Yasuke (born c. 1555, Eastern Africa) was a valet and bodyguard of the Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano who rose to become a member of the inner circle of the warlord Oda Nobunaga, Japan’s first “great unifier.” Due to his favor with Nobunaga and presence at his side in at least one battle, Yasuke is commonly held by Japanese historians to be the first recorded “samurai” of foreign birth, although this has been disputed by some people.

Historical evidence of Yasuke

The primary source documents pertaining to Yasuke’s life are Portuguese-language Jesuit reports from the late 16th century (originally published in 1598) and works of the Japanese chroniclers Ōta Gyūichi and Matsudaira Ietada. A few additional documents are thought to pertain to Yasuke, such as a letter from Mozambique discovered in 2021 by Oka Mihoko, a professor at the University of Tokyo, but, as the subjects are not directly named, it is possible that they refer to other people. Furthermore, it is possible that other references to Yasuke have been lost or remain to be discovered in the future.

There is also some pictorial evidence thought to depict Yasuke on a range of lacquerware accessories such as chests, writing boxes, and gunpowder containers, although authenticating these pieces as genuine portraiture has not yet proved possible.

Sakai City Museum in Ōsaka prefecture holds a folding screen thought to have been created in the early 17th century by an unknown artist. It depicts an African person, thought by historians to be Yasuke, wrestling a Japanese man while surrounded by onlookers, many of whom are awaiting their turn to wrestle. One of the spectators appears to be Nobunaga. Artworks such as these show that Yasuke’s memory lived on in the Japanese popular consciousness for decades after the events for which he is remembered occurred.

Background and early years

Yasuke was born in Africa, possibly among the Dinka people of what is now South Sudan based on contemporaneous physical descriptions by Ōta and Matsudaira, though some secondary sources from the 17th century suggest the vicinity of modern-day Mozambique. The only report of Yasuke’s age is from Ōta’s Shinchōkōki (“The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga”), a biography of Nobunaga, which describes Yasuke in 1581 as being in his mid-20s, suggesting that his birth year was about 1555.

Yasuke first enters the historical record in 1581 as an attendant bodyguard of the Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, who had been dispatched by Pope Gregory XIII to inspect the new Roman Catholic missions in Asia. Many sources say that Yasuke came with Valignano from “the Indies,” indicating that they probably met in Portuguese-controlled Goa or Cochin (modern-day Goa and Kochi in India), although in contemporary terms the Portuguese-held Island of Mozambique could also conceivably have been classed as “the Indies.”

Arrival in Japan

Yasuke would have traveled with Valignano from Cochin to Malacca (modern-day Melaka in Malaysia), and from there to Macau (today a special administrative region of China), arriving in Japan at the port of Kuchinotsu, in modern-day Nagasaki prefecture, in May 1579.

Valignano spent his first two years in Japan inspecting the Jesuit mission facilities in the region of Kyūshū, establishing new rules and regulations and an economic basis for the continuation of the mission. As his bodyguard in a part of the world that was embroiled in civil war, Yasuke would have been with him for protection during these two years.

In service to Oda Nobunaga

In the early months of 1581, Valignano was preparing to leave Japan to return west to Macau and the Indian subcontinent but required the permission of Japan’s most powerful warlord, Oda Nobunaga, to depart. Valignano, with Yasuke and a large entourage, traveled to the imperial capital, Miyako (modern-day Kyōto), for an audience with Nobunaga. En route, Yasuke enters the written historical record for the first time as the Jesuit procession was mobbed when leaving Sakai (in modern-day Ōsaka) prefecture and then on entry to Miyako. The Jesuit Luís Fróis, in a letter dated April 14, 1581, reported that buildings in Sakai were damaged by the sheer number of onlookers climbing them to catch a glimpse of Yasuke. Furthermore, in Miyako, the crowd’s jostling caused people to be crushed to death and nearly destroyed a brand-new Jesuit church.

The people of the region had never seen an African before and were astonished. The researcher Thomas Lockley (the author of this article) speculates that they may have seen him as a form of divine visitor due to the fact that the Buddha and other holy figures were often portrayed as black-skinned in Japan at this time.

Close to the Jesuit church where Yasuke had taken refuge was Honnō-ji, a temple which Nobunaga had established as his residence in Miyako. The sound of the riot reached Nobunaga’s ears, and he ordered its cause, Yasuke, to be brought before him. Ōta Gyūichi, present at the audience, reported that Yasuke had the “strength of ten men” and a good demeanor, but Nobunaga could not trust the color of his skin and had his retainers scrub him, suspecting that the black pigment was artificial. Realizing that Yasuke’s skin color was natural, Nobunaga called for three of his sons who happened to be nearby and held a banquet to welcome this astonishing visitor, finally rewarding Yasuke with a large sum of money.

In an unpublished but extant document from about this time, Ōta states that Nobunaga made Yasuke a vassal, giving him a house, servants, a sword, and a stipend. During this period, the definition of samurai was ambiguous, but historians think that this would contemporaneously have been seen as the bestowing of warrior or “samurai” rank. This is where the claim that Yasuke was a samurai originates.

The Jesuit Lourenço Mexia, who was later with Yasuke in Nobunaga’s capital city, Azuchi (in modern-day Shiga prefecture), wrote that Nobunaga was very fond of and often talked with Yasuke. Mexia even reported rumors that Yasuke would be made tonō, or lord, which has been interpreted as meaning that he might have been in line for the bestowal of a fief.

From April to May 1582, the Oda clan launched an expedition against Takeda Katsuyori in the Kōshū region. The Oda army was led by Nobunaga’s eldest son, Nobutada, and upon victory Nobunaga—with Yasuke at his side—toured the new territory under his control. This is reported in the diary of Tokugawa Ieyasu vassal Matsudaira Ietada. Matsudaira observed Yasuke as Nobunaga traversed Tokugawa lands on his return to Azuchi. He recorded Yasuke’s name and height (6 shaku 2 sun, approximately 6 feet 2 inches [1.88 meters]) and furthermore confirmed that Yasuke had been granted a stipend.

The Honnō-ji Incident

On the eve of the Honnō-ji Incident of June 21, 1582, Nobunaga was traveling to another major front against the Mori clan in what is now Okayama prefecture with about 30 close followers, one of whom was Yasuke. The group ended up staying at Honnō-ji, the same temple where Yasuke and Nobunaga had met the previous year.

Early the next morning, the group woke to the smell of smoke and gunshots. Akechi Mitsuhide, a senior Nobunaga vassal, had suddenly rebelled and attacked his liege lord with an army of about 13,000 men. Nobunaga and his entourage, including Yasuke, fought bravely, but when the temple was engulfed in flames, Nobunaga had no choice but to perform seppuku.

Instead of escaping, Yasuke rushed to the Oda clan’s new lord, Nobunaga’s eldest son, Nobutada, who was barricaded inside the nearby Nijō-goshō imperial villa. Yasuke and the remaining Oda men fought to the last, but their efforts were in vain as they were mercilessly bombarded with volleys of fire from the roof of an adjacent residence. Yasuke was captured by Mitsuhide’s vassals, but Mitsuhide saw him and released him, describing him in bestial terms. Mitsuhide suggested that because Yasuke wasn’t Japanese, his life should be spared; he was not expected to perform seppuku as had Nobutada and the other defeated samurai.

Yasuke was accompanied by Mitsuhide’s vassals to the Jesuit church, and it is reported that the missionaries gave thanks to God for his deliverance. This is the last confirmed record of Yasuke.

Legacy and modern-day pop culture

The Jesuit reports from Japan were translated into Japanese by the renowned scholar Murakami Naojiro and published in 1943/44. In the second half of the 20th century his life slowly started to become better known, first in postwar Japan and then globally.

Starting in 1968 with Kurusu Yoshio’s prizewinning children’s historical fiction book, Kurosuke, Yasuke has increasingly become the inspiration for fictional characters in novels, plays, works of art, anime, and manga based upon his life story. These include the protagonist of Okazaki Takashi’s Afro Samurai series of manga and anime and a number of other characters of African Japanese or African American origin.

In 2021 Netflix released an anime series titled Yasuke, created by LeSean Thomas, and since 2019, there have been persistent rumors that a Hollywood studio will make a full-length movie.

The world of video games has seen a resurgence of interest in Yasuke, starting in 2013 with Nobunaga’s Ambition (Koei Tecmo). Yasuke also featured prominently in Nioh (Koei Tecmo, 2017) and inspired the character of Nagoriyuki in Guilty Gear Strive (Arc System Works, 2021). Notably, his role as a protagonist in Assassin’s Creed Shadows (Ubisoft, expected release November 2024) has caused significant controversy due to debate about historical accuracy.