Cells and Tissues Worksheet, Assignments of Anatomy

Download Cells and Tissues Worksheet and more Assignments Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity! CELLS AND TISSUES The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell. Each of a cell’s parts, or organelles, as well as the entire cell, is organized to perform a specific function. Cells have the ability to metabolize, grow and reproduce, move, and respond to stimuli. The cells of the body differ in shape, size, and in specific roles in the body. Cells that are similar in structure and function form tissues, which, in turn, construct the various body organs. Student activities in this chapter include questions relating to the structure and function of the generalized animal cell and to the general arrangement of tissues and their contribution to the activities of the various body organs. CELLS Overview 1. Answer the following questions by inserting your responses in the answer blanks. Hydrogen 1 1-4, Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter. Carbon 2. 8 5. Name the single most abundant material or substance Oxygen 3. in living matter. Nitrogen 4, 6. Name the trace element most important for making bones hard. Oxygen 5. 7. Name the element, found in small amounts in the Calcium 6. body, that is needed to make hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Iron 7. 8-12. Although there are many specific “jobs” that certain cells Reproduction 8. are able to do, name five functions common to all cells. Metabolism 9. Growth 11. Excretion 10. Responds to Stimuli_12. _» 33 34 = Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Squamous 13. 13-15. List three different cell shapes. Cuboidal 14. 16. Name the fluid, similar to seawater, that surrounds and bathes all body cells. Columnar 15. 17. Name the flattened cells, important in protection, that Extracellular Fluid 16. fit together like tiles. (This is just one example of the generalization that a cell’s structure is very closely Squamous 17. related to its function in the body.) Anatomy of a Generalized Cell 2. Using the list of terms on the following page, correctly label all cell parts indicated by leader lines in Figure 3-1. Then select different colors for each structure and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the illustration. Mitochondria _ Golgi apparatus. Nucleus/ Nucleopore Cytosol mooth ER Vacuole Ze N imal : Nucleolus Chromatin threads Centriol PlasmaiCell membrane Microvilli Figure 3-1 Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues 37 5. Relative to cellular organelles, circle the term or phrase that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Peroxisomes Enzymatic breakdown Lysosomes 2. Microtubules Intermediate filaments Cytoskeleton 3. Ribosomes Rough ER Protein synthesis 4, Mitochondrion Cristae ATP production 5. Centrioles Cilia Flagella 6. ER Nuclear pores Ribosomes Golgi apparatus 7. Nucleus DNA Chromatin Nucleolus 6. Name the cytoskeletal element (microtubules, microfilaments, or intermediate filaments) described by each of the following phrases. microfilaments 1. Give the cell its shape microfilaments 2. Resist tension placed on a cell microtubules 3. Radiate from the cell center microtubules 4. Involved in moving intracellular structures intermediate filaments 5. Are the most stable microtubules 6. Have the thickest diameter 7. Different organelles are abundant in different cell types. Match the cell types with their abundant organelles by selecting a letter from the key choices. Key Choices A. Mitochondria C. Rough ER E. Microfilaments G. Intermediate filaments B. Smooth ER D. Peroxisomes F. Lysosomes H. Golgi apparatus B _ 1. Cell lining the small intestine (assembles fats) F 2. White blood cell; a phagocyte __D _ 3. Liver cell that detoxifies carcinogens 4, Muscle cell (contractile cell) _C,H_ 5. Mucus-secreting cell (secretes a protein product) G __ 6. Cell at external skin surface (withstands friction and tension) A _ 7. Kidney tubule cell (makes and uses large amounts of ATP) 38 = Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Cell Physiology Membrane Transport 8. Figure 3-4 shows a semipermeable sac, containing 4% NaCl, 9% glucose, and 10% albumin, suspended in a solution with the following composition: 10% NaCl, 10% glucose, and 40% albumin. Assume the sac is permeable to all substances except albumin. Using the key choices, insert the letter indicating the correct event in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Moves into the sac B. Moves out of the sac C. Does not move A 1. Glucose Cc 3. Albumin B 2. Water A 4, NaCl Solution contains: 10% NaCl 10% Glucose 40% Albumin Sac contains: 4% NaCl! 9% Glucose 10% Albumin Figure 3-4 9. Figure 3-5 shows three microscopic fields (A-C) containing red blood cells. Arrows indicate the direction of net osmosis. Respond to the following questions, referring to Figure 3-5, by inserting your responses in the spaces provided. 1. Which microscopic field contains a hypertonic solution? A The cells in this field are said to be crenated (shrunken) 2, Which microscopic field contains an isotonic bathing solution? B What does isotonic mean? it means that cells have the same concentration of solutes as the blood 3. Which microscopic field contains a hypotonic solution? Cc What is happening to the cells in this field and why? hemolysis it may be due to the action of hemolysins, or maybe due to intense physical exercise Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues 39 A B c Figure 3-5 10. Figure 3-6 is a simplified diagram of the plasma membrane. Structure A represents channel proteins constructing a pore, structure B represents an ATP-energized solute pump, and structure C is a transport protein that does not depend on energy from ATP. Identify these structures and the membrane phospholipids by color before continuing. 6 Channel 6 Solute pump @ Passive transport protein carrier 6 Phospholipids Ph ipi Amino acid Fat 0, ospholipids Cell Steroid H,0 Nat Kt Glucose exterior OOTY OS Amino acid Cell oO, / interior ; ; co, Glucose olute pump Passive transport protein carrier Figure 3-6 hannel Now add arrows to Figure 3-6 as instructed next: For each substance that moves through the plasma membrane, draw an arrow indicating its (most likely) direction of movement (into or out of the cell). If it is moved actively, use a red arrow; if it is moved passively, use a blue arrow. 42 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 13. Identify the phases of mitosis depicted in Figure 3-7 by inserting the correct name in the blank under the appropriate diagram. Then select different colors to represent the structures listed below and use them to color in the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the illustration. © Nuclear membrane(s), if present @ Centrioles @ Nucleoli, if present 6 Spindle fibers @ Chromosomes Spindle Fibers Chromosomes _ Nuclear Membtane Prophase B Anaphase “USS c Telophase D Metaphase Figure 3-7 Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues 43 14. The following statements describe events that occur during the different phases of mitosis. Identify the phase by choosing the correct response(s) from the key choices and inserting the letter(s) or term(s) in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Anaphase C. Prophase E. None of these B. Metaphase D. Telophase Cc 1. Chromatin coils and condenses to form deeply staining bodies. A 2. Centromeres break, and chromosomes begin migration toward opposite poles of the cell. 3. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear. D 4, When chromosomes cease their poleward movement, this phase begins. B 5. Chromosomes align on the equator of the spindle. Cc 6. The nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear. Cc 7. The spindle forms through the migration of the centrioles. E 8. Chromosomal material replicates. Cc 9. Chromosomes first appear to be duplex structures. Cc 10. Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers. D 11. A cleavage furrow forms during this phase. A,B 12. The nuclear membrane is absent during the entire phase. 13. A cell carries out its usual metabolic activities. 15. Complete the following statements. Insert your answers in the answer blanks. chromosomes cytoplasm condensed centrioles messed up cell microtubule Interphase 1. Division of the __()_ is referred to as mitosis. Cytokinesis is the division of the __@)_. The major structural difference between chromatin and chromosomes is that the latter are (3)_. Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers by undivided structures called __ (4) _. If a cell undergoes nuclear division but not cytoplasmic division, the product is a _(5)_. The structure that acts as a scaffolding for chromosomal attachment and movement is called the _(6) _. _(@_ is the period of cell life when the cell is not involved in division. 44 = Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Protein Synthesis 16. Figure 3-8 is a diagram illustrating protein synthesis. Select four different colors, and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding struc- tures in the diagram. Next, using the letters of the genetic code, label the nitrogen bases on strand 2 of the DNA double helix, on the mRNA strands, and on the tRNA molecules. Then, answer the questions that follow referring to Figure 3-8, inserting your answers in the answer blanks. 6 Backbones of the DNA double helix rd tRNA molecules 6 Backbone of the mRNA strands 6 Amino acid molecules Nuclear . . membrane Amino acid molecule Ribosome Nucleus DNA backbone tRNA molecules Figure 3-8 1. Transfer of the genetic message from DNA to mRNA is called transcription . 2. Assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mRNA is called translation 3. The set of three nitrogen bases on tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon is called anticodon a . The complementary three-base sequence on DNA is called a triplet code Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues 47 19. Using the key choices, correctly identify the major tissue types described. Enter the appropriate letter or tissue type term in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Connective B. Epithelium C. Muscle D. Nervous B 1. Forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membranes 2. Allows for organ movements within the body 3. Transmits electrochemical impulses 4. Supports body organs 5. Cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances 6. Basis of the major controlling system of the body 7. The cells of this tissue shorten to exert force . Forms hormones A S9*. Packages and protects body organs 10. Characterized by having large amounts of nonliving matrix 11. Allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow 12. Most widely distributed tissue type in the body o |> jo |> > jw lo |jU jw > jf JO ~ 13. Forms the brain and spinal cord 20. Using the key choices, identify the following specific type(s) of epithelial tissue. Enter the appropriate letter or classification term in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated) C. Simple cuboidal E. Stratified squamous B. Simple columnar D. Simple squamous F. Transitional E 1. Lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis B 2. Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestine E 3. Best suited for areas subjected to friction A 4. Lines much of the respiratory tract A 5. Propels substances (e.g., mucus) across its surface F 6. Found in the bladder lining; peculiar cells that slide over one another D 7. Forms thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells 48 = Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 21. The three types of muscle tissue exhibit certain similarities and differences. Check (/) the appropriate spaces in the following table to indicate which muscle types exhibit each characteristic. Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth . Voluntarily controlled . Involuntarily controlled . Banded appearance . Single nucleus in each cell wa VL 7 V4 . Multinucleate . Found attached to bones . Allows you to direct your eyeballs KY AS . Found in the walls of stomach, uterus, and arteries . Contains spindle-shaped cells «A 10. Contains cylindrical cells with branching ends 11. Contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells 12. Displays intercalated discs 13. Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole LAK 14. Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts 15. Tissue of the circulatory pump ~~ 22. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Collagen Cell Matrix 2. Cilia Flagellum Microvilli 3. Glands Gones) Epidermis Mucosae 4, Adipose Hyaline Osseous 5. Smooth Cardiac Skeletal Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues 49 23. Using the key choices, identify the following connective tissue types. Insert the appropriate letter or corresponding term in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Adipose connective tissue B. Areolar connective tissue Cc 1, A 2 c 3 D 4 c 5 F 6 A 7 F 8 D 9 E 10. Tissue Repair C. Dense fibrous connective tissue _ E. Reticular connective tissue D. Osseous tissue F. Hyaline cartilage Provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers; found in tendons . Acts as a storage depot for fat . Composes the dermis of the skin . Forms the bony skeleton . Composes the basement membrane and packages organs; includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types . Forms the embryonic skeleton and the surfaces of bones at the joints; reinforces the trachea . Provides insulation for the body . Structurally amorphous matrix, heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth . Contains cells arranged concentrically around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts . Forms the stroma or internal “skeleton” of lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs 24. For each of the following statements about tissue repair that is true, enter 7 in the answer blank. For each false statement, correct the underlined words by writing the correct words in the answer blank. inflammation 1. clotting factors 2. granulation 3. regeneration 4. The nonspecific response of the body to injury is called regeneration. Intact capillaries near an injury dilate, leaking plasma, blood cells, and antibodies, which cause the blood to clot. The clot at the surface dries to form a scab. During the first phase of tissue repair, capillary buds invade the clot, forming a delicate pink tissue called endodermal tissue. When damage is not too severe, the surface epithelium migrates beneath the dry scab and across the surface of the granulation tissue. This repair process is called proliferation. >