In the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen, a mazelike market stretches for a half-mile, packed with stalls selling every type of electronic imaginable.

中國南方城市深圳有一個迷宮般的電子產品市場，6萬平方米的面積布滿攤位，銷售各種你所能想像得到的電子產品。

It’s an open secret that vendors here are offering one of the world’s most sought-after technologies: the microchips that create artificial intelligence, which the United States is battling to keep out of Chinese hands.

這裡有一個公開的祕密，那就是賣家為客戶提供用於人工智能的微晶片，這是世界上最搶手的技術之一，也是美國想方設法阻止中國獲得的技術。

One vendor said he could order the chips for delivery in two weeks. Another said companies came to the market ordering 200 or 300 chips from him at a time. A third business owner said he recently shipped a big batch of servers with more than 2,000 of the most advanced chips made by Nvidia, the U.S. tech company, from Hong Kong to mainland China. As evidence, he showed photos and a message with his supplier arranging the April delivery for $103 million.

一名賣家說，他能訂購這種晶片，兩週內交貨。另一名賣家說，不少公司來這裡向他訂購這種晶片，一次買200或300枚。還有商家說，他最近剛從香港向內地發貨了一大批伺服器，這些伺服器裡裝著2000多枚美國科技公司英偉達生產的最先進的晶片。作為證據，他出示了照片以及一條他與供貨商安排發貨的短訊，這筆價值1.03億美元的買賣已在今年4月交貨。

The United States, with some success, has tried to control the export of these chips. Still, The New York Times has found an active trade in restricted A.I. technology — part of a global effort to help China circumvent U.S. restrictions amid the countries’ growing military rivalry.

美國在試圖控制這些晶片的出口方面取得了一些成功。儘管如此，《紐約時報》發現，受到管制的人工智慧技術貿易仍然活躍。伴隨中美兩國日益加劇的軍事競爭，這些貿易活動是幫助中國繞過美國管制的全球努力的一部分。

The chips are an American innovation powering self-driving cars, chatbots and medical research. They have also led to rapid advances in defense technology, spurring U.S. fears that they could help China develop superior weaponry, launch cyberattacks and make faster decisions on the battlefield. Nvidia chips and other U.S. technology have aided Chinese research into nuclear weapons, torpedoes and other military applications, according to a review of previously unreported university studies.

人工智慧晶片是美國的創新，推動著自動駕駛汽車、聊天機器人和醫學研究的進展。它們也帶來了國防技術的快速發展，引發了美國對於這些晶片可以幫助中國研發更先進武器、發動網路攻擊，以及在戰場上更快做出決策的擔憂。據時報查閱的此前未見諸報導的大學研究，英偉達的晶片及其他美國技術已在幫助中國研發核武器、魚雷和其他軍事應用。

Beginning in October 2022, the United States set up one of the most extensive technological blockades ever attempted: banning the export to China of A.I. chips and the machinery to make them. The Biden administration also added hundreds of Chinese companies to a list of organizations considered a national security threat, and it could soon expand the rules.

自從2022年10月以來，美國實施了一項前所未有的廣泛技術封鎖之一：禁止向中國出口人工智慧晶片和製造這些晶片的機器。拜登政府還將數百家中國公司列入了據信威脅美國國家安全的實體清單，並有可能會很快擴大管制規則。

These bans have made it harder and more costly for China to develop A.I. But given the vast profits at stake, businesses around the world have found ways to skirt the restrictions, according to interviews with more than 85 current and former U.S. officials, executives and industry analysts, as well as reviews of corporate records and visits to companies in Beijing, Kunshan and Shenzhen.

這些出口禁令已使中國發展人工智慧的努力變得更困難，成本也更高。但考慮到該領域的巨額利潤，世界各地的企業都已找到了規避管制的辦法，這是在採訪了逾85名現任和前任美國官員、高管和行業分析師，查閱公司記錄，實地訪問北京、崑山和深圳的公司後得出的結論。

In one case, Chinese executives bypassed U.S. restrictions when they created a new company that is now one of China’s largest makers of A.I. servers and a partner of Nvidia, Intel and Microsoft. American companies have found workarounds to keep selling some products there. And an underground marketplace of smugglers, backroom deals and fraudulent shipping labels is funneling A.I. chips into China, which does not consider such sales illegal.

一個例子是，中國高管通過成立一家新公司繞過了美國的管制，該公司目前是中國最大的人工智慧伺服器製造商之一，也是英偉達、英特爾和微軟的合作夥伴。美國公司已找到了繼續在中國銷售部分產品的變通辦法。而一個地下市場通過走私、幕後交易和虛假運貨標籤，正在把人工智慧晶片輸送到中國，中國並不認為這些貿易非法。

While the scale of the trade is unclear, the sales described to Times reporters, including the $103 million transaction, would be far larger than any previously reported in China. More than a dozen state-affiliated entities have purchased restricted chips, according to procurement documents uncovered by the reporters and the Center for Advanced Defense Studies, or C4ADS, a Washington-based nonprofit. The United States has flagged some of those organizations as helping the Chinese military.

儘管這些貿易的規模目前尚不清楚，但描述給時報記者的銷售、包括那筆1.03億美元的交易，遠遠超出此前報導過的銷往中國的這類電子產品的規模。據記者和華盛頓非營利組織高級國防研究中心(C4ADS)發現的採購文件，十多個與政府有關的中國實體購買了受到管制的晶片。美國已將其中一些標示為幫助中國軍方的實體。

Nvidia and other U.S. companies say they are abiding by the restrictions but cannot control everything in their distribution chain. There was no evidence that any of Nvidia’s banned chips in the markets came directly from the company.

英偉達等美國公司表示，他們遵守出口管制，但無法控制其分銷鏈中的所有環節。沒有證據表明市場上出售的被禁英偉達晶片直接來自該公司。

“We comply with all U.S. export controls and expect our customers to do the same,” said John Rizzo, a spokesman for Nvidia. “Although we cannot track products after they are sold, if we determine that any customer is violating U.S. export controls, we will take appropriate action,” he added.

「我們遵守美國的所有出口管制，並希望我們的客戶也這樣做，」英偉達發言人約翰·裡佐說。「雖然我們無法在產品售出後對其進行追蹤，但如果我們確定任何客戶違反了美國的出口管制措施，我們將採取適當的行動，」他補充道。

The A.I. bans have cost American companies billions of dollars in sales, and some executives argue that the restrictions will backfire by giving Chinese competitors an edge. American officials defend the bans as necessary but also say they are testing the limits of their enforcement powers.

人工智慧技術出口的管制禁令已使美國公司損失了數十億美元的銷售額。一些高管認為，這些管制反而會讓中國的競爭對手獲得優勢。美國官員為禁令進行了辯護，稱其是必要的，但也表示，他們正在檢驗執行能力上的局限。

“This is an enormously difficult job, and I’m under no illusions that we are doing it perfectly,” Gina Raimondo, the commerce secretary, said in a recent interview.

「這是一項極其困難的工作，我對我們能完美地完成它沒有任何幻想，」商務部長吉娜·雷蒙多最近接受採訪時說。

She said that it wasn’t surprising that China, with its vast network around the world, was gaining access to some chips. Still, her agency was working daily with law enforcement, the intelligence community and allies “to identify the holes and how China gets around them, and filling those holes,” she said.

她說，中國用其在世界各地的龐大採購網路獲得了一些晶片，這並不奇怪。儘管如此，商務部每天都在與執法部門、情報機構和盟友合作，「以找到漏洞，以及中國如何繞過禁令的辦法，並填補這些漏洞，」她說。

Near the White House, in an office with worn carpet and antiquated computer systems, the little-known Bureau of Industry and Security oversees the government’s growing trade restrictions intended to limit the flow of U.S. technology.

美國商務部下屬的工業和安全局鮮為人知，它位於白宮附近，在地毯已磨薄、計算機系統已過時的辦公室裡，工作人員對政府不斷加強、旨在控制美國技術流向的貿易限制進行監管。

One of the bureau’s chief tools is the so-called entity list, created under the Clinton administration to prevent adversaries from developing weapons of mass destruction. Companies cannot export products from the United States to a business on the list unless they obtain a license.

該局的主要工具之一是所謂的「實體清單」，它是柯林頓政府為防止敵手研發大規模殺傷性武器而制定的。公司不得向實體清單上的企業出口美國產品，除非獲得許可。

In the last few years, the United States has wielded the power more aggressively. To limit trade in countries that do not recognize American law, President Donald J. Trump expanded the list’s authority, blocking shipments to the Chinese telecom giant Huawei from businesses around the world. If they do not comply, the United States can fine them or bar them from obtaining American technology that they need to make their products.

在過去幾年裡，美國更積極地動用出口限制權。為了限制跟不承認美國法律的國家做生意，川普在擔任總統期間擴大了實體清單的適用範圍，禁止世界各地的企業把產品賣給中國電信設備巨頭華為。如果這些公司不遵守規則，美國可以對它們處以罰款，或禁止它們獲得製造產品所需的美國技術。

The Biden administration used the list to further target China’s defense sector, and also banned the sale of technology goods to Russia because of its war in Ukraine.

拜登政府用實體清單進一步針對中國的國防部門，因為俄烏戰爭還禁止向俄羅斯出售技術產品。

But the entity listing applies only to a specific company name or address, so businesses sometimes set up a new company or simply move down the road. Some front companies have gone without detection for years, according to former officials.

但實體清單針對的是具體的公司名稱或地址，所以有些企業有時會用成立新公司或搬到另一地址的辦法來繞過限制。根據前官員的說法，一些幌子公司多年來就是這樣規避限制的。

“They go the next block over, open the same company under a different name, under a different address — they’re just doing the same thing,” said Craig Phildius, a former official with the bureau.

「它們搬到隔壁街區去，給同一家公司換個名字，換個地址，進行著同樣的貿易，」工業和安全局前官員克雷格·菲爾迪斯說。

U.S. officials say American companies generally try to comply with the rules. But some have found loopholes, like rerouting business through new partnerships or overseas subsidiaries.

美國官員稱，美國公司一般會努力遵守規則。但有些公司已找到了漏洞，比如將業務通過新的合作夥伴或海外子公司來進行。

The bureau has tried to adapt, toughening its penalties and creating a so-called Disruptive Technology Strike Force with law enforcement and the intelligence community to pursue technology theft and illegal procurement networks.

工業和安全局已試圖採取相應措施，在加大處罰力度的同時與執法部門和情報部門一起成立了所謂的「顛覆性技術快速行動隊」，打擊技術盜竊和非法採購網路。

Ms. Raimondo, the commerce secretary, who oversees the bureau, said that she was proud of her team’s work, but that they were impeded by limited resources. The bureau has a budget of $191 million, less than the cost of two fighter jets.

商務部長雷蒙多負責監管工業和安全局，她表示為團隊的工作感到自豪，但資源有限阻礙了他們的工作。該局的預算只有1.91億美元，不夠買兩架戰鬥機。

Nettrix, one of China’s largest manufacturers of A.I. servers, is one example of how business can thrive despite American restrictions.

中國最大的人工智慧伺服器製造商之一寧暢就是一個例子，說明了儘管存在美國的限制，中國企業仍能蓬勃發展。

At its first product launch in April 2020, a Nettrix executive described one of the startup’s advantages. “In this company we talk about ‘new, but not new,’” he said, clarifying that its employees were industry veterans.

在2020年4月舉行的首次產品發布會上，寧暢的一名高管描述了這家初創公司的優勢之一。「我們的公司『新也不新』，」他解釋道，雖然公司是新的，但其員工都是行業老手。

In fact, Nettrix was an offshoot of Sugon, a firm that provided advanced computing to the Chinese military and built a system the government used to surveil persecuted minorities. In December 2019, six months after the United States put Sugon on the entity list, a group of former executives formed Nettrix.

事實上，寧暢是中科曙光的一個分支機構，中科曙光為中國軍方提供過先進的計算設備，還為政府建了一個用於監視受迫害少數民族的系統。美國將中科曙光列入實體清單六個月後，公司的一群前高管在2019年12月成立了寧暢。

Nvidia, Intel and Microsoft — which had been partners with Sugon for years, back when the United States was encouraging business relations with China — quickly formed ties with the new firm. Ashok Pandey, the general manager of Nvidia’s China business, said at the product launch that Nettrix had already become an important partner, adding that Nettrix’s key personnel were “not strangers to anyone.”

美國鼓勵與中國建立商業關係的時候，英偉達、英特爾和微軟都曾與中科曙光有過多年的合作關係，這些美國公司很快與新成立的寧暢建立了關係。英偉達中國業務總經理潘迪(Ashok Pandey)在寧暢的產品發布會上表示，寧暢已是一個重要合作夥伴，他還說，寧暢的關鍵人員「對任何人來說都不陌生」。

Records accessed through WireScreen, a business intelligence platform, show that Sugon and Nettrix have links to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a vast research institution that develops chip technology. Nettrix’s owners share a complex with Sugon and other companies owned by the academy in Kunshan, a Times reporter found on a visit, despite having a different registered address.

通過商業情報平台WireScreen獲得的記錄顯示，中科曙光和寧暢都與中國科學院有關，中國科學院有一個研發晶片技術的大研究所。時報記者在崑山發現，儘管寧暢有著不同的公司註冊地址，但它的所有者與中科曙光和其他位於崑山的中科院下屬公司在同一建築裡工作。

Kevin Wolf, a former official with the Bureau of Industry and Security, said that having executives in common with a firm on the entity list was a “bright, bright red flag.”

工業和安全局前官員凱文·沃爾夫說，與實體清單上的公司有共同的高管是個「非常耀眼的示警信號」。

Procurement documents indicate that Nettrix has sold servers, some of which contained Nvidia and Intel chips, to several of the same organizations as Sugon, including one later put on the entity list. Nettrix’s customers also include universities that host defense laboratories and cybersecurity firms that work with the military and on China’s Great Firewall.

採購文件顯示，寧暢已把伺服器——包括含有英偉達和英特爾晶片的伺服器——賣給了與中科曙光相同的幾家公司，包括後來被列入實體清單的公司。寧暢的客戶還包括設有國防研究實驗室的大學，以及與軍方和中國防火牆合作的網路安全公司。

In a statement, Nettrix said that it strictly abided by relevant laws. Neither company holds shares in the other, Nettrix said, and it is not part of a network connected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “There is no situation in which Nettrix helped Sugon avoid the impact of the U.S. entity list,” the company said.

寧暢在一份聲明中表示，它嚴格遵守相關法律。寧暢表示，公司與中科曙光互不持股，不屬於中國科學院下屬公司。「不存在寧暢幫助中科曙光規避美國實體清單限制的情況，」公司稱。

Sugon said that after it was added to the entity list, it laid off hundreds of employees and some started their own businesses.

中科曙光表示，被列入實體清單後，公司解僱了數百名員工，其中一些人已經自己創業。

Mr. Rizzo said Nvidia conducted extensive due diligence to confirm that its clients were not restricted by the entity list. Sarah Keller, a spokeswoman for Intel, said that it complied with all export regulations and required its customers to do the same. Microsoft declined to comment.

裡佐稱，英偉達進行了廣泛的盡職調查，以確認客戶沒有受到實體名單的限制。英特爾發言人薩拉·凱勒表示，公司遵守了所有出口規定，並要求客戶也這樣做。微軟拒絕置評。

Six months into the Biden administration, China tested a weapon that shook U.S. officials: a hypersonic missile that circled the earth.

拜登執政六個月後，中國試驗了一種令美國官員震驚的武器：一枚環繞地球飛行的高超音速導彈。

The weapon, which surpassed American technology, could theoretically dodge missile defense systems to deliver a nuclear warhead to the United States, according to a half-dozen current and former national security officials. Much is still unclear about the technology, but several officials said that U.S. chips helped accelerate China’s missile program.

據六名現任和前任國家安全官員稱，這種武器的技術水平領先美國，理論上可以避開導彈防禦系統，向美國發射核彈頭。儘管關於該技術仍有許多不明確的地方，但幾名官員表示，美國晶片幫助中國的導彈計劃加速推進。

White House officials had already been developing broader restrictions on selling chip-making equipment to China. They later learned more about the role of U.S. chip technology in Chinese cyberoperations, cryptography, disinformation and research valuable to the military.

此前，白宮官員一直在制定更廣泛的措施，限制向中國出售晶片製造設備。後來，他們進一步了解了美國晶片技術在中國的網路行動、密碼學、虛假信息和對軍方有價值的研究中的作用。

In southern China, for example, Nvidia’s restricted A100 chips began powering a high-performance computing cluster at Sun Yat-sen University in November 2022. Researchers there used advanced computing to model missiles and torpedoes, according to papers and university press releases.

例如，在中國南方，英偉達受到管制的A100晶片於2022年11月開始為中山大學的一個高性能計算集群提供動力。根據論文和大學發布的消息，那裡的研究人員利用先進的計算技術為導彈和魚雷建模。

In China’s northeast, a supercomputing center set up one of the world’s fastest A.I. and computing platforms in 2019. The center uses chips from Nvidia, Advanced Micro Devices and Intel, according to its website, and can analyze satellite imagery of China’s island-building program in the South China Sea and the radar signature of stealth fighters.

在中國東北，一個超級計算中心於2019年建立了世界上最快的人工智慧和計算平台之一。據該中心網站介紹，該中心使用英偉達、AMD和英特爾的晶片，可以分析中國在南海的島嶼建設項目的衛星圖像，以及隱形戰鬥機的雷達特徵。

And in central China, a university affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences was using Nvidia, A.M.D. and Intel chips to study nuclear weapons, according to university materials. This May, the United States added the university to the entity list.

在中國中部，一所隸屬於中國科學院的大學正在使用英偉達、AMD和英特爾的晶片來研究核武器。今年5月，美國將該大學列入實體名單。

Mr. Rizzo said that Nvidia’s products were “designed, marketed and sold for beneficial, nonmilitary uses. We do not permit our products to be used for prohibited military purposes.” Intel said it complied with trade law. A.M.D. declined to comment.

裡佐表示，英偉達的產品是「為有益的非軍事用途而設計、營銷和銷售的」。我們不允許我們的產品用于禁止的軍事目的。」英特爾表示，它遵守了貿易法。AMD拒絕置評。

Chip experts estimate that only a small portion of the hundreds of thousands of advanced A.I. chips Nvidia sold to China before the ban went to help its military. Most were used to power social media platforms, video game graphics and weather forecasts.

晶片專家估計，在禁令實施前，英偉達出售給中國的數十萬先進人工智慧晶片中只有一小部分用於幫助中國軍方。大部分晶片用於支持社群媒體平台、影片遊戲圖形和天氣預報。

But Nvidia, now one of the world’s most valuable companies, attracted White House attention because it dominated the market. Jake Sullivan, the U.S. national security adviser, and his deputies saw advanced chips as the most viable chokepoint to control A.I., since they were made by just a handful of businesses.

但現已加入全球最有價值企業行列的英偉達吸引了白宮的注意，因為它在市場上佔據著主導地位。美國國家安全顧問傑克·沙利文及其副手們認為，先進晶片是控制人工智慧最具可行性的關鍵點，因為這些晶片僅由少數幾家企業生產。

U.S. officials met with Nvidia executives in 2021 and 2022 to discuss how their chips were used in China. In August 2022, the government ordered the company to stop shipping China the A100, its most advanced chip at the time.

美國官員曾在2021年和2022年與英偉達高管會面，討論他們的晶片在中國的使用情況。2022年8月，政府下令英偉達停止向中國出口該公司當時最先進的A100晶片。

Nvidia adapted quickly. It zapped the A100 with electricity to disable some connections, creating a slightly downgraded chip it called the A800. By November, Nvidia was selling the chips in China, and Chinese companies hurried to stockpile them.

英偉達迅速做出了調整。該公司對A100晶片進行電擊，使部分連接失效，製造出一款略微降級的晶片，名為A800。到那年11月，英偉達開始在中國銷售這些晶片，而中國企業也迅速開始囤貨。

U.S. officials believed the A800s would allow China to achieve practically the same results and were irritated, several former officials recalled, speaking on the condition of anonymity.

幾名不願透露姓名的前官員回憶稱，美國官員認為A800可以讓中國獲得幾乎相同的效用，因此感到惱火。

Tim Teter, Nvidia’s general counsel, said in an interview last year that the downgraded chip was within the government’s parameters. If the speed limit is 65 miles per hour and I’m driving 63, he asked, “am I violating the spirit of the rule? Of course not.”

英偉達總法律顧問蒂姆·泰特去年接受採訪時表示，降級的晶片符合政府的參數要求。如果限速是每小時65英里，而我的速度是63英里，他問道，「那我是否違反了規則的精神？當然沒有。」

Tech companies ramped up their lobbying. In July 2023, Nvidia’s chief executive, Jensen Huang, visited the White House along with the leaders of Intel and Qualcomm. They argued that excessive export controls would hurt American companies.

科技公司加大了遊說力度。2023年7月，英偉達首席執行官黃仁勛與英特爾、高通的領導人一起造訪白宮。他們認為，過度的出口管制會傷害美國企業。

U.S. officials proceeded anyway, forbidding the sale of A800s to China last October.

但美國官員還是採取了行動，去年10月禁止向中國出售A800晶片。

Like A.M.D. and Intel, Nvidia continues to legally sell less powerful chips to Chinese firms, some with military links. Of the 136 Chinese companies Nvidia listed as partners on its website in July, at least 24 have had procurement contracts with the Chinese military or are partly owned by defense contractors or organizations on the entity list, according to records from Wirescreen and Datenna, a China intelligence platform. One of Nvidia’s listed partners had been added to the entity list in May for supporting the high-altitude balloon that traversed the United States last year.

與AMD和英特爾一樣，英偉達也在繼續合法地向中國企業出售性能較低的晶片，其中一些公司與軍方有聯繫。根據Wirescreen和中國的數據平台Datenna的記錄，英偉達7月份在其網站上列出的136家中國合作夥伴中，至少有24家與中國軍方簽訂了採購合同，或者部分由國防承包商或實體名單上的機構擁有。5月，英偉達名單上的一個合作夥伴因支持去年穿越美國的高空氣球而被列入實體名單。

Nvidia’s chips are in such demand it quickly made up lost sales elsewhere. But American companies are concerned that the rules have created a vacuum for Chinese businesses like Huawei, which has been rolling out more powerful A.I. chips. The United States leads China in A.I. for now, but China is making rapid progress as both countries race to create A.I. that would rival human intelligence.

英偉達的晶片需求旺盛，銷售損失很快在其他地方得到了彌補。但美國企業擔心，這些規定為華為等中國企業創造了真空，而華為一直在推出功能更強大的人工智慧晶片。目前，美國在人工智慧領域領先中國，但隨著兩國競相創造可以與人類智能相媲美的人工智慧，中國正在迅速取得進展。

Liu Pengyu, a spokesman for the Chinese embassy, said that China firmly opposed the rules and that they would “only make China even more determined and capable in boosting our own strength in technology and innovation.”

中國大使館發言人劉鵬宇表示，中國堅決反對這些規定，它們「只會讓中國更有決心、更有能力提升我們在科技和創新方面的實力」。

China’s leader, Xi Jinping, delivered a similar warning on a call with Mr. Biden in April, saying his country would not “sit back and watch.”

今年4月，中國領導人習近平在與拜登的通話中也發出了類似的警告，稱中國不會「坐視不管」。

In the Shenzhen electronics market, vendors who traditionally sold Nvidia chips to gamers and Bitcoin miners are trying to meet the growing demand for A.I.

在深圳的那家電子市場，傳統上向遊戲玩家和比特幣礦工出售英偉達晶片的商家正在努力滿足對人工智慧日益增長的需求。

Previous reports from Reuters, Nikkei Asia and The Wall Street Journal have uncovered sales of dozens of banned chips. But The Times talked with several vendors in Shenzhen who mentioned deals involving hundreds or thousands. Reporters spoke with representatives of 11 companies that said they sold or transported banned Nvidia chips — including A100s and H100s, the company’s most advanced — and found dozens more businesses offering them online. A local procurement website listed nearly 100 stores that also said they sold the chips.

路透社、日經亞洲新聞和《華爾街日報》此前的報導已經發現了數十枚被禁晶片的銷售情況。但時報採訪了深圳的幾家商家，他們提到的交易涉及數百或數千枚晶片。記者採訪了11家公司的代表，這些公司表示他們銷售或運輸被禁用的英偉達晶片，包括A100和該公司最先進的H100晶片，記者發現還有數十家企業在網上提供這些晶片。當地一家採購網站列出了近100家也表示出售這種晶片的商鋪。

Leslie Zhou, the market vendor who shared a detailed message arranging the $103 million shipment to a local warehouse, said the chips weren’t hard to obtain. While the transaction could not be independently verified, he said he regularly brought in banned chips from three or four suppliers and sold to repeat customers. “The Shenzhen market cannot be restricted,” he said.

電子市場裡的商家萊斯利·周（音）分享了將價值1.03億美元的晶片運往當地倉庫的詳細信息，他說弄到這些晶片並不難。雖然這筆交易無法得到獨立證實，但他表示，自己定期從三四家供應商那裡拿貨，然後賣給回頭客。「深圳這個市場禁售不了，」他表示。

Industry experts said the price was high but within international rates — roughly $380,000 for a server with eight H100s. (Counterfeiting of electronics is widespread in China, but four industry experts said that would be highly unlikely for Nvidia chips on a commercial scale, given their complexity.)

業內專家表示，雖然價格很高，但在國際價格範圍內——一台包含8個H100晶片的伺服器大約38萬美元。(電子產品的仿冒在中國很普遍，但四位行業專家表示，考慮到英偉達晶片的複雜性，商業規模的造假可能性很小。)

Nvidia’s chips are made in Taiwan, then sent to other manufacturers and distributors. Industry experts said that businesses in Singapore, Vietnam and other countries where it is not considered illegal to export them were probably diverting some into China.

英偉達的晶片在台灣製造，然後運送給其他製造商和分銷商。業內專家表示，在新加坡、越南和其他不認為出口此類產品違法的國家，企業可能正在將一些晶片轉移到中國。

Just how many chips get into China is an important question, because the number required for A.I. is high and increasing fast. By some estimates, the A.I. language model GPT-4 was trained on 25,000 Nvidia A100s. U.S. officials say they don’t expect to capture everything, but the goal is to hold China back during a critical window in which the United States can pull ahead.

究竟有多少晶片進入中國是一個重要的問題，因為人工智慧所需的晶片數量很大，而且還在快速增長。據估計，人工智慧語言模型GPT-4是在2.5萬個Nvidia A100晶片基礎上訓練的。美國官員稱，他們並不指望掌控一切，但目標是在美國能夠領先的關鍵窗口期牽制中國。

Tim Fist, a senior adjunct fellow at the Center for a New American Security, said that with a moderate level of smuggling, the bans would slow commercial developments in China but probably not impede more targeted military research.

新美國安全中心高級助理研究員蒂姆·菲斯特表示，如果走私程度在中等水平，這些禁令將減緩中國的商業發展，但可能不會阻礙更具針對性的軍事研究。

Chinese procurement records examined by C4ADS showed that at least 550 restricted Nvidia chips had been sold to state-linked research institutions, including two on the entity list. (That figure is almost certainly an underestimate, because few contracts specified the types of chips being purchased.)

C4ADS查閱的中國採購記錄顯示，至少550枚受限制的英偉達晶片被賣給了與政府有關的研究機構，其中包括兩家在實體名單上的單位。（幾乎可以肯定這個數字被低估了，因為幾乎沒有合同明確說明所購晶片類型。）

Trade records obtained by C4ADS showed a shipment from Vietnam to Beijing of servers that were marked as containing banned chips. In other cases, companies mislabeled shipments to hide them.

C4ADS獲得的貿易記錄顯示，一批從越南運往北京的伺服器被標記為含有違禁晶片。在其他情況下，公司會在貨物上貼上錯誤的標籤，以便掩人耳目。

Wang Qiang, an employee of a logistics company in southern China that has sent A100s from Hong Kong to the mainland, said the shipments would not be tracked because Hong Kong was still a free-trade harbor. He advised clients, he said, to label banned chips as tea or toys.

王強（音）是中國南方一家物流公司的員工，該公司曾將A100晶片從香港運往內地。他表示，由於香港仍是一個自由貿易港，這些貨物不會被追蹤。他說，他建議客戶給被禁的晶片貼上茶葉或玩具的標籤。