inches tall. In the class photograph, they are to sitthemselves in five chairs positioned in a row. In how many ways can Mr. Mebanes students seat themselvessuch that no boy sits next to another boy who is exactly one inch taller than himself?9. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) DG chooses a three-element subset of the set
{−
10
,
−
9
,
−
8
,...,
8
,
9
,
10
}
.What is the probability that the three elements in his subset sum to zero?
30
This was a dropped CMIMC 2016 problem. I’m not sure why this didn’t make the test; my best guess is that we had other problemswhich probably fit better in the early spots.
31
Originally a proposal for NIMO Summer Contest 2017 (with the appropriate flavortext modifications of course)
32
Heavily inspired by a NIMO proposal from Tony Kim, hence the dual authorship
33
oops this is super contrived but whatever
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 1110. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) On a blackboard lies 50 magnets in a line numbered from 1 to 50, with differentmagnets containing different numbers. David walks up to the blackboard and rearranges the magnets intosome arbitrary order. He then writes underneath each pair of consecutive magnets the positive differencebetween the numbers on the magnets. If the expected number of times he writes the number
1 can bewritten in the form
mn
for relatively prime positive integers
m
and
n
, compute 100
m
+
n
.11. (CMIMC 2017) Emily draws six dots on a piece of paper such that no three lie on a straight line, then drawsa line segment connecting each pair of dots. She then colors five of these segments red. Her coloring is saidto be
red-triangle-free
if for every set of three points from her six drawn points there exists an uncoloredsegment connecting two of the three points. In how many ways can Emily color her drawing such that it isred-triangle-free?12. (NIMO April 2017) Twenty lamps are placed on the vertices of a regular 20-gon. The lights turn on and off according to the following rule: if, in second
k
the two lights adjacent to a light
L
are either both on or bothoff,
L
is on in second
k
+1; otherwise,
L
is off in second
k
+1. Let
N
denote the number of possible originalsettings of the lamps so that after four moves all lamps are on. What is the sum of the digits of
N
?13. (CMIMC 2019) There are 100 lightbulbs
B
1
,...,B
100
spaced evenly around a circle in this order. Additionally,there are 100 switches
S
1
,...,S
100
such that for all 1
≤
i
≤
100, switch
S
i
toggles the states of lights
B
i
−
1
and
B
i
+1
(where here
B
101
=
B
1
). Suppose David chooses whether to flick each switch with probability
12
.What is the expected number of lightbulbs which are on at the end of this process given that not all lightbulbsare off?14. (AIME 2018) Find the number of functions
f
from
{
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
}
to the integers such that
f
(0) = 0,
f
(6) = 12, and
|
x
−
y
| ≤ |
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
y
)
| ≤
3
|
x
−
y
|
for all
x
and
y
in
{
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
}
.15. (CMIMC 2018) Compute the number of rearrangements
a
1
,a
2
,...,a
2018
of the sequence 1
,
2
,...,
2018 suchthat
a
k
> k
for
exactly
one value of
k
.16. (NIMO 18) In a 4
×
4 grid of unit squares, five squares are chosen at random. The probability that no twochosen squares share a side is
mn
for positive relatively prime integers
m
and
n
. Find
m
+
n
17. (USAMTS 2017-2018) Let
n
be a positive integer. Aavid has a card deck consisting of 2n cards, each coloredwith one of
n
colors such that every color is on exactly two of the cards. The 2
n
cards are randomly orderedin a stack. Every second, he removes the top card from the stack and places the card into an area called thepit. If the other card of that color also happens to be in the pit, Aavid collects both cards of that color anddiscards them from the pit.Of the (2
n
)! possible original orderings of the deck, determine how many have the following property: at everypoint, the pit contains cards of at most two distinct colors.18. (CMIMC 2016) For how many permutations
π
of
{
1
,
2
,...,
9
}
does there exist an integer
N
such that
N
≡
π
(
i
) (mod
i
) for all integers 1
≤
i
≤
9?
19. (CMIMC 2018) Let
F
be a family of subsets of
{
1
,
2
,...,
2017
}
with the following property: whenever
S
1
and
S
2
are two elements of
F
with
S
1
S
2
, the quantity
|
S
2
\
S
1
|
is odd. Compute the largest number of subsets
F
may contain.
20. (CMIMC 2018) Consider an undirected, connected graph
G
with vertex set
{
v
1
,v
2
,...,v
6
}
. Starting at thevertex
v
1
, an ant uses a DFS algorithm to traverse through
G
under the condition that if there are multipleunvisited neighbors of some vertex, the ant chooses the
v
i
with smallest
i
. How many possible graphs
G
are there satisfying the following property: for each 1
≤
i
≤
6, the vertex
v
i
is the
i
th
new vertex the anttraverses?
34
Not just the digit!
35
Probably one of my most infamous problems to date. I actually liked it, in part because of the method that I found to enumeratingall the cases. But it seems that this opinion was not universal.
36
See here. Darn, why is almost all my hard combo just nasty casework? (If you want to get the spirit of this problem withoutworrying about lots of casework, replace 9 with 6.)
37
Putting this here because proving the result is somewhat harder than arriving at the answer.
38
Inspired by a 15-210 programming assignment during the F17 semester!
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 1221. (CMIMC 2016) For all positive integers
m
≥
1, denote by
G
m
the set of simple graphs with exactly
m
edges.Find the number of pairs of integers (
m,n
) with 1
<
2
n
≤
m
≤
100 such that there exists a simple graph
G
∈ G
m
satisfying the following property: it is possible to label the edges of
G
with labels
E
1
,
E
2
,
...
,
E
m
such that for all
i
=
j
, edges
E
i
and
E
j
are incident if and only if either
|
i
−
j
| ≤
n
or
|
i
−
j
| ≥
m
−
n
39
This essentially hints at the idea of a
line graph
, which is a transformation we studied in 15-251 while working with polynomial-timereductions.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 13
3 Geometry
1. (CMIMC 2019) The figure to the right depicts two congruent
triangles with angle measures 40
◦
, 50
◦
, and90
◦
. What is the measure of the obtuse angle
α
formed by the hypotenuses of these two triangles?
α
2. (CMIMC 2016) Let
ABC
be an equilateral triangle and
P
a point on
BC
. If
PB
= 50 and
PC
= 30,compute
PA
.
3. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle. Point
P
lies in the interior of
ABC
such that
∠
ABP
= 20
◦
and
∠
ACP
= 15
◦
. Compute
∠
BPC
−
∠
BAC
.4. (CMIMC 2017) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
∠
BAC
= 117
◦
. The angle bisector of
∠
ABC
intersects side
AC
at
D
. Suppose
ABD
∼
ACB
. Compute the measure of
∠
ABC
, in degrees.5. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) Suppose
ABCD
is a convex quadrilateral with
∠
ABC
= 144
◦
,
∠
ADC
=105
◦
, and
AB
=
BD
=
DC
. Compute
∠
BCD
−
∠
BAD
.6. (CMIMC 2016) Let
ABCD
be an isosceles trapezoid with
AD
=
BC
= 15 such that the distance betweenits bases
AB
and
CD
is 7. Suppose further that the circles with diameters
AD
and
BC
are tangent to eachother. What is the area of the trapezoid?7. (CMIMC 2019) Let
ABC
be an equilateral triangle with side length 2, and let
M
be the midpoint of
BC
.Points
X
and
Y
are placed on
AB
and
AC
respectively such that
XMY
is an isosceles right triangle witha right angle at
M
. What is the length of
XY
?8. (AMC 10A 2018) Two circles of radius 5 are externally tangent to each other and are internally tangent to acircle of radius 13 at points
A
and
B
, as shown in the diagram. The distance
AB
can be written in the form
mn
, where
m
and
n
are relatively prime positive integers. What is
m
+
n
?
T
1
T
2
9. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABCD
be a square of side length 1, and let
P
be a variable point on
CD
. Denote by
Q
the intersection point of the angle bisector of
∠
APB
with
AB
. The set of possible locations for
Q
as
P
variesalong
CD
is a line segment; what is the length of this segment?
40
This part is not necessary, but I was worried about possible configuration loopholes that might occur otherwise.
41
For some reason, I
really
like this problem. I think it is a very strong opening question.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 1410. (NIMO 28) Trapezoid
ABCD
is an isosceles trapezoid with
AD
=
BC
. Point
P
is the intersection of thediagonals
AC
and
BD
. If the area of
ABP
is 50 and the area of
CDP
is 72, what is the area of the entiretrapezoid?
11. (CMIMC 2018) Let
X
and
Y
be points on semicircle
AB
with diameter 3. Suppose the distance from
X
to
AB
is
54
and the distance from
Y
to
AB
is
14
. Compute(
AX
+
BX
)
2
−
(
AY
+
BY
)
2
.
12. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Rectangle
ABCD
has
AB
= 5 and
BC
= 12.
CD
is extended to a point
E
suchthat
ACE
is isosceles with base
AC
. What is the area of triangle
ADE
?
13. (CMIMC 2017) Triangle
ABC
has an obtuse angle at
∠
A
. Points
D
and
E
are placed on
BC
in the order
B
,
D
,
E
,
C
such that
∠
BAD
=
∠
BCA
and
∠
CAE
=
∠
CBA
. If
AB
= 10,
AC
= 11, and
DE
= 4, determine
BC
.14. (TKMT) Suppose
AOPS
is an isosceles trapezoid with
AO
PS
,
AO
= 26, and
SP
= 36. If the bisectors of
∠
ASP
and
∠
OPS
intersect on
AO
, compute the area of
AOPS
.15. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) Let
ABC
have
AB
= 3,
AC
= 5, and
∠
A
= 90
◦
. Point
D
is the foot of the altitude from
A
to
BC
, and
X
and
Y
are the feet of the altitudes from
D
to
AB
and
AC
respectively. If
XY
2
can be written in the form
mn
where
m
and
n
are positive relatively prime integers, what is 100
m
+
n
?16. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) Equilateral triangle
ABC
has side length 6. A circle
ω
is inscribed inside
ABC
. A point
P
is selected randomly on the circumference of
ω
. What is the probability that
∠
BPC
isacute?17. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with side lengths 5, 4
√
2, and 7. What is the area of the triangle withside lengths sin
A
, sin
B
, and sin
C
?18. (CMIMC 2019) Let
A
1
B
1
C
1
be an equilateral triangle of area 60. Chloe constructs a new triangle
A
2
B
2
C
2
as follows. First, she flips a coin. If it comes up heads, she constructs point
A
2
such that
B
1
is the midpointof
A
2
C
1
. If it comes up tails, she instead constructs
A
2
such that
C
1
is the midpoint of
A
2
B
1
. She performsanalogous operations on
B
2
and
C
2
. What is the expected value of the area of
A
2
B
2
C
2
?19. (CMIMC 2016) Let
ABC
be a triangle. The angle bisector of
∠
B
intersects
AC
at point
P
, while the anglebisector of
∠
C
intersects
AB
at a point
Q
. Suppose the area of
ABP
is 27, the area of
ACQ
is 32, andthe area of
ABC
is 72. The length of
BC
can be written in the form
m
√
n
where
m
and
n
are positiveintegers with
n
as small as possible. What is
m
+
n
?
20. (ARML Local 2018) Circles
ω
1
and
ω
2
have radii 5 and 12 respectively and have centers distance 13 apart.Let
A
and
B
denote the intersection points of
ω
1
and
ω
2
. A line
passing through
A
intersects
ω
1
again at
X
and
ω
2
again at
Y
such that
∠
ABY
= 2
∠
ABX
. Compute the length
XY
.21. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
BC
= 30,
AC
= 50, and
AB
= 60. Circle
ω
B
is the circlepassing through
A
and
B
tangent to
BC
at
B
;
ω
C
is defined similarly. Suppose the tangent to
(
ABC
) at
A
intersects
ω
B
and
ω
C
for the second time at
X
and
Y
respectively. Compute
XY
.22. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) Let
ABCD
be a rectangle such that
AB
= 3 and
BC
= 4. Suppose that
M
and
N
are the centers of the circles inscribed inside triangles
ABC
and
ADC
respectively. What is
MN
2
?
23. (CMIMC 2016) Right isosceles triangle
T
is placed in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane. Supposethat the projection of
T
onto the
x
-axis has length 6, while the projection of
T
onto the
y
-axis has length 8.What is the sum of all possible areas of the triangle
T
?24. (Farewell Mock Geometry AMC) Two concentric squares, one of side length 8 and the other of side length 6,are placed so that corresponding edges are parallel. A third square is placed so that it is inscribed inside theouter square but circumscribed around the inner square. What is the area of this third square?
42
Also a dropped CMIMC problem. I think I took this off because I didn’t feel it was original enough when compared with some of the other questions on the test.
43
This problem appeared on the Mock AMC 12 from 2012 as well; however, when submitting the problem, I accidentally miscopiedand made the base
EC
instead. This makes the question much easier!
44
Inspired by 2014 Purple Comet #20.
45
I believe this is the oldest problem in this collection - it’s dated all the way back to 2009!
46
Compare with 2015 AMC 8 #25.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 15
68
25. (CMIMC 2017) Let
ABCD
be an isosceles trapezoid with
AD
BC
. Points
P
and
Q
are placed on segments
CD
and
DA
respectively such that
AP
⊥
CD
and
BQ
⊥
DA
, and point
X
is the intersection of these twoaltitudes. Suppose that
BX
= 3 and
XQ
= 1. Compute the largest possible area of
ABCD
.26. (Mock AIME I 2015) Let
A,B,C
be points in the plane such that
AB
= 25,
AC
= 29, and
∠
BAC <
90
◦
.Semicircles with diameters
AB
and
AC
intersect at a point
P
with
AP
= 20. Find the length of line segment
BC
.
27. (Mock AIME II 2012) Let
ABC
be a triangle, and let
I
A
,
I
B
, and
I
C
be the points where the angle bisectorsof
A
,
B
, and
C
, respectfully, intersect the sides opposite them. Given that
AI
B
= 5,
CI
B
= 4, and
CI
A
= 3,then the ratio
AI
C
:
BI
C
can be written in the form
m/n
where
m
and
n
are positive relatively prime integers.Find
m
+
n
.28. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) A rhombus has height 15 and diagonals with lengths in a ratio of 3 : 4. What is thelength of the rhombus?29. (AMC 10B/12B 2019) Points
A
(6
,
13) and
B
(12
,
11) lie on a circle Ω in the plane. Suppose that the tangentsto Ω from
A
and
B
intersect at a point on the
x
-axis. What is the area of Ω?30. (Mock AIME II 2012) A circle with radius 5 and center in the first quadrant is placed so that it is tangentto the
y
-axis. If the line passing through the origin that is tangent to the circle has slope
12
, then the
y
-coordinate of the center of the circle can be written in the form
m
+
√
n p
where
m
,
n
, and
p
are positive integers,and gcd(
m,p
) = 1. Find
m
+
n
+
p
.31. (Farewell Mock Geometry AMC) Let
ABCD
be a square with side length 4. A circle
ω
is drawn inscribedinside this square. Point
E
is placed on
BC
such that
BE
= 1, and line segment
DE
is drawn. This linesegment intersects
ω
at distinct points
F
and
G
. Find the length
FG
.32. (CMIMC 2019) Let
MATH
be a trapezoid with
MA
=
AT
=
TH
= 5 and
MH
= 11. Point
S
is theorthocenter of
ATH
. Compute the area of quadrilateral
MASH
.
33. (CMIMC 2017) In acute triangle
ABC
, points
D
and
E
are the feet of the angle bisector and altitude from
A
respectively. Suppose that
AC
−
AB
= 36 and
DC
−
DB
= 24. Compute
EC
−
EB
34. (Mock AMC 12 2012) Right triangle
ABC
has
AB
= 15,
BC
= 20, and a right angle at
B
. Point
D
isplaced on
AC
such that
DAB
is isosceles with base
AD
. The circumcircle of
DAB
intersects line
CB
atpoint
E
=
B
. What is
BE
?
35. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 9,
BC
= 10,
CA
= 11, and orthocenter
H
. Suppose point
D
is placed on
BC
such that
AH
=
HD
. Compute
AD
.36. (CMIMC 2017) Let
S
be the sphere with center (0
,
0
,
1) and radius 1 in
R
3
. A plane
P
is tangent to
S
at thepoint (
x
0
,y
0
,z
0
), where
x
0
,
y
0
, and
z
0
are all positive. Suppose the intersection of plane
P
with the
xy
-planeis the line with equation 2
x
+
y
= 10 in
xy
-space. What is
z
0
?
47
Compare with 2012 (2013?) Winter OMO #19. Oops! No harm done, though.
48
Once again, this is an “easy” problem that I actually enjoy quite a bit. I’m surprised I’ve never seen this relationship exploitedbefore.
49
I remember when this was one of the problems I was most proud of writing. Oh, how times have changed....
50
Oh my, it’s a coordinate geometry question!
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 1637. (NIMO 16) Let
ABCD
be a square with side length 2. Let
M
and
N
be the midpoints of
BC
and
CD
respectively, and let
X
and
Y
be the feet of the perpendiculars from
A
to
MD
and
NB
, also respectively.The square of the length of segment
XY
can be written in the form
pq
where
p
and
q
are positive relativelyprime integers. What is 100
p
+
q
?38. (Bridging the Gap) Triangle
AEF
is a right triangle with
AE
= 4 and
EF
= 3. The triangle is inscribedinside square
ABCD
with
E
on
BC
and
F
on
CD
. What is the area of the square?
39. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) Square
ABCD
has side length 10, and point
M
is the midpoint of
BC
.Two circles are inscribed inside the square as shown. What is the ratio of the area of the larger circle to thearea of the smaller one?
AB C DM
40. (Mock AMC 12 2012) Two chords are constructed in a circle with radius 4 such that their intersection pointlies on the circle, and the angle formed by the two chords has measure 30
◦
. One of the chords has length5. Given that the largest possible value for the length of the other chord is
√
m
+
√
n p
where
m
,
n
, and
p
arepositive integers, what is
m
+
n
+
p
?41. (ARML Local 2019) Let
T
be an isosceles trapezoid such that there exists a point
P
in the plane whosedistances to the four vertices of
T
are 5, 6, 8, and 11. Compute the largest possible ratio of the length of thelonger base of
T
to the length of its shorter base.42. (NIMO 19) Let Ω
1
and Ω
2
be two circles in the plane. Suppose the common external tangent to Ω
1
and Ω
2
has length 2017 while their common internal tangent has length 2009. Find the product of the radii of Ω
1
and Ω
2
43. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) In
ABC
,
AB
= 13,
AC
= 14, and
BC
= 15. Let
M
denote the midpoint of
AC
.Point
P
is placed on line segment
BM
such that
AP
⊥
PC
. Suppose that
p
,
q
, and
r
are positive integerswith
p
and
r
relatively prime and
q
squarefree such that the area of
APC
can be written in the form
p
√
qr
.What is
p
+
q
+
r
?44. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) One deleted scene from the movie
Inception
involved a square hanging in mid-airat a certain angle as shown. Scientists tried to determine the dimensions of the square directly, but to noavail. However, working her magic, a passerby named Ellen was able to extend the sides of the square untilthey met the ground at points
P
,
A
,
G
, and
E
in that order. Simple measurements showed that
PA
= 2 and
GE
= 3. What was the area of the square?
P A G E
51
Compare with 2015 MATHCOUNTS National Sprint #25. It seems that a lot of people who took the test actually worked on theproblem set - yay!
52
Compare with HMMT Guts 2007 #11.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 1745. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) Let
ABCD
be an isosceles trapezoid with
AD
=
BC
,
AB
= 6, and
CD
= 10. Suppose the distance from
A
to the centroid of
BCD
is 8. Compute the area of
ABCD
46. (CMIMC 2019) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 209,
AC
= 243, and
∠
BAC
= 60
◦
, and denote by
N
themidpoint of the major arc
BAC
of circle
(
ABC
). Suppose the parallel to
AB
through
N
intersects
BC
ata point
X
. Compute the ratio
BXXC
.47. (NIMO Summer Contest 2015) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 85,
BC
= 125,
CA
= 140, and incircle
ω
. Let
D
,
E
,
F
be the points of tangency of
ω
with
BC
,
CA
,
AB
respectively, and furthermore denote by
X
,
Y
, and
Z
the incenters of
AEF
,
BFD
, and
CDE
, also respectively. Find the circumradius of
XYZ
.48. (CMIMC 2016) Let
P
be a parallelepiped with side lengths
x
,
y
, and
z
. Suppose that the four space diagonalsof
P
have lengths 15, 17, 21, and 23. Compute
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
49. (ARML Local 2019) Let Ω be a circle with radius 5, and suppose
A
,
B
,
C
, and
D
are points on Ω in thatorder such that
AB
=
BC
=
CD
= 4. Determine the radius of the circle below, which is tangent to
AC
,
BD
,and minor arc
AD
.
AB C D
50. (CMIMC 2019) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 13,
BC
= 14, and
AC
= 15. Denote by
ω
its incircle. Aline
tangent to
ω
intersects
AB
and
AC
at
X
and
Y
respectively. Suppose
XY
= 5. Compute the positivedifference between the lengths of
AX
and
AY
.51. (Farewell Geometry Mock AMC) Let
S
be a square with side length 5. Square
S
is rotated at an angle of
θ
◦
clockwise about its center, 0
< θ <
45, to form square
S
. If
θ
is chosen so that [
S
∪
S
] = 29
27
, what is
1000tan
θ
? (Note: [
X
] is defined as the area of region
X
.)
52. (AMC 12B 2018) Circles
ω
1
,
ω
2
, and
ω
3
each have radius 4 and are placed in the plane so that each circleis externally tangent to the other two. Points
P
1
,
P
2
, and
P
3
lie on
ω
1
,
ω
2
, and
ω
3
respectively such that
P
1
P
2
=
P
2
P
3
=
P
3
P
1
and line
P
i
P
i
+1
is tangent to
ω
i
for each
i
= 1
,
2
,
3, where
P
4
=
P
1
. See the figure below.The area of
P
1
P
2
P
3
can be written in the form
√
a
+
√
b
for positive integers
a
and
b
. What is
a
+
b
?
53. (AMC 12B 2019) Let
ABCD
be a convex quadrilateral with
BC
= 2 and
CD
= 6. Suppose that the centroidsof
ABC
,
BCD
, and
CDA
form the vertices of an equilateral triangle. What is the maximum possiblearea of
ABCD
?54. (CMIMC 2019) Let
ABC
be a triangle with side lengths
a
,
b
, and
c
. Circle
ω
A
is the
A
-excircle of
ABC
,defined as the circle tangent to
BC
and to the extensions of
AB
and
AC
past
B
and
C
respectively. Let
T
A
denote the triangle whose vertices are these three tangency points; denote
T
B
and
T
C
similarly. Suppose theareas of
T
A
,
T
B
, and
T
C
are 4, 5, and 6 respectively. Find the ratio
a
:
b
:
c
.
53
This was written during Geo 2 lecture at AMSP 2015. Also, apparently this has connections to 2011 ISL G4?
54
Jointly written by Joshua Siktar, who raised the question of extending the Parallelogram Law to three dimensions during VectorAnalysis recitation.
55
Compare with 1999 AIME #4.
56
This problem came about while I was waiting for my laundry during freshman year, since at the very beginning of my collegeexperience I was worried that if I went back to my room I would forget that my clothes were still there. That might have been a terrificdecision - this is one of my favorite problems of all time.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 18
P
1
P
2
P
3
ω
1
ω
2
ω
3
55. (ARML Local 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 5,
BC
= 12, and an obtuse angle at
B
. It is giventhat there exists a point
P
in plane
ABC
for which
∠
PBC
=
∠
PCB
=
∠
PAB
=
γ
, where
γ
is an acuteangle satisfying tan
γ
=
34
. Compute sin
∠
ABP
56. (CMIMC 2017) Two circles
ω
1
and
ω
2
are said to be
orthogonal
if they intersect each other at right angles.In other words, for any point
P
lying on both
ω
1
and
ω
2
, if
1
is the line tangent to
ω
1
at
P
and
2
is the linetangent to
ω
2
at
P
, then
1
⊥
2
. (Two circles which do not intersect are not orthogonal.)Let
ABC
be a triangle with area 20. Orthogonal circles
ω
B
and
ω
C
are drawn with
ω
B
centered at
B
and
ω
C
centered at
C
. Points
T
B
and
T
C
are placed on
ω
B
and
ω
C
respectively such that
AT
B
is tangent to
ω
B
and
AT
C
is tangent to
ω
C
. If
AT
B
= 7 and
AT
C
= 11, what is tan
∠
BAC
?57. (USAMTS 2018-2019) Cyclic quadrilateral
ABCD
has
AC
⊥
BD
,
AB
+
CD
= 12, and
BC
+
AD
= 13. Findthe greatest possible area of
ABCD
58. (NIMO 20) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 20,
AC
= 34, and
BC
= 42. Let
ω
1
and
ω
2
be the semicircleswith diameters
AB
and
AC
erected outwards of
ABC
and denote by
the common external tangent to
ω
1
and
ω
2
. The line through
A
perpendicular to
BC
intersects
at
X
and
BC
at
Y
. The length of
XY
can bewritten in the form
m
+
√
n
where
m
and
n
are positive integers. Find 100
m
+
n
59. (CMIMC 2017) Cyclic quadrilateral
ABCD
satisfies
∠
ABD
= 70
◦
,
∠
ADB
= 50
◦
, and
BC
=
CD
. Suppose
AB
intersects
CD
at point
P
, while
AD
intersects
BC
at point
Q
. Compute
∠
APQ
−
∠
AQP
.
60. (ARML Local 2018) Let
ABCD
be a rectangle with
AB
= 15 and
BC
= 19. Points
E
and
F
are locatedinside
ABCD
such that quadrilaterals
AECF
and
BEDF
are both parallelograms with areas 107 and 88respectively. Compute
EF
.61. (CMIMC 2016) In parallelogram
ABCD
, angles
B
and
D
are acute while angles
A
and
C
are obtuse. The per-pendicular from
C
to
AB
and the perpendicular from
A
to
BC
intersect at a point
P
inside the parallelogram.If
PB
= 700 and
PD
= 821, what is
AC
?62. (NIMO April 2017) Let
ABCDE
be a convex pentagon inscribed inside a circle of radius 38. Let
I
1
and
I
2
denote the incenters of
ABD
and
EBD
respectively. Suppose that
AE
= 4
√
37 and
BC
=
CD
= 57.Over all such pentagons, compute the square of the maximum possible value of
I
1
I
2
.63. (CMIMC 2016) In
ABC
,
AB
= 17,
AC
= 25, and
BC
= 28. Points
M
and
N
are the midpoints of
AB
and
AC
respectively, and
P
is a point on
BC
. Let
Q
be the second intersection point of the circumcircles of
BMP
and
CNP
. It is known that as
P
moves along
BC
, line
PQ
passes through some fixed point
X
.Compute the sum of the squares of the distances from
X
to each of
A
,
B
, and
C
.
57
The original problem asked to compute
BC
, which I think is a much more natural question, but then I was reminded that I can’t doLaw of Sines correctly and so the answer to that problem became much messier. Darn. Also, this question was inspired by WaldemarPompe and the very strange problems he would give to his Geo 3 class at AMSP Cornell 1 2017.
58
This was written all the way back in the first semester of my freshman year with the intent to submit the problem to CMIMC 2016(and later AMC 2018), but neither of those intentions materialized for reasons I don’t recall.
59
This was way more well received than I expected. In particular, I just expected everyone to straight up blast this problem withCartesian. Fortunately, that was not the case.
60
My original solution to this problem used Brokard oooooops
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 1964. (CMIMC 2019) Points
A
,
B
, and
C
lie in the plane such that
AB
= 13,
BC
= 14, and
CA
= 15. A peculiarlaser is fired from
A
perpendicular to
BC
. After bouncing off
BC
, it travels in a direction perpendicular to
CA
. When it hits
CA
, it travels in a direction perpendicular to
AB
, and after hitting
AB
its new directionis perpendicular to
BC
again. If this process is continued indefinitely, the laser path will eventually approachsome finite polygonal shape
T
∞
. What is the ratio of the perimeter of
T
∞
to the perimeter of
ABC
?
65. (AIME 2018) Let
ABC
have side lengths
AB
= 30,
BC
= 32, and
AC
= 34. Point
X
lies in the interior of
BC
, and points
I
1
and
I
2
are the incenters of
ABX
and
ACX
, respectively. Find the minimum possiblearea of
AI
1
I
2
as
X
varies along
BC
.66. (CMIMC 2018) Circles
ω
1
and
ω
2
intersect at
P
and
Q
. The common external tangent
to the two circlescloser to
Q
touches
ω
1
and
ω
2
at
A
and
B
respectively. Line
AQ
intersects
ω
2
at
X
while
BQ
intersects
ω
1
again at
Y
. Let
M
and
N
denote the midpoints of
AY
and
BX
, also respectively. If
AQ
= 6,
BQ
= 7, and
AB
= 8, then find the length of
MN
67. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) Rectangles
ABCD
and
APCQ
share the same diagonal
AC
. Supposethat
AB
= 7,
AD
= 4, and
AP
= 1. Compute the maximum possible area of quadrilateral
BPDQ
.68. (CMIMC 2017) Points
A
,
B
, and
C
lie on a circle Ω such that
A
and
C
are diametrically opposite each other.A line
tangent to the incircle of
ABC
at
T
intersects Ω at points
X
and
Y
. Suppose that
AB
= 30,
BC
= 40, and
XY
= 48. Compute
TX
·
TY
.69. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 10,
AC
= 11, and circumradius 6. Points
D
and
E
arelocated on the circumcircle of
ABC
such that
ADE
is equilateral. Line segments
DE
and
BC
intersectat
X
. Find
BXXC
.70. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2016) Let
ABCD
be a convex cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in a circle of radius30 satisfying
DA
=
DC
= 28 and
DB
= 49. If
P
is the intersection of lines
AC
and
BD
, compute
AB
·
BC
−
AP
·
PC .
71. (CMIMC 2016) Let
ABC
be a triangle with incenter
I
and incircle
ω
. It is given that there exist points
X
and
Y
on the circumference of
ω
such that
∠
BXC
=
∠
BYC
= 90
◦
. Suppose further that
X
,
I
, and
Y
arecollinear. If
AB
= 80 and
AC
= 97, compute the length of
BC
.72. (CMIMC 2017) Two non-intersecting circles,
ω
and Ω, have centers
C
ω
and
C
Ω
respectively. It is given thatthe radius of Ω is strictly larger than the radius of
ω
. The two common external tangents of Ω and
ω
intersectat a point
P
, and an internal tangent of the two circles intersects the common external tangents at
X
and
Y
.Suppose that the radius of
ω
is 4, the circumradius of
PXY
is 9, and
XY
bisects
PC
Ω
. Compute
XY
.73. (Northeastern WOOTers Mock AIME I) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 39,
BC
= 42, and
CA
= 45. Apoint
D
is placed on the extension of
BC
past
C
. Let
O
1
and
O
2
be the circumcenters of
ABD
and
ACD
respectively. If
O
1
O
2
= 29, then the ratio
BDCD
can be written in the form
mn
for relatively prime positiveintegers
m
and
n
. Find
m
+
n
.74. (Mock AMC 10/12 2013) A
hexomino
is a geometric shape consisting of six congruent squares arranged in apattern such that any two squares that share an edge also share the two endpoints of this edge. Suppose thata hexomino is inscribed inside a square as shown below.What is the ratio of the area of the hexomino to the area of the square?
75. (AMSP Cornell Team Contest 2015) A semicircle
ω
has radius 1 and diameter
AB
. Two distinct circles
ω
1
and
ω
2
of a radius
r
are constructed internally tangent to
ω
and tangent to the segment
AB
. Circle
A
is thenconstructed externally tangent to
ω
1
and
ω
2
as well as
AB
, while circle
B
is constructed externally tangentto
ω
1
and
ω
2
and internally tangent to
ω
. Suppose circles
A
and
B
are externally tangent to each other.Compute
r
.
61
This was actually written for the 2016 CMIMC contest, but for a long time my only solution used a nontrivial fact about Brocardpoints, and so I didn’t feel comfortable putting the problem on the exam.
62
This was going to be a 2019 AIME submission for a long time, but then I cut it off a few days before proposals were due in favorof a different problem. Perhaps this is a bit too meaty for Relay though....
63
This was planned to be a CMIMC 2016 problem, but it turns out this is in a vague sense a mashup of 2016 AIME I #6 and 2016AIME I #15, so my paranoid self dropped the problem.
64
Protip: 6
= 7.
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 2076. (NIMO 30) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 4,
AC
= 5,
BC
= 6, and circumcircle Ω. Points
E
and
F
lieon
AC
and
AB
respectively such that
∠
ABE
=
∠
CBE
and
∠
ACF
=
∠
BCF
. The second intersection pointof the circumcircle of
AEF
with Ω (other than
A
) is
P
. Suppose
AP
2
=
mn
where
m
and
n
are positiverelatively prime integers. Find 100
m
+
n
.77. (CMIMC 2016) Suppose
ABCD
is a convex quadrilateral satisfying
AB
=
BC
,
AC
=
BD
,
∠
ABD
= 80
◦
,and
∠
CBD
= 20
◦
. What is
∠
BCD
in degrees?78. (NIMO 16) Let
ABC
have
AB
= 6,
BC
= 7, and
CA
= 8, and denote by
ω
its circumcircle. Let
N
be apoint on
ω
such that
AN
is a diameter of
ω
. Furthermore, let the tangent to
ω
at
A
intersect
BC
at
T
, andlet the second intersection point of
NT
with
ω
be
X
. The length of
AX
can be written in the form
m
√
n
forpositive integers
m
and
n
, where
n
is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find 100
m
+
n
.79. (AIME 2018) David found four sticks of different lengths that can be used to form three non-congruent convexcyclic quadrilaterals,
A
,
B
,
C
, which can each be inscribed in a circle with radius 1. Let
ϕ
A
denote the measureof the acute angle made by the diagonals of quadrilateral
A
, and define
ϕ
B
and
ϕ
C
similarly. Suppose thatsin
ϕ
A
=
23
, sin
ϕ
B
=
35
, and sin
ϕ
C
=
67
. All three quadrilaterals have the same area
K
, which can be writtenin the form
mn
, where
m
and
n
are relatively prime positive integers. Find
m
+
n
.80. (TKMT) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 3 and
AC
= 4. Points
O
and
H
are the circumcenter andorthocenter respectively of the triangle. If
OH
BC
, then cos
A
can be expressed in the form
m
−√
n p
where
m
,
n
, and
p
are positive integers with
m
and
p
relatively prime. Find
m
+
n
+
p
.
81. (CMIMC 2017) In triangle
ABC
with
AB
= 23,
AC
= 27, and
BC
= 20, let
D
be the foot of the
A
altitude.Let
P
be the parabola with focus
A
passing through
B
and
C
, and denote by
T
the intersection point of
AD
with the directrix of
P
. Determine the value of
DT
2
−
DA
2
. (Recall that a parabola
P
is the set of pointswhich are equidistant from a point, called the
focus
of
P
, and a line, called the
directrix
of
P
.)
82. (NIMO 18) Let
ABC
be a non-degenerate triangle with incenter
I
and circumcircle Γ. Denote by
M
a
themidpoint of the arc
BC
of Γ not containing
A
, and define
M
b
,
M
c
similarly. Suppose
ABC
has inradius 4and circumradius 9. Compute the maximum possible value of
IM
2
a
+
IM
2
b
+
IM
2
c
.
83. (NIMO 23) Let
ABC
be an equilateral triangle with side length
s
and
P
a point in the interior of thistriangle. Suppose that
PA
,
PB
, and
PC
are the roots of the polynomial
t
3
−
18
t
2
+ 91
t
−
89. Then
s
2
canbe written in the form
m
+
√
n
where
m
and
n
are positive integers. Find 100
m
+
n
.
84. (NIMO 21) Let
ABCD
be an isosceles trapezoid with
AD
BC
and
BC > AD
such that the distancebetween the incenters of
ABC
and
DBC
is 16. If the perimeters of
ABCD
and
ABC
are 120 and 114respectively, then the area of
ABCD
can be written as
m
√
n,
where
m
and
n
are positive integers with
n
notdivisible by the square of any prime. Find 100
m
+
n
85. (CMIMC 2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with incircle
ω
and incenter
I
. The circle
ω
is tangent to
BC
,
CA
,and
AB
at
D
,
E
, and
F
respectively. Point
P
is the foot of the angle bisector from
A
to
BC
, and point
Q
isthe foot of the altitude from
D
to
EF
. Suppose
AI
= 7,
IP
= 5, and
DQ
= 4. Compute the radius of
ω
.
65
Jointly written by Evan Chen; the original idea of looking at this parabola is mine, but Evan reworked the problem so that themain idea was disguised better.
66
Finding a good polynomial to work with was quite hard. Not only did the numbers need to work out nicely, but I also needed thethree roots to be side lengths of a non-degenerate triangle that didn’t reduce the problem to a trivial case.
67
Jointly written with Evan Chen, who suggested the reformulation in terms of perimeters. (My original idea was to compute thedistance between the incenters from the identity
OI
2
=
R
(
R
−
2
r
).)
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David Altizio Homemade Problem Collection Page 2186. (CMIMC 2016) Triangle
ABC
satisfies
AB
= 28,
BC
= 32, and
CA
= 36, and
M
and
N
are the midpointsof
AB
and
AC
respectively. Let point
P
be the unique point in the plane
ABC
such that
PBM
∼
PNC
.What is
AP
?
87. (CMIMC 2017) Triangle
ABC
satisfies
AB
= 104,
BC
= 112, and
CA
= 120. Let
ω
and
ω
A
denote theincircle and
A
-excircle of
ABC
, respectively. There exists a unique circle Ω passing through
A
which isinternally tangent to
ω
and externally tangent to
ω
A
. Compute the radius of Ω.
88. (NIMO 21) Triangle
ABC
has
AB
= 25,
AC
= 29, and
BC
= 36. Additionally, Ω and
ω
are the circumcircleand incircle of
ABC
. Point
D
is situated on Ω such that
AD
is a diameter of Ω, and line
AD
intersects
ω
in two distinct points
X
and
Y
. Compute
XY
2
.
89. (AIME 2019) In acute triangle
ABC
points
P
and
Q
are the feet of the perpendiculars from
C
to
AB
andfrom
B
to
AC
, respectively. Line
PQ
intersects the circumcircle of
ABC
in two distinct points,
X
and
Y
.Suppose
XP
= 10,
PQ
= 25, and
QY
= 15. The value of
AB
·
AC
can be written in the form
m
√
n
, where
m
and
n
are positive integers, and
n
is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
m
+
n
.90. (CMC
2018) Let
ABC
be a triangle with incenter
I,
and let
P
be the intersection of line
AI
with thecircumcircle of
ABC.
Let points
X
and
Y
denote the incenters of
ABP
and
APC,
respectively
.
Supposethat
XY
= 2 and
BI
2
+
CI
2
= 15
.
The value of cos
∠
BAC
can be written as
pq
for some relatively primeintegers
p
and
q.
What is the value of
p
+
q
?
91. (CMIMC 2017) Suppose
ABC
is such that
AB
= 13,
AC
= 15, and
BC
= 14. It is given that there exists aunique point
D
on side
BC
such that the Euler lines of
ABD
and
ACD
are parallel. Determine the valueof
BDCD
. (The
Euler
line of a triangle
ABC
is the line connecting the centroid, circumcenter, and orthocenterof
ABC
.)
92. (CMIMC 2017) Circles
ω
1
and
ω
2
are externally tangent to each other. Circle Ω is placed such that
ω
1
isinternally tangent to Ω at
X
while
ω
2
is internally tangent to Ω at
Y
. Line
is tangent to
ω
1
at
P
and
ω
2
at
Q
and furthermore intersects Ω at points
A
and
B
with
AP < AQ
. Suppose that
AP
= 2,
PQ
= 4, and
QB
= 3. Compute the length of line segment
XY
.93. (USAMTS 2018-2019) Acute scalene triangle
ABC
has circumcenter
O
and orthocenter
H
. Points
X
and
Y
, distinct from
B
and
C
, lie on the circumcircle of
ABC
such that
∠
BXH
=
∠
CYH
= 90
◦
. Show that if lines
XY
,
AH
, and
BC
are concurrent, then
OH
is parallel to
BC
94. (Mock AIME I 2015) Let
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
6
be a hexagon inscribed inside a circle of radius
r
. Furthermore,for each positive integer 1
≤
i
≤
6 let
M
i
be the midpoint of the segment
A
i
A
i
+1
, where
A
7
≡
A
1
. Supposethat hexagon
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
M
5
M
6
can also be inscribed inside a circle. If
A
1
A
2
=
A
3
A
4
= 5 and
A
5
A
6
= 23,then
r
2
can be written in the form
mn
where
m
and
n
are positive relatively prime integers. Find
m
+
n
.95. (Mock AIME I 2015) Let
ABC
be a triangle with
AB
= 13,
BC
= 14, and
CA
= 15. Let
O
denoteits circumcenter and
H
its orthocenter. The circumcircle of
AOH
intersects
AB
and
AC
at
D
and
E
respectively. Suppose
ADAE
=
mn
where
m
and
n
are positive relatively prime integers. Find
m
−
n
.
96. (CMIMC 2017) Let
ABC
be an acute triangle with circumcenter
O
, and let
Q
=
A
denote the point on
(
ABC
) for which
AQ
⊥
BC
. The circumcircle of
BOC
intersects lines
AC
and
AB
for the second timeat
D
and
E
respectively. Suppose that
AQ
,
BC
, and
DE
are concurrent. If
OD
= 3 and
OE
= 7, compute
AQ
68
Compare with Balkan 2009 #2.
69
Written during Geo 2 lecture at AMSP Puget Sound 2016.
70
This is one of my favorite problems I’ve ever written - the key step is quite original, and writing this was probably the mostproductive use of an AP Economics class ever. Unfortunately, it was shadowed by, well, the rest of the mess that was Contest 21. Sigh.
71
Christmas Mathematics Competitions, which was a series of mock exams I was asked to help out with. This problem was born outof an attempt to explore a configuration found in another proposal for the mock.
72
This problem was inspired by misreading 2016 OMO Fall #24. It also turns out that this ended up replacing another CMIMCproposal, since I ended up using the main observation in that problem when solving this one. This might be the only reason why I wasable to solve this synthetically. It’s also very strange that the resulting equivalence is so nice.
73
This problem was originally considered for the 2018 TSTST but (from what I heard) it was rejected for being slightly too easy.
74
I was exceedingly lucky with this problem. Everything - the points
O
and
H
, the 13-14-15 triangle, etc. - came so naturally andnicely from the original idea. In other words, this problem basically fell from the sky.
75
This problem received the Michael Kural Seal of Approval! One of my favorite proposals of all time.
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