In the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen, a mazelike market stretches for a half-mile, packed with stalls selling every type of electronic imaginable.

中国南方城市深圳有一个迷宫般的电子产品市场，6万平方米的面积布满摊位，销售各种你所能想象得到的电子产品。

It’s an open secret that vendors here are offering one of the world’s most sought-after technologies: the microchips that create artificial intelligence, which the United States is battling to keep out of Chinese hands.

这里有一个公开的秘密，那就是卖家为客户提供用于人工智能的微芯片，这是世界上最抢手的技术之一，也是美国想方设法阻止中国获得的技术。

One vendor said he could order the chips for delivery in two weeks. Another said companies came to the market ordering 200 or 300 chips from him at a time. A third business owner said he recently shipped a big batch of servers with more than 2,000 of the most advanced chips made by Nvidia, the U.S. tech company, from Hong Kong to mainland China. As evidence, he showed photos and a message with his supplier arranging the April delivery for $103 million.

一名卖家说，他能订购这种芯片，两周内交货。另一名卖家说，不少公司来这里向他订购这种芯片，一次买200或300枚。还有商家说，他最近刚从香港向内地发货了一大批服务器，这些服务器里装着2000多枚美国科技公司英伟达生产的最先进的芯片。作为证据，他出示了照片以及一条他与供货商安排发货的短信，这笔价值1.03亿美元的买卖已在今年4月交货。

The United States, with some success, has tried to control the export of these chips. Still, The New York Times has found an active trade in restricted A.I. technology — part of a global effort to help China circumvent U.S. restrictions amid the countries’ growing military rivalry.

美国在试图控制这些芯片的出口方面取得了一些成功。尽管如此，《纽约时报》发现，受到管制的人工智能技术贸易仍然活跃。伴随中美两国日益加剧的军事竞争，这些贸易活动是帮助中国绕过美国管制的全球努力的一部分。

The chips are an American innovation powering self-driving cars, chatbots and medical research. They have also led to rapid advances in defense technology, spurring U.S. fears that they could help China develop superior weaponry, launch cyberattacks and make faster decisions on the battlefield. Nvidia chips and other U.S. technology have aided Chinese research into nuclear weapons, torpedoes and other military applications, according to a review of previously unreported university studies.

人工智能芯片是美国的创新，推动着自动驾驶汽车、聊天机器人和医学研究的进展。它们也带来了国防技术的快速发展，引发了美国对于这些芯片可以帮助中国研发更先进武器、发动网络攻击，以及在战场上更快做出决策的担忧。据时报查阅的此前未见诸报道的大学研究，英伟达的芯片及其他美国技术已在帮助中国研发核武器、鱼雷和其他军事应用。

Beginning in October 2022, the United States set up one of the most extensive technological blockades ever attempted: banning the export to China of A.I. chips and the machinery to make them. The Biden administration also added hundreds of Chinese companies to a list of organizations considered a national security threat, and it could soon expand the rules.

自从2022年10月以来，美国实施了一项前所未有的广泛技术封锁之一：禁止向中国出口人工智能芯片和制造这些芯片的机器。拜登政府还将数百家中国公司列入了据信威胁美国国家安全的实体清单，并有可能会很快扩大管制规则。

These bans have made it harder and more costly for China to develop A.I. But given the vast profits at stake, businesses around the world have found ways to skirt the restrictions, according to interviews with more than 85 current and former U.S. officials, executives and industry analysts, as well as reviews of corporate records and visits to companies in Beijing, Kunshan and Shenzhen.

这些出口禁令已使中国发展人工智能的努力变得更困难，成本也更高。但考虑到该领域的巨额利润，世界各地的企业都已找到了规避管制的办法，这是在采访了逾85名现任和前任美国官员、高管和行业分析师，查阅公司记录，实地访问北京、昆山和深圳的公司后得出的结论。

In one case, Chinese executives bypassed U.S. restrictions when they created a new company that is now one of China’s largest makers of A.I. servers and a partner of Nvidia, Intel and Microsoft. American companies have found workarounds to keep selling some products there. And an underground marketplace of smugglers, backroom deals and fraudulent shipping labels is funneling A.I. chips into China, which does not consider such sales illegal.

一个例子是，中国高管通过成立一家新公司绕过了美国的管制，该公司目前是中国最大的人工智能服务器制造商之一，也是英伟达、英特尔和微软的合作伙伴。美国公司已找到了继续在中国销售部分产品的变通办法。而一个地下市场通过走私、幕后交易和虚假运货标签，正在把人工智能芯片输送到中国，中国并不认为这些贸易非法。

While the scale of the trade is unclear, the sales described to Times reporters, including the $103 million transaction, would be far larger than any previously reported in China. More than a dozen state-affiliated entities have purchased restricted chips, according to procurement documents uncovered by the reporters and the Center for Advanced Defense Studies, or C4ADS, a Washington-based nonprofit. The United States has flagged some of those organizations as helping the Chinese military.

尽管这些贸易的规模目前尚不清楚，但描述给时报记者的销售、包括那笔1.03亿美元的交易，远远超出此前报道过的销往中国的这类电子产品的规模。据记者和华盛顿非营利组织高级国防研究中心(C4ADS)发现的采购文件，十多个与政府有关的中国实体购买了受到管制的芯片。美国已将其中一些标示为帮助中国军方的实体。

Nvidia and other U.S. companies say they are abiding by the restrictions but cannot control everything in their distribution chain. There was no evidence that any of Nvidia’s banned chips in the markets came directly from the company.

英伟达等美国公司表示，他们遵守出口管制，但无法控制其分销链中的所有环节。没有证据表明市场上出售的被禁英伟达芯片直接来自该公司。

“We comply with all U.S. export controls and expect our customers to do the same,” said John Rizzo, a spokesman for Nvidia. “Although we cannot track products after they are sold, if we determine that any customer is violating U.S. export controls, we will take appropriate action,” he added.

“我们遵守美国的所有出口管制，并希望我们的客户也这样做，”英伟达发言人约翰·里佐说。“虽然我们无法在产品售出后对其进行追踪，但如果我们确定任何客户违反了美国的出口管制措施，我们将采取适当的行动，”他补充道。

The A.I. bans have cost American companies billions of dollars in sales, and some executives argue that the restrictions will backfire by giving Chinese competitors an edge. American officials defend the bans as necessary but also say they are testing the limits of their enforcement powers.

人工智能技术出口的管制禁令已使美国公司损失了数十亿美元的销售额。一些高管认为，这些管制反而会让中国的竞争对手获得优势。美国官员为禁令进行了辩护，称其是必要的，但也表示，他们正在检验执行能力上的局限。

“This is an enormously difficult job, and I’m under no illusions that we are doing it perfectly,” Gina Raimondo, the commerce secretary, said in a recent interview.

“这是一项极其困难的工作，我对我们能完美地完成它没有任何幻想，”商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多最近接受采访时说。

She said that it wasn’t surprising that China, with its vast network around the world, was gaining access to some chips. Still, her agency was working daily with law enforcement, the intelligence community and allies “to identify the holes and how China gets around them, and filling those holes,” she said.

她说，中国用其在世界各地的庞大采购网络获得了一些芯片，这并不奇怪。尽管如此，商务部每天都在与执法部门、情报机构和盟友合作，“以找到漏洞，以及中国如何绕过禁令的办法，并填补这些漏洞，”她说。

Near the White House, in an office with worn carpet and antiquated computer systems, the little-known Bureau of Industry and Security oversees the government’s growing trade restrictions intended to limit the flow of U.S. technology.

美国商务部下属的工业和安全局鲜为人知，它位于白宫附近，在地毯已磨薄、计算机系统已过时的办公室里，工作人员对政府不断加强、旨在控制美国技术流向的贸易限制进行监管。

One of the bureau’s chief tools is the so-called entity list, created under the Clinton administration to prevent adversaries from developing weapons of mass destruction. Companies cannot export products from the United States to a business on the list unless they obtain a license.

该局的主要工具之一是所谓的“实体清单”，它是克林顿政府为防止敌手研发大规模杀伤性武器而制定的。公司不得向实体清单上的企业出口美国产品，除非获得许可。

In the last few years, the United States has wielded the power more aggressively. To limit trade in countries that do not recognize American law, President Donald J. Trump expanded the list’s authority, blocking shipments to the Chinese telecom giant Huawei from businesses around the world. If they do not comply, the United States can fine them or bar them from obtaining American technology that they need to make their products.

在过去几年里，美国更积极地动用出口限制权。为了限制跟不承认美国法律的国家做生意，特朗普在担任总统期间扩大了实体清单的适用范围，禁止世界各地的企业把产品卖给中国电信设备巨头华为。如果这些公司不遵守规则，美国可以对它们处以罚款，或禁止它们获得制造产品所需的美国技术。

The Biden administration used the list to further target China’s defense sector, and also banned the sale of technology goods to Russia because of its war in Ukraine.

拜登政府用实体清单进一步针对中国的国防部门，因为俄乌战争还禁止向俄罗斯出售技术产品。

But the entity listing applies only to a specific company name or address, so businesses sometimes set up a new company or simply move down the road. Some front companies have gone without detection for years, according to former officials.

但实体清单针对的是具体的公司名称或地址，所以有些企业有时会用成立新公司或搬到另一地址的办法来绕过限制。根据前官员的说法，一些幌子公司多年来就是这样规避限制的。

“They go the next block over, open the same company under a different name, under a different address — they’re just doing the same thing,” said Craig Phildius, a former official with the bureau.

“它们搬到隔壁街区去，给同一家公司换个名字，换个地址，进行着同样的贸易，”工业和安全局前官员克雷格·菲尔迪斯说。

U.S. officials say American companies generally try to comply with the rules. But some have found loopholes, like rerouting business through new partnerships or overseas subsidiaries.

美国官员称，美国公司一般会努力遵守规则。但有些公司已找到了漏洞，比如将业务通过新的合作伙伴或海外子公司来进行。

The bureau has tried to adapt, toughening its penalties and creating a so-called Disruptive Technology Strike Force with law enforcement and the intelligence community to pursue technology theft and illegal procurement networks.

工业和安全局已试图采取相应措施，在加大处罚力度的同时与执法部门和情报部门一起成立了所谓的“颠覆性技术快速行动队”，打击技术盗窃和非法采购网络。

Ms. Raimondo, the commerce secretary, who oversees the bureau, said that she was proud of her team’s work, but that they were impeded by limited resources. The bureau has a budget of $191 million, less than the cost of two fighter jets.

商务部长雷蒙多负责监管工业和安全局，她表示为团队的工作感到自豪，但资源有限阻碍了他们的工作。该局的预算只有1.91亿美元，不够买两架战斗机。

Nettrix, one of China’s largest manufacturers of A.I. servers, is one example of how business can thrive despite American restrictions.

中国最大的人工智能服务器制造商之一宁畅就是一个例子，说明了尽管存在美国的限制，中国企业仍能蓬勃发展。

At its first product launch in April 2020, a Nettrix executive described one of the startup’s advantages. “In this company we talk about ‘new, but not new,’” he said, clarifying that its employees were industry veterans.

在2020年4月举行的首次产品发布会上，宁畅的一名高管描述了这家初创公司的优势之一。“我们的公司‘新也不新’，”他解释道，虽然公司是新的，但其员工都是行业老手。

In fact, Nettrix was an offshoot of Sugon, a firm that provided advanced computing to the Chinese military and built a system the government used to surveil persecuted minorities. In December 2019, six months after the United States put Sugon on the entity list, a group of former executives formed Nettrix.

事实上，宁畅是中科曙光的一个分支机构，中科曙光为中国军方提供过先进的计算设备，还为政府建了一个用于监视受迫害少数民族的系统。美国将中科曙光列入实体清单六个月后，公司的一群前高管在2019年12月成立了宁畅。

Nvidia, Intel and Microsoft — which had been partners with Sugon for years, back when the United States was encouraging business relations with China — quickly formed ties with the new firm. Ashok Pandey, the general manager of Nvidia’s China business, said at the product launch that Nettrix had already become an important partner, adding that Nettrix’s key personnel were “not strangers to anyone.”

美国鼓励与中国建立商业关系的时候，英伟达、英特尔和微软都曾与中科曙光有过多年的合作关系，这些美国公司很快与新成立的宁畅建立了关系。英伟达中国业务总经理潘迪(Ashok Pandey)在宁畅的产品发布会上表示，宁畅已是一个重要合作伙伴，他还说，宁畅的关键人员“对任何人来说都不陌生”。

Records accessed through WireScreen, a business intelligence platform, show that Sugon and Nettrix have links to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a vast research institution that develops chip technology. Nettrix’s owners share a complex with Sugon and other companies owned by the academy in Kunshan, a Times reporter found on a visit, despite having a different registered address.

通过商业情报平台WireScreen获得的记录显示，中科曙光和宁畅都与中国科学院有关，中国科学院有一个研发芯片技术的大研究所。时报记者在昆山发现，尽管宁畅有着不同的公司注册地址，但它的所有者与中科曙光和其他位于昆山的中科院下属公司在同一建筑里工作。

Kevin Wolf, a former official with the Bureau of Industry and Security, said that having executives in common with a firm on the entity list was a “bright, bright red flag.”

工业和安全局前官员凯文·沃尔夫说，与实体清单上的公司有共同的高管是个“非常耀眼的示警信号”。

Procurement documents indicate that Nettrix has sold servers, some of which contained Nvidia and Intel chips, to several of the same organizations as Sugon, including one later put on the entity list. Nettrix’s customers also include universities that host defense laboratories and cybersecurity firms that work with the military and on China’s Great Firewall.

采购文件显示，宁畅已把服务器——包括含有英伟达和英特尔芯片的服务器——卖给了与中科曙光相同的几家公司，包括后来被列入实体清单的公司。宁畅的客户还包括设有国防研究实验室的大学，以及与军方和中国防火墙合作的网络安全公司。

In a statement, Nettrix said that it strictly abided by relevant laws. Neither company holds shares in the other, Nettrix said, and it is not part of a network connected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “There is no situation in which Nettrix helped Sugon avoid the impact of the U.S. entity list,” the company said.

宁畅在一份声明中表示，它严格遵守相关法律。宁畅表示，公司与中科曙光互不持股，不属于中国科学院下属公司。“不存在宁畅帮助中科曙光规避美国实体清单限制的情况，”公司称。

Sugon said that after it was added to the entity list, it laid off hundreds of employees and some started their own businesses.

中科曙光表示，被列入实体清单后，公司解雇了数百名员工，其中一些人已经自己创业。

Mr. Rizzo said Nvidia conducted extensive due diligence to confirm that its clients were not restricted by the entity list. Sarah Keller, a spokeswoman for Intel, said that it complied with all export regulations and required its customers to do the same. Microsoft declined to comment.

里佐称，英伟达进行了广泛的尽职调查，以确认客户没有受到实体名单的限制。英特尔发言人萨拉·凯勒表示，公司遵守了所有出口规定，并要求客户也这样做。微软拒绝置评。

Six months into the Biden administration, China tested a weapon that shook U.S. officials: a hypersonic missile that circled the earth.

拜登执政六个月后，中国试验了一种令美国官员震惊的武器：一枚环绕地球飞行的高超音速导弹。

The weapon, which surpassed American technology, could theoretically dodge missile defense systems to deliver a nuclear warhead to the United States, according to a half-dozen current and former national security officials. Much is still unclear about the technology, but several officials said that U.S. chips helped accelerate China’s missile program.

据六名现任和前任国家安全官员称，这种武器的技术水平领先美国，理论上可以避开导弹防御系统，向美国发射核弹头。尽管关于该技术仍有许多不明确的地方，但几名官员表示，美国芯片帮助中国的导弹计划加速推进。

White House officials had already been developing broader restrictions on selling chip-making equipment to China. They later learned more about the role of U.S. chip technology in Chinese cyberoperations, cryptography, disinformation and research valuable to the military.

此前，白宫官员一直在制定更广泛的措施，限制向中国出售芯片制造设备。后来，他们进一步了解了美国芯片技术在中国的网络行动、密码学、虚假信息和对军方有价值的研究中的作用。

In southern China, for example, Nvidia’s restricted A100 chips began powering a high-performance computing cluster at Sun Yat-sen University in November 2022. Researchers there used advanced computing to model missiles and torpedoes, according to papers and university press releases.

例如，在中国南方，英伟达受到管制的A100芯片于2022年11月开始为中山大学的一个高性能计算集群提供动力。根据论文和大学发布的消息，那里的研究人员利用先进的计算技术为导弹和鱼雷建模。

In China’s northeast, a supercomputing center set up one of the world’s fastest A.I. and computing platforms in 2019. The center uses chips from Nvidia, Advanced Micro Devices and Intel, according to its website, and can analyze satellite imagery of China’s island-building program in the South China Sea and the radar signature of stealth fighters.

在中国东北，一个超级计算中心于2019年建立了世界上最快的人工智能和计算平台之一。据该中心网站介绍，该中心使用英伟达、AMD和英特尔的芯片，可以分析中国在南海的岛屿建设项目的卫星图像，以及隐形战斗机的雷达特征。

And in central China, a university affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences was using Nvidia, A.M.D. and Intel chips to study nuclear weapons, according to university materials. This May, the United States added the university to the entity list.

在中国中部，一所隶属于中国科学院的大学正在使用英伟达、AMD和英特尔的芯片来研究核武器。今年5月，美国将该大学列入实体名单。

Mr. Rizzo said that Nvidia’s products were “designed, marketed and sold for beneficial, nonmilitary uses. We do not permit our products to be used for prohibited military purposes.” Intel said it complied with trade law. A.M.D. declined to comment.

里佐表示，英伟达的产品是“为有益的非军事用途而设计、营销和销售的”。我们不允许我们的产品用于禁止的军事目的。”英特尔表示，它遵守了贸易法。AMD拒绝置评。

Chip experts estimate that only a small portion of the hundreds of thousands of advanced A.I. chips Nvidia sold to China before the ban went to help its military. Most were used to power social media platforms, video game graphics and weather forecasts.

芯片专家估计，在禁令实施前，英伟达出售给中国的数十万先进人工智能芯片中只有一小部分用于帮助中国军方。大部分芯片用于支持社交媒体平台、视频游戏图形和天气预报。

But Nvidia, now one of the world’s most valuable companies, attracted White House attention because it dominated the market. Jake Sullivan, the U.S. national security adviser, and his deputies saw advanced chips as the most viable chokepoint to control A.I., since they were made by just a handful of businesses.

但现已加入全球最有价值企业行列的英伟达吸引了白宫的注意，因为它在市场上占据着主导地位。美国国家安全顾问杰克·沙利文及其副手们认为，先进芯片是控制人工智能最具可行性的关键点，因为这些芯片仅由少数几家企业生产。

U.S. officials met with Nvidia executives in 2021 and 2022 to discuss how their chips were used in China. In August 2022, the government ordered the company to stop shipping China the A100, its most advanced chip at the time.

美国官员曾在2021年和2022年与英伟达高管会面，讨论他们的芯片在中国的使用情况。2022年8月，政府下令英伟达停止向中国出口该公司当时最先进的A100芯片。

Nvidia adapted quickly. It zapped the A100 with electricity to disable some connections, creating a slightly downgraded chip it called the A800. By November, Nvidia was selling the chips in China, and Chinese companies hurried to stockpile them.

英伟达迅速做出了调整。该公司对A100芯片进行电击，使部分连接失效，制造出一款略微降级的芯片，名为A800。到那年11月，英伟达开始在中国销售这些芯片，而中国企业也迅速开始囤货。

U.S. officials believed the A800s would allow China to achieve practically the same results and were irritated, several former officials recalled, speaking on the condition of anonymity.

几名不愿透露姓名的前官员回忆称，美国官员认为A800可以让中国获得几乎相同的效用，因此感到恼火。

Tim Teter, Nvidia’s general counsel, said in an interview last year that the downgraded chip was within the government’s parameters. If the speed limit is 65 miles per hour and I’m driving 63, he asked, “am I violating the spirit of the rule? Of course not.”

英伟达总法律顾问蒂姆·泰特去年接受采访时表示，降级的芯片符合政府的参数要求。如果限速是每小时65英里，而我的速度是63英里，他问道，“那我是否违反了规则的精神？当然没有。”

Tech companies ramped up their lobbying. In July 2023, Nvidia’s chief executive, Jensen Huang, visited the White House along with the leaders of Intel and Qualcomm. They argued that excessive export controls would hurt American companies.

科技公司加大了游说力度。2023年7月，英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋与英特尔、高通的领导人一起造访白宫。他们认为，过度的出口管制会伤害美国企业。

U.S. officials proceeded anyway, forbidding the sale of A800s to China last October.

但美国官员还是采取了行动，去年10月禁止向中国出售A800芯片。

Like A.M.D. and Intel, Nvidia continues to legally sell less powerful chips to Chinese firms, some with military links. Of the 136 Chinese companies Nvidia listed as partners on its website in July, at least 24 have had procurement contracts with the Chinese military or are partly owned by defense contractors or organizations on the entity list, according to records from Wirescreen and Datenna, a China intelligence platform. One of Nvidia’s listed partners had been added to the entity list in May for supporting the high-altitude balloon that traversed the United States last year.

与AMD和英特尔一样，英伟达也在继续合法地向中国企业出售性能较低的芯片，其中一些公司与军方有联系。根据Wirescreen和中国的数据平台Datenna的记录，英伟达7月份在其网站上列出的136家中国合作伙伴中，至少有24家与中国军方签订了采购合同，或者部分由国防承包商或实体名单上的机构拥有。5月，英伟达名单上的一个合作伙伴因支持去年穿越美国的高空气球而被列入实体名单。

Nvidia’s chips are in such demand it quickly made up lost sales elsewhere. But American companies are concerned that the rules have created a vacuum for Chinese businesses like Huawei, which has been rolling out more powerful A.I. chips. The United States leads China in A.I. for now, but China is making rapid progress as both countries race to create A.I. that would rival human intelligence.

英伟达的芯片需求旺盛，销售损失很快在其他地方得到了弥补。但美国企业担心，这些规定为华为等中国企业创造了真空，而华为一直在推出功能更强大的人工智能芯片。目前，美国在人工智能领域领先中国，但随着两国竞相创造可以与人类智能相媲美的人工智能，中国正在迅速取得进展。

Liu Pengyu, a spokesman for the Chinese embassy, said that China firmly opposed the rules and that they would “only make China even more determined and capable in boosting our own strength in technology and innovation.”

中国大使馆发言人刘鹏宇表示，中国坚决反对这些规定，它们“只会让中国更有决心、更有能力提升我们在科技和创新方面的实力”。

China’s leader, Xi Jinping, delivered a similar warning on a call with Mr. Biden in April, saying his country would not “sit back and watch.”

今年4月，中国领导人习近平在与拜登的通话中也发出了类似的警告，称中国不会“坐视不管”。

In the Shenzhen electronics market, vendors who traditionally sold Nvidia chips to gamers and Bitcoin miners are trying to meet the growing demand for A.I.

在深圳的那家电子市场，传统上向游戏玩家和比特币矿工出售英伟达芯片的商家正在努力满足对人工智能日益增长的需求。

Previous reports from Reuters, Nikkei Asia and The Wall Street Journal have uncovered sales of dozens of banned chips. But The Times talked with several vendors in Shenzhen who mentioned deals involving hundreds or thousands. Reporters spoke with representatives of 11 companies that said they sold or transported banned Nvidia chips — including A100s and H100s, the company’s most advanced — and found dozens more businesses offering them online. A local procurement website listed nearly 100 stores that also said they sold the chips.

路透社、日经亚洲新闻和《华尔街日报》此前的报道已经发现了数十枚被禁芯片的销售情况。但时报采访了深圳的几家商家，他们提到的交易涉及数百或数千枚芯片。记者采访了11家公司的代表，这些公司表示他们销售或运输被禁用的英伟达芯片，包括A100和该公司最先进的H100芯片，记者发现还有数十家企业在网上提供这些芯片。当地一家采购网站列出了近100家也表示出售这种芯片的商铺。

Leslie Zhou, the market vendor who shared a detailed message arranging the $103 million shipment to a local warehouse, said the chips weren’t hard to obtain. While the transaction could not be independently verified, he said he regularly brought in banned chips from three or four suppliers and sold to repeat customers. “The Shenzhen market cannot be restricted,” he said.

电子市场里的商家莱斯利·周（音）分享了将价值1.03亿美元的芯片运往当地仓库的详细信息，他说弄到这些芯片并不难。虽然这笔交易无法得到独立证实，但他表示，自己定期从三四家供应商那里拿货，然后卖给回头客。“深圳这个市场禁售不了，”他表示。

Industry experts said the price was high but within international rates — roughly $380,000 for a server with eight H100s. (Counterfeiting of electronics is widespread in China, but four industry experts said that would be highly unlikely for Nvidia chips on a commercial scale, given their complexity.)

业内专家表示，虽然价格很高，但在国际价格范围内——一台包含8个H100芯片的服务器大约38万美元。(电子产品的仿冒在中国很普遍，但四位行业专家表示，考虑到英伟达芯片的复杂性，商业规模的造假可能性很小。)

Nvidia’s chips are made in Taiwan, then sent to other manufacturers and distributors. Industry experts said that businesses in Singapore, Vietnam and other countries where it is not considered illegal to export them were probably diverting some into China.

英伟达的芯片在台湾制造，然后运送给其他制造商和分销商。业内专家表示，在新加坡、越南和其他不认为出口此类产品违法的国家，企业可能正在将一些芯片转移到中国。

Just how many chips get into China is an important question, because the number required for A.I. is high and increasing fast. By some estimates, the A.I. language model GPT-4 was trained on 25,000 Nvidia A100s. U.S. officials say they don’t expect to capture everything, but the goal is to hold China back during a critical window in which the United States can pull ahead.

究竟有多少芯片进入中国是一个重要的问题，因为人工智能所需的芯片数量很大，而且还在快速增长。据估计，人工智能语言模型GPT-4是在2.5万个Nvidia A100芯片基础上训练的。美国官员称，他们并不指望掌控一切，但目标是在美国能够领先的关键窗口期牵制中国。

Tim Fist, a senior adjunct fellow at the Center for a New American Security, said that with a moderate level of smuggling, the bans would slow commercial developments in China but probably not impede more targeted military research.

新美国安全中心高级助理研究员蒂姆·菲斯特表示，如果走私程度在中等水平，这些禁令将减缓中国的商业发展，但可能不会阻碍更具针对性的军事研究。

Chinese procurement records examined by C4ADS showed that at least 550 restricted Nvidia chips had been sold to state-linked research institutions, including two on the entity list. (That figure is almost certainly an underestimate, because few contracts specified the types of chips being purchased.)

C4ADS查阅的中国采购记录显示，至少550枚受限制的英伟达芯片被卖给了与政府有关的研究机构，其中包括两家在实体名单上的单位。（几乎可以肯定这个数字被低估了，因为几乎没有合同明确说明所购芯片类型。）

Trade records obtained by C4ADS showed a shipment from Vietnam to Beijing of servers that were marked as containing banned chips. In other cases, companies mislabeled shipments to hide them.

C4ADS获得的贸易记录显示，一批从越南运往北京的服务器被标记为含有违禁芯片。在其他情况下，公司会在货物上贴上错误的标签，以便掩人耳目。

Wang Qiang, an employee of a logistics company in southern China that has sent A100s from Hong Kong to the mainland, said the shipments would not be tracked because Hong Kong was still a free-trade harbor. He advised clients, he said, to label banned chips as tea or toys.

王强（音）是中国南方一家物流公司的员工，该公司曾将A100芯片从香港运往内地。他表示，由于香港仍是一个自由贸易港，这些货物不会被追踪。他说，他建议客户给被禁的芯片贴上茶叶或玩具的标签。