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Apacible NCM119-LP1 Leadership
Nursing Care of Clients (NCM 118)
Samar State University
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UNIT 1: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT: Concepts of Leadership and Management, Leadership and Management Theories
1 Intended Learning Outcomes
Explain the Concept of Leadership and Management.
Discuss Early Leadership Theories, Contemporary Management Theories, and Early Management Theories.
Extract appropriate nursing concepts and actions holistically and comprehensively under Leadership and Management Theories.
Introduction
... management is efficiency in climbing the ladder of success, leadership determines whether the ladder is learning against the right wall.
-Stephen R. Covey
... no executive has ever suffered because the subordinates were strong and effective.
-Peter Drucker
Leaders are found everywhere, from government leaders to corporate leaders to leaders in local communities. You name the setting; we look toward leaders at the helm. (Morganelli, 2021)
The relationship between leadership and management continues to prompt some debate, although there clearly is a need for both. “Psychologists tend to define leadership in terms of interpersonal behavior, while management thinkers emphasize how leaders shape structural features of an organization”.
Leadership is also viewed by some as one of the management’s many functions; others maintain that leadership requires more complex skills than management and that management is only one role of leadership. Still, others suggest that management emphasizes control – control of hours, costs, salaries, overtime, use of sick leave, inventory, and supplies – whereas leadership increases productivity by maximizing workforce effectiveness.
COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP COMPONENTS
Managers
§ Are assigned a position by the organization § Have a legitimate source of power due to delegated authority that accompanies their position § Have specific duties and responsibilities they are expected to carry out § Emphasize control, decision making, decision analysis, and results § Manipulate people, the environment, money, time and other resources to achieve the goals of the organization § Have a greater formal responsibility and accountability for rationality and control than leaders § Direct willing and unwilling subordinates
Leaders
§ Often do not delegate authority but obtain power through other means, such as the influence § Have a wider variety of roles than managers § Focus on group process, information gathering, feedback, and empowering others § May or may not be part of the formal hierarchy of the organization § Emphasize interpersonal relationships § Direct willing followers § Have goals that may or may not reflect those of the organization
MAIN TOPIC
NURSING LEADERSHIP
Nursing leadership and management refer to the roles of nursing professionals who direct nursing staff, oversee the organizational structure of medical processes and lead nursing teams in providing patient care. (Indeed Editorial Team, 2022).
What is Nursing Leadership?
Nurse leadership is the ability to inspire, influence, and motivate health care professionals as they work together to achieve their goals. (Morganelli, 2021)
Furthermore, Indeed Editorial Team (2022) added that nursing leadership is the practice of leading initiatives that improve nursing practices and outcomes. Nurse leaders rely on their ability to motivate and inspire nursing teams and staff in the development of high-quality practices and patient care methodologies. These professionals usually work in higher-level nursing and leadership roles and take a less hands-on approach to nurses than nursing managers do.
Example: A nurse leader responsible for overseeing and executing new care policies will focus on strategic planning and collaborating with nursing staff, while a nurse manager will focus on carrying out the initiative and managing nursing teams and departments in implementing care strategies with patients.
What is a Nurse Leader?
Nursing lends itself to attracting and developing strong natural leaders. There is no universally accepted definition, framework, or theory of nurse leadership. “However, most authorities in the profession agree on common leadership traits and skill sets that make a nurse leader,” Bell said.
As Bell defines it, nursing leadership is:
The ability to inspire, influence, and motivate nursing staff and other health care workers to work together to achieve their highest potential and collective organizational goals.
On the other hand, an article from Post University Blog (2021) states that a nurse leader focuses on making sure individual patients receive quality care. As a nursing leader, your responsibilities may include overseeing a nursing team and working on improving patient care, as needed. Nursing leaders are often expected to make patient care more efficient to help reduce hospital stays, lower the risk of readmissions, and reduce healthcare costs. Other responsibilities you might have in this position
Additionally, a successful nurse leader must be knowledgeable about:
§ The healthcare system, advocacy, and policy § Conflict management and negotiation § Finance, business, and human resource management § Strategic management § Professional development § Self-care, such as practicing mindfulness and developing resiliency
These combined skills promote increased productivity, higher staff satisfaction, and lower staff turnover. This leads to a high quality of care plus excellent safety and desirable patient outcomes.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Nurse management is the process of directing teams and nursing departments to maintain best practices and organization when providing care to patients. Nurse managers direct the daily processes and routines of the medical facility they work in, and they instruct nursing staff through hands-on approaches to ensure the efficacy of patient care and treatment plans.
Nurse managers are responsible for overseeing hiring, staffing, and performance reviews for their teams. Nursing management roles rely on leadership skills, but nurse managers continue to work directly with patients and nursing teams to carry out incentives that nursing leaders introduce.
Role of Nurse Manager
A nurse manager primarily focuses on keeping daily operations in the department running as efficiently as possible. These managers usually don’t handle patient care in a direct way. Instead, they supervise nurses and other staff members and provide training as needed. Nurse managers might also be responsible for creating a budget for their department, hiring staff members, ensuring electronic records are up-to-date, and interacting with stakeholders. When you work as a nurse manager, you might also need to work with other managers in the facility and step in when difficult situations occur between healthcare professionals and their patients. Your responsibilities might also include overseeing healthcare insurance issues.
NURSE LEADERS VS NURSE MANAGER
Nurse leaders and nurse managers differ in the tasks they perform on the job, the roles they take on in their organizations, the credentials they possess, and the educational background they complete. The following career elements best illustrate the differences between nurse leaders and nurse managers:
- TASKS The tasks and responsibilities generally differ for nurse leaders and nurse managers. For instance, nurse leaders set practice standards and policies, initiate transformation and change in the medical environment, and influence nursing teams and staff. Nurse leaders ultimately work toward fulfilling an organization's vision, mission, and long-term objectives.
Nurse managers are typically in direct contact with patients, and they work to direct and instruct their teams and departments. Many nurse managers are in charge of performing and directing other nurses during patient procedures, treatment, and record maintenance.
2. ROLES
Nurse leaders and managers take on different roles throughout their careers, depending on their specialties and qualifications. Nurse leaders perform leadership functions throughout a medical organization such as leading department and facility changes, developing innovative methods to provide better patient care, and pioneering the way their organizations accomplish objectives and align with core values. A nurse manager may take on leadership roles throughout their career, but their main role within a medical organization is to direct the processes of patient care, treatment plans, procedures, and nursing practices. The nurse manager role essentially oversees nursing teams and supervises critical nursing processes like reporting and documentation.
EDUCATION The educational backgrounds can sometimes differ between nursing leadership and management roles. For instance, a nursing leadership role like a clinical nurse leader (CNL) can require different educational training than a nurse management role like a patient care director. Often, they will study different subjects, disciplines, and majors during college.
CREDENTIALS While both nursing leadership and nursing management roles require nursing certification and credentials, leadership roles are often defined through the Certification in Executive Nursing Practice (CENP) credential, while nurse managers are often required to possess the Certified Nurse Manager and Leader (CNML) credential. For instance, the Certification in Executive Nursing Practice (CENP) credential allows nursing leaders to work in executive-level and administrative roles within a healthcare organization. Conversely, a nurse manager with the Certified Nurse Manager and Leader (CNML) certification will work closely with nursing staff to organize and supervise patient care and treatment, directly influencing and managing outcomes.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES IN NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
Although nursing leadership and management differ in some aspects, the two roles share several similarities in skill sets, including: § Leadership skill § Teamwork skills § Technical skills § Communication skills § Emotional intelligence
LEADERSHIP SKILLS Nursing leadership and management both require leadership skills. Nurses who take on supervisory roles to direct their teams and maintain organizational structure in their practices possess leadership skills that have an influence on their career success. For instance, the abilities to motivate team members, improve nursing practices and develop effective treatment plans are examples of how both nursing leaders and managers apply their leadership skills.
TEAMWORK SKILLS Nurse leaders and nurse managers work with a diverse range of healthcare professionals in their careers. Consequently, both positions depend on the ability to collaborate with teammates, give and receive feedback, and share ideas with staff and supervisors. Teamwork skills in these professions are crucial to navigating company culture and fostering healthy relationships with colleagues.
Rubric:
5 points - each stated theory 5 points - for every explanation given for each theory 5 points - for every example given for each theory 5 points - reference materials used
EARLY LEADERSHIP THEORIES, CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT
THEORIES, AND EARLY MANAGEMENT THEORIES.
This topic will be focusing on theory development in each field of study. Management Science, like nursing, develops a theory base on many disciplines, such as business, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Because organizations are complex and varied, theorists’ views of what successful management is and what it should be have changed repeatedly in the last 100 years.
A. CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT THEORIES (1900 TO 1970)
- Scientific Management – TAYLOR
Frederick Winslow Taylor‟s scientific management theory was devised from the point of view of industrial engineering that established the organization of work as in Ford's assembly line.
Scientific management can be summarized in four main principles:
Using scientific methods to determine and standardize the one best way of doing a job
A clear division of tasks and responsibilities
High pay for high-performing employees
A hierarchy of authority and strict surveillance of employees
Bureaucratic Organizations – WEBER
Bureaucracy can best be defined as a formal hierarchy and chain of command which distinguishes the level of authority within an organization. Weber believed that a supervisor's power should be based on an individual's position within the organization, his or her level of professional competence, and the supervisor's adherence to explicit rules and regulations.
- Management Functions – FAYOL
7 Steps in Management Functions according to FAYOL: § Planning: Planning refers to the establishment of a broad draft of the work. It is to accomplish and the process incorporated to implement them. § Organizing: Organizing involves formally defining, synchronizing, and classifying the various subdivisions or sub-processes of the work. § Staffing: Staffing involves selecting and recruiting the correct applicants for the job. And facilitates their training and orientation while sustaining a promising work environment. § Directing: Directing entails delegating structured and decision-making instructions and orders to accomplish them. § Coordinating: Coordinating fundamentally refers to scoring and interspersing the many mechanisms of the work.
§ Reporting: Reporting contains frequently updating the superior about the improvement or the work-related doings. The information distribution can be through inspection or records. § Budgeting: Budgeting comprises all the happenings under Accounting, Auditing Control, and Fiscal Planning.
Activities of Management – GULICK Gulick’s Activities of Management are similar to the Management Functions of Fayol.
Participative Management – FOLLETT
Mary Parker Follet pioneered a form of participative leadership through her focus on the importance of people orientation and group networking in the workplace.
People-oriented management is a participative leadership style that involves including employees in making important company decisions by equally balancing leader and employee power. This orientation toward shared power and ownership of responsibility makes resolving conflict much easier.
- Hawthorne Effect – MAYO
Mayo’s researchers noted that workers’ productivity increased not from changes in the environment, but when being watched. Applied to HR, the concept is that employee motivation can be influenced by how aware they are of being observed and judged on their work - a basis for regular evaluation and metrics to meet.
The Hawthorne effect can result in many positive outcomes when used in the right way, especially in the current conditions of work. There are some learnings that have been drawn using the Hawthorne effect such as:
- It is important that employees feel heard.
- The observation could increase productivity.
- Your circle of colleagues will impact your work.
- Gender diversity is crucial in workplaces.
- Small changes in work ethics or culture can lead to great changes overall.
- Theories X and Y – Mc Gregor
Theory X and Theory Y represent the perceptions managers hold about their employees. It is not about their general behavior outside the workplace, it pertains to their job while working in the organization.
The „Theory X‟ management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work. As a result of this, management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and all-inclusive systems of controls are developed. It requires a hierarchical structure with a narrow span of control at each and every level. According to this theory, employees will show little ambition without a tempting incentive program and will avoid responsibility whenever they can.
Theory Y is a participative style of management which assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control in achieving the organizational goals and objectives. It assumes that employees are committed to the organization’s objectives. It is management’s main task in such a system to mold the employees and maximize their commitment.
Leadership researchers White and Hodgson suggest that truly effective leadership is not just about the qualities of the leader, it is about striking the right balance between behaviors, needs, and context.
Good leaders are able to assess the needs of their followers, take stock of the situation, and then adjust their behaviors accordingly. Success depends on a number of variables including the leadership style, qualities of the followers, and aspects of the situation.
- Interactional Leadership Theories – 1970 to Present)
The basic premise of the interactional theory is that leadership is generally determined by the relationship between the leader’s personality and the specific situation. To be successful, the leader must diagnose the situation and select appropriate strategies from a large repertoire of skills.
- Transactional and Transformational Leadership – BURNS (For TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP: BASS AND AVOLIO)
Transactional leaders focus on tasks and getting the work done. Transformational leaders focus on vision and empowerment.
TRANSACTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONAL Focuses on management tasks Identifies common values Is committed Is a caretaker Uses trade-offs to meet goals Inspire others with vision Does not identify shared values Has long-term vision Examines cause Looks at effects Uses contingency Empowers others
- Full-Range Leadership Model/Theory - BASS AND AVOLIO
It is this idea that context is an important mediator of transformational leadership that led to the certain of a full-range leadership model (FRLM) late in the 20th century. Bass and Avolio (1993) first described a full-range leader as a leader who could apply principles of three specific styles of leadership at any given time: transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire.
- Leadership Competencies
Leadership competencies include leadership skills and behavior, organizational climate and culture, communicating vision, and managing change.
- Leadership Styles – LEWIN AND WHITE
- Law of the Situation – FOLLETT
- Tasks versus Relationship in determining leadership style – BLAKE AND MOUTON
- Organizational Structure shapes leader effectiveness – KANTER
- Five practices for Exemplary Leadership – KOUZES AND POSNER
- The Integrated leader-manger – GARDNER
C. EARLY MANAGEMENT THEORIES.
- Scientific Management
According to Taylor, scientific management in its essence consists of a philosophy that results in a combination of four important underlying principles of management. First, the development of true
science, second, the scientific selection of the workers, third, their scientific education and development, Froth, intimate cooperation between management and their men.
- Bureaucratic Management Approach
In order to help eliminate the practice of social privilege and favoritism prevalent in family-owned businesses, Weber proposed the bureaucratic approach. Bureaucracies have a negative connotation today, but in the true definition of the word bureaucracies are impersonal structures based on clear authority, responsibility, formal procedures, and separation of management and ownership.
In his approach, Weber proposed:
- Hierarchal management structure.
- Division of labor.
- The formal selection process for new employees.
- Career orientation.
- Formal rules and regulations.
- Impersonality.
- Administrative Management Approach
In his administrative management approach, theorist Henri Fayol proposed five basic management functions that are still an important part of management practice today. In his 1916 book General and Industrial Management, he talked about those functions:
- Foresight: an organizational plan for the future.
- Organization: implementation of the plan.
- Command: select and lead workers.
- Coordinate: make sure all activities are coordinated and help to reach the goal.
- Control: ensure activities are going as planned.
- Humanistic Viewpoint
Humanism is a philosophy that stresses the importance of human factors rather than looking at religious, divine, or spiritual matters. Humanism is rooted in the idea that people have an ethical responsibility to lead lives that are personally fulfilling while at the same time contributing to the greater good of all people.
Humanism stresses the importance of human values and dignity. It proposes that people can resolve problems through the use of science and reason. Rather than looking to religious traditions, humanism instead focuses on helping people live well, achieve personal growth, and make the world a better place.
1.2 ACTIVITY ASYNCHRONOUS ACTIVITY (Submission Date: September 5, 2022@12noon through Google Classroom)
RURAL HEALTH NURSE
- Catbalogan City Health Office Assigned students: - ABADIANO - ABARQUEZ - ABARRACOSE - DELBO - ASTORGA - LUCABAN - BACHAO - BANDOUKJI - BINANTUKAN - BRAGA CHIEF NURSE
- Catbalogan Doctors Hospital Assigned students: - BRAZAS - LOZADA, TRICIA - CABANGO - CABARRIBAN - GUDIAN - VELASCO - DELFIN - ROSALES - ELEUTERIO - ESTRELLES
- Provincial Hospital Assigned students: - FLOQUENCIO - GABON - GATIL - GAYOSO - RAMONES - GIRAY - GONZAGA - IGDALINO - JULLIADO - KHIANGKHAM
- DOH Head Nurse Assigned students: - LABINE - PRETENCIO - LOZADA, APPLE - MACHATE - MARCO - PAGLIAWAN - LUZON - MENDOZA - MATEO - CANES
SSU UNIVERSITY Nurse Assigned students: - OPRE - RADAZA - PINEDA - SERAFIN - TUAZON - JAPSON - VILLAPAZ - VILLAS - YAKIT - YBOA
1 REFERENCES
Bessie L. Marquis and Carol J. Huston, Classical Views of Leadership and Management. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application, 8th Edition. CopyrightÓ2015 Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
Bessie L. Marquis and Carol J. Huston, Twenty-First-Century Thinking About Leadership About Leadership and Management. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application, 9th Edition. CopyrightÓ2017 Wolters Kluwer Health.
Indeed Editorial Team. Nursing Leadership and Management: Role Definitions and Differences. Nursing Leadership and Management: Role Definition and Difference. Updated May 19, 2022. Published March 13, 2022. Ó2022 Indeed 6433 Champion Grandview Way Building 1, Austin, TX 78750. indeed/career-advice/finding-a-job/nursing- leadership-and-management
Marie Morganelli. What is Nurse Leadership? Qualities of A Good Leader In Nursing. CopyrightÓ2022 Southern New Hampshire University 2500 North River Road Manchester, NH 03106. snhu/about-us/newsroom/health/what-is-nurse-leadership
Nursing, Program Insights. How to Decide whether Leadership or Management in Nursing is Right for You. Post University Blog. Ó2022 Post University, 800 Country Club Road P. Box 2540, Waterbury, CT 06723. post/blog/nursing-leadership-vs-management/
explore.darwinbox/hr-glossary/hawthorne-effect
study/academy/lesson/mary-parker-follett-people-oriented-group-network- management
greatmanagers.com/management-theory-origin/
ipl/essay/Early-Leadership-Theories-FKQ7QJK6J48R
indeed/career-advice/career-development/frederick-taylor-principles-of-scientific- management
Apacible NCM119-LP1 Leadership
Course: Nursing Care of Clients (NCM 118)
University: Samar State University
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