Appendix:Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions
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Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions include those of Ratliff (2010) and Chen (2013).
Ratliff (2010)
[edit]The following list of Proto-Hmong-Mien, Proto-Hmongic, and Proto-Mienic reconstructions is from Ratliff (2010: 245-272).
Note on Chinese glosses: The English glosses in Ratliff (2010) are translations of glosses from Wang (1994)[1] and Wang & Mao (1995).[2] Ratliff (2010) does not include the original Chinese glosses. The Chinese glosses below have been compiled from Wang (1994) and Wang & Mao (1995), both of which also include English translations for Chinese glosses.
Note on Chinese comparanda: Chinese comparanda from Ratliff (2010) have also been included. The additional Chinese comparada in the rightmost column are not mentioned in Ratliff (2010); some of the additional Chinese comparanda are from Ostapirat (2016)[3] and the main text of Baxter & Sagart (2014),[4] who explicitly mention the cognacy of the Chinese words with Hmong-Mien. The Old Chinese and Middle Chinese reconstructions are from Baxter & Sagart (2015). When Old Chinese reconstructions from Baxter & Sagart (2015) are not available, Zhengzhang's Old Chinese and Middle Chinese reconstructions are cited in italics instead. Note that not all Chinese comparanda listed are necessarily cognates or related forms.
| Chinese gloss | English gloss | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Hmongic | Proto-Mienic | Chinese comparada (Ratliff 2010) | Chinese comparada (additional) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 我 | 1SG (I/me) | *wɛŋB; *kɛŋB | *ʔjaA | |||
| 我们 | 1PL (we/us) | *N-pɔu | ||||
| 你 | 2SG (you) | *mu̯ei | *gʉA | |||
| 你们 | 2PL (you all) | *mi̯əu | ||||
| 他 | 3SG (he/she/it) | *ni̯æn(X) | ||||
| 能 | able | *dzowA | ||||
| 空气 | air | *poŋC | 風 (OC *prəm) | |||
| 活 | alive | *ɟinA | ||||
| 藠头 | Allium | *ɢləŋB | *ɟiuB | 韭 (OC *s.[k](r)uʔ) | ||
| 动物油、肥 | animal fat/oil | *grəŋA | *ʰmejA | |||
| 答 | answer | *tau | ||||
| 蚂蚁 | ant | *mpʰæB; *mbrɔD | *ɟʰi̯əuB | |||
| 腋下 | armpit | *tsjoC/D | ||||
| 蒿子 | artemisia | *ʰrɛŋB | ||||
| 害羞 | ashamed | *dzauA | 慚 (OC *[dz]ˤam) | 羞 (MC sjuw) | ||
| 灰 | ashes | *tsʰju̯əiX | ||||
| 问 | ask | *nɛŋC | *nu̯aiC | |||
| 要 | ask for | *[n/l]oŋC | ||||
| 要 | ask for/want | *ʔjuB | 要 (MC 'jiewH) | |||
| 睡着 | asleep | *ŋgjɔmA | ||||
| 阁楼(暗楼) | attic | *ntʰaŋA | ||||
| 斧头 | axe | *tu̯eiC | *pouB | 斧 (OC *p(r)aʔ) | ||
| 脊背 | back (of body) | *ɢuwD | *danB | |||
| 后边 | back (vs. front) | *N-Kaŋ | ||||
| 坏 | bad/spoiled | *bu̯aB | 腐 (OC *[b](r)oʔ) | |||
| 袋子 | bag | *diC | 袋 (MC dojH) | |||
| 烤 | bake/toast | *ciC | 炙 (MC tsyaeH) | |||
| 秤 | balance | *ntʰju̯əŋH | 秤 (OC *tʰjɯŋs) | 稱 (OC *mə-tʰəŋ-s)[4] | ||
| 竹 | bamboo | *ʰləwX | *drowD | 竹 (OC *truk) | ||
| 竹碗 | bamboo bowl | *kʰɔkD | ||||
| 斗笠 | bamboo hat | *kuwD | *rəpD | 笠 (OC *k.rəp) | ||
| 芦笙 | bamboo pipes | *ɢænA | 笙 (OC *sreŋ) | |||
| 竹笋、孤儿 | bamboo shoot/orphan | *mbrəjH | ||||
| 篾条 | bamboo strip | *ɲcəuk | 竹 (OC *truk) | |||
| 叫(狗) | bark, to | *cuŋC | ||||
| 粮仓 | barn/granary | *rɛmX | 廩 (OC *p.rimʔ) | |||
| 蝙蝠 | bat (animal) | *ʔbujA | 蝠 (OC *pɯɡ) | |||
| 是 | be | *jəŋC | *djejB | |||
| 居住 | be at/live | *ʔɲəŋA | *ʔjəmA | |||
| 豆子 | bean | *dup | 荅 (OC *[t]ˤ[ə]p) | |||
| 豆腐 | bean curd | *hʉB | 腐 (MC bjuX) | |||
| 熊 | bear | *qrep | 熊 (OC *ɣom) | |||
| 结(果子) | bear fruit | *pjiC | ||||
| 胡须 | beard | *ɲaŋC | *su̯amA | 髯 (OC *nam); 髟 (OC *s(ˤ)ram) | ||
| 打(人) | beat (someone) | *ntuwD | ||||
| 美丽 | beautiful | *dzejC | 緻 (OC *diɡs) | |||
| 床、处 | bed/place | *cʰouH | 處 (OC *t.qʰaʔ-s) | |||
| 臭虫 | bedbug | *pji | ||||
| 蜜蜂 | bee | *mu̯eiB | 蜜 (OC *mit) | |||
| 蜂蜡(黄蜡) | beeswax | *N-ci̯æŋ | ||||
| 风箱 | bellows | *tʰoŋB | *louA | 橐 (OC *tʰˤak); 蘆 (MC lu) | ||
| 肚子(腹部) | belly | *cʰu̯eiA | ||||
| 大 | big | *ʰljo | 大 (OC *lˤath) | |||
| 钩子 | billhook | *tsæC | ||||
| 鸟 | bird | *m-nɔk | ||||
| 咬 | bite | *dəp | ||||
| 苦 | bitter | *ʔim | ||||
| 黑色 | black | *qrɛŋA | *qri̯ɛkD | 黑 (OC *xˤək) | ||
| 淡 | bland/tasteless | *dzjæC | *tsamB | 䭕 (OC *Cə.ts[a]mʔ) | ||
| 瞎 | blind | *ʔblɔuB | ||||
| 血 | blood | *ntsʰjamX | ||||
| 吹 | blow, to | *pʰruA | ||||
| 船 | boat/ship | *ŋgjəŋA | *ʔdzaŋB | 船 (MC zywen) | ||
| 身体 | body/trunk | *cæwB | ||||
| 沸 | boil (intr.) | *mpuæiH | 沸 (OC *Nə.p[u][t]-s) | |||
| 煮 | boil (tr.) | *tʰoA; *hu̯eiC | *tjouB | 煮 (MC tsyoX) | ||
| 骨头 | bone | *tsʰuŋX | ||||
| 借 | borrow | *KaX | 假 (OC *Cə.kˤraʔ) | |||
| 碗 | bowl | *deB | *ʔwənB | 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ) | ||
| 手镯 | bracelet | *bɔC | *gjəmA | |||
| 辫 | braid/a braid | *mbjinX | 辮 (MC benX) | |||
| 歇(休息) | break | *ʔloB | *ʔnəuB | 拗 (OC *qrɯːwʔ, *qrɯːws) | ||
| 胸膛 | breast/chest | *ntrəŋA | ||||
| 繁殖 | breed/propagate | *ɕaŋC | ||||
| 桥 | bridge | *ɟow | *ʰlæA | 橋 (OC *[g](r)aw); 梯 (OC *l̥ˤ[ə]j) | ||
| 亮 | bright/light | *ɢʷaŋA | *ʔgʷi̯əŋA | 黃 (OC *N-kʷˤaŋ) | 光 (OC *kʷˤaŋ) | |
| 弟兄 | brother | *mɔuB | ||||
| 桶 | bucket | *tʰɔŋ(X) | 桶 (MC thuwngX) | |||
| 荞麦 | buckwheat | *ɟæu | 蕎 (OC *[g](r)aw) | |||
| 烧 | burn | *pɔuB; *dji̯ɛkD | 灼 (OC *pljewɢ) | |||
| 烧(山) | burn (mountain) | *ʰljowB | 燎 (OC *rew, *rewʔ, *rews) | |||
| 烧(烧柴) | burn (tr.) | *pʰjæwB; *kru̯eiB | ||||
| 燃 | burn/be alight | *ɟiC | 炙 (MC tsyaeH) | |||
| 埋 | bury | *ljəŋB | *plopD | 斂 (OC *[r][a]mʔ, *[r][a]m-s) | ||
| 斗(牛) | butt (of bulls) | *ntruwC | 鬥 (MC tuwH) | |||
| 蝴蝶 | butterfly | *mpleuH | ||||
| 买 | buy | *mɛjX | 買 (OC *mˤrajʔ) | |||
| 捧 | carry in two hands | *pʰu̯ɛŋB | 奉 (OC *pʰ(r)oŋʔ) | |||
| 背 | carry on back | *ʰɲaC | ||||
| 挑(担子) | carry on shoulder | *ntam | *cæwC | 擔 (OC *mə-tˤam) | ||
| 扁担 | carrying pole | *mu̯əŋB | ||||
| 牛圈 | cattle pen | *ŋgluə | 圉 (OC *m-qʰ<r>aʔ) | |||
| 斤 | catty | *kʷjan | 斤 (OC *C.qʷi[n]) | |||
| 中间 | center/middle | *ntroŋ | 中 (OC *truŋ) | 仲 (OC *N-truŋ-s)[4] | ||
| 蜈蚣 | centipede | *kʰluwD | *səpD | |||
| 糠 | chaff/husk | *mpʰi̯ɛk | *S-pʰjæC | |||
| 炭 | charcoal | *tʰanH | 炭 (OC *[tʰ]ˤa[n]-s) | |||
| 脸 | cheek/face | *pʰl-C | ||||
| 樱桃 | cherry | *ʔwaA | ||||
| 嚼 | chew | *cu̯aC | 嚼 (OC *zewɢ) | |||
| 鸡 | chicken | *Kəi | 鷄 (OC *kˤe) | |||
| 小孩 | child | *kʷjeiB | ||||
| 下巴 | chin/lower jaw | *dzjeD | ||||
| 凿 | chisel | *dzəuk | 鑿 (OC *[dz]ˤawk) | |||
| 噎 | choke | *ntsjeŋH | 嗆 (OC *sʰaŋs) | |||
| 劈、砍 | chop | *ntəwX | ||||
| 筷子 | chopsticks | *drouH | 箸 (MC drjoH) | |||
| 拍 | clap | *mbæA | *bʰækD | 拍 (OC *mə-pʰˤrak) | ||
| 爪 | claw/talon | *ʔɲauB | 狃 (OC *Cə.n<r>uʔ)[4] | |||
| 坛子 | clay pot/earthen jar | *hɛŋA | ||||
| 干净 | clean | *ntsʰɨA | *ndzəŋC | 淨 (OC *N-tseŋ-s) | ||
| 清 | clear | *ntsʰji̯əŋ | 清 (OC *tsʰeŋ) | 晴 (OC *N-tsʰeŋ)[4] | ||
| 只(鸡) | CLF-birds | *tsi̯ɛkD | 隻 (MC tsyek) | |||
| 个(碗) | CLF-bowls/houses | *ʔlɛŋA | *ʔnɛɔmA | |||
| 块(田) | CLF-fields | *ʔli̯əuC | ||||
| 匹(马) | CLF-horses | *dɛŋB | ||||
| 口(饭) | CLF-mouthfuls | *ʔloC | ||||
| 个(人) | CLF-people | *lan | 人 (OC *ni[ŋ]) | |||
| 床(被子) | CLF-quilts | *pʰəan | 片 (OC *pʰˤe[n]-s) | |||
| 间 | CLF-rooms | *cʰoŋB | 間 (OC *kˤre[n]) | |||
| 句 | CLF-sentences | *kjouC | 句 (MC kjuH) | |||
| 把 | CLF-tools | *traŋA | *truŋA | 張 (OC *C.traŋ) | ||
| 爬 | climb | *ɲcæwC | ||||
| 布 | cloth | *ntei | ||||
| 衣服 | clothes | *ʔrujA | 衣 (OC *ʔ(r)əj) | |||
| 云、雾 | cloud/haze | *ʔɔŋC | 雲 (OC *[ɢ]ʷə[n]) | |||
| 茅草 | cogon grass | *NKan | ||||
| 冰 | cold | *ʔnu̯ɔmH | ||||
| 冷(夭) | cold (day) | *kju̯ɛŋB | ||||
| 梳子 | comb | *ræC | ||||
| 来 | come | *daj | 來 (MC loj) | |||
| 回来 | come back | *ləwX | ||||
| 藏 | conceal | *ʔreD | ||||
| 熟 | cooked/ripe | *sjenB | *dju̯okD | 熟 (OC *[d]uk) | ||
| 锅 | cooking pot/pan | *wjinB | ||||
| 烟 | cooking smoke | *ɲcʰi̯ouH | ||||
| 凉(水) | cool (water) | *dzinB | ||||
| 铜 | copper | *dɔŋ | 銅 (OC *[l]ˤoŋ) | |||
| 咳嗽 | cough | *ʰnɔp | ||||
| 盖(瓦) | cover (with tile) | *hi̯əmB/C | ||||
| 盖(被) | cover self | *ʔwoB | ||||
| 盖(锅、瓦) | cover, to | *mboC | *komB | 𠖫 (OC *kˤomɣ) | ||
| 牛 | cow/ox | *joB | 牛 (OC *[ŋ]ʷə) | |||
| 匠 | craftsman | *dzi̯ɔŋH | 匠 (MC dzjangH) | |||
| 爬 | crawl | *ŋgjoŋC | *ʔɲɛɔŋA | |||
| 疯 | crazy | *mbljɔŋA | ||||
| 冠子、梳子 | crest/comb | *ʔwi̯æn | 冠 (MC kwan) | |||
| 弯 | crooked | *ŋkʰuwD | 曲 (OC *kʰ(r)ok) | 屈 (OC *Nə-[kʰ]ut)[4] | ||
| 嗉囊 | crop (of bird)/gizzard | *pjinB | *ciŋB | |||
| 庄稼 | crops | *qɔŋA | ||||
| 过(河) | cross (river) | *KʷajH | 過 (OC *kʷˤaj-s) | |||
| 弩 | crossbow | *ʰnænB | *ʰnəkD | 弩 (OC *C.nˤaʔ) | ||
| 乌鸦 | crow (bird) | *ʔuA | 烏 (MC 'u) | |||
| (公鸡)叫 | crow, to | *KajH | 歌 (OC *[k]ˤaj) | |||
| 布谷鸟 | cuckoo | *ɢʉB | ||||
| 黄瓜 | cucumber | *Kʷa | 瓜 (OC *kʷˤra) | |||
| 割(肉) | cut | *klæp | *katD | 割 (OC *Cə-kˤat) | ||
| 剖(鱼) | cut open | *pʰajH | 破 (OC *pʰˤaj-s) | |||
| 黑(暗) | dark | *pruwD | ||||
| 姑娘、女儿 | daughter/girl | *mpʰjeD | *ɕi̯ɛkD | 媳 (OC *slɯɡ) | ||
| 儿媳(新娘) | daughter-in-law/bride | *mbu̯ɛŋB | 婦 (OC *mə.bəʔ) | |||
| 聋 | deaf | *loŋA | *ʔduŋA | 聾 (OC *C.rˤoŋ) | ||
| 深 | deep | *N-tu̯o | ||||
| 鹿 | deer | *cuŋA | 獐 (MC tsyang) | |||
| 下(山) | descend | *ɴɢaB | *ɣaC | 下 (OC *m-gˤraʔ-s) | ||
| 露水 | dew | *lʉC | 露 (MC luH) | |||
| 死 | die | *dəjH | ||||
| 挖 | dig | *ʔwetD | 抉 (OC *kʷeːd, *qʷeːd) | 挖 (OC *qʷriːd) | ||
| 勤 | diligent | *ɴɢəjH | ||||
| 嫌 | dislike | *ɣi̯emA | 嫌 (OC *N-kˤem) | |||
| 散 | disperse | *dzʰanC | 散 (OC *mə-sˤa[n] ʔ-s) > pHM *ntsh- ‘to disperse’[4] | |||
| 溶 | dissolve | *jəukD | ||||
| 溶化 | dissolve/melt | *jaŋA | *juŋA | 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs) | 融 (OC *luŋ) | |
| 沟 | ditch | *koŋA | ||||
| 做(工) | do/work | *ʔəjH | ||||
| 狗 | dog | *qluwX | 狗 (OC *Cə.kˤroʔ) | |||
| 门 | door/gate | *gru̯eŋ | ||||
| 龙 | dragon | *-roŋ | *kljuŋA | 龍 (OC *[mə]-roŋ) | ||
| 梦 | dream | *mpeiH | ||||
| 喝、吸 | drink/smoke | *hup | 欱 (OC *qʰˤ[ə]p) | 喝 (OC *qraːds, *qʰoːb, *qʰaːd) | ||
| 滴 | drip | *ŋgroC | *ʔdjɛpD | 漏 (OC *[Nə-r]ˤok-s) | ||
| 钉(钉子) | drive in (nail) | *ntsjinC | ||||
| 鼓 | drum | *ndruX | ||||
| 烤(衣) | dry (clothes) | *tsekD | ||||
| 晒(米) | dry (rice) in sun | *ʔrinA | ||||
| 干、渴 | dry/thirsty | *NKʰæj | 渴 (OC *Nə-[k]ʰˤat) | |||
| 干燥 | dry/withered | *KʰæwX | 槀 (OC *kaːwʔ) | 枯 (OC *kʰˤa) | ||
| 鸭子 | duck | *ʔap | *ɢu̯aC | 鴨 (OC *qraːb) | ||
| 染 | dye, to | *ɲumC | 染 (OC *C.n[a]mʔ) | |||
| 老鹰 | eagle/hawk | *qlaŋX | 鷹 (OC *[q](r)əŋ) | |||
| 耳朵 | ear | *mbræu | ||||
| 早 | early | *ntsi̯ouX | 早 (OC *Nə.tsˤuʔ) | |||
| 地 | earth | *N-təu | 地 (OC *[l]ˤej-s) | |||
| 蚯蚓 | earthworm | *N-cuŋ | ||||
| 吃 | eat | *nuŋA | *ɲənC | |||
| 蛋 | egg | *qæwC | *kləuC | 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ)[4] | ||
| 茄子 | eggplant | *ɟa | 茄 (OC *ɡa, *ɡal, *kraːl) | |||
| 八 | eight | *jat | 八 (OC *pˤret) | |||
| 哥哥(弟称兄) | elder brother | *da | ||||
| 姐姐、妻子 | elder sister/wife | *ʔəuX | 媼 (OC *ʔˤuʔ) | |||
| 大象 | elephant | *ntsʰʉC | *ɣji̯ɔŋB | 象 (OC *s.[d]aŋʔ) | ||
| 抱 | embrace | *bu̯əH | 伏 (OC *[b]ək) | 抱 (OC *[m-p]ˤuʔ) | ||
| 进 | enter | *bju̯ɛk | ||||
| 竖 | erect, to | *ri̯ɛpD | 立 (OC *k.rəp) | |||
| 逃 | escape | *ɢʷaD | 脫 (OC *mə-l̥ˤot)[4] | |||
| 屎 | excrement | *N-KəjX | 屎 (OC *[qʰ]ijʔ) | |||
| 爆炸 | explode | *douH | ||||
| 眼睛 | eye | *mu̯ɛjH | 目 (OC *C.m(r)[u]k) | |||
| 脸 | face | *bowB | *ʰmi̯enA | 面 (OC *C.me[n]-s) | ||
| 落(叶) | fall | *pʉŋA | 崩 (OC *Cə.pˤəŋ) | |||
| 下雨 | fall (of rain) | *dujB | 頹 (OC *l'uːl) | |||
| 倒(醉倒) | fall (over) | *ɢu̯eiC | ||||
| 扇子 | fan | *mbljæp | ||||
| 远 | far | *qʷuw | 迂 (OC *qʷ(r)a) | |||
| 胖、肥 | fat, to be | *grəunH | ||||
| 父亲、男 | father/male | *pjaX | 父 (OC *[N-p](r)aʔ) | |||
| 害怕 | fear/be afraid | *ntsʰjeH | ||||
| 喂 | feed | *pɛŋA | ||||
| 母 | female | *minD | ||||
| 女 | female/woman | *boA | ||||
| 蕨菜 | fern | *-ʰruA | *kʷjətD | 蕨 (MC kjwot) | ||
| 少 | few/lack | *dzjok | ||||
| 田 | field | *ljiŋ | 田 (OC *lˤiŋ) | |||
| 细(面粉) | fine (flour) | *mənX/H | ||||
| 手指 | finger | *ntaB | *ʔdokD | |||
| 指环 | finger ring | *mpʰleA | ||||
| 完 | finish | *ɟɔŋB | ||||
| 火 | fire | *douX | ||||
| 柴 | firewood | *dzaŋA | ||||
| 结实 | firm/durable | *druA | ||||
| 初一 | first day of month | *seŋ | 正 (OC *C.teŋ) | |||
| 鱼 | fish | *mbrəuX | 鯉 (OC *mə-rəʔ)[3] | |||
| 五 | five | *pra | 五 (OC *C.ŋˤaʔ) | |||
| 跳蚤 | flea | *ʰmiəŋ | ||||
| 弹(指) | flip with finger | *ntik | ||||
| 浮 | float | *ntaŋA | *mbi̯əuA | 浮 (OC *m.b(r)u) | ||
| 面粉 | flour | *plu̯eiB | ||||
| 流 | flow | *ɴɢlʉB | *ri̯əuC | 流 (OC *ru) | ||
| 花 | flower | *bi̯aŋ | ||||
| 笛子、管子 | flute/tube | *droŋA | 筒 (OC *lˤoŋ) | |||
| 苍蝇 | fly (n.) | *məuŋX | 蠓 (OC *moːŋ, *moːŋʔ) | 蠅 (OC *m-rəŋ) | ||
| 飞 | fly, to | *ʔjaŋC | *ʔdəiC | 揚 (MC yang) | ||
| 雾 | fog | *mowC | 霧 (OC *kə.m(r)[o]k-s) | |||
| 雾、云 | fog/cloud | *huA | 霧 (MC mjuH) | |||
| 傻、幽(儿童) | fool/humor (children) | *glje(X) | ||||
| 脚 | foot | *towC | ||||
| 踪 | footprint/track | *ʰmjænX | ||||
| 额头 | forehead | *bl-A | *ʰɲenA | 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar)[4] | ||
| 森林 | forest | *-ʔrɔŋB | ||||
| 忘记 | forget | *ʰnuŋB | *ʰɲouB | |||
| 四 | four | *plei | 四 (OC *s.li[j]-s) | |||
| 香 | fragrant | *ntaŋ | 香 (OC *qʰaŋ) | |||
| 蛙 | frog | *KæŋX | ||||
| 前边 | front surface | *ɴɢlinA | ||||
| 霜 | frost | *tæwC | ||||
| 水果 | fruit | *pji̯əuX | ||||
| 炒 | fry | *kleu | *cʰauB | 攪 (OC *kˤruʔ); 炒 (OC *[tsʰ](ˤ)r[e]wʔ) | ||
| 满 | full | *pu̯ɛŋX | ||||
| 苦胆 | gall bladder | *tsji̯əu | ||||
| 园 | garden | *waŋA | *ʰwunA | 園 (OC *C.ɢʷa[n]) | ||
| 蒜 | garlic | *ɢaA | 葫 (OC *[g]ˤa) | |||
| 起来 | get up | *gʷjaX | ||||
| 得(到) | get/gain | *təuk | 得 (OC *tˤək) | |||
| 姜 | ginger | *qʰinB | *kʰjuŋA | 薑 (OC *[k]aŋ) | ||
| 糯 | glutinous/sticky | *mblut | 秫 (OC *m.lut (~ *mə.lut)) | |||
| 啃 | gnaw | *kowD | 咬 (OC *kreːw, *ŋɡreːwʔ, *qreːw) | |||
| 去 | go | *n-mʉŋ(X) | ||||
| 金 | gold | *kjeəm | 金 (OC *k(r)[ə]m) | |||
| 好 | good | *-ʔrɔŋH | ||||
| 好吃 | good/tasty | *kʰuB | 好 (OC *qʰˤuʔ) | |||
| 葫芦 | gourd | *tuwA | ||||
| 谷穗 | grain head/bag | *ʰnɔn | 囊 (OC *nˤaŋ) | |||
| 葡萄 | grape | *qinB | ||||
| 抓 | grasp | *ʔmu̯ɛA | ||||
| 草 | grass | *ʰmjaB | ||||
| 蚱蜢 | grasshopper | *klup | *gʉŋA | 蝗 (OC *[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ) | ||
| 坟墓 | grave/tomb | *ntsaŋC | *tsouB | |||
| 青色 | green/blue | *mpruA | *ʔmeŋA | |||
| 灰色 | grey | *ʔbɔuB | ||||
| 磨 | grind (grain) | *roD | ||||
| 呻吟 | groan/moan | *mbraŋA | ||||
| 长 | grow | *n-tju̯ɛŋH | 種 (OC *(mə-)toŋʔ-s) | 長 (OC *traŋʔ) | ||
| 种(菜) | grow (tr.) | *ɟiB | ||||
| 客 | guest | *Kʰæk | 客 (OC *kʰˤrak) | |||
| 毛 | hair | *pljei | ||||
| 半 | half | *pʰjeC | ||||
| 半(天) | half (of day) | *N-dam(X) | ||||
| 里 | half kilometer | *ljɨX | 里 (OC *(mə.)rəʔ) | |||
| 手 | hand/arm | *-bɔuX | ||||
| 硬 | hard/solid | *ŋjeŋC | 硬 (OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs) | |||
| 孵 | hatch | *bu̯əH | 伏 (OC *[b]ək-s) | |||
| 有 | have | *n-mɛj | ||||
| 缺(碗缺口) | have a gap | *NKʷet | 缺 (OC *Nə-[k]ʷʰˤet) | |||
| 吃饭 | have food with rice | *mbljæC | 食 (OC *mə-lək)[4] | |||
| 头 | head | *S-pʰreiX | ||||
| 听见 | hear | *ʰnəumX | ||||
| 心 | heart | *pljowB | *simA | 心 (MC sim) | ||
| 重 | heavy | *ʰnjeinX | ||||
| 藏(躲藏) | hide oneself | *piŋC | ||||
| 高 | high/tall | *-ʰri̯əŋ | ||||
| 中(射中) | hit target | *drɔC | 著 (OC *m-t<r>ak) | |||
| 苗族 | Hmong | *ʰmʉŋA | 民 (OC *mi[ŋ]) | |||
| 含 | hold in mouth | *mpæB | *ʔgjɔmA | 含 (OC *Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m) | ||
| 端 | hold with two hands | *bouA | 抱 (OC *[m-p]ˤuʔ) | |||
| 握 | hold/grasp hand | *tæB | ||||
| 洞眼 | hole | *qʰəŋB | *kʰotD | 孔 (OC *[k]ʰˤoŋʔ); 堀 (OC *[kʰ]ˤut) | 空 (OC *kʰˤoŋ)[4] | |
| 蜂蜜 | honey | *ʔraA | ||||
| 蹄 | hoof | *dej | 蹄 (OC *deː) | |||
| 蹄、爪 | hoof/claw/nail | *tru̯eiC | 蹢 (OC *tˤek) | |||
| 钩子 | hook | *ɴqæwC | 鉤 (MC kuw) | |||
| 箍儿 | hoop | *tʰɨC | ||||
| 角 | horn | *klɛɔŋ | 角 (OC *C.[k]ˤrok) | |||
| 马 | horse | *mjænB | 馬 (OC *mˤraʔ) | |||
| 热(水) | hot (water) | *k(ʰ)lɛɔm | ||||
| 房子 | house | *prəuX | ||||
| 摘耳根(鱼腥草) | Houttuynia cordata | *truwD | 䔃 (MC tsuX) | |||
| 百 | hundred | *pæk | 百 (OC *pˤrak) | |||
| 饿 | hungry | *tsʰje | 饑 (OC *kə[j]) | |||
| 丈夫 | husband | *N-poX | 父 (OC *p(r)aʔ) | 夫 (OC *p(r)a) | ||
| 舂米 | husk/pound rice | *tuX | 擣 (OC *tˤuʔ) | |||
| 冰 | ice | *qru̯eiD | ||||
| 点(灯) | ignite/light | *towD | ||||
| 病、痛 | illness/pain | *ʔmun | ||||
| 而前 | in front | *ndaŋC | ||||
| 蓝靛草 | indigo | *ŋglam | 藍 (OC *[N-k.]rˤam) | |||
| 虫 | insect/worm | *klæŋ | 蠅 (OC *m-rəŋ); 蟲 (OC *C.lruŋ) | |||
| 插 | insert | *tʰrep | 插 (OC *mə-[tsʰ]<r>op) | |||
| 内 | interior | *ndrəŋC | 中 (OC *truŋ) | |||
| 肠子 | intestines | *ʰɲeuŋX | *ɢljaŋA | 腸 (OC *lraŋ) | ||
| 铁 | iron | *ʰluwC | *ʰrɛkD | 鐵 (OC *l̥ˤik) | ||
| 痒 | itch(y)/scratch(y) | *kʰju̯ɛt | ||||
| 接 | join | *tsæD | 接 (OC *[ts][a]p) | |||
| 杀 | kill | *təjH | ||||
| 膝盖 | knee | *ɟu̯əiH | ||||
| 知道 | know | *pei | 別 (OC *pret) | |||
| 认识 | know/recognize | *tsi̯ɛkD | 識 (OC *s-tək) | |||
| 漆 | lacquer | *tʰjet | 漆 (OC *[tsʰ]i[t]) | |||
| 舀(水) | ladle, to | *heD | *ʔdəmB | 斟 (OC *t.[q][ə]m) | ||
| 旱地 | land, non-irrigated | *dejC | 地 (OC *[l]ˤej-s) | |||
| 迟 | late | *liC | *djæiA | 遲 (OC *l<r>ə[j]) | ||
| 笑 | laugh | *krət | ||||
| 洗衣 | launder | *ntsʰuH | ||||
| 下蛋 | lay eggs | *ndəuH | ||||
| 懒 | lazy | *ŋglænB | *lu̯eiC | 懶 (OC *[N-kə.]rˤanʔ); 累 (OC *[r]ojʔ) | ||
| 牵 | lead, to | *coŋA | *kʰi̯enA | 牽 (OC *[k]ʰˤi[n]) | ||
| 叶子 | leaf | *mblɔŋA | *nɔmA | |||
| 拄(拐杖) | lean (on stick) | *ŋgraC | ||||
| 脚、枝 | leg/branch | *ɟæwB | ||||
| 放 | let go | *tsjəŋB | *puŋC | 放 (OC *paŋ-s) | ||
| 平 | level | *dinA | *beŋA | 平 (OC *[b]en) | ||
| 舔 | lick | *-jep | ||||
| 抬 | lift | *kjeŋ | *ʰnɨŋC | 拎 (OC *reːŋ) | ||
| 轻 | light(weight) | *-sji̯eu | ||||
| 闪电 | lightning flash | *ljeD | *ljəpD | |||
| 汤 | liquid/soup | *klæwX | ||||
| 酒 | liquor | *cowB | *tiuB | 酒 (OC *tsuʔ) | ||
| 听 | listen | *(S-)mru̯ɔŋH | ||||
| 肝 | liver | *-ʰri̯ən | ||||
| 长 | long | *ntauX | ||||
| 久 | long (time) | *ləu | ||||
| 看守 | look after | *ʔroB | ||||
| 看 | look at | *maŋH | 望 (OC *maŋ-s) | |||
| 响、声音 | loud/sound | *ʔbujA | ||||
| 虱子 | louse, body | *tɛmX | ||||
| 头虱 | louse, head | *ntsʰjeiX | ||||
| 爱 | love, to | *ʔu̯ɔiC | 愛 (MC 'ojH) | |||
| (黃牛)叫 | low/bellow | *ɴqəŋB | ||||
| 矮 | low/short | *ɢaX | 下 (OC *gˤraʔ) | |||
| 下边 | lower level | *ʔdiB | 底 (OC *tˤijʔ) | |||
| 肺 | lung | *mprʉC | 肺 (MC phjojH) | |||
| 蛆 | maggot | *klaŋC | 蠅 (OC *m-rəŋ); 蟲 (OC *C.lruŋ) | |||
| 公 | male | *ʔljuwB | ||||
| 男 | male (human) | *ɟi̯aŋH | 雄 (OC *[ɢ]ʷəŋ) | |||
| 臭 | malodorous | *tsju̯eiH | 臭 (MC tsyhuwH) | |||
| 鬃 | mane | *tsʉŋA | *ʔdzɔŋA | 騣 (OC *ʔsoːŋ) | 鬃 (OC *zuːŋ, *ʔsoːŋ, *zuːŋ) | |
| 多 | many/much | *ntɔC | 多 (MC ta) | |||
| 骨髓、脑 | marrow/brains | *ʰlʉA | 髓 (OC *s-lojʔ) | |||
| 嫁 | marry (a woman) | *qu̯aC | 嫁 (OC *s-kˤra-s)[4] | |||
| 量(米) | measure (rice) | *ljɛŋA | *ʰrauA | 量 (OC *[r]aŋ) | ||
| 升 | measure for grain | *sjinA | 升 (MC sying) | |||
| 肉 | meat | *ɴɢej | *ʔaB | 肌 (OC *krə[j]) | ||
| 药 | medicine | *N-kjaj | 藥 (OC *m-r[e]wk) | |||
| 遇见 | meet | *ɟu̯aC | ||||
| 午饭 | midday meal | *sjɛŋC | ||||
| 小米 | millet | *tjəiA | 粢 (OC *[ts]ij) | |||
| 臼齿 | molar tooth | *pæ | ||||
| 钱 | money | *dzi̯en | 錢 (MC dzjen) | |||
| 猴子 | monkey | *ʔlinA | *ʔbiŋA | |||
| 月 | moon/month | *ʰlaH | ||||
| 臼 | mortar/treadmill | *ɟoB | 臼 (OC *C.[g]ʷəʔ) | |||
| 蚊子 | mosquito | *ʔjɔŋB | 蚊 (MC mjun) | |||
| 母亲、婶婶 | mother/aunt | *ndjiB | 慈 (MC dzi) | |||
| 舅父 | mother's brother | *neuŋX | ||||
| 山 | mountain | *bæwB | ||||
| 岭 | mountain (range) | *gli̯emA | ||||
| 山坳口 | mountain pass | *ʔæ(C) | *ɢlowD | 峽 (OC *N-kˤ<r>ep) | ||
| 老鼠 | mouse/rat | *naŋB | *nauB | |||
| 嘴、喙 | mouth/beak | *ɲɟuj | 嘴 (OC *ʔseʔ) | |||
| 泥 | mud | *ʰniA | 泥 (OC *C.nˤ[əj]) | |||
| 泥泞 | muddy | *ŋkoD | 濁 (OC *[N-tˤ]rok) > pHM *ɳʈɭoC[4] | |||
| 菌子 | mushroom | *ŋkjæu | 菇 (OC *mə.kˤa) | |||
| 贝、蚌 | mussel/clam | *blinC | 蚌 (OC *[b]ˤroŋʔ) | |||
| 名字 | name | *mpɔuH | ||||
| 窄 | narrow | *ɴɢeD | *hepD | 狹 (OC *N-kˤ<r>ep) | ||
| 肚脐 | navel | *ntəut | ||||
| 近 | near | *-ʔræwC | *sətD | |||
| 脖子 | neck | *qlaŋ | *qoŋB | 頸 (OC *[k]eŋʔ) | ||
| 针 | needle | *kjɔŋA | *simA | 箴 (OC *t.[k]əm) | ||
| 窝(鸟窝) | nest | *-rəuX | 巢 (OC *[dz]ˤraw) | |||
| 新 | new | *tsʰji̯əŋ | 清 (OC *tsʰeŋ) | 新 (OC *s.tsʰi[n]) | ||
| 夜里(晚上) | night | *ʰməŋH | ||||
| 九 | nine | *N-ɟuə | 九 (OC *[k]uʔ) | |||
| 圈套 | noose/trap | *briB | ||||
| 鼻子 | nose | *mbru̯iH | 鼻 (OC *m-bi[t]-s) | |||
| 旧 | old | *qu̯oH | *lu̯eiB | 故 (OC *kˤaʔ-s) | 古 (OC *kˤaʔ); 舊 (OC *N-kʷəʔ-s) | |
| 上面 | on top of | *sjuA | ||||
| 一 | one | *ʔɨ | 一 (OC *qliɡ) | |||
| 自己 | oneself | *gənA | 己 (OC *k(r)əʔ) | |||
| 开 | open | *kʰu̯ɔiA | 開 (OC *[k]ʰˤəj) | |||
| 开门 | open (door) | *powD | ||||
| 解 | open out/undo | *ntʰu̯aB | ||||
| 水獭 | otter | *ntsʰju̯aA | 獺 (OC *[m-r̥]ˤat)[4] | |||
| 猫头鹰 | owl | *ploŋD | ||||
| 包 | pack/wrap | *qʰʉB | 裹 (OC *s.[k]ˤo[r]ʔ) | |||
| 双 | pair | *ŋgjowD | *suŋA; *reŋC | 雙 (OC *[s]roŋ) | ||
| 穿山甲 | pangolin | *rɔiH | ||||
| 纸 | paper | *ntowB | *tjejB | 紙 (OC *k.teʔ) | ||
| 桃子 | peach | *ɢlæw | 桃 (OC *C.lˤaw) | |||
| 梨 | pear | *rəj | 梨 (OC *ril) | |||
| 啄、挖 | peck/dig | *ɲcowD | 撅 (MC kjwejH) | 啄 (OC *mə-tˤ<r>ok) | ||
| 脱(逃脱) | peel off/escape | *ʔdutD | 脫 (OC *l̥ʰoːd, *l'oːd) | |||
| 削 | peel/shave | *cʰeD | ||||
| 苏麻 | perilla | *ʰnaŋB | ||||
| 柿子 | persimmon | *minB | *djəiB | 柿 (OC *[dz]rijʔ) | ||
| 人 | person | *nænA | *mjænA | 民 (OC *mi[ŋ]) | ||
| 花瓣 | petal | *ʰlemC | ||||
| 雉(野鸡) | pheasant | *tsjowD | 雉 (MC drijX) | |||
| 捡 | pick up | *kʰowD | *ʔɟəpD | 夾 (OC *kˤ<r>ep) | 挾 (OC *m-kˤep)[4] | |
| 夹(菜) | pick up/clamp | *teD | ||||
| 猪 | pig | *mpæC | *duŋB | 豚 (OC *lˤu[n]) | ||
| 鸽子 | pigeon | *ɴquA | *kɔpD | 鳩 (OC *[k](r)u); 鴿 (MC kop) | ||
| 柱子 | pillar | *ɲɟæu | 柱 (OC *m-t<r>oʔ) | |||
| 枕头 | pillow | *ɲcu̯əmH | 枕 (OC *[t.k][ə]mʔ) | |||
| 平(地) | plain (level ground) | *ndroŋB | ||||
| 种(菜) | plant, to | *ɟəŋC | 種 (MC tsyowngH) | |||
| 玩耍 | play | *N-dzæwH | ||||
| 吹(笛) | play (flute) | *pʰroB | *pʰlu̯əmB | |||
| 李子 | plum | *ʰli̯əŋX | *kʰowA | 李 (OC *C.rəʔ) | ||
| 杨树 | poplar tree | *ji̯aŋA | 楊 (MC yang) | |||
| 豪猪(箭猪) | porcupine | *N-dzjeiH | ||||
| 粥 | porridge | *tju̯okD | 粥 (MC tsyuwk) | |||
| 的 | POSSESSIVE | *ʔɲi̯əŋA | ||||
| 倒(水入缸) | pour | *praC; *ʔlju̯eiA | ||||
| 价钱 | price | *ɴqaC | 價 (OC *C.qˤ<r>aʔ-s) | |||
| 拔(刀) | pull out | *tʰroC | 抽 (MC trhjuw) | |||
| 母鸡(未生蛋的) | pullet/hen | *klanC | ||||
| 脓 | pus | *bu̯eiC | *nɔŋC | 膿 (OC *C.nˤuŋ) | ||
| 拱 | push earth aside | *pʰʉA | ||||
| 戴(帽) | put on/wear (cap) | *ntɔŋH | ||||
| 穿(衣) | put on/wear (clothes) | *(h)naŋX | *dəŋA | 穿 (OC *tʰo[n])[4] | ||
| 穿(鞋) | put on/wear (shoes) | *dap | *trɔC | 踏 (OC *tʰuːb); 著 (OC *m-t<r>ak) | ||
| 裹腿布 | puttees | *ntʰrɔŋA | ||||
| 快 | quick | *cu̯ɛp | *ʰreC | 捷 (OC *[dz][a]p) | ||
| 被子 | quilt | *su̯ɛŋC | ||||
| 兔子 | rabbit | *ʔljuB | 兔 (OC *l̥ˤa-s) | |||
| 褴褛 | ragged/shabby | *ɴɢluC | 陋 (MC luwH) | |||
| 雨 | rain | *m-noŋC | *mbluŋC | |||
| 养(鸡) | raise (chickens) | *jɛŋC | *juŋB | 養 (OC *[ɢ]aŋʔ) | ||
| 耙(地) | rake, to | *baA | 耙 (OC *[b]ˤra) | |||
| 苎麻 | ramie/hemp | *nduH | 紵 (OC *mə-draʔ)[4][3] | |||
| 老鼠 | rat | *bru̯aC | ||||
| 生 | raw/unripe | *ɲu̯emX | ||||
| 到达 | reach/arrive at | *dzoC | 造 (OC *(mə-)tsʰˤuʔ-s) | |||
| 接受、借 | receive/borrow | *tsep | 接 (OC *[ts][a]p) | |||
| 收 | receive/gather in | *sjuwA | 收 (MC syuw) | |||
| 相 | RECIPROCAL | *sjɨA-D | 廝 (OC *se) | 自 (OC *dzijH) | ||
| 红色 | red | *ʔlinA | *sekD | 赤 (MC tsyhek) | ||
| 记 | remember | *ɲcoC | *kji̯əŋC | |||
| 补 | repair/mend | *mpjaX | 補 (OC *[Cə]-pˤaʔ) | |||
| 还(钱) | repay | *bu̯eiA | *qlauB | |||
| 像 | resemble | *ʰnəŋB | ||||
| 歇(休息) | rest, to | *sjoC | 休 (MC xjuw) | |||
| 回 | return | *trəŋB | ||||
| 回家 | return home | *muB | ||||
| 肋骨 | rib | *tamX | ||||
| 粑粑 | rice cake | *ŋkju̯əX | 粔 (OC *[N]-k(r)aʔ) | |||
| 稻子 | rice plant/paddy | *mbləu | 稻 (OC *[l]ˤuʔ)[4][3] | |||
| 甑子 | rice steamer | *tsjɛŋH | 甑 (OC *S-təŋ-s) | 蒸 (OC *təŋ) | ||
| 饭 | rice, cooked | *ʰnrəaŋH | 餉 (OC *n̥aŋ(ʔ)-s)[4] | |||
| 米 | rice, husked | *ntsuwC | *ʰmeiC | 米 (OC *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ) | ||
| 稻谷(谷粒) | rice/millet, husked | *tsʰɛŋB | ||||
| 骑 | ride | *ɟej | 騎 (OC *C.g(r)aj) | |||
| 河 | river | *ɢlæwA | *ndaiA | |||
| 鹿子 | river deer | *ŋgu̯eiB | ||||
| 路 | road/way | *kləuX | 道 (OC *[kə.l]ˤuʔ)[4] | |||
| 抢 | rob | *hæD | ||||
| 石头 | rock | *ʔbeŋC | ||||
| 滚(石头) | roll down | *qləŋB | 滾 (OC *kluːnʔ) | |||
| 根 | root | *ɟoŋA | *ndzuŋA | |||
| 绳子 | rope | *ʰlæC | ||||
| 烂 | rot | *lʉA | ||||
| 粗糙 | rough/coarse | *ntsʰaA | 粗 (OC *Nə-s.r̥ˤa) | |||
| 圆 | round | *ɢlun | 圓 (OC *ɢʷ<r>en) | |||
| 盐 | salt | *ntsjəuX | 鹺 (OC *N-[ts]ˤaj) | |||
| 咸 | salty | *qrowC | *ndzaiA | 鹺 (OC *N-[ts]ˤaj) | ||
| 草鞋 | sandals, straw | *səukD | ||||
| 帶子 | sash/cord/rope | *ʰljaŋ | 繩 (OC *Cə-m.rəŋ) | |||
| 烫 | scald | *ʰlaŋA | 湯 (OC *l̥ˤaŋ) | |||
| 洒 | scatter/sprinkle | *mpʰu̯ənH | 噴 (OC *pʰɯːn, *pʰɯːns, *pɯns) | |||
| 剪刀 | scissors | *ʔglji̯euB | ||||
| 骂 | scold/curse | *qeC | *hi̯emC | |||
| 看见 | see | *bu̯ət | ||||
| 种子 | seed | *ʰnru̯em | ||||
| 秧 | seedling | *ʔjɛŋA | *ʔjaŋA | 秧 (OC *qaŋ, *qaŋʔ) | ||
| 避雨 | seek shelter | *ŋgreD | ||||
| 卖 | sell | *mɛjH | 賣 (OC *mˤrajʔ-s) | |||
| 送 | send/deliver | *suŋH | 送 (OC *[s]ˤoŋ-s) | |||
| 七 | seven | *djuŋH | *ŋjiC | 七 (OC *[tsʰ]i[t]) | ||
| 缝 | sew | *lju̯ɛnA | 聯 (OC *ɡ·ron) | |||
| 浅 | shallow | *ŋkli̯əŋX | *ɲenB | |||
| 锐利 | sharp | *-rajH | *ntsjæwC | 畟 (OC *Nə-[tsʰ]rək) | ||
| 磨刀 | sharpen/grind | *hoB | *dʰjæuC | 剉 (OC *[tsʰ]ˤoj-s) | ||
| 落叶 | shed leaves/drop | *mblu̯eiC | 墜 (OC *m.lru[t]-s)[4] | |||
| 羊 | sheep/goat | *juŋ | 羊 (OC *ɢaŋ) | |||
| 壳 | shell/covering | *pʰlei | ||||
| 鞋 | shoes | *kʰjɔC | 屨 (OC *k-ro-s) | |||
| 射 | shoot | *pənX | ||||
| 短 | short | *ʔlɛŋB | *ʔnəŋB | |||
| 肩 | shoulder | *bʉC | ||||
| 缩 | shrink | *ʰjuk | 縮 (OC *[s]ruk) | |||
| 关(门) | shut (door) | *sowD | ||||
| 梭子 | shuttle | *ɴɢəŋB | *ɴɢlowB | |||
| 害羞 | shy | *ʔɲæiA/B | ||||
| 镰刀 | sickle | *ljim | 鐮 (OC *ɡ·rem) | |||
| 筛 | sieve, to | *tsʰjɔC | ||||
| 银 | silver | *ɲʷi̯ən | 銀 (OC *ŋrə[n]) | |||
| 筋 | sinew | *sju̯eiB | *kʷjanA | 筋 (OC *C.[k]ə[n]) | ||
| 唱、叫 | sing/cry out | *ɢæw | 號 (OC *[C.g]ˤaw) | |||
| 沉 | sink | *dəŋA | 沉 (MC drim) | |||
| 嫂嫂 | sister-in-law | *ʔɲam | ||||
| 坐 | sit | *dzu̯eiB | 坐 (OC *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ) | |||
| 六 | six | *kruk | 六 (OC *k.ruk) | |||
| 皮 | skin | *N-top | ||||
| 裙 | skirt | *tinA | *gjunA | 裙 (MC gjun) | ||
| 天空 | sky/heaven | *wɛŋ; *ndɛuŋ; *ɴɢɛuŋ | 天 (OC *l̥ˤi[n]); compare pHM *ŋ.lˠ-[3] | |||
| 斜 | slant/slanting | *ɢeA | 斜 (MC yae|zjae) | |||
| 睡、卧 | sleep/lie down | *pu̯eiH | ||||
| 割 | slice | *ʰlep | ||||
| 细 | small/fine | *sæiC | 細 (OC *[s]ˤe(k)-s) | |||
| 年轻 | small/young | *ʔjuwC | 幼 (OC 'jiwH) | |||
| 光滑 | smooth/glossy | *mbli̯əŋH | 亮 (OC *[r]aŋ-s) | |||
| 滑 | smooth/slippery | *ɴɢu̯at | 滑 (OC *Nə-gˤrut) | |||
| 螺蛳 | snail | *gʉA | *klu̯eiA/B; *kʷlejA | 蝸 (OC *k.rˤoj) | 螺 (OC *k.rˤoj)[4] | |
| 蛇 | snake | *ʔnaŋ | ||||
| 断 | snap | *tɛŋH | ||||
| 闻 | sniff at | *ʰmji̯əmH | ||||
| 打鼾 | snore | *ŋgjanA | ||||
| 泡 | soak | *dzeiH | *ntsjæwC | *doA | 漬 (OC *zeɡs) | |
| 醒 | sober up | *siŋB | 醒 (MC sengX) | |||
| 软 | soft | *mlu̯ɛjH | ||||
| 儿子、男孩 | son/boy | *tu̯ɛn | ||||
| 女婿 | son-in-law | *ʔweiX | ||||
| 灰烬 | soot | *ŋkʰowA | ||||
| 疮 | sore/boil/blister | *tsʰaŋ | *kʷjejA | 瘡 (OC *[tsʰ]raŋ) | ||
| 高粱 | sorghum | *ntsjuC | ||||
| 魂 | soul/spirit | *bljaA | 魄 (OC *pʰˤrak) | |||
| 声 | sound | *siŋA | 聲 (MC syeng) | |||
| 声音 | sound/noise | *-ʰruA | ||||
| 酸 | sour | *suj | 酸 (OC *[s]ˤor) | |||
| 播种 | to sow | *præwA | ||||
| 黄豆 | soybean | *N-peiX | ||||
| 庹 | span, arm | *ɢraŋA | *ju̯amA | |||
| 拃 | span, finger | *qroC | ||||
| 辣 | spicy | *mbrat | 辣 (OC *mə.rˤat)[4][3] | |||
| 撒 | spill | *(ʔ)jamC | ||||
| 纺车 | spinning wheel | *tsʰju̯aA | 車 (MC tsyhae) | |||
| 鬼 | spirit/ghost | *qraŋA | *ʰmjænB | 魂 (OC *[m.]qʷˤə[n]) | ||
| 劈 | split/chop | *pʰek | 劈 (OC *pʰeːɡ) | |||
| 洒 | sprinkle/spill | *ɲcʰuB | ||||
| 挤 | squeeze/pinch | *ʔlɨC | *ʰɲaiC | |||
| 站、起来 | stand/get up | *sjouX | ||||
| 星星 | star | *qɛŋA | 星 (OC *s-tsʰˤeŋ) | |||
| 偷 | steal | *ɲemH | ||||
| 钢 | steel | *tsʰæwA | ||||
| 陡 | steep | *ntsʰoŋA | *gjujB | |||
| 步 | step | *droA | ||||
| 踩、蹬 | step on/tread | *dæD | 蹋 (OC *lˤap) | |||
| 棍子 | stick | *praX | ||||
| 胃 | stomach | *plaŋA | *siA | |||
| 石头 | stone | *-ʔrəu | ||||
| 凳子 | stool/bench | *təŋC | 凳 (OC *tɯːŋs) | |||
| 塞 | stop up/plug | *ntsjot | ||||
| 灶 | stove | *N-tsoH | 竈 (OC *[ts]ˤuk-s) | 灶 (OC *ʔsluːɡs) | ||
| 直 | straight | *ɲci̯aŋA | 正 (MC tsyengH) | |||
| 力气 | strength | *-rək | *kʰləkD | 力 (OC *k.rək) | ||
| 伸 | stretch | *ɕoŋ | ||||
| 摘 | strip leaves | *ndru̯eiC | 摘 (OC *tˤrek) | |||
| 抚摸 | stroke | *pʰlʉC | *pʰlunA | 撫 (OC *[pʰ](r)aʔ) | ||
| 跌 | stumble | *ndzjowD | ||||
| 吸 | suck | *ntseD | ||||
| 日 | sun/day | *ʰnɛŋA | *ʰnu̯ɔiA | 日 (OC *C.nik) | ||
| 吞 | swallow, to | *ɴɢəŋB; *ɴqowC | *ʔnəkD | |||
| 扫 | sweep | *cʰæwA | *pʰu̯ətD; *ʔɟæuC | 拂 (OC *pʰ[u]t) | 帚 (OC *[t.p]əʔ)[4] | |
| 甜 | sweet | *Kam | 甘 (OC *[k]ˤ[a]m) | |||
| 白薯 | sweet potato | *ndu̯əj | ||||
| 肿 | swell | *ʔəumH | ||||
| 刀 | sword | *ɲɟəukD | ||||
| 长刀 | sword, long | *ndaŋA | ||||
| 桌子 | table | *ndɔuA | 桌 (OC *tˤrawk) | |||
| 板凳 | table/bench | *drɔŋA | 凳 (OC *tɯːŋs) | |||
| 两 | tael (40 grams) | *li̯aŋB | *lji̯oŋB | 兩 (MC ljangX) | ||
| 尾巴 | tail | *tu̯eiX | 尾 (OC *[m]əjʔ) | |||
| 捉 | take | *tjɔkD | 捉 (OC *[ts](ˤ)rok) | |||
| 芋头 | taro | *wouH | 芋 (OC *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a-s) | |||
| 尝 | taste/try | *ʰmeiH | 味 (MC mj+jH) | |||
| 茶 | tea | *gjiB | *ɟaA | 茶 (OC *rlaː) | ||
| 撕(纸) | tear, to | *qru̯aC | ||||
| 告诉 | tell | *ʔboC | 報 (OC *pˤuk-s) | |||
| 庙宇 | temple | *miuC | 廟 (MC mjewH) | |||
| 十 | ten | *gju̯ɛp | 十 (OC *t.[g]əp) | |||
| 万 | ten thousand | *wi̯aŋC | 萬 (OC *C.ma[n]-s) | |||
| 嫩 | tender | *ʔrəunH | 嫩 (OC *nuːns) | |||
| 那 | that | *ʔweB | ||||
| 那(更远指) | that/the former | *ʔɨB | ||||
| 厚 | thick | *tæA | *ɦɔuB | 厚 (MC huwX) | ||
| 稠(粥) | thick (liquid) | *ŋgjɔŋC | ||||
| 稠(粥) | thick (porridge) | *gətD | ||||
| 密(秧密) | thick/dense | *makD | ||||
| 腿 | thigh | *pæA | *djujA | |||
| 細、薄 | thin | *sjɔŋA; *ɲenB | *bi̯ɛkD; *glæiC | 姌 (OC *njamʔ, *neːmʔ); 薄 (OC *[b]ˤak) | ||
| 瘦 | thin (person) | *ndzu̯eiC | ||||
| 想 | think of | *h[n/l]əmB | 念 (OC *nˤim-s) | |||
| 渴 | thirsty | *NKʰat | 渴 (OC *Nə-[k]ʰˤat) | |||
| 这 | this | *ʔneinX | ||||
| 刺 | thorn | *-boB | *ʔɟimB | |||
| 千 | thousand | *tsʰi̯en | 千 (MC tshen) | |||
| 线 | thread | *S-pʰoB | *sujC | |||
| 穿(针) | thread, to | *cʰu̯en | 穿 (OC *tʰo[n]) | |||
| 三 | three | *pjɔu | ||||
| 披(衣服) | throw on (clothes) | *mpu̯aC | 被 (OC *m-pʰ(r)ajʔ-s) | |||
| 画眉鸟 | thrush (hua mei niao 画眉鸟, Garrulax canorus) | *cɔŋA | ||||
| 雷 | thunder | *mpu̯ə | *S-pʰoA | |||
| 捆 | tie/cross (legs) | *qʰeA | ||||
| 老虎 | tiger | *tsjɔB | *ŋgljænA; *kjənB | 祖 (OC *[ts]ˤaʔ) | 虎 (OC *qʰˤraʔ) | |
| 瓦 | tile | *ŋʷæX | 瓦 (OC *C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ) | |||
| 碓 | tilt-hammer/pestle | *tu̯ɔiC | 碓 (OC *tuːls) | |||
| 锡 | tin | *tsʰæD | 錫 (OC *s.lˤek) | |||
| 舌头 | tongue | *mblet | 舌 (OC *mə.lat) | |||
| 牙齿 | tooth | *ʰmjinX | ||||
| 乌龟 | tortoise | *duH | ||||
| 跟踪 | track, to | *ndroC | ||||
| 圈套 | trap/ensnare | *cuA | ||||
| 树 | tree | *ntju̯əŋH | *S-pʰruA | 樹 (OC *m-toʔ-s) | ||
| 香椿 | tree of heaven (Toona sinensis) | *jɛŋA | ||||
| 槽 | trough | *qroŋA | *dzuA | 槽 (OC *ʔsluː, *zluː) | ||
| 浊 | turbid | *ŋkroB/ŋgroB | *ŋglokD | |||
| 双生子 | twin | *mpljeA | ||||
| 搓(绳子) | twist/rub | *S-pʰu̯aA | *ɕætD | |||
| 二 | two | *ʔu̯i | ||||
| 叔父 | uncle | *jæuX | 舅 (OC *[g](r)uʔ) | |||
| 尿 | urine | *-raX | ||||
| 用 | use | *[n/l]oŋC | 用 (OC *loŋ-s) | |||
| 惯 | used to | *lju̯aC | ||||
| 菜 | vegetable | *ʔræi | 菜 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ-s) | |||
| 直 | vertical/upright | *ndzjæwC | 直 (OC *N-t<r>ək) | |||
| 村寨 | village | *rəŋX | 里 (OC *(mə.)rəʔ) | |||
| 藤子 | vine | *ʰmein | 蔓 (OC *C.ma[n]-s) | |||
| 腰 | waist | *qlajX | ||||
| 等候 | wait | *dəŋB | *tjɔuB | 等 (OC *tˤəŋʔ) | ||
| 醒 | wake | *dzjaD | ||||
| 走 | walk | *jəŋA | ||||
| 核桃 | walnut | *qlowC | ||||
| 暖和 | warm | *sji̯ouX | 暑 (MC syoX) | |||
| 烤(火) | warm self by fire | *ntauH | ||||
| 洗(手) | wash (hands) | *ntsæwX | 澡 (OC *mə-tsˤawʔ) | 繰 (OC *mə-tsˤawʔ)[4] | ||
| 水 | water | *ʔu̯əm | ||||
| 水牛 | water buffalo/cow | *ŋiuŋ | 牛 (OC *[ŋ]ʷə) | |||
| 浇 | water, to | *rəmA; *ɲɟunA | 淋 (OC *r[ə]m) | |||
| 织 | weave | *ntət | *tsi̯ɛkD | 織 (OC *tək) | ||
| 编(簸箕) | weave/plait | *hinA | ||||
| 塞 | wedged in | *ntrinC | ||||
| 薅 | weed/hoe | *ntʰuC | ||||
| 哭 | weep | *ʔɲæmX | ||||
| 湿 | wet | *ntu̯ɛn | ||||
| 什么 | what | *tsjɨB | ||||
| 麦子 | wheat | *muŋC | ||||
| 哪 | which | *dʉC | *[hl]aiC | |||
| 鞭子 | whip | *mblowD | *pinA | 鞭 (OC *pe[n]) | ||
| 白色 | white | *qlowA | *bækD | 白 (MC baek) | ||
| 头旋儿 | whorl at top of head | *jɨB | ||||
| 宽 | wide | *Kʷi̯aŋX | 廣 (OC *kʷˤaŋʔ) | |||
| 舅母 | wife of mother's brother | *mjəŋA | ||||
| 妻子、姐姐 | wife/elder sister | *ʔwæwB | 媼 (OC *ʔˤuʔ)[4] | |||
| 野狗 | wild dog | *ʰmaŋC | ||||
| 野猫 | wildcat | *pljɨD | 貍 (OC *p.rə) | |||
| 风 | wind | *N-cæwH | ||||
| 翅膀 | wing | *N-tat | ||||
| 眨眼 | wink | *ntsjep | 眨 (OC *mə-[ts]ˤr[a]p) | |||
| 簸(米) | winnow | *prɔŋB | *ʰɲumC | |||
| 簸箕 | winnowing fan | *ʔwaŋA | *ɕi̯əŋA | 扇 (OC *[l̥][a][r]-s) | ||
| 擦 | wipe | *sjəŋC | *sotD | 刷 (OC *[s]r[o]t) | 擦 (OC *sʰlaːd) | |
| 木盆 | wooden basin | *pjatD | ||||
| 字 | word/character | *ndzaŋC | 字 (OC *mə-dzə(ʔ)-s) | |||
| 拧 | wring | *proC | ||||
| 写 | write | *ʰru̯eiC | *xjaB | 鏤 (MC luwH); 寫 (OC *s-qʰAʔ) | ||
| 年 | year | *ʰɲu̯əŋH | *ɕɔŋC | 年 (OC *C.nˤi[ŋ]) | ||
| 黄色 | yellow | *ɢʷaŋA | *wi̯əŋA | 黃 (OC *N-kʷˤaŋ); 皇 (OC *[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ) | ||
| 年轻 | young | *ʰljæD | ||||
| 年轻人 | young man | *ndru̯eiC | *mbjauA | |||
| 弟弟 | younger brother | *ku̯eiX |
Chen (2013)
[edit]The following list of 513 Proto-Miao-Yao reconstructed forms is from Chen (2013: 905-910). English translations of the original Chinese glosses have also been provided.
The tones are:
| 平 (píng) | level | A |
| 上 (shǎng) | rising | B |
| 去 (qù) | departing | C |
| 入 (rù) | entering | D |
Note that the tone notation below has been converted to be consistent with that of Ratliff (2010). Chen's notation makes use of the original Chinese 平, 上, 去, and 入 instead of A, B, C, and D.
Voiceless nasals, transcribed in Chen (2013) as *C̥-, have been transcribed below as *ʰC- for readability.
| No. | Chinese gloss | English gloss | Proto-Miao-Yao |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 天 | sky | *ɴɢwəŋ A |
| 2 | 太阳 | sun | *ʰnɐi A |
| 3 | 月亮 | moon | *ɬa C |
| 4 | 星 | star | *qɛŋ A |
| 5 | 雷 | thunder | *ʍjo A |
| 6 | 闪电 | lightning | *rap D |
| 7 | 闪电 | lightning | *ljak D |
| 8 | 风 | wind | *kjɑu C |
| 9 | 雨 | rain | *mluŋ C |
| 10 | 雪 | snow | *mpɛn C |
| 11 | 霜 | frost | *tlau C |
| 12 | 雾 | fog | *hu A |
| 13 | 地 | ground, earth | *tau A |
| 14 | 岭 | mountain range | *ram A |
| 15 | 石头 | stone | *ʔrau A |
| 16 | 洞 | hole, cave | *qʰɔŋ B |
| 17 | 水 | water | *ʔwum A |
| 18 | 河 | river | *ɢle A |
| 19 | 金 | gold | *kjɛm A |
| 20 | 膝 | knee | *dzjɔi C |
| 21 | 毛 | feather, body hair | *pljei A |
| 22 | 髓 | bone marrow | *ɬoi A |
| 23 | 胡须 | beard | *ŋjaŋ C |
| 24 | 辫子 | braid | *mbjin B |
| 25 | 皮 | skin | *təp D |
| 26 | 骨 | bone | *tʰluŋ B |
| 27 | 肉 | meat, flesh | *ɴɢəi A |
| 28 | 筋 | rib | *srei B |
| 29 | 血 | blood | *ntsʰram B |
| 30 | 肺 | lung | *mprit D |
| 31 | 心肝 | liver, heart, organs | *ʰrau A |
| 32 | 胆 | gallbladder | *tsrou A |
| 33 | 肠子 | intestines | *ʰŋjɛu B |
| 34 | 脓 | pus | *bɔi C |
| 35 | 屎 | excrement | *qai B |
| 36 | 尿 | urine | *wrɛ B |
| 37 | 污垢 | dirt, pollution | *ŋkjeu B |
| 38 | 脚印 | footprint | *ʰmjæn B |
| 39 | 名字 | name | *mpe C |
| 40 | 苍蝇 | fly (insect) | *mɔŋ B |
| 41 | 蚊子 | mosquito | *ʔjɑŋ B |
| 42 | 蚂蚁 | ant | *mpʰjou B |
| 43 | 蚯蚓 | earthworm | *kjuŋ A |
| 44 | 螺蛳 | snail | *ɢroi A |
| 45 | 蝴蝶 | butterfly | *mpjæ C |
| 46 | 树 | tree | *ntɑŋ C |
| 47 | 杉树 | fir | *kjin A |
| 48 | 根 | root | *gjuŋ A |
| 49 | 叶子 | leaf | *mblem A |
| 50 | 花 | flower | *bjaŋ A |
| 51 | 果子 | fruit | *pjou B |
| 52 | 桃 | peach | *ɢlɑu A |
| 53 | 梨 | pear | *rai A |
| 54 | 竹子 | bamboo | *ɬɔ B |
| 55 | 竹子 | bamboo | *pli A |
| 56 | 笋 | bamboo shoot | *mbrai C |
| 57 | 稻 | rice (plant) | *mblau A |
| 58 | 秧 | seedling | *ʔjɛŋ A |
| 59 | 穗 | ear | *ʰnraŋ A |
| 60 | 饭 | rice (cooked) | *ʰnɔŋ C |
| 61 | 酒 | liquor | *tsjiu B |
| 62 | 茶 | tea | *gji B |
| 63 | 粑粑 | rice cake | *ŋkjeu B |
| 64 | 糠 | bran, husk, chaff | *ʍjɑu C |
| 65 | 毒 | poison | *duk D |
| 66 | 药 | medicine | *ŋkjai A |
| 67 | 灶 | stove, hearth | *tsəu C |
| 68 | 锅 | pot | *win B |
| 69 | 甑 | caldron | *tsrɛŋ C |
| 70 | 臼 | mortar | *dzjɛu B |
| 71 | 筷子 | chopsticks | *dreu C |
| 72 | 坛子 | earthen jar | *ʔeŋ A |
| 73 | 桶 | bucket, container | *tʰoŋ B |
| 74 | 衣 | clothes | *ʔeu B |
| 75 | 蓑衣 | rain clothes | *sui A |
| 76 | 裤 | trousers | *qʰeu C |
| 77 | 裙子 | skirt | *teŋ A |
| 78 | 帽子 | hat | *mɔu C |
| 79 | 斗笠 | bamboo hat | *kup D |
| 80 | 锁 | lock | *so B |
| 81 | 锯 | saw | *kjeu C |
| 82 | 粉末 | powder | *mpɛn B |
| 83 | 墨 | ink | *mɑk D |
| 84 | 香 | fragrant | *ɕoŋ A |
| 85 | 价钱 | price | *ɴqɛ C |
| 86 | 漆 | paint | *tsʰet D |
| 87 | 鞋 | shoe | *ɦai A |
| 88 | 一 | one | *ʔi A |
| 89 | 二 | two | *ʔwə A |
| 90 | 三 | three | *pe A |
| 91 | 四 | four | *plei A |
| 92 | 五 | five | *prɛ A |
| 93 | 六 | six | *krɔk D |
| 94 | 七 | seven | *dzruŋ C |
| 95 | 八 | eight | *jɛt D |
| 96 | 九 | nine | *gju A |
| 97 | 十 | ten | *gjəp D |
| 98 | 百 | hundred | *pɛk D |
| 99 | 千 | thousand | *tsʰen A |
| 100 | 细 | thin (diameter) | *mun B |
| 101 | 红 | red | *sjik D |
| 102 | 黄 | yellow | *ɢwaŋ A |
| 103 | 绿 | green | *mpru A |
| 104 | 黑 | black | *qlɛŋ A |
| 105 | 白 | white | *qleu A |
| 106 | 肥 | fat (adj.) | *grun C |
| 107 | 瘦 | thin (not fat) | *dzæi C |
| 108 | 快 | fast | *ʰrak D |
| 109 | 慢 | slow | *man C |
| 110 | 光 | light, bright | *qwaŋ A |
| 111 | 暗 | dark | *qrek D |
| 112 | 远 | far | *qwe A |
| 113 | 近 | near | *ʔre C |
| 114 | 清 | clear | *ntsʰreŋ A |
| 115 | 浊 | murky | *ndrəu B |
| 116 | 深 | deep | *tlo A |
| 117 | 圆 | round | *ɢlun A |
| 118 | 弯曲 | crooked, bent | *ŋkʰok D |
| 119 | 酸 | sour | *srui A |
| 120 | 戴 | wear (hat) | *ntoŋ C |
| 121 | 看 | look | *mɔŋ C |
| 122 | 看见 | see | *bat D |
| 123 | 眨 | blink | *ntsrop D |
| 124 | 听 | listen | *ʰmɑŋ C |
| 125 | 听见 | hear | *ʰnom B |
| 126 | 嗅 | sniff, smell | *ʰmjɛm C |
| 127 | 数 | count | *ʰrau B |
| 128 | 问 | ask | *nɐi C |
| 129 | 答 | answer | *tau A |
| 130 | 哭 | weep, cry | *ŋjæn B |
| 131 | 笑 | laugh | *krɑt D |
| 132 | 吃 | eat | *nɑm A |
| 133 | 吃 | eat | *njɛn C |
| 134 | 喝 | drink | *hup D |
| 135 | 吹(火) | blow (fire) | *pʰru A |
| 136 | 吹(笙) | blow (instrument) | *pʰrəu B |
| 137 | 嚼 | chew | *tsjai C |
| 138 | 啃 | bite | *kok D |
| 139 | 吞 | swallow | *ɴɢɔŋ B |
| 140 | 去 | go | *mriŋ B |
| 141 | 回来 | return, come back | *ʔlɔ B |
| 142 | 回转 | turn around | *ntrun B |
| 143 | 围 | surround | *woi A |
| 144 | 嫁 | marry (of woman) | *qɑ C |
| 145 | 下(山) | descend (mountain) | *ɴɢɛ B |
| 146 | 起来 | stand up | *gwɛ B |
| 147 | 过 | pass, cross over | *gwai C |
| 148 | 睡 | sleep | *poi C |
| 149 | 攀登 | ascend | *ntsjau C |
| 150 | 歇 | lie down, rest | *srəu C |
| 151 | 进入 | enter | *bjek D |
| 152 | 到达 | arrive | *dzɔ C |
| 153 | 藏 | hide (tr.) | *ʔrək D |
| 154 | 痒 | itch | *kʰjət D |
| 155 | 痛 | pain | *ʔmun A |
| 156 | 怕 | afraid | *ntsʰræ A |
| 157 | 饿 | hungry | *tsʰræ A |
| 158 | 知道 | know | *pei A |
| 159 | 忘记 | forget | *ʰnrɛu B |
| 160 | 写 | write | *srɛ B |
| 161 | 塞 | stuff (v.) | *ntsrok D |
| 162 | 擦 | rub | *srɔŋ C |
| 163 | 舂 | pound (v.) | *tu B |
| 164 | 扫 | sweep | *tsʰje A |
| 165 | 量(米) | quantity (rice) | *lrɛŋ A |
| 166 | 磨(刀) | grind (knife) | *hɛu B |
| 167 | 飞 | fly | *ʔjaŋ C |
| 168 | 舔 | lick | *jɛp D |
| 169 | (鸟)叫 | call (of bird) | *ɢəu A |
| 170 | 打鸣 | crow (of bird) | *qai C |
| 171 | 拱(土) | pile (soil) | *pʰoi A |
| 172 | 斗 | fight | *ntreu C |
| 173 | 孵 | hatch | *bu C |
| 174 | 咬 | bite | *dap D |
| 175 | 啄 | peck | *ntsjok D |
| 176 | 生(蛋) | lay (eggs) | *ndau C |
| 177 | 满 | full, filled | *pəŋ B |
| 178 | 流 | flow | *ljou C |
| 179 | 沸 | boil | *mpei C |
| 180 | 银 | silver | *njian A |
| 181 | 铜 | copper, bronze | *doŋ A |
| 182 | 铁 | iron | *ɬek D |
| 183 | 盐 | salt | *ntsrau B |
| 184 | 火 | fire | *deu B |
| 185 | 烟 | smoke | *ntsʰjɛu C |
| 186 | 点(火) | burn (tr.), ignite (fire) | *tok D |
| 187 | 炭 | charcoal | *tʰɑn C |
| 188 | 灰 | ashes | *tsʰræi B |
| 189 | 村寨 | village | *rɔŋ B |
| 190 | 园 | garden | *waŋ A |
| 191 | 田 | field | *lriŋ A |
| 192 | 路 | road | *klau B |
| 193 | 桥 | bridge | *gieu A |
| 194 | 沟 | ditch | *kɔu A |
| 195 | 头 | head | *ʍæi B |
| 196 | 头 | head | *plei B |
| 197 | 眼睛 | eye | *mɐi C |
| 198 | 鼻子 | nose | *mbrit D |
| 199 | 梦 | dream | *mpei C |
| 200 | 声音 | sound | *ʰru A |
| 201 | 声音 | sound | *siŋ A |
| 202 | 力 | strength | *rək D |
| 203 | 骡 | mule | *lo A |
| 204 | 郎猪 | type of pig | *lɔŋ A |
| 205 | 鹅 | goose | *ŋɑ A |
| 206 | 马 | horse | *mja B |
| 207 | 鬃毛 | mane | *tsoŋ A |
| 208 | 尾巴 | tail | *tloi B |
| 209 | 牛 | cattle, cow | *ŋjəŋ A |
| 210 | 角 | horn | *kləŋ A |
| 211 | 羊 | sheep | *juŋ A |
| 212 | 狗 | dog | *qlau B |
| 213 | 猪 | pig | *mpɑu C |
| 214 | 猴子 | monkey | *ʔleŋ A |
| 215 | 老虎 | tiger | *tsrəu B |
| 216 | 熊 | bear | *qljop D |
| 217 | 穿山甲 | pangolin | *rɔi C |
| 218 | 豪猪 | porcupine | *dzei C |
| 219 | 种子 | seed | *ʔnrem A |
| 220 | 糯 | glutinous rice | *mblut D |
| 221 | 麦子 | wheat | *mrek D |
| 222 | 荞麦 | buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) | *gjeu A |
| 223 | 红薯 | sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) | *ndɑi A |
| 224 | 豆 | bean | *dup D |
| 225 | 黄豆 | soybean | *pei B |
| 226 | 菜 | vegetable | *ʔræi A |
| 227 | 瓜 | melon | *qwa A |
| 228 | 茄子 | eggplant | *gje A |
| 229 | 芋头 | taro | *weu C |
| 230 | 藠头 | chives (Allium chinense) | *ɢlju B |
| 231 | 姜 | ginger | *qʰreŋ B |
| 232 | 萝卜 | radish | *bɑk D |
| 233 | 苋菜 | amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) | *ɢin C |
| 234 | 壳 | shell, cowrie | *qʰok D |
| 235 | 芭蕉 | banana | *tsriu A |
| 236 | 木耳 | wood ear | *ŋkjau A |
| 237 | 蕨菜 | bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) | *ʰru A |
| 238 | 苎蔴 | ramie (Boehmeria) | *ndu C |
| 239 | 苎蔴 | ramie (Boehmeria) | *ljap D |
| 240 | 裹腿 | legging | *ntʰrɑŋ A |
| 241 | 布 | cloth | *ntei A |
| 242 | 线 | thread | *ʍjo B |
| 243 | 线 | thread | *sui C |
| 244 | 织布机 | sewing machine | *dzuŋ A |
| 245 | 梭子 | shuttle | *ɴɢɔŋ B |
| 246 | 针 | needle | *kjem A |
| 247 | 手镯 | bracelet | *bui C |
| 248 | 房子 | house | *prau B |
| 249 | 柱子 | pillar | *ŋgjau A |
| 250 | 瓦 | tile | *ŋwɑ B |
| 251 | 栋 | building | *tuŋ C |
| 252 | 梯子 | ladder | *tʰei A |
| 253 | 凳子 | bench, stool | *taŋ C |
| 254 | 鞍 | saddle | *ʔon A |
| 255 | 门 | door | *greŋ A |
| 256 | 圈 | pen, corral | *nglɔn A |
| 257 | 仓 | granary | *rɛm B |
| 258 | 床 | bed | *tsʰjeu C |
| 259 | 斤 | catty | *kjɔn A |
| 260 | 两 | double | *ljəŋ B |
| 261 | 担 | carry (on shoulders) | *ntɑm C |
| 262 | 斗 | fight | *teu B |
| 263 | 升 | rise | *sreŋ A |
| 264 | 半(天) | half (day) | *ntam B |
| 265 | (一个)钱 | money | *dzen A |
| 266 | 里 | li (distance) | *lji B |
| 267 | 庹 | tuo (length) | *ɢljaŋ A |
| 268 | 个 | classifier (general) | *ʔlɔm A |
| 269 | 个(人) | classifier (person) | *lɑn A |
| 270 | 只 | classifier (bird) | *dlɛŋ B |
| 271 | 根 | classifier (root) | *traŋ A |
| 272 | 朵 | classifier (flower) | *trɔi B |
| 273 | 床 | bed | *pʰun A |
| 274 | 滴 | leak | *ndrəu C |
| 275 | 双 | double | *ŋglok D |
| 276 | 我们 | we | *pe A |
| 277 | 你 | you (sg.) | *mi A |
| 278 | 他 | he, she | *nɐn A |
| 279 | 甜 | sweet | *qam A |
| 280 | 苦 | bitter | *ʔim A |
| 281 | 辣 | spicy hot | *mbrɛt D |
| 282 | 香(气) | fragrant | *ntaŋ A |
| 283 | 臭 | smelly, stinky | *tsroi C |
| 284 | 老 | old | *əu B |
| 285 | 嫩 | soft, tender | *ʔrun C |
| 286 | 新 | new | *tsʰreŋ A |
| 287 | 旧 | old | *qo C |
| 288 | 勤快 | diligent, hardworking | *ɴɢɑi C |
| 289 | 懒 | lazy | *ŋglen B |
| 290 | 懒 | lazy | *lui C |
| 291 | 冷 | cold | *ʔnɑm C |
| 292 | 热 | hot | *kʰɛŋ A |
| 293 | 热 | hot | *klom A |
| 294 | 凉 | cool | *dzeŋ B |
| 295 | 暖 | warm | *srɛu B |
| 296 | 软 | soft | *mljɐi C |
| 297 | 硬 | hard | *tɑu B |
| 298 | 轻 | light (weight) | *kʰwɐ A |
| 299 | 轻 | light (weight) | *ɴqeu C |
| 300 | 哄 | make noise | *qlai A |
| 301 | 咳嗽 | cough | *ʰnup D |
| 302 | 穿(针) | thread (needle) | *tsʰjun A |
| 303 | 穿(衣) | wear (clothes) | *ʰnaŋ B |
| 304 | 开(门) | open (door) | *qʰai A |
| 305 | 开(门) | open (door) | *put D |
| 306 | 关(门) | close (door) | *tsʰok D |
| 307 | 搓 | rub | *ʍjɑ A |
| 308 | 牵 | pull | *tsjuŋ C |
| 309 | 编织 | weave | *heŋ A |
| 310 | 拍 | beat, slap | *mbɑu A |
| 311 | 盖(被) | cover | *ʔrəu B |
| 312 | 解开 | untie | *ntʰai B |
| 313 | 捉 | catch | *ɴɢwe B |
| 314 | 做 | do | *ʔɐi C |
| 315 | 释放 | release, free | *tsrɔŋ C |
| 316 | 放下 | lay down | *pɔŋ C |
| 317 | 挤(虱) | squeeze (louse) | *ʔlɛ C |
| 318 | 撒，洒 | sprinkle | *mpʰɑŋ C |
| 319 | 敢 | dare | *qam B |
| 320 | 认识 | know, recognize | *ntsjek D |
| 321 | 还、赔 | return | *bui A |
| 322 | 赌 | gamble, bet | *teu B |
| 323 | 着 | catch, receive | *dru C |
| 324 | 害 | harm | *ɦai C |
| 325 | 成 | make, build | *dzjaŋ A |
| 326 | 败 | defeat | *bai C |
| 327 | 有 | have | *mrɛi A |
| 328 | 要 | want | *ʔjɑ B |
| 329 | 借 | borrow | *qa B |
| 330 | 偷 | steal | *ŋjem C |
| 331 | 买 | buy | *mɛi B |
| 332 | 卖 | sell | *mɛi C |
| 333 | 得到 | get, obtain | *tuk D |
| 334 | 杀 | kill | *tai C |
| 335 | 割 | slice | *ɬak D |
| 336 | 砍(树) | cut, hack (tree) | *ntɔ B |
| 337 | 剖开 | cut open | *pʰai C |
| 338 | 劈 | split (tr.) | *pʰjɐ A |
| 339 | 溶化 | melt | *jaŋ A |
| 340 | 破裂 | split open (intr.) | *deu C |
| 341 | (线)断 | break (of thread) | *tlɛŋ C |
| 342 | 折 | fold | *ʔlɔ B |
| 343 | 倒 | fall, collapse | *ɢɔi C |
| 344 | 肿 | swell, swollen | *ʔom C |
| 345 | 死 | die, dead | *dai C |
| 346 | 烂 | rotten | *ʔloi A |
| 347 | 烂 | rotten | *klam C |
| 348 | 缺 | lack | *ɴqwak D |
| 349 | 完 | finish | *dzjaŋ B |
| 350 | 翻(船) | turn over, capsize (of boat) | *mpʰui C |
| 351 | 沉 | sink | *dem A |
| 352 | 崩 | collapse | *pɔŋ A |
| 353 | 滚 | roll around | *qljun B |
| 354 | 结(子) | tie (v.); knot (n.) | *pjou C |
| 355 | 脸 | face | *ʰmɛn A |
| 356 | 耳朵 | ear | *mbrau A |
| 357 | 嘴 | mouth | *dzjui A |
| 358 | 口 | mouth | *ʔlɔ C |
| 359 | 舌 | tongue | *mbljet D |
| 360 | 牙 | tooth | *m̥jɛm B |
| 361 | 脖子 | neck | *qlaŋ A |
| 362 | 腋 | armpit | *tsrɑp D |
| 363 | 腰 | waist | *qlai B |
| 364 | 肚脐 | navel | *ntət D |
| 365 | 男阴 | male genitals | *kæi C |
| 366 | 女阴 | female genitals | *ʍɔt D |
| 367 | 屁股 | buttocks | *qaŋ |
| 368 | 脊背 | back (body) | *ɢek D |
| 369 | 手 | hand | *bre B |
| 370 | 手指 | finger | *nta B |
| 371 | 手指 | finger | *ntɔk D |
| 372 | 脚 | foot | *teu C |
| 373 | 脚 | foot | *lɔ A |
| 374 | 水獭 | otter | *ntsʰrai A |
| 375 | 老鼠 | mouse, rat | *naŋ B |
| 376 | 鸟 | bird | *mlɔk D |
| 377 | 翅膀 | wing | *tlɔt D |
| 378 | 鸟窝 | nest (of bird) | *rau B |
| 379 | 鸡 | chicken | *qei A |
| 380 | 鸭子 | duck | *ʔap D |
| 381 | 蛋 | egg | *qrau C |
| 382 | 鹰 | hawk | *qlaŋ B |
| 383 | 斑鸠 | turtledove | *ɴqu A |
| 384 | 画眉 | thrush | *tsjɑŋ A |
| 385 | 鱼 | fish | *mbrau B |
| 386 | 蛙 | frog | *qaŋ B |
| 387 | 蛇 | snake | *ʔnaŋ A |
| 388 | 龙 | dragon | *roŋ A |
| 389 | 虫 | insect | *klaŋ A |
| 390 | 臭虫 | bedbug | *pi A |
| 391 | 虱 | louse (body) | *tɛm B |
| 392 | 蚤 | flea | *ʰməŋ A |
| 393 | 头虱 | louse (head) | *ntsʰrei B |
| 394 | 庄稼 | crops | *qoŋ A |
| 395 | 蓝靛 | indigo | *ŋglam A |
| 396 | 茅草 | thatch grass | *ɴqɑn A |
| 397 | 藤子 | rattan | *ʰmljei A |
| 398 | 人 | person, human being | *mlən A |
| 399 | 客 | guest | *qʰɛk D |
| 400 | 雌(母) | female (animal) | *mjɛp D |
| 401 | 雄 | male (animal) | *pu B |
| 402 | 叔 | uncle | *je B |
| 403 | 薩 | saint | *nɛu B |
| 404 | 儿子 | son | *ton A |
| 405 | 嫂媳 | daughter-in-law | *ŋjam A |
| 406 | 女儿 | daughter | *mpʰjak D |
| 407 | 女婿 | son-in-law | *ʔwei B |
| 408 | 丈夫 | husband | *gjaŋ C |
| 409 | 妻子 | wife | *we B |
| 410 | 姐姐 | elder sister | *ʔau B |
| 411 | 鬼 | ghost | *qljaŋ A |
| 412 | 王 | king | *woŋ A |
| 413 | 匠 | carpenter | *dzrɔŋ C |
| 414 | 枕头 | pillow | *ŋkjum C |
| 415 | 船 | boat | *ŋglɔŋ A |
| 416 | 斧 | axe | *tluk D |
| 417 | 凿子 | chisel | *dzuk D |
| 418 | 绳子 | rope | *ɬou C |
| 419 | 镰刀 | sickle | *ljem A |
| 420 | 簸箕 | winnowing basket | *ʔwaŋ A |
| 421 | 槽 | trough, manger | *qljuŋ A |
| 422 | 筒 | bamboo pipe | *druŋ A |
| 423 | 盒 | box | *ɦup D |
| 424 | 壶 | vessel, container | *ɦəu A |
| 425 | 笼 | cage | *roŋ A |
| 426 | 篾 | bamboo strip | *ntsjuk D |
| 427 | 扇子 | fan | *mbjɛp D |
| 428 | 梳子 | comb | *ɣau C |
| 429 | 弓 | bow | *ʰna B |
| 430 | 枪 | gun | *tsjoŋ C |
| 431 | 鼓 | drum | *dru B |
| 432 | 纸 | paper | *nteu B |
| 433 | 秤 | scale (weighing) | *ntsʰjɛŋ C |
| 434 | 哪 | which? | *doi C |
| 435 | 这 | this | *ʔnæŋ B |
| 436 | 中间 | middle | *ntroŋ A |
| 437 | 后边 | behind | *qaŋ A |
| 438 | 晚上 | evening | *ʰmɔŋ C |
| 439 | 岁 | year (age) | *ʰŋjaŋ C |
| 440 | 不 | no, not | *mə A |
| 441 | 高 | high, tall | *ʰreŋ A |
| 442 | 矮、低 | short, low | *ɢe B |
| 443 | 厚 | thick | *tɑu A |
| 444 | 薄 | thin | *ŋjeŋ B |
| 445 | 大 | big | *ɬjəu A |
| 446 | 小 | small | *ʔjui C |
| 447 | 多 | many | *ntɔi C |
| 448 | 少 | few | *dzrok D |
| 449 | 长 | long | *ntlau B |
| 450 | 短 | short | *ʔlɛŋ B |
| 451 | 宽 | wide | *qwaŋ B |
| 452 | 窄 | narrow | *ɴɢak D |
| 453 | 粗 | thick, coarse | *tsʰeu A |
| 454 | 重 | heavy | *ʰŋjæŋ B |
| 455 | 干 | dry | *ɴqʰai A |
| 456 | 湿 | wet | *nton A |
| 457 | 生(的) | raw, unripe | *ŋjum B |
| 458 | 熟 | cooked | *sreŋ B |
| 459 | 粗糙 | rough | *ntsʰɛ A |
| 460 | 光滑 | smooth | *mbljeŋ C |
| 461 | 锋利 | sharp | *rai C |
| 462 | 枯 | dry | *qʰɑu B |
| 463 | 渴 | thirsty | *ɴqʰɔt D |
| 464 | 饱 | full, satiated | *tsrui C |
| 465 | 早 | early | *ntsɛu B |
| 466 | 久 | long (time) | *ʔlau A |
| 467 | 干净 | clean | *ntsʰæ A |
| 468 | 滑 | slip, fall | *ɴɢut D |
| 469 | 聋 | deaf | *luŋ A |
| 470 | 聋 | deaf | *tlɔŋ A |
| 471 | 好 | good | *ʔroŋ C |
| 472 | 稀 | thin, watery, diluted | *ʰrɛ A |
| 473 | 浓 | thick, viscuous | *ŋjoŋ A |
| 474 | 挂 | hang | *ɢwan A |
| 475 | 收 | get, receive | *sreu A |
| 476 | 分 | share | *pon A |
| 477 | 伸 | stretch, reach | *ɕuŋ A |
| 478 | 插 | stick, plug, insert | *tʰrep D |
| 479 | 接 | connect, receive | *tsip D |
| 480 | 站 | stand | *sreu B |
| 481 | 走 | walk | *ɦaŋ A |
| 482 | 立 | stand up | *ljɑp D |
| 483 | 骑 | ride (horse) | *gji A |
| 484 | 烤火 | roast (fire) | *ntau C |
| 485 | 住、在 | live, be at | *ŋjəm A |
| 486 | 养 | raise (animals) | *jəŋ B |
| 487 | 逃脱 | escape | *tət D |
| 488 | 送 | give | *suŋ C |
| 489 | 来 | come | *dai A |
| 490 | 等候 | wait | *dɔŋ B |
| 491 | 抬 | lift | *qɐŋ A |
| 492 | 扛 | carry | *koi B |
| 493 | 守 | guard, watch | *ʔrəu B |
| 494 | 射 | shoot | *pun B |
| 495 | 剪 | cut (hair) | *klɛp D |
| 496 | 织(布) | weave | *ntat D |
| 497 | 盖 | cover (v.) | *mbɛu C |
| 498 | 缝 | sew | *run A |
| 499 | 补 | repair, mend, fix | *mpjɛ B |
| 500 | 煮 | cook | *hɔi C |
| 501 | 煮 | cook | *tsjeu B |
| 502 | 蒸 | steam | *tsjɛŋ A |
| 503 | 炒 | fry | *kɐ A |
| 504 | 舀 | scoop | *hip D |
| 505 | 烧(山) | burn (mountain) | *pʰe B |
| 506 | 洗(手) | wash (hand) | *ntsau B |
| 507 | 洗(衣) | wash (clothes) | *tsʰu C |
| 508 | 包 | wrap | *qʰoi B |
| 509 | 捆 | tie (v.) | *qʰəi A |
| 510 | 捆 | tie (v.) | *du A |
| 511 | 擦 | wipe | *tsʰut D |
| 512 | 淋 | drip | *ljɛm A |
| 513 | 钩 | hook | *ɴqau C |
See also
[edit]- Appendix:Hmong-Mien comparative vocabulary list
- Appendix:Proto-Hmongic reconstructions
- Appendix:Proto-Mienic reconstructions
Notes
[edit]- ^ Wang, Fushi 王輔世. 1994. Miaoyu guyin gouni 苗语古音構擬 / Reconstruction of Proto-Miao Language. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) / Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo 國立亞非語言文化硏究所.
- ^ Wang, Fushi 王辅世; Mao, Zongwu 毛宗武. 1995. Miao-Yao yu guyin gouni 苗瑤语古音构拟. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Ostapirat, Weera (2016) “Issues in the Reconstruction and Affiliation of Proto-Miao-Yao”, in Language and Linguistics[1], volume 17, number 1, , pages 133–145
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 Baxter, William H., Sagart, Laurent (2014) Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, →ISBN
References
[edit]- Chen, Qiguang [陈其光]. 2013. Miao and Yao language [苗瑶语文]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社]. →ISBN
- Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. →ISBN.