The Physics of God and the Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything
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TL;DR: The Omega Point cosmological singularity as mentioned in this paper is an intrinsic component of the Feynman-DeWitt-Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model Theory of Everything (TOE) describing and unifying all the forces in physics, of which itself is also required by the known physical laws.
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Abstract: Analysis is given of the Omega Point cosmology, an extensively peer-reviewed proof (i.e., mathematical theorem) published in leading physics journals by professor of physics and mathematics Frank J. Tipler, which demonstrates that in order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent, the universe must diverge to infinite computational power as it collapses into a final cosmological singularity, termed the Omega Point. The theorem is an intrinsic component of the Feynman-DeWitt-Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model Theory of Everything (TOE) describing and unifying all the forces in physics, of which itself is also required by the known physical laws. With infinite computational resources, the dead can be resurrected -- never to die again -- via perfect computer emulation of the multiverse from its start at the Big Bang. Miracles are also physically allowed via electroweak quantum tunneling controlled by the Omega Point cosmological singularity. The Omega Point is a different aspect of the Big Bang cosmological singularity -- the first cause -- and the Omega Point has all the haecceities claimed for God in the traditional religions.From this analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the social, ethical, economic and political implications of the Omega Point cosmology.
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Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1974708
The Physics of God and the Quantum Gravity
Theory of Everything∗
James Redford†
September 10, 2012
ABSTRACT: Analysis is given of the Omega Point cosmology, an extensively peer-
reviewed proof (i.e., mathematical theorem) published in leading physics journals
by professor of physics and mathematics Frank J. Tipler, which demonstrates that
in order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent, the universe
must diverge to infinite computational power as it collapses into a final cosmo-
logical singularity, termed the Omega Point. The theorem is an intrinsic compo-
nent of the Feynman–DeWitt–Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model Theory
of Everything (TOE) describing and unifying all the forces in physics, of which
itself is also required by the known physical laws. With infinite computational re-
sources, the dead can be resurrected—never to die again—via perfect computer
emulation of the multiverse from its start at the Big Bang. Miracles are also phys-
ically allowed via electroweak quantum tunneling controlled by the Omega Point
cosmological singularity. The Omega Point is a different aspect of the Big Bang
cosmological singularity—the first cause—and the Omega Point has all the haec-
ceities claimed for God in the traditional religions.
From this analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the social, ethical, eco-
nomic and political implications of the Omega Point cosmology.
∗Originally published at the Social Science Research Network (SSRN) on December 19, 2011, doi:
10.2139/ssrn.1974708 . Herein revised on September 10, 2012. This article and its contents are re-
leased in the public domain. If one desires a copyright for this work, then this article and its contents
are also released under Version 3.0 of the “Attribution (By)” Creative Commons license and/or Version
1.3 of the GNU Free Documentation License. Note that this article incorporates various priorly-published
writings of mine in diverse locations.
†Email address: <jrredford@yahoo.com>.
1
The Physics of God and the Quantum Gravity
Theory of Everything∗
James Redford†
September 10, 2012
ABSTRACT: Analysis is given of the Omega Point cosmology, an extensively peer-
reviewed proof (i.e., mathematical theorem) published in leading physics journals
by professor of physics and mathematics Frank J. Tipler, which demonstrates that
in order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent, the universe
must diverge to infinite computational power as it collapses into a final cosmo-
logical singularity, termed the Omega Point. The theorem is an intrinsic compo-
nent of the Feynman–DeWitt–Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model Theory
of Everything (TOE) describing and unifying all the forces in physics, of which
itself is also required by the known physical laws. With infinite computational re-
sources, the dead can be resurrected—never to die again—via perfect computer
emulation of the multiverse from its start at the Big Bang. Miracles are also phys-
ically allowed via electroweak quantum tunneling controlled by the Omega Point
cosmological singularity. The Omega Point is a different aspect of the Big Bang
cosmological singularity—the first cause—and the Omega Point has all the haec-
ceities claimed for God in the traditional religions.
From this analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the social, ethical, eco-
nomic and political implications of the Omega Point cosmology.
∗Originally published at the Social Science Research Network (SSRN) on December 19, 2011, doi:
10.2139/ssrn.1974708 . Herein revised on September 10, 2012. This article and its contents are re-
leased in the public domain. If one desires a copyright for this work, then this article and its contents
are also released under Version 3.0 of the “Attribution (By)” Creative Commons license and/or Version
1.3 of the GNU Free Documentation License. Note that this article incorporates various priorly-published
writings of mine in diverse locations.
†Email address: <jrredford@yahoo.com>.
1
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1974708
Contents
1 A Brief Description of the Omega Point Cosmology 4
2 History of the Omega Point Cosmology 5
3 Physics of the Omega Point Cosmology 12
3.1 The Omega Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 The Omega Point and the Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything . . . . 19
3.3 The Universal Resurrection of the Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4 The Omega Point Cosmology Vis-à-Vis String Theory and Other Pro-
posed New Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Criticisms of the Omega Point Cosmology 26
5 The Big Bang 28
6 Science Comes Home 33
7 The Nature of God 35
7.1 The Haecceities of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2 The Aseity of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 The Trinity of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.4 The Theodicy of Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.4.1 The Problem of Evil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.4.2 God’s Relation to the Old Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.4.3 Ha’Mashiach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.4.4 The Soteriology of Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8 The Societal Implications of the Omega Point Cosmology 53
8.1 Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.1.1 The Dysteleology of Life without God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.1.2 Life with God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8.2 Ponerology Vis-à-Vis Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.2.1 The Beast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.2.2 The Mark of the Beast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9 The Omega Point Cosmology Vis-à-Vis the New Testament 108
Appendices 121
2
Contents
1 A Brief Description of the Omega Point Cosmology 4
2 History of the Omega Point Cosmology 5
3 Physics of the Omega Point Cosmology 12
3.1 The Omega Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 The Omega Point and the Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything . . . . 19
3.3 The Universal Resurrection of the Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4 The Omega Point Cosmology Vis-à-Vis String Theory and Other Pro-
posed New Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Criticisms of the Omega Point Cosmology 26
5 The Big Bang 28
6 Science Comes Home 33
7 The Nature of God 35
7.1 The Haecceities of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2 The Aseity of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 The Trinity of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.4 The Theodicy of Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.4.1 The Problem of Evil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.4.2 God’s Relation to the Old Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.4.3 Ha’Mashiach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.4.4 The Soteriology of Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8 The Societal Implications of the Omega Point Cosmology 53
8.1 Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.1.1 The Dysteleology of Life without God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.1.2 Life with God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8.2 Ponerology Vis-à-Vis Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.2.1 The Beast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.2.2 The Mark of the Beast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9 The Omega Point Cosmology Vis-à-Vis the New Testament 108
Appendices 121
2
A The Bekenstein Bound 121
A.1 A Description of the Bekenstein Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.2 The Bekenstein Bound and the Ultimate Future of the Universe . . . . . . 123
A.3 An Example of the Bekenstein Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A.4 The Bekenstein Bound and Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
B Biography of Frank J. Tipler 127
C Biography of the Author 128
D Additional Resources 128
Glossary 130
Acronyms 134
List of Symbols 135
Bibliography 135
List of Figures
1 The Multiversal Formulation of the Omega Point Cosmology 1 . . . . . . 9
2 The Multiversal Formulation of the Omega Point Cosmology 2 . . . . . . 10
3 The Universe’s Taublike Collapse Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Penrose Diagram of the Omega Point Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Available Energy During the Universe’s Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Entropy Growth Allowed During the Universe’s Collapse . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 An Example of a Fractal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3
A.1 A Description of the Bekenstein Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.2 The Bekenstein Bound and the Ultimate Future of the Universe . . . . . . 123
A.3 An Example of the Bekenstein Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A.4 The Bekenstein Bound and Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
B Biography of Frank J. Tipler 127
C Biography of the Author 128
D Additional Resources 128
Glossary 130
Acronyms 134
List of Symbols 135
Bibliography 135
List of Figures
1 The Multiversal Formulation of the Omega Point Cosmology 1 . . . . . . 9
2 The Multiversal Formulation of the Omega Point Cosmology 2 . . . . . . 10
3 The Universe’s Taublike Collapse Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Penrose Diagram of the Omega Point Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Available Energy During the Universe’s Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Entropy Growth Allowed During the Universe’s Collapse . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 An Example of a Fractal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3
1 A Brief Description of the Omega Point Cosmology
The Omega Point cosmology by Tulane University professor of physics and mathe-
matics Frank J. Tipler is a proof of God’s existence according to the known laws of
physics, i.e., the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity, and Quantum
Mechanics [436–438, 440, 441, 443–445, 447]. The theorem is an integral part of the
Feynman–DeWitt–Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model Theory of Everything
(TOE), which is also required by the known physical laws [441, 445, 447].
The Omega Point is a term used by Prof. Tipler to designate the final cosmological
singularity, which according to the known laws of physics is a physically-necessary
cosmological state in the far future of the universe. Per the laws of physics, as the
universe comes to an end at this singularity in a particular form of the Big Crunch,
the computational capacity of the universe (in terms of both its processor speed and
memory storage) increases unlimitedly with a hyperbolic growth rate as the radius
of the universe collapses to zero, allowing an infinite number of bits to be processed
and stored before the end of spacetime. Via this supertask, a simulation run on this
cosmological computer can thereby continue forever in its own terms (i.e., in computer
clock time, or experiential time), even though the universe lasts only a finite amount
of proper time.
The known laws of physics require there be intelligent civilizations in existence at
the appropriate time in order to force the collapse of the universe and then manipulate
its collapse so that the computational capacity of the universe can diverge to infinity.
Due to the increasing temperature of the universe during the collapse phase (wherein
the temperature diverges to infinity), life will have to transfer its information processes
to higher energy states, eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on
via traveling waves and standing waves. As the radius of the universe goes to zero, the
matter energy of the universe goes to positive infinity,1 thereby allowing the number
of particle states in which to store information to diverge to infinity.
The Omega Point final singularity and its state of infinite informational capacity is
by definition God, due to it having all the haecceities claimed for God by the traditional
religions (as is detailed in Section 7.1). The final singularity is actually a different
aspect of the Big Bang initial singularity, i.e., the first cause, a definition of God held by
all the Abrahamic religions. The implication of the Omega Point cosmology for present-
day humans is that the cosmic-scale computer close in proper time to the Omega
Point will be able to run computer emulations which are perfectly accurate down to
the quantum level of every physically-possible universe, and of any life contained in
1For how the matter energy of the universe can diverge to positive infinity without violating the
conservation of energy, see the excerpt of Prof. Stephen Hawking on p. 16.
4
The Omega Point cosmology by Tulane University professor of physics and mathe-
matics Frank J. Tipler is a proof of God’s existence according to the known laws of
physics, i.e., the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity, and Quantum
Mechanics [436–438, 440, 441, 443–445, 447]. The theorem is an integral part of the
Feynman–DeWitt–Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model Theory of Everything
(TOE), which is also required by the known physical laws [441, 445, 447].
The Omega Point is a term used by Prof. Tipler to designate the final cosmological
singularity, which according to the known laws of physics is a physically-necessary
cosmological state in the far future of the universe. Per the laws of physics, as the
universe comes to an end at this singularity in a particular form of the Big Crunch,
the computational capacity of the universe (in terms of both its processor speed and
memory storage) increases unlimitedly with a hyperbolic growth rate as the radius
of the universe collapses to zero, allowing an infinite number of bits to be processed
and stored before the end of spacetime. Via this supertask, a simulation run on this
cosmological computer can thereby continue forever in its own terms (i.e., in computer
clock time, or experiential time), even though the universe lasts only a finite amount
of proper time.
The known laws of physics require there be intelligent civilizations in existence at
the appropriate time in order to force the collapse of the universe and then manipulate
its collapse so that the computational capacity of the universe can diverge to infinity.
Due to the increasing temperature of the universe during the collapse phase (wherein
the temperature diverges to infinity), life will have to transfer its information processes
to higher energy states, eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on
via traveling waves and standing waves. As the radius of the universe goes to zero, the
matter energy of the universe goes to positive infinity,1 thereby allowing the number
of particle states in which to store information to diverge to infinity.
The Omega Point final singularity and its state of infinite informational capacity is
by definition God, due to it having all the haecceities claimed for God by the traditional
religions (as is detailed in Section 7.1). The final singularity is actually a different
aspect of the Big Bang initial singularity, i.e., the first cause, a definition of God held by
all the Abrahamic religions. The implication of the Omega Point cosmology for present-
day humans is that the cosmic-scale computer close in proper time to the Omega
Point will be able to run computer emulations which are perfectly accurate down to
the quantum level of every physically-possible universe, and of any life contained in
1For how the matter energy of the universe can diverge to positive infinity without violating the
conservation of energy, see the excerpt of Prof. Stephen Hawking on p. 16.
4
them, from the start of the Big Bang (which starts at zero informational capacity and
diverges to infinite informational capacity as the universe progresses in time, thereby
allowing sufficiently later states of the universe to perfectly render earlier states). The
recreated inhabitants at the states near the Omega Point will thereby be resurrected in
an infinite-duration afterlife, which can take any imaginable form due to its computer-
rendered nature.
The interstellar colonization phase required for achieving the Omega Point will
be accomplished by naturally-evolved sapient lifeforms (with such species indepen-
dently evolved on average roughly every Hubble volume2) whose brains have been
transformed (e.g., with nanotechnology) into artificial computers (such as quantum
computers) onboard tiny starships of circa one kilogram that will exponentially colo-
nize space, many times faster than mortal human beings. The incredible expense of
keeping flesh-and-blood humans alive in space makes it highly improbable that such
humans will ever personally travel to other stars. Instead, highly efficient substrate-
transformations of naturally-evolved sapient minds and artificial intelligences will
spread civilization throughout space. Given the rate of exponential growth of human
technological development, this colonization phase should likely start before 2100.
Small spaceships under heavy acceleration up to relativistic speeds can then reach
nearby stars in less than a decade. In one million years, these superintelligent self-
replicating spacecraft will have completely colonized the Milky Way Galaxy. In 100
million years, the Virgo Supercluster will be colonized. From that point on, the entire
visible universe will be engulfed by these sapient spaceships as it approaches the point
of maximum expansion. The final singularity of the Omega Point itself will be reached
between 1018 and 1019 years of proper time (i.e., one quintillion to ten quintillion
years, using the US short scale convention for names of large numbers).3
2 History of the Omega Point Cosmology
Prof. Tipler’s Omega Point cosmology has been peer-reviewed and published in many
prestigious physics and science journals since 1986 [426, 429–434, 436–438, 440,
443, 445]. The first book wherein the Omega Point Theory was described was 1986’s
The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, written by astrophysicist John D. Barrow (pro-
2Ref. 443, p. 147 of the Int. J. Astrobio. version, or p. 8 of the arXiv version.
3Ref. 445, pp. 915–916 of the Rep. Prog. Phys. version, or pp. 28–29 of the arXiv version.
5
diverges to infinite informational capacity as the universe progresses in time, thereby
allowing sufficiently later states of the universe to perfectly render earlier states). The
recreated inhabitants at the states near the Omega Point will thereby be resurrected in
an infinite-duration afterlife, which can take any imaginable form due to its computer-
rendered nature.
The interstellar colonization phase required for achieving the Omega Point will
be accomplished by naturally-evolved sapient lifeforms (with such species indepen-
dently evolved on average roughly every Hubble volume2) whose brains have been
transformed (e.g., with nanotechnology) into artificial computers (such as quantum
computers) onboard tiny starships of circa one kilogram that will exponentially colo-
nize space, many times faster than mortal human beings. The incredible expense of
keeping flesh-and-blood humans alive in space makes it highly improbable that such
humans will ever personally travel to other stars. Instead, highly efficient substrate-
transformations of naturally-evolved sapient minds and artificial intelligences will
spread civilization throughout space. Given the rate of exponential growth of human
technological development, this colonization phase should likely start before 2100.
Small spaceships under heavy acceleration up to relativistic speeds can then reach
nearby stars in less than a decade. In one million years, these superintelligent self-
replicating spacecraft will have completely colonized the Milky Way Galaxy. In 100
million years, the Virgo Supercluster will be colonized. From that point on, the entire
visible universe will be engulfed by these sapient spaceships as it approaches the point
of maximum expansion. The final singularity of the Omega Point itself will be reached
between 1018 and 1019 years of proper time (i.e., one quintillion to ten quintillion
years, using the US short scale convention for names of large numbers).3
2 History of the Omega Point Cosmology
Prof. Tipler’s Omega Point cosmology has been peer-reviewed and published in many
prestigious physics and science journals since 1986 [426, 429–434, 436–438, 440,
443, 445]. The first book wherein the Omega Point Theory was described was 1986’s
The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, written by astrophysicist John D. Barrow (pro-
2Ref. 443, p. 147 of the Int. J. Astrobio. version, or p. 8 of the arXiv version.
3Ref. 445, pp. 915–916 of the Rep. Prog. Phys. version, or pp. 28–29 of the arXiv version.
5
fessor at the University of Cambridge) and Tipler, wherein they concluded the book by
writing that4
if life evolves in all of the many universes in a quantum cosmology, and if life
continues to exist in all of these universes, then all of these universes, which
include all possible histories among them, will approach the Omega Point. At the
instant the Omega Point is reached, life will have gained control of all matter and
forces not only in a single universe, but in all universes whose existence is logically
possible; life will have spread into all spatial regions in all universes which could
logically exist, and will have stored an infinite amount of information, including
all bits of knowledge which it is logically possible to know. And this is the end.
In an endnote to the above paragraph, Barrow and Tipler added that “A modern-
day theologian might wish to say that the totality of life at the Omega Point is om-
nipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient!”5 The first book solely concentrating on the
Omega Point Theory was Tipler’s The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God
and the Resurrection of the Dead in 1994 [435].
An atheist since the age of 16 years [146], what motivated Tipler’s investigation
as to how long life could go on was not religion—indeed, Tipler didn’t even set out
to find God—but instead mathematician and physicist Prof. Freeman J. Dyson’s 1979
Reviews of Modern Physics paper “Time without end: Physics and biology in an open
universe”.6
The term “Omega Point” was coined by Jesuit priest, paleontologist and geolo-
gist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in his book The Phenomenon of Man [418], published
posthumously in 1955, the same year of his death. Teilhard used the term to mean
the condition he maintained the Earth is evolving to, whereupon superintelligence
becomes dominate, of which state Teilhard identified as Christ. While both Teilhard
and Tipler’s Omega Point concepts share similarities in their mutual meliorism, their
physical cosmologies are fundamentally different. Unlike Tipler, Teilhard was not a
cosmologist, and his Omega Point doesn’t go beyond the Earth, a fatal flaw that dooms
life in Teilhard’s cosmology on the grounds of physics. Teilhard’s Omega Point concep-
tion is quite vague in physical details, being more of a philosophic idea. Tipler chose
Teilhard’s term upon realizing that life can continue forever only if the universe ends
4Ref. 13, Ch. 10: “The Future of the Universe”, pp. 676–677. The first mention that I could find of
Tipler’s Omega Point cosmology is Ref. 420.
5Ref. 13, p. 682.
6Ref. 117. For a nontechnical exposition of the ideas presented in this paper, see Ref. 118. See Refs.
259; and 435, pp. 108, 116–119, 139–140 and 451 for Tipler’s discussion of Dyson’s ideas and their
influence on him. Dyson himself twice cites a paper by Barrow and Tipler [11] in his aforementioned
1979 Rev. Mod. Phys. paper.
6
writing that4
if life evolves in all of the many universes in a quantum cosmology, and if life
continues to exist in all of these universes, then all of these universes, which
include all possible histories among them, will approach the Omega Point. At the
instant the Omega Point is reached, life will have gained control of all matter and
forces not only in a single universe, but in all universes whose existence is logically
possible; life will have spread into all spatial regions in all universes which could
logically exist, and will have stored an infinite amount of information, including
all bits of knowledge which it is logically possible to know. And this is the end.
In an endnote to the above paragraph, Barrow and Tipler added that “A modern-
day theologian might wish to say that the totality of life at the Omega Point is om-
nipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient!”5 The first book solely concentrating on the
Omega Point Theory was Tipler’s The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God
and the Resurrection of the Dead in 1994 [435].
An atheist since the age of 16 years [146], what motivated Tipler’s investigation
as to how long life could go on was not religion—indeed, Tipler didn’t even set out
to find God—but instead mathematician and physicist Prof. Freeman J. Dyson’s 1979
Reviews of Modern Physics paper “Time without end: Physics and biology in an open
universe”.6
The term “Omega Point” was coined by Jesuit priest, paleontologist and geolo-
gist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in his book The Phenomenon of Man [418], published
posthumously in 1955, the same year of his death. Teilhard used the term to mean
the condition he maintained the Earth is evolving to, whereupon superintelligence
becomes dominate, of which state Teilhard identified as Christ. While both Teilhard
and Tipler’s Omega Point concepts share similarities in their mutual meliorism, their
physical cosmologies are fundamentally different. Unlike Tipler, Teilhard was not a
cosmologist, and his Omega Point doesn’t go beyond the Earth, a fatal flaw that dooms
life in Teilhard’s cosmology on the grounds of physics. Teilhard’s Omega Point concep-
tion is quite vague in physical details, being more of a philosophic idea. Tipler chose
Teilhard’s term upon realizing that life can continue forever only if the universe ends
4Ref. 13, Ch. 10: “The Future of the Universe”, pp. 676–677. The first mention that I could find of
Tipler’s Omega Point cosmology is Ref. 420.
5Ref. 13, p. 682.
6Ref. 117. For a nontechnical exposition of the ideas presented in this paper, see Ref. 118. See Refs.
259; and 435, pp. 108, 116–119, 139–140 and 451 for Tipler’s discussion of Dyson’s ideas and their
influence on him. Dyson himself twice cites a paper by Barrow and Tipler [11] in his aforementioned
1979 Rev. Mod. Phys. paper.
6
in a solitary-point final singularity.7 In Tipler’s use of the term, “Omega Point” means
end-point, in the sense of the literal end of spacetime at a literal geometric point of
infinite sharpness.
The world’s leading quantum physicist, David Deutsch (professor at the University
of Oxford, and inventor of the quantum computer, being the first person to mathemat-
ically formulate how such a device operates8), in his 1997 book The Fabric of Reality
defends the physics of Tipler’s Omega Point Theory in Chapter 14: “The Ends of the
Universe”9 (of which chapter concentrates mainly on the Omega Point Theory):10
I believe that the omega-point theory deserves to become the prevailing theory
of the future of spacetime until and unless it is experimentally (or otherwise)
refuted. (Experimental refutation is possible because the existence of an omega
point in our future places certain constraints on the condition of the universe
today.)
Deutsch later comments within a concluding paragraph of the same chapter re-
garding the synthesis of his “four strands” conception of fundamental reality, which
7Ref. 435, pp. 110–117. See ibid., pp. 119, 139–142 (which makes reference to Conditions 1–3 on
pp. 132–133) for why it is physically impossible for life to continue forever if the universe does not end
in an Omega Point final singularity.
8Ref. 105. In 1998 Deutsch won the Institute of Physics’ Paul Dirac Medal and Prize for his work.
Prof. Ellis [124] in part describes Deutsch’s contribution to the field of quantum computation in the fol-
lowing passage: “He [Dennis Sciama] supervised over 70 PhD students, among them Stephen Hawking,
Brandon Carter (formulator of the Anthropic Principle in cosmology), Sir Martin Rees, Philip Cande-
las, John Barrow and David Deutsch (originator of quantum computing).” (Among other postdoctoral
positions Tipler held, he was also a postdoctoral researcher under Sciama.) See also the Royal Society
of London’s announcement [363] of Deutsch becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2008,
wherein the Society conveys some of his achievements.
Deutsch’s book The Beginning of Infinity was published in 2011 [107]. In it Deutsch argues that infi-
nite progress by humans along with their eventual obtainment of immortality is allowed by the known
laws of physics. Although on p. 451 of the book, Deutsch mistakenly thinks that the universe’s acceler-
ating expansion disconfirms the Omega Point cosmology. In this book, Deutsch displays no awareness
of the advancements in the Omega Point cosmology (see p. 16 of this article regarding the acceler-
ating expansion). Moreover, were the Omega Point cosmology actually disconfirmed, then Deutsch’s
infinite-progress worldview would also be disconfirmed, for unless the laws of physics are considerably
different than the current known laws of physics, then endless progress would be physically impossible
(for details on that, see the second sentence in footnote 7 on p. 7 of this article; Deutsch’s suggestion
[107, p. 451] of using the dark energy for life’s energy requirements does nothing to negate Tipler’s
points here, since the amount of dark energy is still finite over the entire universe). However, in a
November 28, 2011 email communication with me, Deutsch allowed for the possibility that the Omega
Point cosmology could be correct.
9Ref. 106, pp. 344–366; extracts from said chapter with additional comments by Tipler are available
at WebCite: 5olRwXSFX, <http://goo.gl/nDkHa>.
10Ref. 106, p. 355.
7
end-point, in the sense of the literal end of spacetime at a literal geometric point of
infinite sharpness.
The world’s leading quantum physicist, David Deutsch (professor at the University
of Oxford, and inventor of the quantum computer, being the first person to mathemat-
ically formulate how such a device operates8), in his 1997 book The Fabric of Reality
defends the physics of Tipler’s Omega Point Theory in Chapter 14: “The Ends of the
Universe”9 (of which chapter concentrates mainly on the Omega Point Theory):10
I believe that the omega-point theory deserves to become the prevailing theory
of the future of spacetime until and unless it is experimentally (or otherwise)
refuted. (Experimental refutation is possible because the existence of an omega
point in our future places certain constraints on the condition of the universe
today.)
Deutsch later comments within a concluding paragraph of the same chapter re-
garding the synthesis of his “four strands” conception of fundamental reality, which
7Ref. 435, pp. 110–117. See ibid., pp. 119, 139–142 (which makes reference to Conditions 1–3 on
pp. 132–133) for why it is physically impossible for life to continue forever if the universe does not end
in an Omega Point final singularity.
8Ref. 105. In 1998 Deutsch won the Institute of Physics’ Paul Dirac Medal and Prize for his work.
Prof. Ellis [124] in part describes Deutsch’s contribution to the field of quantum computation in the fol-
lowing passage: “He [Dennis Sciama] supervised over 70 PhD students, among them Stephen Hawking,
Brandon Carter (formulator of the Anthropic Principle in cosmology), Sir Martin Rees, Philip Cande-
las, John Barrow and David Deutsch (originator of quantum computing).” (Among other postdoctoral
positions Tipler held, he was also a postdoctoral researcher under Sciama.) See also the Royal Society
of London’s announcement [363] of Deutsch becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2008,
wherein the Society conveys some of his achievements.
Deutsch’s book The Beginning of Infinity was published in 2011 [107]. In it Deutsch argues that infi-
nite progress by humans along with their eventual obtainment of immortality is allowed by the known
laws of physics. Although on p. 451 of the book, Deutsch mistakenly thinks that the universe’s acceler-
ating expansion disconfirms the Omega Point cosmology. In this book, Deutsch displays no awareness
of the advancements in the Omega Point cosmology (see p. 16 of this article regarding the acceler-
ating expansion). Moreover, were the Omega Point cosmology actually disconfirmed, then Deutsch’s
infinite-progress worldview would also be disconfirmed, for unless the laws of physics are considerably
different than the current known laws of physics, then endless progress would be physically impossible
(for details on that, see the second sentence in footnote 7 on p. 7 of this article; Deutsch’s suggestion
[107, p. 451] of using the dark energy for life’s energy requirements does nothing to negate Tipler’s
points here, since the amount of dark energy is still finite over the entire universe). However, in a
November 28, 2011 email communication with me, Deutsch allowed for the possibility that the Omega
Point cosmology could be correct.
9Ref. 106, pp. 344–366; extracts from said chapter with additional comments by Tipler are available
at WebCite: 5olRwXSFX, <http://goo.gl/nDkHa>.
10Ref. 106, p. 355.
7
includes the strengthened version of mathematician Alan Turing’s theory of universal
computation in the form of the Omega Point Theory:11
It seems to me that at the current state of our scientific knowledge, this is the
‘natural’ view to hold. It is the conservative view, the one that does not propose
any startling change in our best fundamental explanations. Therefore it ought to
be the prevailing view, the one against which proposed innovations are judged.
That is the role I am advocating for it. I am not hoping to create a new orthodoxy;
far from it. As I have said, I think it is time to move on. But we can move to better
theories only if we take our best existing theories seriously, as explanations of the
world.
One of the world’s foremost theologians, Wolfhart Pannenberg (professor emeritus
at the University of Munich, who holds five honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees),
defends the theology of the Omega Point cosmology in a number of articles [326–329].
In 2007 Tipler’s book The Physics of Christianity was published [447], which gives
an update to the latest findings of the Omega Point cosmology while also analyzing its
pertinence to Christian theology. The Physics of Christianity is written more for a popu-
lar audience than is The Physics of Immortality, with much less technical details being
given (of which technical details Tipler instead confines to his papers in the science
journals). In the book, Tipler identifies the Omega Point as being the Judeo-Christian
God, particularly as described by Christian theological tradition, e.g., that the Omega
Point cosmology when formulated in multiversal terms (of which multiverse concep-
tion isn’t necessary for the physics upon which the Omega Point itself is based12) is
fundamentally triune in its structure: the Final Singularity (i.e., the Omega Point), the
All-Presents Singularity (which exists at all times at the edge of the multiverse), and
the Initial Singularity (i.e., the beginning of the Big Bang), which Tipler identifies with
the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, respectively (successively, the First, Second and
Third Persons of the Trinity).13
In this book Tipler also analyzes how Jesus Christ could have performed the mir-
acles attributed to him in the New Testament without violating any known laws of
physics, even if one were to assume that we currently don’t exist on a level of im-
plementation in a computer simulation (in the case that we did, then such miracles
would be trivially easy to perform for the society which was running the simulation,
even though it would seem amazing from our perspective). This proposed process
11Ref. 106, p. 366.
12On the inherent multiversal nature of Quantum Mechanics, see Refs. 435, pp. 483–488; 439, 449.
13See Figures 1 and 2 on pp. 9 and 10, respectively, for diagrams of the multiverse formulation of the
Omega Point cosmology.
8
computation in the form of the Omega Point Theory:11
It seems to me that at the current state of our scientific knowledge, this is the
‘natural’ view to hold. It is the conservative view, the one that does not propose
any startling change in our best fundamental explanations. Therefore it ought to
be the prevailing view, the one against which proposed innovations are judged.
That is the role I am advocating for it. I am not hoping to create a new orthodoxy;
far from it. As I have said, I think it is time to move on. But we can move to better
theories only if we take our best existing theories seriously, as explanations of the
world.
One of the world’s foremost theologians, Wolfhart Pannenberg (professor emeritus
at the University of Munich, who holds five honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees),
defends the theology of the Omega Point cosmology in a number of articles [326–329].
In 2007 Tipler’s book The Physics of Christianity was published [447], which gives
an update to the latest findings of the Omega Point cosmology while also analyzing its
pertinence to Christian theology. The Physics of Christianity is written more for a popu-
lar audience than is The Physics of Immortality, with much less technical details being
given (of which technical details Tipler instead confines to his papers in the science
journals). In the book, Tipler identifies the Omega Point as being the Judeo-Christian
God, particularly as described by Christian theological tradition, e.g., that the Omega
Point cosmology when formulated in multiversal terms (of which multiverse concep-
tion isn’t necessary for the physics upon which the Omega Point itself is based12) is
fundamentally triune in its structure: the Final Singularity (i.e., the Omega Point), the
All-Presents Singularity (which exists at all times at the edge of the multiverse), and
the Initial Singularity (i.e., the beginning of the Big Bang), which Tipler identifies with
the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, respectively (successively, the First, Second and
Third Persons of the Trinity).13
In this book Tipler also analyzes how Jesus Christ could have performed the mir-
acles attributed to him in the New Testament without violating any known laws of
physics, even if one were to assume that we currently don’t exist on a level of im-
plementation in a computer simulation (in the case that we did, then such miracles
would be trivially easy to perform for the society which was running the simulation,
even though it would seem amazing from our perspective). This proposed process
11Ref. 106, p. 366.
12On the inherent multiversal nature of Quantum Mechanics, see Refs. 435, pp. 483–488; 439, 449.
13See Figures 1 and 2 on pp. 9 and 10, respectively, for diagrams of the multiverse formulation of the
Omega Point cosmology.
8
The Final Singularity
(Omega Point). Infinite
entropy, i.e., infinite
information.
The All-Presents
Singularity.
The Initial Singulariy
(start of the Big Bang).
0 entropy.
Radii of the universes.
Proper time.
Universes too large to develop
structure. Entropy remains at 0.
Universes that
develop structure.
Entropy goes from
0 to infinity.
Currently there are less than 2
different universes in the multiverse.
This number diverges to infinity as
the Omega Point is approached.
Universes too small
to develop structure.
Entropy remains at 0.
Note A.
10123Figure 1: A diagram of the multiverse formulation of the Omega Point cosmology. Note that
the physics of the Omega Point cosmology aren’t dependent on a multiverse formulation. See
also Figure 2 on p. 10 for a different visualization of the multiversal Omega Point cosmology.
Note A: Sapient life develops, gradually taking over control of more resources in the universes with
structure, eventually becoming ubiquitous throughout and in control over all resources in each of these
universes.
During the colonization phase, life uses baryon annihilation for its energy requirements and for in-
terstellar travel. In the process, the annihilation of baryons forces the Higgs field toward its absolute
vacuum, thereby canceling the positive cosmological constant and forcing these universes to collapse.
During the collapse phase, life in each of these universes uses energy from gravitational shear by
forcing Taub universe collapses, thereby creating a temperature differential whereby usable energy can
be obtained. The Taublike collapses, first in one direction, and then another direction (i.e., Mixmaster
oscillations), are also used to eliminate event horizons, which is necessary for information process-
ing (and hence life) to continue. This mode of collapse ends (in proper time) in a single c-boundary
(i.e., causal boundary) point: the Omega Point. The gravitational shear energy thereby available to life
diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is approached.
Due to the increasing temperature of these universes during the collapse phase (wherein the temper-
ature diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is approached), life will have to transfer its information
processes to higher energy states, eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on.
9
(Omega Point). Infinite
entropy, i.e., infinite
information.
The All-Presents
Singularity.
The Initial Singulariy
(start of the Big Bang).
0 entropy.
Radii of the universes.
Proper time.
Universes too large to develop
structure. Entropy remains at 0.
Universes that
develop structure.
Entropy goes from
0 to infinity.
Currently there are less than 2
different universes in the multiverse.
This number diverges to infinity as
the Omega Point is approached.
Universes too small
to develop structure.
Entropy remains at 0.
Note A.
10123Figure 1: A diagram of the multiverse formulation of the Omega Point cosmology. Note that
the physics of the Omega Point cosmology aren’t dependent on a multiverse formulation. See
also Figure 2 on p. 10 for a different visualization of the multiversal Omega Point cosmology.
Note A: Sapient life develops, gradually taking over control of more resources in the universes with
structure, eventually becoming ubiquitous throughout and in control over all resources in each of these
universes.
During the colonization phase, life uses baryon annihilation for its energy requirements and for in-
terstellar travel. In the process, the annihilation of baryons forces the Higgs field toward its absolute
vacuum, thereby canceling the positive cosmological constant and forcing these universes to collapse.
During the collapse phase, life in each of these universes uses energy from gravitational shear by
forcing Taub universe collapses, thereby creating a temperature differential whereby usable energy can
be obtained. The Taublike collapses, first in one direction, and then another direction (i.e., Mixmaster
oscillations), are also used to eliminate event horizons, which is necessary for information process-
ing (and hence life) to continue. This mode of collapse ends (in proper time) in a single c-boundary
(i.e., causal boundary) point: the Omega Point. The gravitational shear energy thereby available to life
diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is approached.
Due to the increasing temperature of these universes during the collapse phase (wherein the temper-
ature diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is approached), life will have to transfer its information
processes to higher energy states, eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on.
9
The
Cosmological
Singularity.Figure 2: A diagram of the multiverse formulation of the Omega Point cosmology, here show-
ing the unified nature of the Cosmological Singularity, with its different aspects being the Initial
Singularity, the All-Presents Singularity and the Final Singularity, as depicted in Figure 1 on
p. 9. See also that diagram for an explanation of the other visual features of this diagram.
10
Cosmological
Singularity.Figure 2: A diagram of the multiverse formulation of the Omega Point cosmology, here show-
ing the unified nature of the Cosmological Singularity, with its different aspects being the Initial
Singularity, the All-Presents Singularity and the Final Singularity, as depicted in Figure 1 on
p. 9. See also that diagram for an explanation of the other visual features of this diagram.
10
uses baryon annihilation, and its inverse, by way of electroweak quantum tunneling14
caused via the Principle of Least Action by the physical requirement that the Omega
Point final cosmological singularity exists. Tipler also proposes that the virgin birth
of Jesus by Mary could be possible via Jesus being a special type of XX male who
obtained all of his genetic material from Mary (i.e., an instance of parthenogenesis).
Tipler concludes that the Star of Bethlehem was either a Type Ic hypernova located
in the Andromeda Galaxy, or a Type Ia supernova located in a globular cluster of our
own Milky Way Galaxy.15
If the Incarnation of Jesus Christ and the miracles attributed to him in the New Tes-
tament were necessary in order to lead to the formation of the Omega Point—and if
the known laws of physics are correct—then the probability of these events occurring
is certain. Furthermore, Tipler proposes tests on particular relics associated with Jesus
which, if the relics are genuine, could verify whether in fact said miracles took place
via the aforementioned mechanisms. Tipler writes in this book that miracles, if they
indeed exist, do not violate physical law, but instead are events which are so improb-
able that they would only be likely to occur within human history via the Least-Action
Principle if the universe is required to evolve into the Omega Point.
The Physics of Christianity shows a change from Tipler’s earlier position within The
Physics of Immortality regarding theism and Christianity. In the opening paragraph of
Chapter XII: “The Omega Point and Christianity” of The Physics of Immortality, Tipler
wrote the following:16
To emphasize the scientific nature of the Omega Point Theory, let me state here
that I am at present forced to consider myself an atheist, in the literal sense that
I am not a theist. (A-theist means “not theist.”) I do not yet even believe in the
Omega Point. The Omega Point Theory is a viable scientific theory of the future
of the physical universe, but the only evidence in its favor at the moment is theo-
retical beauty, for there is as yet no confirming experimental evidence for it. Thus
scientifically one is not compelled to accept it at the time of my writing these
words. So I do not. [Antony] Flew, among others, has in my opinion made a con-
vincing case for the presumption of atheism. If the Omega Point Theory and all
possible variations of it are disconfirmed, then I think atheism in the sense of
14For the mechanism in the Standard Model of particle physics that allows for the nonconservation
of baryon number (i.e., baryon annihilation, and its inverse, baryogenesis), see Refs. 87, 198, 364;
and 471, Ch. 23: “Extended Field Configurations”, pp. 421–477. Weinberg gives a derivation of this
mechanism from the Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem in Ref. 471. Gerardus ’t Hooft, who discovered this
new physical law in 1976 [198], was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999.
15Ref. 447, Ch. 6: “The Christmas Miracle: The Star of Bethlehem”, pp. 141–153, of which chapter is
based upon Ref. 446.
16Ref. 435, p. 305.
11
caused via the Principle of Least Action by the physical requirement that the Omega
Point final cosmological singularity exists. Tipler also proposes that the virgin birth
of Jesus by Mary could be possible via Jesus being a special type of XX male who
obtained all of his genetic material from Mary (i.e., an instance of parthenogenesis).
Tipler concludes that the Star of Bethlehem was either a Type Ic hypernova located
in the Andromeda Galaxy, or a Type Ia supernova located in a globular cluster of our
own Milky Way Galaxy.15
If the Incarnation of Jesus Christ and the miracles attributed to him in the New Tes-
tament were necessary in order to lead to the formation of the Omega Point—and if
the known laws of physics are correct—then the probability of these events occurring
is certain. Furthermore, Tipler proposes tests on particular relics associated with Jesus
which, if the relics are genuine, could verify whether in fact said miracles took place
via the aforementioned mechanisms. Tipler writes in this book that miracles, if they
indeed exist, do not violate physical law, but instead are events which are so improb-
able that they would only be likely to occur within human history via the Least-Action
Principle if the universe is required to evolve into the Omega Point.
The Physics of Christianity shows a change from Tipler’s earlier position within The
Physics of Immortality regarding theism and Christianity. In the opening paragraph of
Chapter XII: “The Omega Point and Christianity” of The Physics of Immortality, Tipler
wrote the following:16
To emphasize the scientific nature of the Omega Point Theory, let me state here
that I am at present forced to consider myself an atheist, in the literal sense that
I am not a theist. (A-theist means “not theist.”) I do not yet even believe in the
Omega Point. The Omega Point Theory is a viable scientific theory of the future
of the physical universe, but the only evidence in its favor at the moment is theo-
retical beauty, for there is as yet no confirming experimental evidence for it. Thus
scientifically one is not compelled to accept it at the time of my writing these
words. So I do not. [Antony] Flew, among others, has in my opinion made a con-
vincing case for the presumption of atheism. If the Omega Point Theory and all
possible variations of it are disconfirmed, then I think atheism in the sense of
14For the mechanism in the Standard Model of particle physics that allows for the nonconservation
of baryon number (i.e., baryon annihilation, and its inverse, baryogenesis), see Refs. 87, 198, 364;
and 471, Ch. 23: “Extended Field Configurations”, pp. 421–477. Weinberg gives a derivation of this
mechanism from the Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem in Ref. 471. Gerardus ’t Hooft, who discovered this
new physical law in 1976 [198], was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999.
15Ref. 447, Ch. 6: “The Christmas Miracle: The Star of Bethlehem”, pp. 141–153, of which chapter is
based upon Ref. 446.
16Ref. 435, p. 305.
11
Flew, [David] Hume, [Bertrand] Russell, and the other self-described atheists is
the only rational alternative. But of course I also think the Omega Point Theory
has a very good chance of being right, otherwise I would never have troubled
to write this book. If the Omega Point Theory is confirmed, I shall then consider
myself a theist.
Tipler is now a theist due to advancements in his Omega Point cosmology which
occurred after the publication of The Physics of Immortality.17 Namely, Tipler has
shown that the known laws of physics—specifically, the Second Law of Thermodynam-
ics, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics—require the existence of the Omega
Point singularity in order to avoid their violation [436–438, 440, 441, 443–445, 447];
whereas in The Physics of Immortality, Tipler investigated what would be necessary
from the postulate that life continues forever while still keeping the analysis confined
to the known laws of physics.
These physical laws have been repeatedly confirmed by every experiment to date,
constituting a massive body of empirical evidence for the Omega Point cosmology’s
correctness. And as indicated above, Tipler is also now a Christian due to the triune
structure of the Omega Point cosmology preferentially selecting God as described by
Christian theological tradition.
3 Physics of the Omega Point Cosmology
3.1 The Omega Point
From his 2005 paper in the journal Reports on Progress in Physics, Prof. Tipler gives
the following proof that the universe must end in the Omega Point in order for the
known laws of physics (i.e., the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity,
and Quantum Mechanics) to be mutually consistent at all times:18
Astrophysical black holes almost certainly exist, but Hawking [186] and Wald[19]
have shown that if black holes are allowed to exist for unlimited proper time, then
they will completely evaporate, and unitarity will be violated. Thus, unitarity re-
quires that the universe must cease to exist after finite proper time, which implies
17Ref. 286; see Part 1 concerning Tipler no longer being an atheist. And see Ref. 447, p. 62.
18Ref. 445, p. 925 of the Rep. Prog. Phys. version; see also pp. 904–905. Citation formatting in the
quoted passage has been modified for the sake of clarity, including the footnote numbers within super-
script brackets that have been added by me. For this same proof given elsewhere by Tipler, see Refs.
436–438, 440, 441, 443–445, 447.
19Ref. 463, Ch. 7: “The Hawking Effect”, Sec. 7.3: “Evaporation of Black Holes and Loss of Quantum
Coherence”, pp. 175–187.
12
the only rational alternative. But of course I also think the Omega Point Theory
has a very good chance of being right, otherwise I would never have troubled
to write this book. If the Omega Point Theory is confirmed, I shall then consider
myself a theist.
Tipler is now a theist due to advancements in his Omega Point cosmology which
occurred after the publication of The Physics of Immortality.17 Namely, Tipler has
shown that the known laws of physics—specifically, the Second Law of Thermodynam-
ics, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics—require the existence of the Omega
Point singularity in order to avoid their violation [436–438, 440, 441, 443–445, 447];
whereas in The Physics of Immortality, Tipler investigated what would be necessary
from the postulate that life continues forever while still keeping the analysis confined
to the known laws of physics.
These physical laws have been repeatedly confirmed by every experiment to date,
constituting a massive body of empirical evidence for the Omega Point cosmology’s
correctness. And as indicated above, Tipler is also now a Christian due to the triune
structure of the Omega Point cosmology preferentially selecting God as described by
Christian theological tradition.
3 Physics of the Omega Point Cosmology
3.1 The Omega Point
From his 2005 paper in the journal Reports on Progress in Physics, Prof. Tipler gives
the following proof that the universe must end in the Omega Point in order for the
known laws of physics (i.e., the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity,
and Quantum Mechanics) to be mutually consistent at all times:18
Astrophysical black holes almost certainly exist, but Hawking [186] and Wald[19]
have shown that if black holes are allowed to exist for unlimited proper time, then
they will completely evaporate, and unitarity will be violated. Thus, unitarity re-
quires that the universe must cease to exist after finite proper time, which implies
17Ref. 286; see Part 1 concerning Tipler no longer being an atheist. And see Ref. 447, p. 62.
18Ref. 445, p. 925 of the Rep. Prog. Phys. version; see also pp. 904–905. Citation formatting in the
quoted passage has been modified for the sake of clarity, including the footnote numbers within super-
script brackets that have been added by me. For this same proof given elsewhere by Tipler, see Refs.
436–438, 440, 441, 443–445, 447.
19Ref. 463, Ch. 7: “The Hawking Effect”, Sec. 7.3: “Evaporation of Black Holes and Loss of Quantum
Coherence”, pp. 175–187.
12
that the universe has spatial topology S3.[20] The Second Law of Thermodynamics
says the amount of entropy in the universe cannot decrease, but Ellis and Coule
[122] and I[21] have shown that the amount of entropy already in the CMBR will
eventually contradict the Bekenstein Bound near the final singularity unless there
are no event horizons, since in the presence of horizons the Bekenstein Bound im-
plies the universal entropy S ≤ constant [i.e., the Bekenstein Bound] × R2, where
R is the radius of the universe, and general relativity requires R → 0 at the final
singularity. If there are no horizons then the (shear) energy density can grow as
R−6 which means that the total available energy grows as (R−6)R3 ∼ R−3, and so
the Bekenstein Bound yields ER ∼ (R−3)R ∼ R−2 which diverges as R−2 as R →
0 at the final singularity.[22] The absence of event horizons by definition means
that the universe’s future c-boundary is a single point, call it the Omega Point.
MacCallum [261] has shown that an S3 closed universe with a single point future
c-boundary is of measure zero in initial data space. Barrow [12, 17], Cornish and
Levin [96] and Motter [301] have shown that the evolution of an S3 closed uni-
verse into its final singularity is chaotic. Yorke et al [382, 383] have shown that a
chaotic physical system is likely to evolve into a measure zero state if and only if
its control parameters are intelligently manipulated. Thus life (≡intelligent com-
puters) almost certainly must be present arbitrarily close to the final singularity in
order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent at all times. Misner
[291, 293, 294] has shown in effect that event horizon elimination requires an
infinite number of distinct manipulations, so an infinite amount of information
must be processed between now and the final singularity. The amount of infor-
mation stored at any time diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is approached,
since S → +∞ there, implying divergence of the complexity of the system that
must be understood to be controlled.
Explanation of the Proof: Thus it’s shown that the Omega Point cosmology is a
logically-inescapable consequence of the known laws of physics.23 In the above, the
phrase “almost certainly” (also called “almost surely” or “with probability 1”) is a
technical term in probability theory that means the likelihood of an event occurring
20Tipler [445, p. 926 of the Rep. Prog. Phys. version] writes that “A dynamical proof for S3 can be
found in Barrow (1986)”, which is Ref. 14.
21Ref. 435, App. C: “The Bekenstein Bound”, pp. 410–411. Said Appendix is reproduced in Ref. 441,
Sec. 2: “Apparent Inconsistencies in the Physical Laws in the Early Universe”, Subsec. a: “Bekenstein
Bound Inconsistent with Second Law of Thermodynamics”, p. 7.
22Ref. 435, pp. 410–411 and 462. And Ref. 443.
23Ergo, the title of Omega Point Theorem is now correct to apply to the Omega Point cosmology, since
it is now a mathematical theorem per the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity, and
Quantum Mechanics. For more on this, see App. A.2.
13
says the amount of entropy in the universe cannot decrease, but Ellis and Coule
[122] and I[21] have shown that the amount of entropy already in the CMBR will
eventually contradict the Bekenstein Bound near the final singularity unless there
are no event horizons, since in the presence of horizons the Bekenstein Bound im-
plies the universal entropy S ≤ constant [i.e., the Bekenstein Bound] × R2, where
R is the radius of the universe, and general relativity requires R → 0 at the final
singularity. If there are no horizons then the (shear) energy density can grow as
R−6 which means that the total available energy grows as (R−6)R3 ∼ R−3, and so
the Bekenstein Bound yields ER ∼ (R−3)R ∼ R−2 which diverges as R−2 as R →
0 at the final singularity.[22] The absence of event horizons by definition means
that the universe’s future c-boundary is a single point, call it the Omega Point.
MacCallum [261] has shown that an S3 closed universe with a single point future
c-boundary is of measure zero in initial data space. Barrow [12, 17], Cornish and
Levin [96] and Motter [301] have shown that the evolution of an S3 closed uni-
verse into its final singularity is chaotic. Yorke et al [382, 383] have shown that a
chaotic physical system is likely to evolve into a measure zero state if and only if
its control parameters are intelligently manipulated. Thus life (≡intelligent com-
puters) almost certainly must be present arbitrarily close to the final singularity in
order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent at all times. Misner
[291, 293, 294] has shown in effect that event horizon elimination requires an
infinite number of distinct manipulations, so an infinite amount of information
must be processed between now and the final singularity. The amount of infor-
mation stored at any time diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is approached,
since S → +∞ there, implying divergence of the complexity of the system that
must be understood to be controlled.
Explanation of the Proof: Thus it’s shown that the Omega Point cosmology is a
logically-inescapable consequence of the known laws of physics.23 In the above, the
phrase “almost certainly” (also called “almost surely” or “with probability 1”) is a
technical term in probability theory that means the likelihood of an event occurring
20Tipler [445, p. 926 of the Rep. Prog. Phys. version] writes that “A dynamical proof for S3 can be
found in Barrow (1986)”, which is Ref. 14.
21Ref. 435, App. C: “The Bekenstein Bound”, pp. 410–411. Said Appendix is reproduced in Ref. 441,
Sec. 2: “Apparent Inconsistencies in the Physical Laws in the Early Universe”, Subsec. a: “Bekenstein
Bound Inconsistent with Second Law of Thermodynamics”, p. 7.
22Ref. 435, pp. 410–411 and 462. And Ref. 443.
23Ergo, the title of Omega Point Theorem is now correct to apply to the Omega Point cosmology, since
it is now a mathematical theorem per the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity, and
Quantum Mechanics. For more on this, see App. A.2.
13
has a probability of 1 (with the range of possible values being from 0 to 1 on the real
line), i.e., that it is infinitely improbable that the event does not occur.24 However,
another way to state the Second Law of Thermodynamics is that the universe evolves
from less probable states to more probable states.25 An infinitely improbable state is
not a “more probable” state. Hence, in order for an infinitely improbable state to occur
would require violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Consequently, if the
known laws of physics are true statements of how the world works, then the Omega
Point cosmology is logically unavoidable.
In the above-quoted paragraph, “measure zero” is a technical term in measure the-
ory (an area of mathematics which deals with the sizes of sets) that means “null set”
(also called “measure 0 set”). A null set corresponds to a probability of 0 in probabil-
ity space, which in the above means that its occurrence is infinitely improbable if the
selection-process is unguided.26 Here the “initial data space” is the superset in which
this “measure zero” set exists. The initial data space is all the possible outcomes which
could come about given particular physical conditions—the reason for it being called
“initial” is because as time progresses, events occur which preclude other events from
taking place.27 Hence, the initial data space is the largest set of possible outcomes for
a given physical system. In the context of the above, what it means is that the Omega
Point cosmological singularity is infinitely improbable acting only on blind and dead
forces, i.e., that the probability of the universe evolving into the Omega Point without
intelligent control is infinitely improbable. The reason for this is because in order for
the universe to evolve into the Omega Point, event horizons must be eliminated, other-
wise one doesn’t get a solitary-point final singularity (which is one of the definitions of
the Omega Point), but instead a singularity with many different points due to different
locations of the universe being out of causal contact with each other (which is what
the term “event horizon” means), which would be completely lethal to life as even-
tually even a single computer with the complexity and intelligence of a human mind
would be out of causal contact with the rest of itself, thereby making human-level
intelligence impossible (and progressing further in time, eventually even the simplest
form of life would become out causal contact with the rest of itself). Yet in order to
eliminate event horizons requires intelligence to direct the collapse trajectories of the
universe, necessitating an infinite number of distinct manipulations as the universe col-
lapses toward the Omega Point. Because the complexity of the universe grows without
bound, and because the universe must be understood so that its collapse trajectories
24Ref. 277, p. 1269.
25Ref. 488, Ch. 2: “General Principles of Statistical Thermodynamics”, p. 94.
26Refs. 50, p. 73 (or p. 41 of the reprint); 169, pp. 1–2.
27Refs. 432, p. 171 of the reprint; 435, p. 161; 13, pp. 495–496, 501–502.
14
line), i.e., that it is infinitely improbable that the event does not occur.24 However,
another way to state the Second Law of Thermodynamics is that the universe evolves
from less probable states to more probable states.25 An infinitely improbable state is
not a “more probable” state. Hence, in order for an infinitely improbable state to occur
would require violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Consequently, if the
known laws of physics are true statements of how the world works, then the Omega
Point cosmology is logically unavoidable.
In the above-quoted paragraph, “measure zero” is a technical term in measure the-
ory (an area of mathematics which deals with the sizes of sets) that means “null set”
(also called “measure 0 set”). A null set corresponds to a probability of 0 in probabil-
ity space, which in the above means that its occurrence is infinitely improbable if the
selection-process is unguided.26 Here the “initial data space” is the superset in which
this “measure zero” set exists. The initial data space is all the possible outcomes which
could come about given particular physical conditions—the reason for it being called
“initial” is because as time progresses, events occur which preclude other events from
taking place.27 Hence, the initial data space is the largest set of possible outcomes for
a given physical system. In the context of the above, what it means is that the Omega
Point cosmological singularity is infinitely improbable acting only on blind and dead
forces, i.e., that the probability of the universe evolving into the Omega Point without
intelligent control is infinitely improbable. The reason for this is because in order for
the universe to evolve into the Omega Point, event horizons must be eliminated, other-
wise one doesn’t get a solitary-point final singularity (which is one of the definitions of
the Omega Point), but instead a singularity with many different points due to different
locations of the universe being out of causal contact with each other (which is what
the term “event horizon” means), which would be completely lethal to life as even-
tually even a single computer with the complexity and intelligence of a human mind
would be out of causal contact with the rest of itself, thereby making human-level
intelligence impossible (and progressing further in time, eventually even the simplest
form of life would become out causal contact with the rest of itself). Yet in order to
eliminate event horizons requires intelligence to direct the collapse trajectories of the
universe, necessitating an infinite number of distinct manipulations as the universe col-
lapses toward the Omega Point. Because the complexity of the universe grows without
bound, and because the universe must be understood so that its collapse trajectories
24Ref. 277, p. 1269.
25Ref. 488, Ch. 2: “General Principles of Statistical Thermodynamics”, p. 94.
26Refs. 50, p. 73 (or p. 41 of the reprint); 169, pp. 1–2.
27Refs. 432, p. 171 of the reprint; 435, p. 161; 13, pp. 495–496, 501–502.
14
can be controlled, life growing in intelligence without bound—becoming literally infi-
nite in intelligence at the end of proper time—is a logically inherent consequence of
the known laws of physics.28
The phrase “arbitrarily close” in the foregoing block quotation of Tipler is a techni-
cal term in analysis (a branch of mathematics which includes calculus) that refers to
the limit of a function. It means infinitesimally close, or infinitely close.29 The reason
for this term being used here is because while the known laws of physics say that the
cosmological singularity must exist, no possible laws of physics can apply to the sin-
gularity itself, because physical values are at infinity there, and hence it’s not possible
to perform the arithmetical operations of addition or subtraction (nor multiplication
or division) on those physical values in order to apply a physics equation to them.
Further Elaboration: During the collapse phase of the universe, life obtains gravi-
tational shear energy by forcing cycles of Taub universe collapses (named after physi-
cist Abraham Haskel Taub30), whereby the universe collapses in one direction into
the shape of an oblate spheroid by life directing trajectories of mass, thereby creat-
ing greater heating in the direction of collapse and hence a temperature differential
whereby usable energy can be obtained.31 The Taublike collapses, first in one direction,
and then another direction (i.e., Mixmaster oscillations32), are also used to eliminate
event horizons by allowing communication across the universe in the direction of col-
lapse, which is necessary for information processing (and hence life) to continue.33
This mode of collapse ends (in proper time, as in computer clock time it never ends)
in a single c-boundary (i.e., causal boundary) point: the Omega Point. The gravita-
28To elaborate on this matter, in order to eliminate event horizons life will have to understand the
universe to some degree. Life can’t understand the universe in which it lives perfectly, since that would
involve a proper subset perfectly modeling its proper superset. Here the degree of life’s understanding
doesn’t matter to this argument, as the issue is that the complexity of the universe is increasing, and this
will necessarily increase the complexity of far-future life’s imperfect models of how the universe is to
evolve and thus how they are to respond to it so as to manipulate the universe’s collapse trajectories—
the point being here is that whatever their degree of understanding, said knowledge will still have to
diverge to infinity.
29Ref. 158, Sec. 5.1: “Limits”, p. 31.
30Refs. 262, 292, 313, 416; and 369, Ch. 8: “T–NUT–M Space—Open to Closed to Open”, pp. 132–
146. Taub collapses have also been termed Kasner crushings, after mathematician Edward Kasner.
31Ref. 435, pp. 136–144 and 462–463. This process which avoids Heat Death is depicted in Figure 3
on p. 17.
32Refs. 291, 293, 294. A Mixmaster universe is also called a Bianchi Type IX universe.
33Black hole event horizons are eventually eliminated via the trapped surfaces of today’s black holes
merging with the future trapped surfaces of the collapsing universe. See Ref. 435, App. H: “The Classical
Omega Point Universe: Mathematical Details”, pp. 478–479. Cf. Ref. 438, 2nd sentence of Sec. 6.
15
nite in intelligence at the end of proper time—is a logically inherent consequence of
the known laws of physics.28
The phrase “arbitrarily close” in the foregoing block quotation of Tipler is a techni-
cal term in analysis (a branch of mathematics which includes calculus) that refers to
the limit of a function. It means infinitesimally close, or infinitely close.29 The reason
for this term being used here is because while the known laws of physics say that the
cosmological singularity must exist, no possible laws of physics can apply to the sin-
gularity itself, because physical values are at infinity there, and hence it’s not possible
to perform the arithmetical operations of addition or subtraction (nor multiplication
or division) on those physical values in order to apply a physics equation to them.
Further Elaboration: During the collapse phase of the universe, life obtains gravi-
tational shear energy by forcing cycles of Taub universe collapses (named after physi-
cist Abraham Haskel Taub30), whereby the universe collapses in one direction into
the shape of an oblate spheroid by life directing trajectories of mass, thereby creat-
ing greater heating in the direction of collapse and hence a temperature differential
whereby usable energy can be obtained.31 The Taublike collapses, first in one direction,
and then another direction (i.e., Mixmaster oscillations32), are also used to eliminate
event horizons by allowing communication across the universe in the direction of col-
lapse, which is necessary for information processing (and hence life) to continue.33
This mode of collapse ends (in proper time, as in computer clock time it never ends)
in a single c-boundary (i.e., causal boundary) point: the Omega Point. The gravita-
28To elaborate on this matter, in order to eliminate event horizons life will have to understand the
universe to some degree. Life can’t understand the universe in which it lives perfectly, since that would
involve a proper subset perfectly modeling its proper superset. Here the degree of life’s understanding
doesn’t matter to this argument, as the issue is that the complexity of the universe is increasing, and this
will necessarily increase the complexity of far-future life’s imperfect models of how the universe is to
evolve and thus how they are to respond to it so as to manipulate the universe’s collapse trajectories—
the point being here is that whatever their degree of understanding, said knowledge will still have to
diverge to infinity.
29Ref. 158, Sec. 5.1: “Limits”, p. 31.
30Refs. 262, 292, 313, 416; and 369, Ch. 8: “T–NUT–M Space—Open to Closed to Open”, pp. 132–
146. Taub collapses have also been termed Kasner crushings, after mathematician Edward Kasner.
31Ref. 435, pp. 136–144 and 462–463. This process which avoids Heat Death is depicted in Figure 3
on p. 17.
32Refs. 291, 293, 294. A Mixmaster universe is also called a Bianchi Type IX universe.
33Black hole event horizons are eventually eliminated via the trapped surfaces of today’s black holes
merging with the future trapped surfaces of the collapsing universe. See Ref. 435, App. H: “The Classical
Omega Point Universe: Mathematical Details”, pp. 478–479. Cf. Ref. 438, 2nd sentence of Sec. 6.
15
tional shear energy thereby available to life diverges to infinity as the Omega Point is
approached. That is, by making the negative gravitational energy go to minus infin-
ity, the positive energy available to life goes to plus infinity, as the total energy of the
universe at all times sums to exactly zero, as physicist Stephen Hawking has pointed
out:34
The answer [to where the universe’s energy came from] is that the total en-
ergy of the universe is exactly zero. The matter in the universe is made out of
positive energy. However, the matter is all attracting itself by gravity. Two pieces
of matter that are close to each other have less energy than the same two pieces a
long way apart, because you have to expend energy to separate them against the
gravitational force that is pulling them together. Thus, in a sense, the gravitational
field has negative energy. In the case of a universe that is approximately uniform
in space, one can show that this negative gravitational energy exactly cancels the
positive energy represented by the matter. So the total energy of the universe is
zero.
Now twice zero is also zero. Thus the universe can double the amount of
positive matter energy and also double the negative gravitational energy without
violation of the conservation of energy. . . . As [physicist Alan] Guth has remarked,
“It is said that there’s no such thing as a free lunch. But the universe is the ultimate
free lunch.”
The distance traversed in order for a signal (such as from a photon) to make a com-
plete transition across the universe gets shorter and shorter as the universe collapses
into the final singularity.35 In other words, the universe’s processor speed diverges
toward becoming infinitely fast as the universe collapses into the singularity, as the
amount of time it takes to send a signal across the universe is getting shorter. A light
ray thereby traverses an infinite number of times across the entire universe before the
final singularity, allowing an infinite number of computer clock cycles before the end
of proper time. Hence, experiential time lasts forever, i.e., the number of thoughts that
occur is infinite.
At the same time, the universe’s entropy (i.e., informational complexity) diverges
to infinity. In other words, the universe’s memory space diverges to infinity at the same
time that the universe’s processor speed is diverging to infinity, with both becoming
infinite at the final singularity (i.e., infinite processor speed and infinite memory space
at the final singularity).
Some have suggested that the current acceleration of the universe’s expansion due
to the positive cosmological constant would appear to obviate the Omega Point. Al-
34Ref. 188, Ch. 8: “The Origin and Fate of the Universe”, pp. 166–167.
35This process is depicted in the Penrose Diagram of Figure 4 on p. 20.
16
approached. That is, by making the negative gravitational energy go to minus infin-
ity, the positive energy available to life goes to plus infinity, as the total energy of the
universe at all times sums to exactly zero, as physicist Stephen Hawking has pointed
out:34
The answer [to where the universe’s energy came from] is that the total en-
ergy of the universe is exactly zero. The matter in the universe is made out of
positive energy. However, the matter is all attracting itself by gravity. Two pieces
of matter that are close to each other have less energy than the same two pieces a
long way apart, because you have to expend energy to separate them against the
gravitational force that is pulling them together. Thus, in a sense, the gravitational
field has negative energy. In the case of a universe that is approximately uniform
in space, one can show that this negative gravitational energy exactly cancels the
positive energy represented by the matter. So the total energy of the universe is
zero.
Now twice zero is also zero. Thus the universe can double the amount of
positive matter energy and also double the negative gravitational energy without
violation of the conservation of energy. . . . As [physicist Alan] Guth has remarked,
“It is said that there’s no such thing as a free lunch. But the universe is the ultimate
free lunch.”
The distance traversed in order for a signal (such as from a photon) to make a com-
plete transition across the universe gets shorter and shorter as the universe collapses
into the final singularity.35 In other words, the universe’s processor speed diverges
toward becoming infinitely fast as the universe collapses into the singularity, as the
amount of time it takes to send a signal across the universe is getting shorter. A light
ray thereby traverses an infinite number of times across the entire universe before the
final singularity, allowing an infinite number of computer clock cycles before the end
of proper time. Hence, experiential time lasts forever, i.e., the number of thoughts that
occur is infinite.
At the same time, the universe’s entropy (i.e., informational complexity) diverges
to infinity. In other words, the universe’s memory space diverges to infinity at the same
time that the universe’s processor speed is diverging to infinity, with both becoming
infinite at the final singularity (i.e., infinite processor speed and infinite memory space
at the final singularity).
Some have suggested that the current acceleration of the universe’s expansion due
to the positive cosmological constant would appear to obviate the Omega Point. Al-
34Ref. 188, Ch. 8: “The Origin and Fate of the Universe”, pp. 166–167.
35This process is depicted in the Penrose Diagram of Figure 4 on p. 20.
16
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3: 2-Sphere representations of the universe during stages of one of its Taublike col-
lapses. The actual spatial topology of the universe is that of a 3-sphere. The technical term
for this squashed sphere shape is oblate spheroid, which is a type of ellipsoid, and which has a
3-sphere analogue in addition to the 2-sphere form depicted above. In order to overcome event
horizons so that light will circumnavigate the universe just once in the collapsing direction—
hence allowing communication across the universe—the size of the universe in that direction
must decrease by a factor of approximately 70 [435, p. 144], as depicted in frame (c). Collapse
in that direction is then halted and the universe undergoes collapse in a different direction,
with an infinite number of these different Taublike collapses (i.e., Mixmaster oscillations) oc-
curring before the final singularity, thereby allowing light to circumnavigate the universe an in-
finite number of times before the end of proper time, thus creating an infinite-communication
universe whereby every point in the universe is able to signal to every other point in the
universe an infinite number of times. These anisotropic collapse cycles additionally provide
gravitational shear energy for life by creating a temperature differential across the universe,
because greater heating occurs in the direction of collapse.
17
Figure 3: 2-Sphere representations of the universe during stages of one of its Taublike col-
lapses. The actual spatial topology of the universe is that of a 3-sphere. The technical term
for this squashed sphere shape is oblate spheroid, which is a type of ellipsoid, and which has a
3-sphere analogue in addition to the 2-sphere form depicted above. In order to overcome event
horizons so that light will circumnavigate the universe just once in the collapsing direction—
hence allowing communication across the universe—the size of the universe in that direction
must decrease by a factor of approximately 70 [435, p. 144], as depicted in frame (c). Collapse
in that direction is then halted and the universe undergoes collapse in a different direction,
with an infinite number of these different Taublike collapses (i.e., Mixmaster oscillations) oc-
curring before the final singularity, thereby allowing light to circumnavigate the universe an in-
finite number of times before the end of proper time, thus creating an infinite-communication
universe whereby every point in the universe is able to signal to every other point in the
universe an infinite number of times. These anisotropic collapse cycles additionally provide
gravitational shear energy for life by creating a temperature differential across the universe,
because greater heating occurs in the direction of collapse.
17
though physicists Profs. Lawrence M. Krauss and Michael S. Turner have pointed out
[242] that
The recognition that the cosmological constant may be non-zero forces us to re-
evaluate standard notions about the connection between geometry and the fate of
our Universe. An open Universe can recollapse, and a closed Universe can expand
forever. As a corollary, we point out that there is no set of cosmological obser-
vations we can perform that will unambiguously allow us to determine what the
ultimate destiny of the Universe will be.
The reason why cosmological observations cannot tell us whether the universe will
expand forever or eventually collapse is because that is dependent on the actions of
intelligent life. The known laws of physics provide the mechanism for the universe’s
collapse. As required by the Standard Model of particle physics, the net baryon number
was created in the early universe by baryogenesis via electroweak quantum tunneling.
This necessarily forces the Higgs field to be in a vacuum state that is not its absolute
vacuum, which is the cause of the observed cosmological constant. But by sapient
life annihilating baryons in the universe—again via electroweak quantum tunneling
(which is allowed in the Standard Model, as baryon number minus lepton number,
B − L, is conserved36)—the Higgs field is forced toward its absolute vacuum state,
canceling the observed cosmological constant and thereby allowing the universe to
collapse. Moreover, this process will provide the ideal form of energy resource and
rocket propulsion during the colonization phase of the universe. As Tipler writes:37
The SM provides such a mechanism, which I actually discussed in the last section
of the Appendix for Scientists in ([435], p. 515). This mechanism is the creation/
destruction of baryon number by electroweak quantum tunneling. (Baryons are
the heavy particles made up of quarks. Examples are neutrons and protons.) In
my book, I pointed out that this mechanism would be ideal for propelling inter-
stellar spacecraft, but I did not discuss its implications for the Higgs vacuum, a
serious oversight on my part. (An oversight which invalidates the second part of
my Fifth Prediction on page 149 of [435].) If the SM is true—ALL experiments
conducted to date indicate that it is (e.g. [476] and [345], last full paragraph on
36Again, see footnote 14 on p. 11 for the details of this mechanism.
37Ref. 444. Citation numbering in the quoted passage has been modified for the sake of clarity. See
also Refs. 441, 443, 445, 447 for more on this mechanism of the universe’s collapse. In his 1994 book,
Tipler recognized that the Higgs field could stop the collapse of the universe but did not at the time
investigate the full implications of this [435, p. 465; cf. p. 150]: “The only known mechanism that could
stop the contraction [of the universe] is the positive cosmological constant Λ [Lambda] that must exist
(if the standard model is correct) to cancel the current negative energy density of the Higgs field; . . . ”.
18
[242] that
The recognition that the cosmological constant may be non-zero forces us to re-
evaluate standard notions about the connection between geometry and the fate of
our Universe. An open Universe can recollapse, and a closed Universe can expand
forever. As a corollary, we point out that there is no set of cosmological obser-
vations we can perform that will unambiguously allow us to determine what the
ultimate destiny of the Universe will be.
The reason why cosmological observations cannot tell us whether the universe will
expand forever or eventually collapse is because that is dependent on the actions of
intelligent life. The known laws of physics provide the mechanism for the universe’s
collapse. As required by the Standard Model of particle physics, the net baryon number
was created in the early universe by baryogenesis via electroweak quantum tunneling.
This necessarily forces the Higgs field to be in a vacuum state that is not its absolute
vacuum, which is the cause of the observed cosmological constant. But by sapient
life annihilating baryons in the universe—again via electroweak quantum tunneling
(which is allowed in the Standard Model, as baryon number minus lepton number,
B − L, is conserved36)—the Higgs field is forced toward its absolute vacuum state,
canceling the observed cosmological constant and thereby allowing the universe to
collapse. Moreover, this process will provide the ideal form of energy resource and
rocket propulsion during the colonization phase of the universe. As Tipler writes:37
The SM provides such a mechanism, which I actually discussed in the last section
of the Appendix for Scientists in ([435], p. 515). This mechanism is the creation/
destruction of baryon number by electroweak quantum tunneling. (Baryons are
the heavy particles made up of quarks. Examples are neutrons and protons.) In
my book, I pointed out that this mechanism would be ideal for propelling inter-
stellar spacecraft, but I did not discuss its implications for the Higgs vacuum, a
serious oversight on my part. (An oversight which invalidates the second part of
my Fifth Prediction on page 149 of [435].) If the SM is true—ALL experiments
conducted to date indicate that it is (e.g. [476] and [345], last full paragraph on
36Again, see footnote 14 on p. 11 for the details of this mechanism.
37Ref. 444. Citation numbering in the quoted passage has been modified for the sake of clarity. See
also Refs. 441, 443, 445, 447 for more on this mechanism of the universe’s collapse. In his 1994 book,
Tipler recognized that the Higgs field could stop the collapse of the universe but did not at the time
investigate the full implications of this [435, p. 465; cf. p. 150]: “The only known mechanism that could
stop the contraction [of the universe] is the positive cosmological constant Λ [Lambda] that must exist
(if the standard model is correct) to cancel the current negative energy density of the Higgs field; . . . ”.
18
Citations
Showing all 17 results
Black Hole Explosions
Stephen W. Hawking
- 01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that any black hole will create and emit particles such as neutrinos or photons at just the rate that one would expect if the black hole was a body with a temperature of (κ/2π) (ħ/2k) ≈ 10−6 (M/M)K where κ is the surface gravity of the body.
2,947
The first three minutes. A modern view of the origin of the universe
Steven Weinberg
- 01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The giant and the cow, the expansion of the universe, and the Cosmic Microwave Radiation Background have been studied in this article, with a focus on the first three minutes of the first one hundredth second of the year.
316
The handbook of near-death experiences: thirty years of investigation
TL;DR: This book is intended to offer alternative and complementary images that will re-fund the imagination of Christian caregivers in ways that are liberating, transformative and healing, and makes a major substantive contribution to rethinking Christianity and dying today.
85
Electroweak baryon number non-conservation in the early universe and in high-energy collisions
Valerii A. Rubakov, +1 more
- 01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the anomalous baryon number nonconservation at high temperatures and in high energy collisions is reviewed and applications to electroweak baryogenesis are considered, and the current status of the problem of electroweak instanton-like processes at high energies is outlined.
64
References
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Particle Creation by Black Holes
Stephen W. Hawking, +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that quantum mechanical effects cause black holes to create and emit particles as if they were hot bodies with temperature, which leads to a slow decrease in the mass of the black hole and to its eventual disappearance.
Black Hole Explosions
Stephen W. Hawking
- 01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that any black hole will create and emit particles such as neutrinos or photons at just the rate that one would expect if the black hole was a body with a temperature of (κ/2π) (ħ/2k) ≈ 10−6 (M/M)K where κ is the surface gravity of the body.
2,947
Wave Function of the Universe
James B. Hartle, +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the ground state amplitude for a three-manifold is given by a path integral over all compact positive-definite four-geometries which have the three-geometry as a boundary.
2,445
Symmetry Breaking Through Bell-Jackiw Anomalies
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that nonperturburbative effects can give rise to interactions that violate the charge conservation in models of fermions coupled to gauge fields and that the total charge corresponding to such currents seems to be still conserved.
2,425
The Oxford English dictionary.
TL;DR: The 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as discussed by the authors is the accepted authority on the evolution of the English language over the last millennium, tracing the usage of words through 2.4 million quotations from a wide range of international English language sources.
2,389
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