S[NAJFY [JSN[YNB
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OSSMHFOYHNB NL JEJ[@HB@ YJFGBNMN@X HB OZYNENYH\J HBIZVY[X
―
Vukehttji lnr tgj porthom lumlhmejbt nl tgj rjquhrjejbt lnr tgj owori nl ij`rjj
Nl
EOVYJ[ NL KZVHBJVV OIEHBHVY[OYHNB
(VJVVHNB ;3;3-;3;;)
VZKEHYYJI YN
Ir. O.S.A OkiumDomoe YjfgbhfomZbhvjrshty , Mufdbnw
ZBIJ[ YGJ @ZHIOBFJ NL 1- VZKEHYYJI KX1-
Er. VOZ[OKG VOWJBO
[JBZ [NMM BN. ‖
MNYZV HBVYHYZYJ NL EOBO@JEJBY, KO[JHMMX
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IJFMO[OYHNB
H [JBZ gjrjky ijfmorj tgot tghs prnajft rjpnrt jbtmji ” Oppmhfonb nl jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`y hb Outnenvj Hbiustry ― wrhjb obi sukehji ky ej tn tgj ODYZ Zbhvjrshty , Mufdbnw hb porom lummejbt nl rjquhrjejbts lnr tgj owori nl ij`rjj nl Eostjr nl Kushbjss Oiehbhstronb , ;3;3-;3;;.H omsn ijfmorj tgot tghs ehbh prnajft rjpnrt gos bnt kjjb prjvhnusmy sukehji tn oby ntgjr Zbhvjrshty nr Hbstunb.[JBZEKO ;
BI
VJE[NMM BN. -
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OFDBNPMJI@JEJBY
H jxprjss ey shbfjrj tgobds tn Er. Vourokg Voxjbo lnr `uhiobfj & jbfnuro`jejbt tn offnepmhsg tghs prnajft rjpnrt.H oe jxtrjejmy tgobdlum obi poy ey `rotuij tn ey lofuhmty `uhij Ers. Obu Vubnrh lnr gjr vomuokmj suppnrt nb fnepmjnb nl tghs prnajft rjpnrt.H omsn ofdbnwmji`j whtg o ijjp sjbsj nl rjvjrjbfj, ey`rotuij tnworis ey porjbts obi ejekjr nl ey loehmy, wgngos omwoys suppnrtji ej enrommy os wjmm os jfnbnehfommy.Ot most kut bnt mjost `rotuij `njs tn omm nl ey lrhjbis wgnihrjftmy nr hbihrjftmy gjmpji ej tn fnepmjtj tghs prnajft rjpnrt
.
[JBZEKO ;
BI
VJE[NMM BN. -
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YOKMJ NL FNBYJBYV
OKVY[OFY
HBY[NIZFYHNB
NKAJFYH\J NL YGJ VYZIX
[J\HJP NL MHYJ[OYZ[J
HBIZVY[X N\J[\HJP
DJX SMOXJ[V HB HBIHO
FGOMMJB@JV HB OZYNENYH\J HBIZVY[X
JEJ[@HB@ YJFGBNMN@X HB OZYNENYH\J HBIZVY[X
N[@OBHVOYHNB OBI PN[LN[FJ NL YGJ LZYZ[J
VPNY OBOMXVHV
EJYGNINMN@X
FNBFMZVHNB
KHKMHN@[OSGX
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OKVY[OFY
Yghs stuiy moys nut tgj jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`hfom nppnrtubhjs tgot stobi hb lrnbt nl tgj Hbihob outn hbiustry, whtg lnfus nb tgj possjb`jr vjghfmjs, mhehtji tn fors. Ht ojepts tn ubijrstobi tgj mjvjrs tgot whmm hbujbfj oinpnb nl jejr`hb` bjw tjfgbnmn`hjs obiohes tn jxpmohb tgj fgnhfjs tgot whmm kj pursuji ky tgj Hbihob outn pmoyjrs. Ygj nppnrtubhjs hbfmuij fnbbjfvhty, jmjftrhji pnwjrtrohbs, outnbnenus vjghfmjs, obi hbiustry 9.3O fneprjgjbshvj survjy nl outnenvj hbiustry trjbis tn mnnd lnrwori tn rjvjoms hblnreonb-fjbtrhf tjfgbnmn`hjs pmoyhb` o fjbtrom rnmj hb tgj luturj nl tgj hbiustry.Ygj hbiustry hs oinpb` bjw tjfgbnmn`hjs hb hts npjronbs ot ob ubprjfjijbtji sfomj. Hb oiihnb tn tjfgbnmn`hjs sufg os orfhom hbtjmmh`jbfj (OH) obi kh` ioto & obomyfs tgot govj kjjb ornubi lnr wghmj, bjwjr tjfgbnmn`hjs sufg os tgj hbtjrbjt nl tghb`s (HnY) obi kmnfdfgohb omsn bi buejrnus oppmhfonbs hb outnenvj. Ygj rjsumt nl tghs rjsjorfg hs ioto-irhvjb hbbnvonb hbtjmmh`jbfj tgot heprnvjs strotj`hf ijfhshnb-eodhb` ky `hvhb` ynu ob nvjrvhjw nl jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`hjs & stortups hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry.
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HBY[NIZFYHNB
Jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`hjs orj tjfgbnmn`hjs wgnsj ijvjmnpejbt, proffom oppmhfonbs, nr kntg orj smm mor`jmy ubrjomhzji, sufg tgot tgjy orj `urovjmy jejr`hb` hbtn prnehbjbfj lrne o kofd`rnubi nl bnbjxhstjbfj nr nksfurhty. Ygjsj tjfgbnmn`hjs orj `jbjrommy bjw kut omsn hbfmuij nmijr tjfgbnmn`hjs tgot orj smm rjmovjmy ubijvjmnpji hbpntjbomJejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`hjs orj tgnsj tjfgbhfom hbbnvonbs wghfg rjprjsjbt prn`rjsshvj ijvjmnpejbts whtghb o jmi lnr fnepjvj oivobto`jOs hbbnvonb irhvjs jfnbnehf `rnwtg, obi mor`j jfnbnehf rjworis fnej lrne bjw hbvjbnbs, o `rjot ijom nl rjsnurfjs (lubihb` obi jnrt) `n hbtn tgj ijvjmnpejbt nl jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`hjsVhbfj tgj hbtrniufnb nl outnenkhmjs tn tgj eohbstrjoe eordjts nl tgj wnrmi, tjfgbnmn`hfom hbbnvonbs govj omwoys kjjb o port nl tgj hbiustry. Ygj outnenkhmj hbiustry hs whtbjss tn sjvjrom hbfrjihkmj tjfgbnmn`hfom oivobfjs nvjr tgj most fjbtury. [h`gt lrne tgj orrhvom nl jb`hbjs tgot usji lnsshm lujms tn pnwjr trobspnrtonb, tgj hepoft nl tjfgbnmn`y hb sgophb` tgj outnenkhmjs nvjr tgj fnursj gos kjjb jbnrenus. Aust mhdj jvjry ntgjr hbiustry, tgj outnenkhmj hbiustry hs omsn rophimy oivobfhb` hb fnbtjepnrory ejs. Ygj hbtj`ronb nl tjfgbnmn`hfom oivobfjs eodjs fors soljr, usjr-lrhjbimy obi gos hbtrniufji sjvjrom ljoturjs tgot heprnvj tgjhr vomujobi usjlumbjss lnr outnenkhmj nwbjrs. Enijrb outnenkhmjs fob njr eufg enrj tgob irhvhb` ynu lrne nbj pnhbt tn obntgjr, aust mhdjenijrb fjmm pgnbjs orj fopokmj nl pjrlnrehb` enrj tgob aust o fomm.
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NKAJFYH\J NL YGJ VYZIX
Yn hijbly tgj fgommjb`js hb outnenvj hbiustry. @mnkomhzonb, hbihvhiuomhzonbs, ih`htomhzonb obi hbfrjoshb` fnepjnb orj prjsshb` tgj lofj nl tgj hbiustry.Hb oiihnb, hbfrjoshb` soljty rjquhrjejbts obi vnmubtory jbvhrnbejbtom fneehtejbts ky tgj outnenvj hbiustry govj omsn fnbtrhkutji tn tgj fgob`js ogjoi. Yn hijbly tgj oppmhfonb nl jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`y hb outnenvj hbiustry. Ygj kh``jst fgob`j tgot gos omrjoiy nffurrji hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry os o rjsumt nl tjfgbnmn`y
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[J\HJP NL MHYJ[OYZ[J
Jvjry hbiustry trobshnbs tgrnu`g tgj pgosjs nl jvnmunb, `rnwtg obi prn`rjss. Hb nrijr tn stuiy tgj `rnwtg nl ob hbiustry ht hs vjry hepnrtobt tn dbnw gnw tgj hbiustry jvnmvji nvjr tgj pjrhni nl ej,wgot wjrj hts pgosjs nl `rnwtg, wgot wjrj tgj ihfumjs jbfnubtjrji, obi gnw ihi ht survhvj. Ygj outn hbiustry gos o mnb` ghstnry nl jvnmunb, ht hs tgus hepnrtobt obi bjfjssory lnr tgj rjsjorfgjr tn ubijrstobi tgj fnbfjptuom kofd`rnubi obi lofts oknut tghs hbiustryO Buekjr nl rjmjvobt orfmjs, knnds, rjsjorfg popjrs, inftnrom tgjsjs govj kjjb rjljrrji lnr tghs purpnsj. Yghs rjvhjw gos gjmpji tgj rjsjorfg tn `ohb ob hbsh`gt hbtn tgj post, prjsjbt obi luturj stotus nl tgj outn hbiustry hb `jbjrom obi outn fnepnbjbt hbiustry hb porfumor.Yghs popjr prnvhijs o sueeory nl tgj bihb`s tgot jejr`ji lrne o ijtohmji jxpmnronb nl rjfjbt mhtjroturj ijsfrhkhb` hbbnvovj tjfgbnmn`y-kosji prnajfts. Ygj jxpmnronb snu`gt tn hbvjs`otj tgj lnres nl tjfgbnmn`y-kosji mjorbhb` kjhb` rjpnrtji hb tgj mhtjroturj whtg tgj vhjw tn ihsfnvjrhb` pojrbs obi tgjejs hb tgj lnres nl mjorbhb` strotj`hjs kjhb` jepmnyji, tgj jbgobfji mjorbhb` nutfnejskjhb` rjpnrtji obi tgj boturj nl tgj jvomuonb ejtgninmn`hjs jepmnyji.Hbbnvonbs orj rophimy trobslnrehb` jvjry hbiustry, obi tgj outnenvj hbiustry hs bn jxfjpnb. Hbbnvonbs obi oinpnbs orjsjb` bjw trjbis hb tgj fjbtury-nmi outnenvj jfnsystje, wghfggos ubijr`nbj o irosf fgob`j.
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HBIZVY[X N\J[\HJP
Pghmj tgj stnry nl Hbiho‘s jfnbnehf `rnwtg nvjr tgj most twjbty yjors hs wjmm dbnwb, ht hs njb jxpmohbji os o sjrvhfjs-irhvjb pgjbnejbnb. Gnwjvjr, snej eobulofturhb` sjftnrs govj pmoyji obhepnrtobt rnmj hb tghs jfnbnehf `rnwtg, obi tgj outnenvj sjftnr hsprnehbjbt oenb` tgje.Ygj outnenvj sjftnr‘s fnbtrhkunb hs bnt nbmy hb tjres nl rjvjbujs, prnts, toxjs obi jepmnyejbt, kut enrj hepnrtobtmy hb quomhty prnfjssjs, jfhjbfy heprnvjejbts, obi prniuft hbbnvonb. Yghs iyboehse gos kjjb sjjb ofrnss tgj sjftnr ‖ hb tgj fneejrfhom vjghfmjs, umhty vjghfmjs, fors, twn-wgjjmjrs obi outnenkhmj fnepnbjbt hbiustrhjs.Ygj Hbihob outnenvj hbiustry hs sjjhb` sh`bhfobt trobslnreonb whtg rjspjft tn hts sustohbokmj `rnwtg obi prntokhmhty. Ygj lubioejbtoms lnr `rnwtg irhvjrs hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry rjeohb hbtoft obi tgj sjftnr hs mhdjmy tn sjj ob hbfrjosji upwori trjbi hb ijeobi hb tgj fnehb` yjors os tgj jfnbnehf jbvhrnbejbt heprnvjs obi hbvjstejbts hbfrjosj. Ygj @nvjrbejbt‘s ‗Eodj hb Hbiho‘ hbhovj gos pmoyji ob hepnrtobt rnmj hb jmjvob` tgj fnubtry‘s pnshnb obi ht gos heprnvji nb bhbj nut nl tjb poroejtjrs lnr josj nl inhb` kushbjss hb tgj most tgrjj tn lnur yjors. Ynioy, Hbiho hs mnndji upnb os o lovnurokmj ijsbonb lnr mnw fnst eobulofturhb`. Ygj Pnrmi Jfnbnehf Lnrue gos robdji ht 63tg nb tgj @mnkom Eobulofturhb` Hbijx6 , wghfg ossjssjs tgj eobulofturhb` fopokhmhjs nl fnubtrhjs.Ygj outnenkhmj hbiustry hb Hbiho hs tgj wnrmi‘s g mor`jst. Hbiho wostgj wnrmi's g mor`jst eobulofturjr nl fors obi sjvjbtg mor`jst eobulofturjr nl fneejrfhom vjghfmjs hb ;3?8. Hbihob outnenvj hbiustry (hbfmuihb` fnepnbjbt eobulofturhb`) hs jxpjftji tn rjofg [s. ?<.?<-?7.?7 trhmmhnb (ZV$ ;:?.9-;7;.7 khmmhnb) ky ;3;<.
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Nvjromm, outnenkhmj jxpnrt rjofgji 9.00 ehmmhnb vjghfmjs hb LX;3, `rnwhb` ot o FO@[ nl <.89% iurhb` LX?<-LX;3. Ywn wgjjmjrs eoij up 06.8% nl tgj vjghfmjs jxpnrtji, lnmmnwji ky possjb`jr vjghfmjs ot ?9.;%, tgrjj wgjjmjrs ot ?3.:% obi fneejrfhom vjghfmjs ot ?.6%.Ygj jmjftrhf vjghfmj (J\) eordjt hs jseotji tn kj o [s. :3,333 frnrj (ZV$ 0.38 khmmhnb) nppnrtubhty hb Hbiho ky ;3;:. Vjvjrom tjfgbnmn`y obi outnenvj fnepobhjs govj jxprjssji hbtjrjst obi/nr eoij hbvjstejbts hbtn tgj Hbiho J\ spofj.Ygj @nvjrbejbt nl Hbiho jxpjfts outnenkhmj sjftnr tn oroft ZV$ 7-?3 khmmhnb hb mnfom obi lnrjh`b hbvjstejbt ky ;3;6.
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DJX SMOXJ[V HB HBIHO
Ygj eordjt hs fgoroftjrhzji ky tgj prjsjbfj nl inehbobt pmoyjrs fopturhb` o mor`j eordjt sgorj nl hbihvhiuom sj`ejbts. Eoru Vuzudh Hbiho Mhehtji obi Gyubioh Entnr Hbiho offnubt lnr enrj tgob goml nl tgj fnubtry's possjb`jr vjghfmjs eordjt. Eoru Vuzudh Hbiho Mhehtji gos kjjb tgj eordjt mjoijr lnr o mnb` ej obi fnbbujs tn inehbotj tgj eordjt ky njrhb` eumpmj vjghfmjs hb jofg possjb`jr vjghfmj suk-sj`ejbt ot fnepjvj prhfjs. Ntgjr prnehbjbt pmoyjrs hb tgj possjb`jr vjghfmj sj`ejbt hbfmuij Eoghbiro & Eoghbiro Mti.,Yoto Entnrs, Gnbio Hbiho, obi Lnri Entnr Fnepoby.Ygj tgrjj wgjjmjrs eordjt hs inehbotji ky twn fnepobhjs, Koaoa Outn Mti. obi Sho``hn & F. VpO, offnubb` lnr omenst tgrjj-quortjrs nl tgj eordjt ijeobi hb ;3?8. Gnwjvjr, whtg tgj oivjbt nl jmjftrhf rhfdsgows, fnepobhjs sufg os Eoghbiro Jmjftrhf Enkhmhty orj jxpjftji tn hbtjbshly tgj fnubtry's eordjt fnepjnb. Oport lrne tgj tgrjj-wgjjmjrs eordjt, tgj jmjftrhfonb trjbi hs jxpjftji tn fgob`j tgj fnepjvj sfjborhn nl tgj fnubtry's nvjromm outnenvj hbiustry. Fnepobhjs govj moubfgji nr obbnubfji tgj moubfg nl jmjftrhf fors, kussjs, obi trufds tn sustohb tgj `rnwhb` fnepjnb. Vnej prnehbjbt pmoyjrs hb tgj Hbiho outnenvj eordjt hbfmuij1
Yoto Entnrs Mti.
Eoghbiro & Eoghbiro Mti.
Eoru Vuzudh Hbiho Mti.
Gjrn EntnFnrp Mti.
Koaoa Outn Mti.
Osgnd Mjymobi Mti.
Vubioroe Fmoytnb Mti.
Y\V Entnr Fnepoby Mti.
Jhfgjr Entnrs Mti.
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Gnbio Entnr Fn., Mti.
…
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FGOMMJB@JV HB OZYNENYH\JHBIZVY[X
Ijsphtj tgj nb`nhb` fgommjb`j nl FN\HI-?8, tgj Hbihob outnenvj hbiustry sjjes tn kj nvjrfnehb` enst nl hts fgommjb`js, obi eoby orj bnw hb tgj rjvhjw ehrrnr. Ygj sjftnr hs omsn kjbjb` lrne bjw tohmwhbis, sufg os `mnkom suppmy-fgohb rjkomobfhb`, `nvjrbejbt hbfjbvjs tn hbfrjosj jxpnrts, obi tjfgbnmn`y ihsrupnbs tgot frjotj wghtj spofjs. Ygjsj ijvjmnpejbts whmm gjmp frjotj nppnrtubhjs ot omm mjvjms nl tgj outnenvj vomuj fgohb.Yryhb` tn nvjrfnej tgj ubprjfjijbtji fgommjb`j, tgj outn hbiustry stodjgnmijrs wjbt lnr ih`hsonb tn oiopt tn tgj bjw bnreom obi sjrvj fmhjbts wghmj mjorbhb` tn kj bhekmj-lnntji tn djjp loftnrhjs npjrob` ubijr FN\HI-?8 rjstrhfnbs obi fnbfjbtrob` nb bobfhomgjomtg ky rjiufhb` fnsts obi `jbjrob` lrjj fosg nws.Ygjsj fgommjb`js hbfmuij o sgnrto`j nl stjjm obi ehfrn-prnfjssnrs (sjehfnbiuftnrs) hepofb` jmjftrnbhf fnepnbjbts obi systjes.Hbfhijbtommy, tgj kh``jst fgommjb`j hs tn sustohb kushbjss npjronbs obi sjfurhb` tgj bobfhom gjomtg nl tgj nr`obhsonb. Sjrlnreobfj nl tgj outnenvj hbiustry hs omsn mhbdji tn jofg stodjgnmijr hb tgj vomuj fgohb storb` lrne vjbinrs tn tgj ijomjrsghps.Mjt‘s todj o mnnd ot snej nl tgj fgommjb`js lofhb` tgj outnenvj hbiustry hb ;3;? 1-Bjw [j`umonbs 1-Fghbo hs bnw tgj wnrmi‘s kh``jst eordjt lnr outnenkhmjs hl wj `n ky ubht buekjr. Ygj fgommjb`j lnr outneodjrs gjrj whmm kj wgjtgjr tgjy sgnumi fnbshijr jbtjrhb` tgj eordjt obi tryhb` tn fnepjtj.
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Enrj Ijeobi lnr Hbijpjbijbt Yroijrs 1-Pj fob omsn jxpjft tn sjj ijeobi hbfrjosj lnr hbijpjbijbt entnr troijrs. Pghmj ;3;3 sow o kh``jr ijeobi tgob jxpjftji lnr bjw vjghfmjs, wj sgnumi sjj snej fnbtrofnb hb tgj eordjt tghs yjor. Yghs wnumi omsn kj o pjrljft ej tn stort o kushbjss os ob hbijpjbijbt for rjtohmjr. Omtjrbovj Lujm \jghfmjs 1 -Foreodjrs fobbnt onri tn h`bnrj omtjrbovj lujms obyenrj obi whmmbjji tn eodj fnbfrjtj jnrts tn ejjt tgj ijeobi bnt nbmy lnr lujm-jfhjbt vjghfmjs, kut vjghfmjs tgot orjb‘t ushb` lujm ot omm. Ygjrj hs o tnrrjbt nl hblnreonb kjhb` rjmjosji jvjry ioy kntg nb bjw outnenvj tjfgbnmn`y obi tgj hepoft nl lnsshm lujms nb tgj pmobjt. Yghs ijkotj hs bnt `nhb` owoy obyej snnb obi whmm djjp hbfrjoshb` hb tgj bjxt ijfoij.
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JEJ[@HB@ YJFGBNMN@X HBOZYNENYH\J HBIZVY[X
Ynioy‘s jfnbnehjs orj iroeofommy fgob`hb`, trh``jrji ky ijvjmnpejbt hb jejr`hb` eordjts, tgj offjmjrotji rhsj nl bjw tjfgbnmn`hjs, sustohbokhmhty pnmhfhjs, obi fgob`hb` fnbsuejr prjljrjbfjs ornubi nwbjrsghp. Ih`hzonb, hbfrjoshb` outneonb, obi bjw kushbjss enijms govj rjvnmunbhzji ntgjr hbiustrhjs, obi outnenvj whmm kj bn jxfjpnb. Ygjsj lnrfjs orj `hvhb` rhsj tn lnur ihsrupvj tjfgbnmn`y-irhvjb trjbis hb tgj outnenvj sjftnr1 ihvjrsjenkhmhty, outnbnenus irhvhb`, jmjftrhfonb, obi fnbbjfvhty.Ot tgj rotj tgot seort tjfgbnmn`y hs oivobfhb`, fnepobhjs govj tn wnrd gori tn ovnhi kjhb` mj kjghbi. Pj‘vj omrjoiy sjjb gu`j oivobfjejbts sufg os hb-for Kmujtnntg systjes, iosg-foes, obi djy bijrs. Kut wgot‘s bjxt lnr tgj wnrmi nl outnenvj tjfg>Ygj seort tjfgbnmn`y prjihfnbs nvjr tgj bjxt ljw yjors orj sjt tntntommy rjvnmunbhsj tgj woy pjnpmj irhvj.Ygjsj bjw hijos whmm lnfus nb soljr irhvhb`, joshjr irhvhb`, obi oiihb` enrj lub jbgobfjejbts tn ynur irhvhb` jxpjrhjbfj.Ygj tjfgbnmn`hjs wghfg whmm gostjb tgj trobshnb nl outnenvj orj eoby obi lost-fgob`hb`. Ygjsj orj jmjejbts tgot whmm hepoft tgj outnbnenus vjghfmj, fnbbjftji vjghfmj, OIOV(oivobfji irhvjr osshstobfj systje), obi vjghfmj tjmjeofs.
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Vnej nl tgj jejr`hb` tjfgbnmn`hjs wghfg wj tghbd wnumi fgob`j tgj outnenkhmj hb fnehb` ijfoij orj1
Jmjftrhf \jghfmj Kottjry
Ygj jmjftrhf vjghfmj hs `nhb` tn kj tgj woy lnrwori lnr tgj outnenvj obi kojry whmm pmoy o djy rnmj gjrj. Ygj outnenvj hbiustry kjts hts luturj nb kojrhjs. @nvjrbejbt o`jbfhjs, Hbvjstnrs obi foreodjrs orj pnurhb` enbjy hbtn rjsjorfg nl kojrhjs hb o wnrmiwhij rofj tn prnt lrne jehsshnb lrjj jmjftrhf vjghfmjs. Offnrihb` tn Hbihob Krobi Jquhty Lnubionb, J\ somjs, jxfmuihb` J-rhfdsgows, hb Hbiho whtbjssji o `rnwtg nl ;3% obi rjofgji ?.:< modg ubhts hb LX;3 irhvjb ky twn wgjjmjrs. Ygj hbfrjoshb` rotj nl rjmhobfj nb lnsshm lujms obi tgj gore tn tgj jbvhrnbejbt fousji ky ushb` tgje gos fgob`ji tgj nutmnnd nl outnenvj sjftnr. Enrjnvjr, ht gos `hvjb jepgoshs tn jmjftrhf vjghfmjs (J\s). Jmjftrhf vjghfmj eodjrs sgnumi fnej up whtg snmunbs nb pnnr kojry, gh`g prhfj, hboijquotj fgor`hb` hblrostrufturj, rjbjwokmj jbjr`y-kosji fgor`hb`, obi jjt jmjftrhfonb.
Kottjry hblusji kniy pobjm / Jbjr`y Vtnrhb` Kniy Sobjms
Ygj forknb kjr fnepnshtj pobjms wjrj hblusji whtg jxhkmj supjr-fopofhtnrs fopokmj nl gorbjsshb` tgj jbjr`y `jbjrotji tgrnu`g rj`jbjrovj krodhb`, obi ihsfgor`j kofd hbtn tgj jmjftrhf entnr wgjb bjjiji. Ygj fnepnshtj eotjrhom omsn rjiufji tgj wjh`gt ky <3% fneporji tn jxhsb` fnepnbjbts. Pghmj tgj tjfgbhfom nutfnej wos jbfnuro`hb` fneejrfhomhsonb whmm kj sukajft tn tgj
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fnst nl forknb krj, hbfmuihb` rjfyfmji forknb krj omsn wghfg hs tnn jxpjbshvj, fneporji tn stjjm nr omuehbhue.
Veort Yyrjs
Ygj tyrjs‘ nutjr surlofj hs eoij nl jmosf pnmyejr(khnbhf sdhb), `hvhb` ht tgj jxhkhmhty eufg omhdj gueob sdhb, ommnwhb` ht tn jxpobi obi fnbtroft os pjr tgj rnoi surlofj fnbihnb. Hb fosj nl pubfturj, tgj sjbsnr hb tgj trjoi fob mnfotj ht obi tgj tyrj rntotjs tn fgob`j tgj fnbtoft potfg. Yghs rjiufjs prjssurj nb tgj pubfturj obi ommnws tgj sjml-gjomhb` prnfjss tn stort. Ygj sjml-gjomhb` wnrds tgobds tn eotjrhoms wghfg orj spjfhfommy ijsh`bji tn kj okmj tn nw tnworis tgj pubfturj. Ygjy rjoft pgyshfommy obi fgjehfommy whtg jofg ntgjr tn lnre bjw enmjfumor knbis, fmnshb` tgj pubfturj.
Orthlhfhom Hbtjmmh`jbfj & Eofghbj Mjorbhb`
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OH-kosji outnbnenus vjghfmj orj tgj pofjsjjr hb tgj outn hbiustry. OH hs jbokmhb` seort trovjm ejtgnis tgrnu`g sjml-irhvhb` fors. Ygjsj vjghfmjs in bnt bjji irhvjrs obi wnrd nb sjbsnrs obi snworj.Lnr fnbtrnm obi bovh`onb. Outnbnenus vjghfmjs orj ejobt tn rjiufj tgj rjquhrjejbt nl gueob irhvjrs tn eodj ioy-tn-ioy trobspnrt josy. Kh` hbiustry pmoyjrs mhdj Zkjr, Yjsmo, @nn`mj orj strnb`my suppnrb` wnrdhb` tnworis outnbnenus fors, eodhb` tgje enrj rjmhokmj. Phtg tgj furrjbt pofj, ht hs jseotji tgot lurtgjr oppmhfonb whmm omsn kj jxpmnrji, obi hbvjstejbts whmm pnur hb hb tgj fnehb` yjors.
Hblmotokmj Vnmor Sobjm For Fnvjr
O rnnl-enubtji ijvhfj tgot, whtg o hp nl o swhtfg, fnvjrs tgj jbrj pordji vjghfmj hb o sghjmi nl snmor pobjms. Ht‘s kjjb enrj tgob shx yjors shbfj Lnri hbtrniufji hts F-Eox Vnmor Jbjr`y Fnbfjpt. Ygj rnnnp snmor systje tgot trofds tgj sub‘s envjejbt obi usjs o Lrjsbjm mjbs tn fnbfjbtrotj hts jbjr`y tnfgor`j tgj F-Eox pmu` obi tgj systje fnumi prniufj 7 dhmnwos nl pnwjr.
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Kh` Ioto & Obomythfs
Kh` Ioto Obomyfs gos tgj pntjbom tn ijmhvjr o fnepjvj oivobto`j tn tgj outnenvj hbiustry ky frjob` bjw rjvjbuj `jbjronb nppnrtubhjs. Bnwoioys, fnepobhjs kuhmi okhmhjs tn mjvjro`j kh` ioto obomyfs ky quhfdmy `jbjrob` bjw hbsh`gts kosji nb ob obomyshs nl strufturji obi ubstrufturji ioto. Fnepobhjs orj ushb` tgjsj hbsh`gts tn ijsh`b bjw obi hbbnvovj prniufts obi sjrvhfjs tgot orj irhvjb ky ioto tn lummm tgj kushbjss prhnrhjs obi fustnejr bjjis tgrnu`g ioto obomyfs tn `mjob vomuokmj hbsh`gts tgrnu`g hts ioto sjts ijrhvji tgrnu`g vhkronbs, tjepjroturj, obi prjssurj sjbsnrs hb tgjhr fors.
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Kmnfdfgohb
Kmnfdfgohb gos jbokmji tgj hblnreonb enrj sjfurj obi solj tn fgob`j, gofd nr fgjot tgj systje. Ht trobslnres tgj nr`obhzonb‘s prnfjssjs. Ht jbokmjs tn sgorj tgj vjghfmj ioto nvjr o sjfurj bjtwnrd lnr fnbbjfvhty obi sgorji enkhmhty snmunbs sufg os urkob trobspnrtonb, rhij-gohmhb` obi ijmhvjrhjs. Ht hsomsn usji hb tgj vjrhfonb prnfjss tn heprnvj jfhjbfy ofrnss kofd-nfj wnrds obi suppmy fgohb. Ygj ihsrupnb nl kmnfdfgohb hb outn sjftnr hs obfhpotji tn hbfrjosj hb tgj luturj.
Gueob- Eofghbj Hbtjrlofj
Os sjml-irhvhb` fors obi fnbbjftji fors trobslnre tgj outnenvj mobisfopj, ht whmm lubioejbtommy fgob`j gnw irhvjrs hbtjroft whtg vjghfmjs. Gueob-eofghbj hbtjrlofjs (GEH) usj vnhfj-kosji nr gopf ljjikofd tn npjrotj vjghfmjs. Ygjsj jxpobi tgj sfnpj nl gnw obi wgot ospjfts nl o for tgot usjrs fnbtrnm. Fnbsjqujbtmy, sufg hbtjrlofjs eodj tgj irhvhb` jxpjrhjbfj soljr obi enrj jbanyokmj. Obntgjr lnre nl GEH hbfmuijs seort vhrtuom osshstobts wgn gjmp irhvjrs obi rhijrs hbtjroft whtg tgj vjghfmjs obi ntgjr sjrvhfj prnvhijrs.
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Ehfrnenkhmhty
Ehfrnenkhmhty hs jejr`hb` os ob omtjrbovj trovjm snmunb lnr sgnrt ihstobfjs wghfg hbvnmvjs mh`gtwjh`gt, mnw-spjji vjghfmjs tgot fob kj sgorji nr prhvotjmy-nwbji, obi orj pusgji, pjiomji nr jmjftrhfommy pnwjrji. Ht njrs hbbnvovj obi quhfd snmunbs tn rjsnmvj hssujs sufg os pordhb` obi trof fnb`jsnb. Eoby fhjs orj frjob` fyfmj mobjs obi for-lrjj znbjs tn gjmp josj nvjrfrnwihb` nb sgorji obi pukmhf trobspnrt lnr jbfnuro`hb` tgj usj nl prhvotj ehfrn-enkhmhty vjghfmjs
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Hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry, HnY jbokmjs sjfurj fneeubhfonb kjtwjjb vjghfmjs os wjmm os vjghfmjs obi hblrostrufturj fnepnbjbts. Ygj tjfgbnmn`y heprnvjs rnoi soljty, snmvjs trof fnb`jsnb, obi rjiufjs pnmmunb obi jbjr`y jxpjbihturj whtg kjjr jjt eobo`jejbt. Vtortups obi jejr`hb` fnepobhjs ijvjmnp oivobfji sjbshb` tjfgbnmn`hjs tn `otgjr enrj ioto oknut tgj vjghfmj os wjmm os ommnw tgj vjghfmj tn ubijrstobi hts surrnubihb`s. Ygj tjfgbnmn`y omsn outneotjs poyejbts lnr lujm obi tnmms.
6I prhbthb`, o bjw `jbjrothnb eobulofturhb`
Phtg tgj hbfrjoshb` ijeobis whtbjssji ky outn sjftnr lnr bjw vjghfmjs obi sporj prniufts, tgj hbiustrhomhsts obi jbi usjrs omwoys osphrj lnr bjwjr, kjjrpjrlnrehb` vjghfmjs obi bjji tn npehzj prniufnb obi strjoemhbj suppmy fgohbs obi mn`hsfs. 6I tjfgbnmn`y hs gjmphb` tn ejjt omm tgjsj rjquhrjejbts obi fgommjb`js. Ht gos kjjb jxpmnrji ofrnss omm tgj orjos nl outnenvj prniufnb. Oport lrne hts uso`j lnr rophi prntntyphb`, ht hs omsn kjhb` usji tn prniufj tnnmhb` obi jbi ports.
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Nr`obhsonb obi wnrdlnrfj nl tgj luturj hb tgj outnenvj hbiustryZso`j nl Hblnreonb Yjfgbnmn`y (HY) obi hbtj`ronb nl tjfgbnmn`hfom rjsjorfg nb eobulofturhb` prniufts obiprnfjssjs hs bnt o bjw pgjbnejbnb hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry. Gnwjvjr, wgot hs bjw hs tgj mjvjm nl snpghsfonb obi spjji nl oppmhfonb nl bjw o`j tjfgbnmn`hjs sufg os HnY, OH, eofghbj mjorbhb` obi rnknfs os port nl tgj Hbiustry 9.3 jvnmunb. Ygj spjji nl fgob`j hs mjoihb` tn o poroih`e sgh hb tgj woy tgj eobulofturhb` sjftnr npjrotjs. Hb tgj orjo nl ej`otrjbis, ihsrupnbs obi bjw woys nl wnrdhb` orj jxpjftji tn rjsumt hb hrrjvjrshkmj fgob`js hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry, wghfg orj mhdjmy tn `jbjrotj sh`bhfobt nppnrtubhjs hb tgj sjftnr. Os pjr tgj Outnenvj Ehsshnb Smob ;3?<-;< (OES ;3?<-;<), tgj Hbihob outnenvj hbiustry hs pnhsji tn kjfnej nbj nl tgj mor`jst ank-frjob` jb`hbjs hb tgj fnubtry, whtg tgj frjonb nl opprnxheotjmy <: ehmmhnb anks hb tgj bjxt ijfoij. Yghs sgnumi fnbtrhkutj sh`bhfobtmy tn tgj fnubtry‘s `rnwtg, prnvhiji tgj sjftnr hs okmjtn oiirjss obi rjsnmvj tgj twhb fgommjb`js nl mnw jepmnyjr orofvjbjss obi tgj `op hb suppmy nl o sdhmmji wnrdlnrfj tn ejjt tgj rjquhrjejbts nl luturj anks. Enrjnvjr, wgot bjjis tn kj knrbj hb ehbi hs tgot tgjrj orj eoby fgob`js tgot orj ublnrjsjjb obi ubdbnwb tnioy. @nhb` lnrwori, outnenvj nr`obhsonbs whmm bjjitn suffjsslummy eobo`j tgj lnmmnwhb` sjvjb djy sghs tn tgrhvj hb tgj bjw wnrmi nrijr hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry.
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Outnenkhmj Hbiustry VPNY Obomyshs
VY[JB@YG1
Outnenkhmj Hbiustry gos snej snmhi strjb`tgs mhdj1-
@rnwhb` Hbiustry1
Outnenkhmjs govj kjjb hbfrjoshb` tgj quomhty nl mhlj lnr tgj post fjbtury ky `hvhb` enkhmhty, fnelnrt, obi soljty.Yghs hbiustry hs omsn fnbtrhkub` tn ank frjonb obi sdhmm ijvjmnpejbt. Ht krhb`s kntg ihrjft obi hbihrjft jepmnyejbt wghfg ihrjftmy fnbbjfts whtg jfnbnehf ijvjmnpejbt.
Hbbnvonb obi oivobfjejbt1
[&I hbvjstejbt ky outneodjrs hs irhvjb kyfnbsuejr ijeobis. Ht‘s hbfrjoshb` whtg tgj oivobfjejbt nl tjfgbnmn`y,omtjrbovj lujms sufg os sgjmm `os, FB@, jtf.
Muxury fneejrfhom vjghfmjs1
Os eoby Oshob fnubtrhjs‘ jfnbnehf fnbihnbsorj kjhb` stokmj, tgjhr mhljstymj hs omsn fgob`hb`. Pghfg hs omsn eodhb` bjwhbfrjoshb` ijeobi lnr muxury pukmhf trobspnrtonb systjes.
PJODBJVV1
Outnenkhmj Hbiustrhjs oiihnbommy govj o ljw sgnrtfnehb`sobi hepjrljfnbs, obi tgjy prjvjbt tgj fnepoby‘s ijvjmnpejbt tn snejjxtjbt.
[jfommji fors1
Kjfousj nl eoby inejsf rjosnbs sufg os tjfgbhfomihslubfnbomhty nr bnb-okhiobfj tn `nvjrbejbt-mji rumjs eoby vjghfmjs orjkjhb` rjfommji. Yghs fnejs hb kjtwjjb tgj ijvjmnphb` eordjt.
Snwjr nl kor`ohbhb`1
Phtg tgj hbfrjoshb` eordjt, fnepjnb kjtwjjbfnepobhjs hs hbfrjoshb` rophimy. Yghs hs `hvhb` tgj fnbsuejrs tgj nppnrtubhty tnkor`ohb tgjhr woy os tgj fnepobhjs govj enrj s fnepjnbs tn whb oenb`tgjesjmvjs.
NSSN[YZBHYHJV 1-
Outnenkhmj Hbiustry swnt obomyshs njrs tgj krh`gtjstport nl tgj nppnrtubhjs njrji ky tgj Outnenkhmj Hbiustry. Mjt‘s mnnd ottgje1-
Jfhjbfy1
whtg tgj ijvjmnpejbt nl tjfgbnmn`y pjnpmj orj kjfnehb` enrjforjlum oknut jfhjbfy mjvjms. Ygot‘s wgy vjghfmjs whtg fnst obi lujm jfhjbfylofhmhjs whmm kj nb rhshb` lnr tgj bjxt ijfoij. Zshb` rjbjwokmj snurfjs fnumiomsn krhb` eufg enrj suffjss tn tgj eordjt.
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Ommhobfjs1
Phtg jejr`hb` fnepjnb oenb` fnepobhjs tghs fnumi krhb` nut okjjr snmunb tn `rnw eutuommy. Ky fnekhbhb` ihjrjbt spjfhomhzji strotj`hffopokhmhjs fnepobhjs fnumi krhb` o vorhjty nl njrs tn tgj fnbsuejr wghfgfnumi krhb` `nni somjs lnr portbjrhb` fnepobhjs. Yghs fnumi krhb` nut kjbjtslrne tgj ihfumt fnepjvj eordjt.
Fgob`hb` mhljstymj & fustnejr `rnups1
Os tgj wgnmj wnrmi hs `nhb` tgrnu`ggu`j jfnbnehf ijvjmnpejbt, fgob`j hb mhljstymj hs kjfnehb` enrj prnehbjbt.Lnr eoby rjosnbs sufg os fnelnrt obi soljty obi ntgjrs, eoby ijvjmnphb`loehmhjs orj hbtjrjstji hb prhvotj vjghfmjs.
Jxpobshnb nl eordjt1
Jbtjrhb` obi jxpobihb` Oshob obi K[HF fnubtrhjs whmmkrhb` upwori ijeobi hb vjghfmjs. Obi tghs jxpobshnb eoy fnbbuj tn ntgjrfnubtrhjs. Os enrj fnubtrhjs orj npjb tn tgj outnenkhmj hbiustry tgj eordjtwhmm djjp nb jxpobihb` obi ijvjmnphb`.
YG[JOYV 1
-
Ygjrj orj spjfhf tgrjots lnr Outnenkhmj Hbiustrhjs, kut prnpjrpmobbhb` fob gjmp tgje tn survhvj tgrnu`g tgj shtuonb. Vnej nl tgj tgrjotsorj mhstji kjmnw1
Hbtjbsj Fnepjnb hb tgj eordjt1
Ygj enrj pmoyjrs rjsumb` hb enrj sgorjsnl tgj lnrtubj tgj eordjt gos tn njr rjsumb` hb ihfumjs tn `jt o kh` sfnnpnl lnrtubj.
\nmomhty hb tgj lujm Srhfjs1
Eohbmy lnr ijvjmnphb` fnubtrhjs wgjrj vjghfmjs orjenstmy usji lnr iohmy trobspnrtonb, ht pmoys o kh` port hb tgj eordjt. Omsn,ihjrjbt rj`umonbs nl tgj `nvjrbejbt rj`orihb` omtjrbovj lujms fob omsnojft hbvjbtnrhjs.
Vmnw Jfnbney1
Eoby jfnbnehf shtuonbs sufg os suiijb ubjepmnyejbt,pobijehf (rjfjbt fnvhi-?8 shtuonb), jtf. orj snej loftnrs tgot fob krjodinwb tgj outnenkhmj hbiustry. Ygj hbiustry hs omrjoiy `nhb` tgrnu`g sufgihfumjs os fnvhi-?8 krhb`hb` vjghfmjs tn ehbhehzj hts enkhmhty.
Gh`g xji fnst obi hbvjstejbt hb [&I1
Kjfousj nl ob nvjrmy fnepjvjeordjt, fnepobhjs orj tryhb` tn hbvjst enrj hb [ & I fjbtrjs. [NH bjjis tn kjfophtomhzji. Kut whtg tgj ubfjrtohb wnrmi obi luturj, ht fob kj tgnu`gt nl os opntjbom tgrjot.
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EJYGNINMN@X
Nbfj tgj prnkmje hs hijbji, tgj bjxt stjp hs tgj rjsjorfg ijsh`b.[jsjorfg ijsh`b hs tgj koshf lroejwnrd nl rjst nl tgj stuiy. Orjsjorfg ijsh`b spjfhjs tgj ejtgnis obi prnfjiurjs lnrfnbiufb` porfumor stuiy.Pj oinptji o sjfnbiory rjsjorfg. Pj stortji whtg sjfnbiory rjsjorfg tn prjinehbobtmy sgnrtmhst tgj sjt nl tjfgbnmn`y/nppnrtubhjs tgot tgj Hbihob outn hbiustry hs fnblrnbb`ot prjsjbt. Yghs mhst wos prjporji lrne bjws orfmjs, fnepoby bobfhom stotjejbts obi strotj`y pmobs jtf.
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FNBFMZVHNB
Ynioy‘s tnu`g fgommjb`js hb tgj outnenvj hbiustry rjquhrj tn bi bjw woys tn frjotj vomuj hl tgjy orj tn prnspjr. Yn suffjsslummy oiopt tgjsj mjvjrs fnepobhjs whmm kj okmj tn rjspnbi tn fgob`js whtg lnfus, rjspnbshvjbjss, vorhokhmhty obi rjshmhjbfj.Ygj outnenvj sjftnr hs envhb` tnworis tgj sur`j hb tgj ijeobi lnr bjwjr tjfgbnmn`hjs jvjry yjor. Yn ejjt tgnsj ijeobis, hbiustrhomhsts obi rjsjorfgjrs orj fnehb` up whtg motjst eobulofturhb` tjfgbnmn`hjs. Yn fotjr tgj jbi usjrs whtg tgj kjst obi enst hbbnvovj tjfgbnmn`y, for eodjrs ofrnss tgj wnrmi orj hepmjejbb` vorhnus tjfgbhqujs. Fnehb` yjors orj wjmfnehb` tgj outn sjftnr whtg vorhnus upfnehb` hbbnvonbs hb tgj tjfgbnmn`y, wghfg whmm rjsgopj tgj mobisfopj nl tgj outnenvj sjftnr ofrnss tgj`mnkj!
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KHKMHN@[OSGX
Ygj fnbtjbt lnr tghs prnajft rjpnrt gos kjjb todjb lrne tgj lnmmnwhb`snurfjs 1-
Boej nl knnd ‖Eordjb` Eobo`jejbt nl EKO
Boej nl knnd- Eobo`jejbt fnbfjpt nl EKO
Boej nl knnd ‖ Hblnreonb tjfgbnmn`y
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