| ID: | Word: | Item: | Annotation: | Cognacy: | Loan: |
|---|
| 1 | hand | *lima | | 1, 64 | |
| 2 | left | *sema | *sema has reflexes in EPn as well as Tongic and NPn. | 11 | |
| 2 | left | *maui | *maui Outlier isogloss | 1, 59 | |
| 3 | right | *sako | 'straight, erect' | x | |
| 4 | leg/foot | *waqe | | 1, 100 | |
| 5 | to walk | *fano | (a) 'go, move' | 2 | |
| 5 | to walk | *saqele | (b) 'walk, go' | 6 | |
| 5 | to walk | *qalu | (c) 1. 'go' 2. 'follow' | 34 | |
| 5 | to walk | *roo | (d) 'go (pl. subject)' (suppletive plural of fano 'go, sing. sub.) | | |
| 6 | road/path | *hala | | 1 | |
| 7 | to come | ? fano mai | PPn shows a possible replacement innovation. | 1, 23 | |
| 8 | to turn  | *fuli | Possible replacement in PPn | 15 | |
| 9 | to swim | *kaukau | is this really reduplicated? not *kau | 5 | |
| 10 | dirty | *kelekele | This is reconstructed for 'black' or 'dark', not for 'dirty' -MW | 10 | |
| 11 | dust | *efu | | 1 | |
| 12 | skin | *kili | | 1 | |
| 13 | back | *tuqa | | 11 | |
| 14 | belly | *manawa | 'belly, stomach', check Geraghty 1984, who posits PCP *manawa | 9 | |
| 15 | bone | *hui | | 52 | |
| 16 | intestines |  | | | |
| 17 | liver | *qate | | 1 | |
| 18 | breast | *susu or *huhu | also milk | 1 | |
| 19 | shoulder | *uma | PPn shows lexical replacement | 10 | |
| 20 | to know, be knowledgeable | *qiloa | | 13 | |
| 21 | to think | *manatu | PPn shows lexical replacement | 7 | |
| 22 | to fear | *mataku | | 1 | |
| 23 | blood | *toto | PPn shows lexical replacement. POc *toto 'sap of plants' is reconstructable | 4 | |
| 24 | head | *qulu | | 1 | |
| 25 | neck | *ua | | 18 | |
| 26 | hair | *lau-qulu < | | 40 | |
| 27 | nose | *isu | | 1 | |
| 28 | to breathe | *maanawa | | 1 | |
| 29 | to sniff, smell | | | | |
| 30 | mouth | *ŋutu | 'mouth, beak' | 2 | |
| 31 | tooth | *nifo | | 1 | |
| 32 | tongue | *qalelo | Lexical replacement in PPn | 15 | |
| 33 | to laugh | *kata | PPn shows a replacement innovation. | 7 | |
| 34 | to cry | | | | |
| 35 | to vomit | *lua | | 8 | |
| 35 | to vomit | *lua-qi | | 8, 31 | |
| 36 | to spit | *qanu | | 14, 84, 121 | |
| 36 | to spit | *qanu-si | | 14, 84 | |
| 37 | to eat | *kai | | 1, 47 | |
| 38 | to chew | *mama | | 1 | |
| 39 | to cook | *saka | | 2 | |
| 40 | to drink | *inu | | 1 | |
| 41 | to bite | *uqu-ti | Pn: Ton, Niu, Sam, EFu, EUv, Tik, Pil, Ren | | |
| 42 | to suck | *miti | | 8 | |
| 42 | to suck | *susu | (b) 'suck the breast' | 25 | |
| 43 | ear | *taliŋa | | 1 | |
| 44 | to hear | *roŋo | | 1 | |
| 45 | eye | *mata | | 1 | |
| 46 | to see | *kite | | 1 | |
| 47 | to yawn | *mawawa | | 19 | |
| 48 | to sleep | *mohe | PCP shows a replacement innovation, reflected by Fijian moce, mose, Rotuman mose, PPn *mohe. PCP *mo(c,s)e has probable antecedents in POc but shows semantic shift. | 10, 109 | |
| 49 | to lie down | *takoto | | 7, 10 | |
| 50 | to dream | *miti | | 36 | |
| 50 | to dream | *mohe-miti | | 7, 36 | |
| 51 | to sit | *nofo | | 16 | |
| 52 | to stand | *tuqu | | 2 | |
| 53 | person/human being | *taŋata | | 1, 66, 97 | |
| 54 | man/male | *taqane | PPn shows irregular loss of PCP ŋw. | 1, 11 | |
| 55 | woman/female | *fafine | | 1, 106 | |
| 56 | child | *tama | 'child, son' PPn *tamaqiti, poss. singular, | 6 | |
| 57 | husband | | | | |
| 58 | wife | *qasawana | 'wife' | 1 | |
| 59 | mother | *tinana | | 1 | |
| 60 | father | *tamana | | 1 | |
| 61 | house | *fale | PPn shows lexical replacement | 14 | |
| 62 | thatch/roof | | | | |
| 63 | name | *hiŋoa | PPn shows lexical replacement | 6 | |
| 64 | to say | *tala | (to speak) tell, relate, (n.) talk, message' | 60 | |
| 65 | rope | *taula | PMic *tali 'rope',Pn: Niu toua 'rope', EFu, Nuk taula, Ren tauga, PCEPn *taura 'rope', (b) | 9 | |
| 66 | to tie up, fasten | *faqu-si | | 11 | |
| 67 | to sew | *tuitui | PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning 'to sew' | 13, 16 | |
| 67 | to sew | *suki | PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning 'to sew' | 17 | |
| 67 | to sew | *tui | | 13, 16 | |
| 68 | needle | *sika | 'net needle' | 9 | |
| 69 | to hunt | *tuli-manu | | 8 | |
| 70 | to shoot | | | | |
| 71 | to stab, pierce | *suki | (or stick) 'pierce' | 1, 8 | |
| 72 | to hit | *tuki | (a) to pound | 8 | |
| 72 | to hit | *paki | (b) to slap | 6 | |
| 73 | to steal | *kai(h,s)aqa | | 7 | |
| 74 | to kill | *faka-mate | | 2 | |
| 74 | to kill | *ta-mate- | | 2 | |
| 75 | to die, be dead | *mate | | 1 | |
| 76 | to live, be alive | | | | |
| 77 | to scratch | *waku | sure? not *laku?-MW | 9 | |
| 78 | to cut, hack | *kai(h,s)aqa | | | |
| 79 | stick/wood | *suki | 'pierce'to stab (or stick, no one to one match) | x | |
| 80 | to split | *fasi | (a) split s.t., cleave s.t. | 4 | |
| 80 | to split | *isi | (b) split, cut lengthwise, tear off in long strips | 7 | |
| 80 | to split | *faa | (c) burst, split open | 5 | |
| 80 | to split | *ma-faa | (d) burst, split open | 5, 72 | |
| 80 | to split | *ma-fola | (e) be split open | 1 | |
| 80 | to split | *fola | (e) be split open | 1 | |
| 81 | sharp | *ŋata | 'sharp'(as knife) | 36 | |
| 82 | dull, blunt | *mata putu | | 1 | |
| 82 | dull, blunt | *paku | | 61 | |
| 82 | dull, blunt | *pengu | | 12 | |
| 82 | dull, blunt | *penu | | 12 | |
| 82 | dull, blunt | ?*putu | For PMP Blust (1993) gives both *dumpul and *pudul. From the latter he derives POc *(b,p)urul. From the former one would expect POc *ru(b,p)ul. There is no standout candidate for PPn or PCP. Geraghty 1983 proposes PEOc *pusuki. | 1 | |
| 83 | to work | *quma | | 1 | |
| 84 | to plant | *too | PPn shows lexical replacement. | 4 | |
| 85 | to choose | *fili | | 1 | |
| 86 | to grow | *tupu | | 1 | |
| 87 | to swell | *fufula | | 7 | |
| 88 | to squeeze | *kumi | (a)'massage' | 14 | |
| 88 | to squeeze | *foo | (b) 'squeeze flesh or clothes, as in washing' | 8, 2 | |
| 88 | to squeeze | *fofoo | (b) 'squeeze flesh or clothes, as in washing' | 8, 2 | |
| 89 | to hold | | | | |
| 90 | to dig | *keli | | 1 | |
| 91 | to buy | *fakatau mai | PPn shows lexical replacement | 9 | |
| 92 | to open, uncover | *tatala | (a door, container) | 10 | |
| 93 | to pound, beat | *tuki | | 2 | |
| 94 | to throw | *lii | 'cast (as line, swing and throw, toss)' | 79 | |
| 94 | to throw | *liaki | 'cast (as line, swing and throw, toss)' | 79, 127 | |
| 95 | to fall | *too | 'to fall, drop' | 14 | |
| 96 | dog | | | | |
| 97 | bird | *manu | (+ *lele 'to fly') | 1 | |
| 98 | egg | | | | |
| 99 | feather | *fulu-fulu | | 1 | |
| 100 | wing | *kapakau | | 1, 59 | |
| 101 | to fly | *lele | PPn loses POc form. | 11 | |
| 102 | rat | *kumaa | | 13 | |
| 103 | meat/flesh | *kanofi | 'flesh of animal or coconut, kernel or hard core' | 14 | |
| 104 | fat/grease | *momona | 'rich fatty flesh, | 1, 65 | |
| 105 | tail | *hiku | (of fish) | 13 | |
| 106 | snake | *ŋata | | 12 | |
| 107 | worm (earthworm) | *kelemutu | | 9 | |
| 108 | louse | *kutu | | 1 | |
| 109 | mosquito | *namu | | 1 | |
| 110 | spider | *puŋa-lewelewe | | 1, 57 | |
| 111 | fish | *ika | | 1 | |
| 112 | rotten | *pala | 'rotten, as overripe fruit or tubers' | 13 | |
| 113 | branch | *laqa(-laqa) | 'small branch(es)' | 1 | |
| 114 | leaf | *lau (qi raqakau) | | 1 | |
| 115 | root | *aka | | 2 | |
| 116 | flower | *fuŋa | | 72 | |
| 117 | fruit | *fua | (qi ra?akau) | 1 | |
| 118 | grass | *mutia | grass (generic) | 13 | |
| 118 | grass | *mouku | | 58 | |
| 118 | grass | *mutie | grass (generic) | 13 | |
| 119 | earth/soil | *kele | | 10 | |
| 120 | stone | *maka | | 4 | |
| 121 | sand | *qone | | 1 | |
| 122 | water | *faka-ranu | *(v.) 'to wash s.t. in fresh water' | | |
| 123 | to flow | *sali | as a stream'flow (?in a small stream), trickle' | 24 | |
| 124 | sea | *wasa | If not a diffusion in Fiji-W. Polynesia area. (open) sea | 12 | |
| 125 | salt | *masima | | 3 | |
| 126 | lake | *loto | | 6 | |
| 127 | woods/forest | *wao | 'bush, forest, land that is uncultivated and uninhabited' | 14 | |
| 128 | sky | *laŋi | | 1 | |
| 129 | moon | *marama | 'moon, moonlight' | 7 | |
| 130 | star | *fetuqu | | 1 | |
| 131 | cloud | *qao | Probable lexical replacement in PCP/PPn. | 12 | |
| 132 | fog | *kofu | | 1, 47 | |
| 133 | rain | *quha | (noun) | 1 | |
| 134 | thunder | *mana | 'thunder, supernatural force' | 37 | |
| 135 | lightning | *quhila | | 2 | |
| 136 | wind | *mataŋi | | 1, 66 | |
| 137 | to blow | *pupusi | (with the breath) (no to) | 6 | |
| 138 | warm | *mafana | | 1, 72 | |
| 138 | warm | *mafana-fana | | 1, 72 | |
| 139 | cold | *makalili | | 1, 52 | |
| 140 | dry | *matuqu | | 66 | |
| 141 | wet | *suu | (Vst) 'watery, wet' | 11 | |
| 142 | heavy | *ma-mafa | (b)PEPn *taumafa, *taimafa | 46 | |
| 143 | fire | *afi | | 1 | |
| 144 | to burn | *wela-tia ‘burnt’ | be alight | 63 | |
| 145 | smoke | *qahu | | 2 | |
| 145 | smoke | *qahu-afi | | 2 | |
| 146 | ash | *refu | (-refu) (ashes) | 67 | |
| 147 | black | *quli(-quli) | PPn shows a replacement innovation. | 7 | |
| 148 | white | *tea | | 8 | |
| 149 | red | *kula | | 13 | |
| 150 | yellow | *reŋareŋa,*felo(-felo) | 'yellow' (also 'turmeric'),'yellowish, reddish yellow' | 10, 11 | |
| 151 | green | ? * mata | Possibly no primary colour term 'green' in POc. | 1 | |
| 152 | small | *qiti | | 1 | |
| 153 | big | *lasi | PPn show a replacement innovation. | 12 | |
| 154 | short | *pukupuku | | 3 | |
| 155 | long | *loa | | 12, 105 | |
| 156 | thin | *manifinifi | (as cloth) | 1 | |
| 157 | thick | *matolutolu | | 3 | |
| 158 | narrow | *faa-riki | 'narrow' | 84 | |
| 159 | wide | *faa-lasi | wide | | |
| 159 | wide | *lau-lasi | wide | 73, 9 | |
| 159 | wide | *lau-efa | wide | 73, 48 | |
| 160 | painful, sick | *mamahi | (a) painful | 10 | |
| 160 | painful, sick | *masaki | (b) sick | 1 | |
| 161 | shy, ashamed | *maqaa | ashamed (?) | 1 | |
| 161 | shy, ashamed | *maa | ashamed | 1 | |
| 162 | old | tuai | (1) 'old, of times, (2) late | 48 | |
| 163 | new | *foqou | | 1 | |
| 164 | good | *malie | 'nice, pleasant' | 16 | |
| 165 | bad, evil | *saqa | ?'bad, of improper conduct, unseemly, forbidden' | 1 | |
| 166 | correct, true | | | | |
| 167 | night | *poo | | 1 | |
| 168 | day | *raqani | | 6 | |
| 169 | year | *taqu | | 1 | |
| 170 | when? | *ŋaiSa | | 1 | |
| 171 | to hide | *funi | PT: Motu huni-a 'to hide' | 1 | |
| 172 | to climb | *kake | PPn shows lexical replacement | 32 | |
| 173 | at | | | | |
| 174 | in, inside | *(i) loto | PPn shows replacement. PPn has *lalo 'under, below' with semantic shift.(hand) | 5 | |
| 175 | above | *i luŋa | PPn shows lexical replacement. | 9 | |
| 176 | below | *lalo | PPn shows a replacement innovation. Probably a semantic shift, as suggested by PMic *lalo 'deep' | 8 | |
| 177 | this | *eni | | 1 | |
| 178 | that | *era | (distant) | 65 | |
| 179 | near | *tata | | 9 | |
| 180 | far | *mamaqo | PPn shows lexical replacement. | 13 | |
| 181 | where? | *fea | | 3, 35 | |
| 182 | I | *au | (indep.) | 1, 21 | |
| 183 | thou | *koe | | 1 | |
| 184 | he/she | *ia | he (indep.) | 1 | |
| 185 | we | *kima-tou | (excl pl) | 2, 39 | |
| 186 | you | | | | |
| 187 | they | *kila-tou | (where –tou is from *-tolu 'paucal') | 1, 19 | |
| 187 | they | *la-tou | (where –tou is from *-tolu 'paucal') | 1, 72 | |
| 188 | what? | *hafa | | 1 | |
| 188 | what? | *haa | | 1 | |
| 189 | who? | *hai | | 1 | |
| 190 | other | *taha | | | |
| 191 | all | *katoa | PPn shows a lexical replacement | 13 | |
| 192 | and | | | | |
| 193 | if | *rano | | | |
| 194 | how? | *pe(he)fea | PPn shows lexical replacement. | 11 | |
| 195 | no, not | *qikai | | 10, 83 | |
| 196 | to count | *tau | | 8 | |
| 197 | One | *taha | | 41 | |
| 198 | Two | *rua | | 1 | |
| 199 | Three | *tolu | | 1 | |
| 200 | Four | *faa | | 1, 66 | |
| 201 | Five | *lima | | 1 | |
| 202 | Six | *ono | | | |
| 203 | Seven | | | | |
| 204 | Eight | | | | |
| 205 | Nine | | | | |
| 206 | Ten | | | | |
| 207 | Twenty | | | | |
| 208 | Fifty | | | | |
| 209 | One Hundred | | | | |
| 210 | One Thousand | | | | |
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