AP World History Unit 5 Study Guide
.docxSchool
Bridgeport High School, Bridgeport **We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
HISTORY 101
Subject
History
Date
Feb 15, 2023
Pages
11
Uploaded by DrLightningGrouse15
Unit 5: Revolutions Study Guide
C. 1750 - 1900
Topic 5.1 The Enlightenment
Learning Objective
Explain the intellectual
and ideological context
in which revolutions
swept the Atlantic world
from 1750 to 1900.
Historical Developments
Enlightenment philosophies
applied new ways of understanding
and
empiricist approaches
to both
the natural world and human
relationships; they also reexamined
the role that religion played in public
life and emphasized the importance
of reason. Philosophers developed
new political ideas about the
individual,
natural rights
, and the
social contract.
The rise and diffusion of
Enlightenment thought that
questioned established traditions in
all areas of life often preceded
revolutions and rebellions against
existing governments.
Nationalism
also became a major
force shaping the historical
development of states and empires.
1.
Explain the ideas of the Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness,
the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses,
and ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional
government, and separation of church and state.
2.
How were these ideas considered changes from previous
philosophies/mindsets?
Whether it was commands from the churches and monarchs of Europe or tradition that
existed for generations, enlightenment thinkers rejected the old ways. When philosophers
identified a principle to reject, they replaced it by asking important and relevant questions,
and answering those questions by using tools such as their own experience, empirical
evidence, and the application of reason and logic.
3.
What factors facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideals within and
outside of Europe?
The printing press, salons, the encyclopedia. Eventually spread through newspapers,
pamphlets, and political songs.
4.
Explain natural rights.
Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any
particular culture or government, and are therefore universal and inalienable. Locke, a
philosopher of this time, argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and the
pursuit of property
5.
Explain the social contract.
An idea that all individuals surrender certain personal freedoms to a government or
association, but that government must rule with certain responsibilities. One of the most
important responsibilities of any government: the general will - can be enforced by the
whole body. The government and the people. Through some sort of expression of what
the public wants, the people have control over the government.
6.
Explain nationalism and how it will later play an important role in the political
revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Nationalism is a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.
The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state
threatened to destroy all of Europe's multiethnic empires. The clash between new ideas
and old political structures led to revolutions that often had two aims: independence from
imperial powers and constitutional representation. The breakup of empires and the
emergence of new forms of government often followed. These developed out of the
concept of nationalism.
Learning Objective
Explain how the
Enlightenment affected
societies over time.
Historical Developments
Enlightenment ideas and religious
ideals influenced various reform
movements. These reform
movements contributed to the
expansion of rights, as seen in
expanded
suffrage
, the
abolition of
slavery
, and the end of
serfdom
.
Demands for
women's suffrage
and
an emergent
feminism
challenged
political and gender hierarchies.
Demands:
●
Mary Wollstonecraft'
s
A
Vindication of the Rights of
Woman
●
Olympe de Gouges's
Declaration of the Rights of
Woman and of the Female
Citizen
●
Seneca Falls Conference
(1848) organized by
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott
7.
How did the Enlightenment lead to social changes during the 1750-1900 time
period?
The enlightenment ideologies led to various reform movements for women and slaves.
8.
Explain the origins of feminism in this time period.
This period saw the emergence of the movement for women's rights and equality based
on enlightenment ideas.
9.
What is suffrage?
The fight for the right to vote.
10.How did Mary Wollstoncraft and Olympe de Gouge serve as early feminists?
Mary Wollstoncraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Overall, she argued
for women to have greater rights and opportunities in public affairs. Olympe de Gouge
published a Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen. Both of these
women acted as a part of the expansion of rights in the enlightenment era and demanded
suffrage, individual rights, and opportunities for women in society.
Topic 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900
Learning Objective
Explain causes and
effects of the various
revolutions in the period
from 1750 to 1900.
Historical Developments
People around the world developed a
new sense of commonality based on
language, religion, social customs,
and territory. This was sometimes
harnessed by governments to foster
a sense of unity.
The 18th century marked the
beginning of an intense period of
Causes of American Revolution
Effects of American Revolution
10.
British monarchy tightening control over the
colonies
British use of mercantilism to recover debt
Economic and political desires for
independence
11.
American colonists free from british control
Creation of new state based on enlightenment principles
Freedoms limited to white men
revolution and rebellion against
existing governments, leading to the
establishment of new nation-states
around the world.
Discontent with monarchist and
imperial rule encouraged the
development of systems of
government and various ideologies,
including democracy and 19th-
century
liberalism
.
Colonial subjects in the Americas led
a series of rebellions inspired by
democratic ideals. The
American
Revolution
, and its successful
establishment of a republic, the
United States of America, was a
model and inspiration for a number of
the revolutions that followed. The
American Revolution, the
Haitian
Revolution
, and the
Latin American
independence movements
facilitated the emergence of
independent states in the Americas.
The ideas of Enlightenment
philosophers, as reflected in
revolutionary documents— including
the
American Declaration of
Independence
during the American
Revolution, the French
"Declaration
of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen"
during the French
Revolution, and Bolívar's
"Letter
from Jamaica"
on the eve of the
Latin American revolutions—
influenced resistance to existing
political authority, often in pursuit of
independence and democratic ideals
Newly imagined national
communities often linked this new
national identity with borders of the
state, and in some cases, nationalists
challenged boundaries or sought
unification of fragmented regions.
Call for national unification or
liberation:
●
Propaganda Movement in
the Philippines
●
Maori nationalism and the
New Zealand wars in New
Zealand
Causes of French Revolution
Effects of French Revolution
12.
New popularized, radical philosophies
surrounding liberty, equality, and fraternity.
A debt crisis worsened by the French
participation in the American Revolution
An unsustainable texting system that protected
the wealthy and powerful
13.
War in other parts of Europe and the colonies
The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and a very similar
government
Declaration of rights of a man and citizen
Causes of Haitian Revolution
Effects of Haitian Revolution
14.
Confusion created by the French Revolution
Slave revolt joined by escaped slaves
Toussaint L'Ouvurture rises to lead the
rebellion, following the examples of French and
American revolutions.
15.
Successful slave rebellion, ending slavery and
establishing a non-white government in the Americas
New constitution
Causes of Latin American Revolutions
Effects of Latin American Revolutions
16.
The desire for independence from Spain
Enlightenment ideals
The liberal wants for free market and the
abolition of slavery
17.
Slavery was legally ended in Latin America as was
some social distinctions
Women gained little from the revolutions
18.Define 19th century liberalism and its effect on revolutions in this time period.
19th century liberalism was a desire for representation under constitutions that recognized
civil liberties. The revolutions of 1848 were the result of nationalism and liberalism.
19.Describe the Enlightenment documents that influence resistance to existing
political authority in this time period.
European enlightenment came to life when American colonists declared independence
from the British Empire and the monarchical forms of government imposed on them. This
helped to spark further revolutions in France, Spanish America, and Haiti in the Caribbean.
20.Explain the unification of Germany.
Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to
Why is this page out of focus?
Because this is a Premium document. Subscribe to unlock this document and more.
●
Puerto Rico—writings of
Lola Rodríguez de Tió
●
German and Italian
unifications
●
Balkan nationalisms
●
Ottomanism
bring about German unification. In 1871, Bismarck founded the new german empire, made
up of many territories gained from the wars, including Alsace-Lorraine, an area long part of
France on the border between France and the new germany.
Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins
Learning Objective
Explain how
environmental factors
contributed to
industrialization from
1750 to 1900.
Historical Developments
A variety of factors contributed to the
growth of industrial production and
eventually resulted in the Industrial
Revolution, including:
●
Proximity to waterways;
access to rivers and canals
●
Geographical distribution of
coal, iron, and timber
●
Urbanization
●
Improved agricultural
productivity
●
Access to foreign resources
●
Accumulation of
capital
The development of the
factory
system
concentrated production in a
single location and led to an
increasing degree of
specialization
of labor
.
21.How did environmental factors contribute to the start of the Industrial
Revolution around 1750?
-New methods of agriculture- such as new methods of planting, new machines like the
seed drill, to make planting easier. These improvements in agriculture meant that more
food could be produced and fewer people were needed to produce the food
-Protection of private property- The government started to enact laws that protect people's
private property
-Urbanization- (growth of cities) This is part of the process of industrialization
-Availability of natural resources (coal, iron, lumber, as well as resources from colonies) -
necessary for industrialization to happen
-Access to waterways- (rivers, canals, coasts) -Accumulation of capital- wealthy people
are using their money to invest in industrialization, to invest in this process. They're
building factories, they're buying machines, they're paying the industrial workers. They're
using their money too help foster this industrialization
-New ways of organizing labor (factories and specialization of laborers)- the idea of
bringing everyone together under one roof in a factory and also the idea of specializing
labor so that workers are not involved in the entire process of production but they focus on
one element or one part of the total production.
22.Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why did it begin there?
Industrialization happened in Britain first because Brittain experienced improvements in
agriculture, protection of private property with their enclosure acts, urbanization, and their
incredible natural resources; coal, iron, lumber, and they also had a bunch of colonies in
the Americas where they could extract natural resources to bring back to England for
production. Another advantage that Britain had was access to waterways. This access to a
lot of different waterways allows both natural resources and finished goods to be shipped
to more places at a faster rate
23.Explain how the factory system was different from the previously used
cottage industries.
The idea of bringing everyone together under one roof in a factory differed from cottage
industries.
24.How did specialization of labor increase industrial production?
The idea of specializing labor was so that workers were not involved in the entire process
of production but they focused on one element or one part of the total production.
Topic 5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900
Learning Objective
Explain how different
modes and locations of
production have
developed and changed
over time.
Historical Developments
The rapid development of
steam-
powered industrial production
in
European countries and the U.S.
contributed to the increase in these
regions' share of global manufacturing
during the first Industrial Revolution.
While Middle Eastern and Asian
countries continued to produce
manufactured goods, these regions'
share in global manufacturing
declined.
Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian
share in global manufacturing:
●
Shipbuilding in India and
Southeast Asia
●
Iron works in India
●
Textile production in India
and Egypt
As new methods of industrial
production became more common in
parts of northwestern Europe, they
spread to other parts of Europe and
the United States, Russia, and Japan.
25.Which areas in and outside of Europe adopted industrial production?
After Britain industrialized, Belgium and then France and Germany followed. The United
States, Japan, and Russia also transformed as industrialization spread.
26.How did the increase in industrial production in Europe lead to a decline of
manufacturing in other regions?
Middle Eastern and Asian countries experienced a decrease in their share of global
manufacturing. Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British officials'
mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British
colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Steep British tariffs led to the decline of
India's ability to mine and work metals. The textile industry in India and Egypt also
experienced difficulties as a result of Europe's world wide economic reach. Egypt had lost
not only its export market in textiles, but much of its domestic market as well.
Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age
Learning Objective
Explain how
technology shaped
economic production
over time.
Historical Developments
The development of machines, including
steam engines
and the
internal
combustion engine
, made it possible
to take advantage of both existing and
vast newly discovered resources of
energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically
27.Explain the role of the steam engine in transforming production and
transportation during this time period.
The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive
way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery
in textile factories. Within 50 years, steam was producing power for steam powered
trains. Steamships also revolutionized sailing. The use of coal made energy production
coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution
greatly increased the energy available to
human societies.
The
"second industrial revolution"
led
to new methods in the production of
steel, chemicals, electricity, and
precision machinery during the second
half of the 19th century.
Railroads, steamships, and the
telegraph made exploration,
development, and communication
possible in interior regions globally,
which led to increased trade and
migration.
mobile and dependable. Instead of being fixed in one place as a river was, coal-powered
steam engines could be used anywhere and could be used on ships and trains.
28.What changes in energy resources changed in this time period from
previous periods in history?
Fossil fuels, specifically oil and coal
29.What made the "second industrial revolution" different from the first?
The second industrial revolution involved the mass production of steel through the
Bessemer process. Steele was used to improve all the machines used in the industrial
revolution. Steele allowed developers to build up rather than out. Another important
discovery of the second industrial revolution was a new fossil fuel-based source of
power-- oil. Oil helped develop the internal combustion engine, which in turn helped
produce automobile and airplane technology. Electricity was another important
technology that radically changed the capabilities of people in industrialized societies.
Developments in communication were produced in the second industrial revolution as
well. With inventions such as the wired telegram and telephone created by Alexander
gram bell.
30.Explain how specific technologies led to an increase in trade and migration
in this time period.
Railroads were built in industrial societies to connect to distant lands, increasing both
trade and migration.
Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role from 1750 to 1900
Learning Objective
Explain the causes and
effects of economic
strategies of different
states and empires.
Historical Developments
As the influence of the Industrial
Revolution grew, a small number of
states and governments promoted their
own s
tate-sponsored visions of
industrialization
.
The expansion of U.S. and European
influence in Asia led to internal reform in
Japan that supported industrialization
and led to the growing regional power of
Japan in the
Meiji Era
.
State-sponsored visions of
31.What is state-sponsored industrialization?
The states sponsored (paid for) and directed the industrial process.
32.Which states utilized state-sponsored industrialization to modernize?
Russia - steele, coal, the railroad. Fourth largest producer of steel. Agriculture economy
Ottoman Empire - Ali established important reforms modernizing Egypt like organizing
the military, establishing schools, and even started the Islamic worlds first newspaper. He
took control of the entire cotton production industry. The reforms also included the
building of major textile factories. Japan - internal reform in Japan that supported
industrialization and led to the growing of regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.
Why is this page out of focus?
Because this is a Premium document. Subscribe to unlock this document and more.
Page5of 11
Couldn't fetch data
